History Final Review

Vocab:
Bureaucracy- system of gov. that includes different job functions and levels of authority Cultural Diffusion- the spread of ideas, customs, and technologies from one people to another Covenant- a binding agreement; esp in Jewish tradition, agreement God made with Abraham Fertile Crescent- region of the Middle East in which civilians first arose Nomads- a person who moves from place to place in search of food Ethics- moral standards of behavior Frescos- colorful painting completed on wet plaster Cuneiform- in the ancient Middle East, a system of writing that used wedge-shaped marks Aristocracy- government headed by a privileged minority or upper class Civilization-a complex, highly organized social order Vernacular- everyday language of ordinary people Papal Supremacy- the claim of medieval popes that they had authority over all secular rulers Tsar- title of the ruler of the Russian Empire Autocrat- ruler who has complete authority Feudalism- loosely organized system of government in which local lords governed their own lands but owed military service and other support to a greater lord Guilds- association of merchants or artisans who cooperated to uphold standards of their trade and to protect their economic interests. Inquisition- a church court set up to try people accused of heresy Golden Horde- The Mongol Armies that invaded Europe in 1237 and ruled Russia for over two centuries Chivalry-code of conduct for knights during the Middle Ages Great Schism- the official split between the Roman Catholic and Byzantine churches that occurred in 1054 Dowry- payment a women brings to a marriage Mecca- birthplace of the prophet Muhammad and most holy city for Islamic people Calligraphy- the art of producing beautiful handwriting Archipelago- a chain of islands Quran- the holy book of Islam Bushido- code of conduct for samurai during the feudal period in Japan Hajj- one of the 5 pillars of Islam, the pilgrimage to Mecca that all Muslims are expected to make at least once in their life Ethnic Group- large group of people who share the same language and cultural heritage Shinto- principal religion in Japan that emphasizes the worship of nature Pagoda- multistoried Buddhist temple with eaves that curve up at the corners Bastille- Fortress in Paris used as a prison; French Rev began when Parisians stormed it migrs- person who flees his or her country for political reasons Ancien Regime- old order, system of government in pre revolution France Guillotine- device used during the Reign of Terror to execute thousands by beheading Cahiers- notebook used during the French Revolution to record grievances Nationalism- a strong feeling of pride in and devotion to ones country Bourgeoisie- the middle class Legitimacy-principal by which monarchies that had been unseated by the French Revolution or Napoleon were restored

Jacobins- member of a radical political club during the French Revolution Deficit Spending-situation in which a government spends more money than it takes in

Topics:
Neolithic Revolution- Transition from nomadic life to settled farming, that brought dramatic changes. The farmers domesticated plants and animals, produced their own food Polytheism- most ancient people believed in many gods, Sumerians thought gods controlled every aspect of life. Mayans were polythestic too Hammurabis Code- A set of laws set up by Hammurabi, who was the king of Babylon who brought much of Mesopotamia under the control of his empire. Artisians carved 300 laws on a stone pillar for all to see. It was the first important attempt by a ruler to codify al the laws tat would govern a state Mesopotamia- region in the fertile crescent that was named by the Ancient Greeks, which means, between the rivers. Area of land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, Sumner was the first civilization to develop in southeastern Mesopotamia Peloponnesian War- warfare broke out between Athens and Sparta (conflict) Involved Greece and the fighting would last for 27 years Mycenaeans- IndoEuropean People, They conqured the Greek mainland before overrunning the island of Crete. They were sea traders, They learned the art of writing Roman CivilizationJulius Caesar- an ambitious military commander, who dominated Roman politics. He also crushed Pompey and his supporters, Made a program of public works to employ the jobless and gave public land to the poor, reorganized the gov and granted citizenship to more people Hannibal- a Carthaginian general that led his army on an epic march across the Pyrenees through France and over he Alps into Italy Pope- The head of the Roman Catholic Church; in ancient Rome, bishop of Rome who claimed authority over all other bishops Constantinople- The new capital at Byzantium , with this new rome, it was the center of power Native American Groups-

Incas-

Black Death- a disease in Europe that raged through Italy. Bubonic Plague- a disease spread by fleas carried by rats. It had broken out before in Europe, Asia, and North Africa Hundreds Years War- Between England and France. Fought over French Lands. This war allowed French kings to expand their power while English rulers turned to Parliament for funds which helped that body win the power of the purse. Justinianss Code- a massive collection that included laws passed by Roman assemblies or decreed by Roman Emperors as well as legal writings and a handbook for students. Byzantine Empire-

Jews- Spread their religion which was called Diaspora, Some were exiled while others moved to farther reaches of the emipres Ivan the Terrible- a Tsar who earned this nickname because of the way he used his power. He centralized royal power by limiting privileges of the old familes and granting land to nobles in exhange for military or other service. Crusades- a series of wars that the Europeans took part in. Christians Battled Muslims for control of lands in the Middle East Islam-

Sunni- Muslims that believe inspiration comes from the example of Muhammad as recorded by his early followers; They also though the successor to Muhammad should be a caliph Shiites- Muslims who believed that the true successors to the Prophet are the descendants of Ali and Muhammads daughter. Five Pillars of Islam- include, declaration of faith, Pray 5 times a day, give charity to the poor, fast from sunrise to sunset during Ramadan, and make a hajj to Mecca Hinduism- has no single founder and no sacred text. Grew out of the overlapping beliefs of the diverse groups who settled in India Genghis Khan- means world emperor, united the nomadic Mongols of Central Asia Japans Feudal Society- warrior aristocracy dominated the society, Emperor stood at head of society, but was powerless. Real power was in the hands of the shogun- the supreme military commander. Europeans and Slavery- participated in the slave trade to buy slaves to work on their large plantations Voyage of Columbus- sailed west wanted to read East indies, but he didnt know two continents laid in his way. Sailed for Spain Ferdinand Magellan- set out from spain with 5 ships to find a way to reach the Pacific, he is credited with sailing all the way around the globe. Korean(development and geog-) Located on a peninsula that juts south from the Asia and ponts tword Japan. Mostly Mountains 70% steep mountains Portugal(Trade)- established trading posts, to trade muskets, tools and cloth for gold ivory hides and slaves The Dutch(country)- Came from the Netherlands, that was part of the Holy Roman Empire Phillip II- expanded Spanish influence, strengthened the Catholic Church and made his own power absolute Decline in Spains Power- inflation began to begin so the power decreased Split in Christianity- great schism, caused by a dispute over the use of icons, holy images. Henry IV- Hugenot prince who inherited the French Throne. 4 years he found against Catholic opposition to gain control of France Louis XIV- inherited throne when he was 5 , became an absolute monarch. When he was king disorder swept France Stuart Kings (England)- not as popular as the Tudors, had a century of revolution when they started. 1st was James who agreed to rule according to English Law, but then divine right. 2nd Charles, behaved like an absolute monarch, like his father Glorious Revolution- Charles II was welcomed back to London. He reopened Theatres and taverns and presided over lively court. Oliver Cromwell- leader of the Roundheads. Puritan member of the lesser gentry, proved himself to be a skilled general

Bastille- a grim medieval fortress that was used as a prison for political and other prisoners. Crowd demanded weapons and gunpowder believed to be stored there. Third Estate- most diverse social class, involved prosperous bankers, merchants, and manufacturers as well as lawyers doctors journalists and professors, but the bulk was rural peasants French Economic Crisis-

Declaration of Rights of Man- document modeled in part of the declaration of independence. Said all men were born and remain free and equal in rights. They enjoyed natural rights to liberty property security and resistance to oppression French Rev (rest of Europe)- feared the spread of it, increased their border controls to stop the spread Jacobins- members of the radical political club during the French Revolution Sans-culottes- working class man or woman who made the French Revolution more radical; called such because he or she wore long trousers instead of the fancy knee breeches that the upper class wore Mass Levy-

French Revolution- happened because of a political crisis, they rose taxes on bread because of a famine starving peasants roamed the countryside where they swelled the ranks of the unemployed. Napoleon- a popular military hero who ad won a series of brilliant victories agains the Austrians in Italy. He later became the Ruler of France Chinas Golden Age- Shang + Zhou define china Formed Gov, Developed Social Classes, Established Feudal State, Economic Growth Korean Dynasties- Silla + Koryo Dynasties. Sillla- prospered and the arts flourished, one of the most advanced in the world. Koryo replaced the Silla and which was that Korea was derived from. Rise of Greek Civilization- have city states, called the polis, civilization rose in fertile river valleys. Cultures of North America- Adena & Hopewell, Mississippians, Inuit, Iroquois, Middle Ages(beginning)- agricultural revolution, Technology improved farming, population and production grew, trade routes expanded, towns and cities grew, Result (crusades)- left a bitter legacy of religious hatred. Christians and Musliums hated eachother, and sometimes turned their fury against the jews Religion (China)- earlier prayed to many gods (polytheistic), and nature spirits, Gods- Shang Di, only royal family and other nobles ahd ancestors important enough to influence the gods. After a while others began to join. Sistine Chapel- painted by Michelangelo, who used murals to decorate the ceiling that took 4 years to complete and left him partially crippled. It depicted the biblical history of the world from the creation to the flood. He was also a talented architect Reformation (beginning)- the church caught up in worldly affairs. Popes competed with Italian princes for political power and fought long wars to protect the Papal States against incasions by secular rulers. Plotted against powerful monarchs who tried to seize control of the Church within their lands. Also fought to expand its own interests