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    Spinning Techniques

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    Shan Imtiaz
    The document discusses various techniques for spinning fibers from polymers, including melt spinning, dry spinning, and wet spinning. Melt spinning uses molten polymer directly, while dry and wet spinning dissolve the polymer in a solvent before extrusion and solidification. The key steps are converting the polymer into a liquid dope, extruding it through spinnerets into thin filaments, and solidifying the filaments. The shape and size of the resulting fibers is determined by the spinneret design. Additional processes like drawing can further orient and strengthen the fibers.

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    Spinning Techniques

    Uploaded by

    Shan Imtiaz
    203 views18 pages
    The document discusses various techniques for spinning fibers from polymers, including melt spinning, dry spinning, and wet spinning. Melt spinning uses molten polymer directly, while dry and wet spinning dissolve the polymer in a solvent before extrusion and solidification. The key steps are converting the polymer into a liquid dope, extruding it through spinnerets into thin filaments, and solidifying the filaments. The shape and size of the resulting fibers is determined by the spinneret design. Additional processes like drawing can further orient and strengthen the fibers.

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    Yarn Manufacturing Techniques

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    The document discusses various techniques for spinning fibers from polymers, including melt spinning, dry spinning, and wet spinning. Melt spinning uses molten polymer directly, while dry and wet spinning dissolve the polymer in a solvent before extrusion and solidification. The key steps are converting the polymer into a liquid dope, extruding it through spinnerets into thin filaments, and solidifying the filaments. The shape and size of the resulting fibers is determined by the spinneret design. Additional processes like drawing can further orient and strengthen the fibers.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    203 views18 pages

    Spinning Techniques

    Uploaded by

    Shan Imtiaz
    The document discusses various techniques for spinning fibers from polymers, including melt spinning, dry spinning, and wet spinning. Melt spinning uses molten polymer directly, while dry and wet spinning dissolve the polymer in a solvent before extrusion and solidification. The key steps are converting the polymer into a liquid dope, extruding it through spinnerets into thin filaments, and solidifying the filaments. The shape and size of the resulting fibers is determined by the spinneret design. Additional processes like drawing can further orient and strengthen the fibers.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 18

    Spinning Techniques

    Engr. Shan Imtiaz

    Definition

    Spinning is the process used to convert the materials into fibers.

    Spinning Methods
    The method of spinning selected to manufacture certain fibers is dependent primarily on the chemical composition of the fiber. Some fibers can be manufactured by more than one method. The three most commonly used methods for spinning are
    1. Melt spinning 2. Dry spinning and 3. Wet spinning

    Gel spinning is a comparatively new technology

    used more for high performance fibers.

    Steps
    Three main steps used in spinning techniques 1.Conversion of a polymer into a liquid or spinning solution, also called a dope. 2.Extruding the solution through a spinneret i.e. pumping the dope 3.Solidification of the liquid into filaments (solid)

    Spinnerets
    To produce the manmade fibres the polymer in solution or molten form is passed through a spinneret (a bathroom shower like screen with very small holes). The spinneret converts the solution in very thin streams which are then solidified to form fibres. The shape and size of the fiber can be easily changed by changing the shape and size of the spinneret. Rate of holes per spinneret may be 100000 numbers per square inch and space of holes in the spinneret could be varied.

    Melt Spinning
    Melt Spinning is used to manufacture thermoplastic fibers such as nylon and polyester. The melt spinning process is the simplest and least expensive spinning method.

    Melt Spinning

    Melt Spinning
    Polymer is heated and it melts to form a liquid spinning solution. Chips of polymers are fed to a hopper which is heated. There is a grid (sieve) at the base which permits only molten liquid to pass through. Extrusion is done through spinneret vertically. Solidification is done by cooling, for which cool air currents are used.

    For polymers which cannot be converted into molten stage, two options exists Dry Spinning Wet Spinning

    Dry Spinning
    Dry spinning used to manufacture fibers that can easily be dissolved in a solvent and then recovered without a change in the polymer properties. Acetate, acrylic, modacrylic, and spandex fibers are manufactured using the dry spinning method. In this case, a volatile solvent (acetone) is used to dissolve the polymer and form a solution. Extrusion is also in a vertical position. Solidification by evaporation occurs when filaments come in contact with warm air currents.

    Dry Spinning
    The following steps are required for using the dry spinning process:
    1. Dissolving the fiber-forming substance in a solvent 2. Filtering the fluid 3. Extruding the fluid through the spinneret 4. Solidifying the fiber by evaporating the solvent using warm air (solvent is recovered and reused) 5. Stretching or drawing the partially solidified fiber

    Wet Spinning
    This is the oldest method of man made yarn manufacturing. Rayon, spandex, and some acrylic fibers are produced using the wet spinning method. A non-volatile solvent is used to convert the raw material (polymer) into a solution. The solution is extruded directly in a horizontal position into the precipitating liquid, this process for making fibers is called wet spinning. The spinneret is submerged in a chemical bath that causes the fibre to precipitate, and then solidify, as it emerges. Solidification occurs through coagulation.

    Comparison

    MELT Disadvantages Separate drawing step (unless spin draw)

    DRY Slow speed (200-400 yds/min) Solvent recovery

    WET Slow(70-150 yds/min) Solvent and chemical recovery

    Flammable solvent hazards


    Advantages High speed (275 to 1500 yds/min) (4000 yds/min spin draw) Yarn does not require purification

    Washing to remove impurities


    Large tows can be handled

    No solvents No purification problems

    Gel spinning
    It is also known as dry-wet spinning because the filaments first pass through air and then are cooled further in a liquid bath. Gelled resins are spun into fibers. In the gelstate, the fibers are partially bonded together, resulting in increased orientation, and hence higher strength, than that which results from the other spinning processes. Examples are polyethylene and aramid fibers.

    Spinning Techniques (Schematic Diagram)

    Secondary processes
    After spinning, the fibers may be further treated to improve properties, especially stiffness and strength. Secondary processes include cooling, annealing, drying, and, most important, drawing.

    Drawing
    Drawing is stretching the solid fiber. This increases orientation and further induces crystallization or reforming of crystals in the oriented state.

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