o o o o

Sea Walls at Withersea Replaced old straight with with new curved one. Costs 6.3 million Holding the line Rock Armour at the base of wall but very expensive and unattractive Problems: Much nosier, views have been disrupted.

o o o o o

Revetments at Easington Protect the gas terminal Large granite boulders stacked up Absorbs energy Very expensive Sometimes unacctractive

Wooden Groynes at Hornsea o Protects the beach as stops sediment from travelling. o However starves MAPPLETON of sediment. o Waves attack the cliffs more

Hard Strategies

Beach Nourishment at Hornsea o To create a wider beach to protect the cliffs o To add sediment from longshore drift o Problem = a lot of sand can be removed in a storm.

Rock Groynes at Mappleton o Built 2 groynes cost 2 million o Cliff face was re-graded o Ripple Effect, Terminal Groyne Syndrome o Starves areas downstream

HOLDERNE SS COAST (mangeme nt)

Soft Strategies

Beach Nourishment at Hornsea o To create a wider beach to protect the cliffs o To add sediment from longshore drift o Problem = a lot of sand can be removed in a storm.

Technique

Purpose Deflect and reduce wave energy before reaching the shore. Aim to prevent flooding in low lying areas

Strengths Can be built from waste materials Like coral reefs Simple Quite cheap Effective Built of clay Cheap Easy Quite effective Low cost Easily repaired

Weaknesses Deflects waves onto new paths. Less effective large scale Coastal squeeze Takes up a lot of space Eroded easily Small scale solution Metal cages can erode Can moved in Interferes with storms distribution of sand, may cause starved areas downstream Dont cope well in big storms

Coastal Manange ment

Offshore Breakwaters

Embankments

Gabions Hard Engineering Management Groynes

Small rocks held in metal cages

Revetments

Wood or stone Stop longshore drift Trap beach material Sloping ramps which takes the force of the waves Rock, Large wood, rocks concrete placed at foot of sea wall or cliff. Absorbs wave energy Curve wall = reflect energy Straight = absorb energy

Fairy effective Used to protect high value property Cheap Natural looking Effective Farily effective Protect property on small scales

Rock Armour Rip Rap

Sea Walls

May shift in storms Expensive Can be underscored Expensive to by backwash build + maintain Can be undercut

Cliff faces are ABRASION / CORRASION worn away by particles carried by waves.

Erosion
HYDRAULIC ACTION CORROSION Sheer force of waves loosens rocks and cliffs by forcing open cracks.

Why is erosion such a problem?

Geology o 2 types of rock: very soft o Chalk o Boulder Clay o However provides good farming Fetch Amount of wave energy. Holderness has small fetch. But increased by 4 things: Currents / Swell = The Atlantic fetch adds to the north sea current which increases the wave energy drastically. Creates destructive waves. Low pressure weather systems. Deep sea floor along Holderness. Waves reach cliff without being weakened.

Processes

Salts and other acids in seawater slowly dissolve a cliff

HOLDERNE SS COAST (backgrou nd)

o o o o

o o
Retreating from 1-10m per year

Thames Estuary Tide Levels Increasing

o Due to: o Higher sea levels o More storms o Increasing amplitude ( tilting of UK south east is the worse.) o Thames Barrage helped reduce risk of flooding, but Thames Gateway wants more development along the shore of the estuary

Longshore drift o Boulder clay erodes to particles which are easily transported out to sea, rather than accumulate as sand. o There is not enough sand to stop the waves reaches the base of the cliff. They are narrow with no friction. o Sand that is produced is taken away by longshore drift

o Remains of old buildings, abandoned roads, footpaths. o Damage to existing coastal defences o Flood damage o Cliff face features o Cliff foot features eg. Undercutting. o Longshore drift

Holderness Coast

Rapid erosion (Weak geology)

Increased Risks from erosion, Fieldwork Evidence for erosion Tidal Waves flooding Thames Estuary Flooding

Increasi ng Risks
Local Research

2004 Asian Tsunami

o Environmental Agency o Local University o Council planning o Old documents, pictures to compare o Satellite maps o Newspaper

THAMES ESTUARY

HOLDERNESS COAST

SOUTHAMPTON
Solent/Southampton Waters
- UKS best natural harbour. - Part of an estuary - Goes inland Advantages - Sheltered from storms in English Channel. - Deepwater channels for large ships. - Around it broad flat land for development. Pressures on Southampton Waters

Coping with the pressure

DORSET COAST
Jurassic Coast
- UKS first coastal World Heritage Site. History and Culture - Significant for its fishing villages and ports - Thomas Hardy = books set in Dorset Ecology - Studland beach and sand dunes high value environment - Protected by SSSI (Site of Special Scientific Interest) - Rare plants, insects, birds and reptiles (sand dunes) Geology - Very varied rock types = chalk, clay, limestone - Durdle Door = limestone, coastal arch - Lulworth Cove Case Study = Studland bay / Ainsdale Dunes - 1.5 million people visit every year - Important for wildlife, conservation, scientific purpose - Habitat of rare animals and plants - Threats = - Non native species taking over grasses, poplar - Visitors responsible for

- Growth of employment has lead to the expansion of suburbs and villages

close to the estuary.

- Growth is squeezed between New Forest Park and Southampton Waters - Western edge is a large salt marsh, but also has a Fawley oil plant at the same place. Industrial development. - New housing, development creates problems with sewage disposal. - Southampton is very important for leisure activities (sailing) Fawley Oil Refinery - Largest Refinary in Uk - 3000 workers, 2 million tonnes of crude oil per year Economic Impacts 1. Salt marsh reduced in size. They contain huge numbers of marine species and feeding grounds for migrating birds. 2. Liquid Waste. Can be very warm so affects the temp of the water. Some species mature quicker. Change in food web. Eutrophication 3. Metal Pollution. Paint can stop barnacles stiking to rocks

With economic benefits there can also be costs which are particularly environmental costs.

In the UK and other more developed countries an environmental impact assessment has to be undertaken. This aims to identify, protect and evaluate he significant effects of the development on the environment.

Different land use conflicts Eg TNCs, oil transport companies. There can be conflicts with Conflict on the Coast wildlife and people. It can affect the looks of the coastline.

Economic benefits vs Environmental costs

SOUTHAMPTON WATERS

Coping with the pressure

Environmenta l-impact Benefits / Costs of Coastal Devlopment Cost-benefit ratio Risk analysis

Industry on the coast Fawley Oil Need protection: Tourism, Geology, Ecology

Pressures: Industry V. Environment Pressure on coastal environments Coral reefs, One way of relieving pressure is to create land Studland Bay Sand dunes by draining wetlands or by land reclamation.
They are at risk from pollution and human actions These can protect the coast from flooding

Assesment

DORSET

mangroves and salt marshes

Jurassic Coast: World Heritage Site

 There is a wide diversity on This is the balanced state of a system where the inputs and outputs are the same. the coast with both landscapes and ecosystems. This can be shaped by the land, weather and climate, Dynamic Equilibrium Coastal Diversity sea and human activities

It can be easily upset by human activities

Competitio n For Coasts

Why so Use to be a small fishing village Average climate Areas of natural beauty Stands out for its hotel industry, beaches and skyscrapers, built as a result of its tourist-oriented economy. Transport links Food Supply Natural beauty = tourism BENIDORM Popular?