CFD in Abaqus

RUM 2010

Overview
Introduction to Multiphysics CFD Basics CFD Simulation Workflow Initial and Boundary Conditions Turbulence modelling Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI) FSI Workflow Example: Unsteady flow across a circular cylinder

Abaqus/CFD

SIMULIA

SIMULIA is the Dassault Systmes brand that delivers a scalable portfolio of Realistic Simulation solutions
The Abaqus product suite for Unified FEA

Multiphysics solutions for insight into challenging engineering problems

Lifecycle management solutions for managing simulation data, processes, and intellectual property

Abaqus/CFD

Multiphysics
Multiphysics involves the inclusion of multiple physical representations to capture the diversity of behavior present in real-world problems Multiphysics solutions offered by SIMULIA broadly falls into three different areas

Abaqus Multiphysics
Native multiphysics capabilities available in Abaqus Broad range of physics

Extended Multiphysics
Extended multiphysics capability CEL in Abaqus/Explicit Abaqus/CFD

Multiphysics Coupling
Open scalable platform for partners and customers Co-simulation engine Native FSI capability Coupling with third-party CFD codes

Multiphysics simulation requirements spans every industry and nearly every real application Multiphysics simulation is often required for Realistic Simulation

Abaqus/CFD

Abaqus Multiphysics
Electrical Thermal Acoustics

Structural Abaqus Multiphysics Structural

Piezoelectrical

Courtesy: Honeywell FM&T

Pore pressure Fluid flow

Abaqus/CFD
Courtesy of Dr. Michelle Hoo Fatt (University of Akron)

Extended Multiphysics

Blast loaded structure

Tire Hydroplaning

Aortic Aneurysm

Automotive Brake Valve

Airbag inflation

Tank sloshing

Flow in Arteries

Electronic Cooling

Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian (CEL) technology

Abaqus/CFD

Abaqus/CFD

Multiphysics Coupling
MpCCI Independent code coupling interface Enabled through MpCCI from Fraunhofer SCAI Allows coupling Abaqus with all codes supported by MpCCI Other CFD codes

Abaqus

Star-CD

Fluent

Abaqus SIMULIA Direct Coupling Enables Abaqus to couple directly to 3rd party codes Currently in maintenance mode Other CFD codes

AcuSolve

Star-CD

Flowvision

SIMULIA Co-simulation Engine SIMULIAs next generation open communications platform that seamlessly couples computational physics processes in a multiphysics simulation Physics-based conservative mapping technology Superior coupling technology Abaqus/ Standard Abaqus/ Explicit Abaqus/ CFD Other CFD codes

Co-simulation Engine (CSE)

Star-CCM+

Abaqus/CFD

Multiphysics Coupling
FSI using Abaqus in 6.10:
Abaqus/Standard, Abaqus/Explicit 6.10
CSE

Abaqus/CFD 6.10

Discussed in this presentation

FSI using Abaqus and third-party CFD codes

Product support with 6.10:
Abaqus 6.10 MpCCI 4 Fluent 12

CSE

Abaqus 6.10

Star-CCM+ 5

SIMULIA Direct Coupling Interface (DCI) DCI is in maintenance mode Coupling with Flowvision and AcuSolve is supported by respective third parties More information is available in training class FSI Simulation Using Abaqus and Third-party CFD Codes

Abaqus/CFD

CFD Basics

Continuum Fluid Mechanics

Inviscid

Viscous

Laminar
Reynolds number

Turbulent

Incompressible
0.3

Compressible
0.8

Internal

External

Mach number

Abaqus/CFD

CFD Basics
Inviscid vs. viscous flows
Inviscid flows Effect of viscosity is neglected Viscous flows Effect of viscosity is included Especially important in flows close to a solid boundary

Reynolds number

Inertial forces VL Re = = Viscous forces

L: Characteristic length scale of the flow V: Characteristic velocity

Increasing Reynolds number

Viscous effects dominate Stokes flow, Re << 1
Abaqus/CFD

Inertial effects dominate

CFD Basics
Incompressible vs. compressible flows
Incompressible flows
Velocity field is divergence free Energy contained in acoustic waves is small relative to the energy transported by advection Example: Flow of liquids are often treated as incompressible

Compressible flows Density variations within the flow are not negligible Example: Flow of gases are often compressible

Mach number

Flow speed V Ma = = Local speed of sound c

For Ma < 0.3 , the variation is < 2 % For Ma < 0.45 , the variation is < 5 % Ma 0.3 is considered the limit for incompressible flow
Abaqus/CFD

Stagnation/Static Pressure

1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

Compressible Incompressible

Ma

CFD Basics
Laminar vs. turbulent flows
Laminar flow Smooth motion in layers (laminae) No gross mixing of flows (slow dispersion due to molecular motion only)
Velocity Velocity

Turbulent flows Random three dimensional motion Macroscopic mixing Unsteady (mean flow can be steady or unsteady)
Velocity Velocity Time Steady turbulent flow Time Unsteady turbulent flow

Reynolds number

Time Steady laminar flow

Time Unsteady laminar flow

Increasing Reynolds number: Transition to turbulent flow at higher Re (> 200)

1.54

9.6

13

105

150

Munson, B. R., D. F. Young, and T. H. Okiishi, Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, John Wiley & Sons, 2002

Abaqus/CFD

CFD Basics
Internal vs. external flows
External flows Fluid flow over external surface of an object Internal flow Fluid flow that passes through confined solid boundaries

Pressure contours

Velocity vectors Velocity contours

Flow around Obstacles Abaqus/CFD

Flow inside Engine Manifold

CFD Simulation Workflow

CFD Simulation Workflow

CFD Simulation Workflow in Abaqus/CAE

Part module: Create a part representing the flow domain

Load module: Apply boundary conditions, body forces, fluid reference pressure etc.

Mesh module: Create CFD mesh

Property module: Define fluid properties; create and assign fluid section

Interaction module: Define interactions for FSI problems

Job module: Create and submit CFD job

Assembly module: Instance and position the parts

Step module: Define fluid analysis step, solver controls, turbulence models, etc.

Visualization module: Postprocess results

Abaqus/CFD

Initial and Boundary Conditions

Governing equations require initial and boundary conditions Initial conditions define conditions at start up (required for transient problems)
Pressure (only compressible flows) Velocity Temperature Turbulence quantities

Boundary conditions define conditions at solution domain boundaries

Pressure Velocity Temperature Quantities specific to turbulence models Turbulent viscosity Wall-normal distance function

Abaqus/CFD

Initial and Boundary Conditions

Where do we need boundary conditions?

Flow inlet or outlet regions Physical wall (stationary or moving) region

Far field region

Zones where flow is abstracted

Fluid enters or leaves the flow solution domain

Fluid is constrained to stick to an obstruction, NoSlip, no-penetration

Imaginary flow solution domain boundaries

Approximating three dimensional flow as two-dimensional

Symmetry conditions

Free stream Wall Inlet Inlet Wall Wall Outlet Wall Outlet

External flow
Abaqus/CFD

Internal flow

Turbulence Modelling

Large Reynolds number Diffusivity

Turbulence enhances mass, momentum and energy transfer High Reynolds number phenomenon

Dissipative
Turbulent kinetic energy is dissipative

Continuum scale
Smallest scale of turbulence is far larger than molecular length scale

Irregularity Sensitive to initial and boundary conditions

Multi-scale
Wide range of scales (of eddies)

Three dimensional
3-dimensional energy transfer from large to small scales through interaction of vortices

Typical Characteristics of Turbulence

Flow feature
Property of the flow, not of the fluid

Abaqus/CFD

Turbulence Models in Abaqus/CFD Turbulence models currently implemented in Abaqus CFD:

One-equation Spalart-Allmaras model (SA) Two-equation kmodel (specifically RNG k- )
-- dissipation rate k -- turbulent kinetic energy,

SA Model
Fine meshes in wall-normal direction to model near wall-turbulence Accuracy at the expense of fine meshes

RNG k Based on renormalization group theory -- accounts for the effects of smaller scales of motion Wall functions to reproduce near-wall turbulence Admits relatively coarse mesh Increased computational cost smaller compared to SA

Abaqus/CFD

Fluid-Structure Interaction

What is Fluid-Structure Interaction or FSI?

FSI represents a class of multiphysics problems where fluid flow affects compliant structures, which in turn affect the fluid flow Partitioned solution approach is widely used One of more fields may be of interest

Fluid
Pressure Velocity Temperature

Structure
Displacement Temperature Others

Fields

Fields

Abaqus/CFD

FSI Coupling Spectrum

* Graphic refers to complexity of interface coupling, not to complexity of the solution in the solid or fluid domain.

Drug eluting stents

Tire hydroplaning

Airbags/parachutes deployment

Hydromount response

Heart valve analysis

Model complexity

Valve dynamics

Hard disk drive dynamics

Elastomeric flow devices Fuel tank sloshing

Aircraft/fan blade flutter

Hemodynamics of diseased arteries VIV-Offshore risers/heat exchange tube bundles

Engine head thermal stress analysis

Dispensing

Weak physics coupling

Abaqus/CFD

Strong physics coupling

Current FSI Technology Spectrum

Increasing solution complexity
6-DOF solver Simple FSI Staggered Approach (Explicit/Implicit) Specialized techniques Monolithic approach

Structure represented in the fluids code as a 6 DOF entity

Compliance matrix/eigen value approach to solving the structural problem inside a fluids code Suitable for linear structural problems

Structure and fluid equations solved separately with code coupling and mapping at the interface

1.SPH: Meshless method 2.Immersed Boundary Techniques 3.CEL

Single set of equations for the fluid and structural domains

Suitable for rigid body motions in a fluid.

Suited for weak to moderately strong coupling physics problems. Implicit coupling well suited for tackling unstable FSI problems Examples: Pulsatile blood flow, dispensing

Suitable for problems where structural modeling is too complex or deformations are significant Examples: Tire hydroplaning

Suited for all coupling physics problems

Examples: IC engines, rigid valve movement

Examples: Sloshing, vortexinduced vibrations

Examples: All

Abaqus/CFD

Target FSI Applications

Target Applications

Application attributes

Time-domain response

Distinct fluid and structure domains

Geometric consistency of models

FSI is transient

Steady-state response for quasi-static problems

Interaction between the domains is through useridentified surfaces

Co-located models

Consistent geometric idealizations of fluid and structure

Consistent units

Abaqus/CFD

Target Applications

Automotive
Engine, exhaust manifold, cooling jackets Hydraulic engine mounts Disc brake system ABS, shock absorbers

Power/gas
Pipelines, risers Heat exchangers (nuclear power)

Electronics
Cooling of electronic components Manufacturing of integrated circuits

Industrials
Flow limiters, seals

M ed ic al Heart valves Blood flow

Abaqus/CFD

Target Applications
Applications not targeted Vibroacoustics More effectively treated by frequency domain methods Structures modeled with rod, beam, truss, cable elements Inconsistent geometry idealizations Injection molding, casting, superplastic forming Indistinct or changing fluid/structure interface Rupture, penetration, fragmentation Variable fluid region topology

Abaqus/CFD

FSI Analysis Workflow

FSI Analysis Workflow

Develop the structural model (Abaqus/Standard or Abaqus/Explicit)
Identify the fluid-structure interfaces Co-locate the interface boundary between the fluid and the structural domains Verify the structural model using assumed pressure/heat flux loads at the interface Apply pressure/heat flux load magnitudes that are reasonable and similar to the expected fluid loads

Develop the CFD model (Abaqus/CFD)

Define the fluid-structure interface wall boundary Co-locate the interface boundary between the fluid and the structural domains Verify your CFD-only analysis by prescribing temperatures at the interface wall

Abaqus/CFD

FSI Analysis Workflow

Develop the CFD model (contd)
Verify your CFD-only analysis by moving the interface wall Modeling mesh motion in Abaqus/CFD requires correct specification of boundary conditions on nodes Ensure that boundary conditions on the mesh motion required at non-FSI interfaces are correctly defined

Flow around a baffle

Fixed mesh

Fixed mesh

Prescribed test displacement

Define FSI interaction (BC dictated by structural solver)

CFD-only
Abaqus/CFD

FSI

FSI Analysis Workflow

Interconnect the structural and CFD models for the co-simulation
Delete the assumed loads Define the fluid-structure interaction and the exchange variables

Run the FSI analysis

Create co-execution jobs

Postprocess the structural and CFD solution

It is unlikely that the coupled analysis will be successful if the individual structural and CFD analyses are incorrectly set up!

Abaqus/CFD

Example
Flow around a rigid circular cylinder is often used as a CFD benchmark case
Characteristic length scale: D (cylinder diameter) Model the flow as 3-dimensional but with one element through the thickness and symmetry boundary conditions on the front and back faces to enforce 2-dimensional conditions
Re =

D Vinlet =0.1 m/sec D = 0.1 m

VD

Inflow

Reveals interesting flow features depending on the Reynolds number

Steady and symmetric flow; no separation Re < 5 5 < Re < 40 Steady and symmetric flow; symmetric vortices

Laminar vortex sheet (Von Karmann vortex street) 40 < Re < 200 Re > 200 Transition to turbulence in the wake and boundary layers

Abaqus/CFD

Execution Procedure
From within Abaqus/CAE
Abaqus/CFD jobs can be run from within Abaqus/CAE as regular Abaqus jobs FSI jobs can be launched from within Abaqus/CAE as a co-execution job

From the command line

Abaqus/CFD jobs
abaqus job <job name> -cpus <# of cpus>

FSI jobs
abaqus job <job 1 name> listenerPort 11111 remoteConnections <hostname>:22222 abaqus job <job 2 name> listenerPort 22222 remoteConnections <hostname>:11111

So if you were running Job-1 on a machine named blue and Job-2 on machine named red, the commands would be:
abaqus job Job-1.inp listenerPort 11111 remoteConnections red:22222 abaqus job Job-2.inp listenerPort 22222 remoteConnections blue:11111
Abaqus/CFD

Conclusions
Abaqus/CFD provides a built-in CFD solution for incompressible N-S flow within Abaqus Viscous and inviscid flow Laminar and turbulent flow Native support in Abaqus/CAE for CFD and FSI Intuitive and easy to use Does not require additional software

Abaqus/CFD