Programming PIC MCU PDF

Programming PIC Microcontrollers
Module: EE2A2 Embedded Microprocessor Systems Lecturer: James Grimbleby y URL: http://www.personal.rdg.ac.uk/~stsgrimb/ email: j j.b.grimbleby g y reading.ac.uk g Number of Lectures: 5 Recommended text book: R Barnett R. Barnett, L OCull O Cull and S S. Fox Embedded C Programming and the Microchip PIC Thomson (2004) ISBN 1401837484
James Grimbleby School of Systems Engineering - Electronic Engineering Slide 1
Recommended Text Book: R. Barnett, L OCull O Cull and S. Fox Embedded C Programming and the Microchip p PIC Thomson (2004) ISBN 1401837484 Price (Amazon) 47
James Grimbleby
School of Systems Engineering - Electronic Engineering
Slide 2

On-line book describing PIC microcontrollers:
http://www.mikroelektronika.co.yu/english/product/books/ htt // ik l kt ik / li h/ d t/b k / PICbook/0_Uvod.htm

Manual for CCS PIC C compiler:
http://www ccsinfo com/downloads/ccs c manual pdf http://www.ccsinfo.com/downloads/ccs_c_manual.pdf


This course is about programming PIC microcontrollers in C using the CCS PIC-C compiler Topics covered include: PIC architecture PIC specific limitations and extensions to C PIC-specific Programming PIC hardware such as ports, ADC, timers, etc Using software libraries You should already be familiar with the C and C++ programming languages
Assessment
This unit nit will ill be assessed b by a m multiple-choice ltiple choice test The multiple-choice multiple choice test will last for 30 minutes minutes, during which 20 questions must be answered You will be permitted to bring your notebooks and the course notes into the test The test will be held at the end of the Autumn term The marks from this test will contribute to the overall mark for the module EE2A2
Multi-Choice Multi Choice Test Example

This question relates to the use of the CCS PIC C compiler. A variable q is declared: long int q; q can take k on any value l in i the h range: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) -128 to +127 0 to 255 2 -32768 to +32767 0 to 65535 -2147483648 to + 2147483647
Answer:
James Grimbleby
Slide 7
Lecture 1 PIC Architecture

PIC Microcontroller Architecture

PICs use Harvard architecture and a RISC instruction set von Neuman Architecture: CPU Harvard Architecture: Program memory
James Grimbleby
Program and P d data memory
CPU
Data memory
Slide 9
PIC Microcontroller Architecture

Flash program memory Instruction register Program counter Stack Counter/ ti timers RAM g file registers Address MUX FSR g Status register Instruction decode Timing generation
James Grimbleby
I/O ports
Brn out reset Watchdog Start up timer Low volt prog Debugger ALU
MUX Peripherals
W register
Slide 10
PIC Microcontroller Peripherals

The 18F452 PIC has the following peripherals: Data ports A (6 (6-bit) bit), B (8 (8-bit) bit), C (8 (8-bit) bit), D (8 (8-bit) bit), E (3 (3-bit) bit) Timer/counter modules 0 (8-bit), 1 (16-bit), 2 (8-bit), 3 (16-bit) CCP/PWM modules (2) I2C/SPI serial i l port t USART ( (RS-232, , RS-485) ) Analogue-to-digital converter (10-bit) with 10 way input multiplexer EEPROM (256 byte)
Clock Generator
PICs use a fully static design so that any clock frequency up to the specified maximum can be used There are 4 possible clock configurations: - external clock (eg crystal oscillator module) - self-oscillating with external crystal or ceramic resonator - external or self-oscillating with phase-locked loop - self-oscillating with external RC In practice the choice will normally be a compromise between cost and clock speed or clock stability
Reset
A reset p puts the PIC in a well-defined initial state so that the processor starts executing code from the first instruction Resets can result from: - external reset by MCLR pulled low - reset on power-up - reset by watchdog timer overflow - reset t on power supply l b brown-out t Reset can be used sed as a last resort for reco recovering ering from some catastrophic software event but all current data will be lost
Central Processing Unit

The CPU fetches instructions from memory, decodes them, and passes them to the ALU for execution The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is responsible for adding, subtracting, shifting and performing logical operations Th ALU operates i The in conjunction j i with: ih - a general-purpose register called the W register - an f register that can be any location in data memory - literals lit l embedded b dd d in i the th i instruction t ti code d
James Grimbleby
Slide 14
Memory Organisation - Stack

A 31 31-level level stack stores the return address during interrupts and subroutine calls Program Counter 21 bit
Stack level 1 Stack level 2 . . . . . . . Stack level 31

Memory Organisation - Program

Reset vector Program memory contains the Reset and Interrupt vectors The PIC18F452 has 32k (0x8000) locations of program memory High priority int vector Low priority int vector 0x0000 0x0008 0x0018
P Program memory
0x7FFF
Memory Organisation - Data

GPR bank 0 GPR bank 1 GPR bank 2 GPR bank 3 GPR bank 4 GPR bank 5 Unused SFRs
James Grimbleby School of Systems Engineering - Electronic Engineering
Data memory contains general purpose registers (GPRs) and special function registers (SFRs) The PIC18F452 has 1536 (0x600) locations of GPR data memory
0x000 0x100 0x200 0x300 0x400 0x500 0x600
0xF80 0xFFF
Slide 17
Memory Organisation SFRs

Port A Port B Port C Port D Port E . . . . . Tris A Tris B Tris C Tris D Tris E 0xF80 0 F80 0xF81 0xF82 0xF83 0xF84 0xF92 0xF93 0xF94 0xF95 0xF96 SPBRG . . . . . Timer1L Timer1H . . . . . Timer0L Timer0H . . . . . Wreg . . . . . StkPtr 0 FAF 0xFAF 0xFCE 0xFCF 0xFD6 0xFD7 0xFE8 0xFFC
Slide 18
The memory block 0xF80 to 0xFFF (128 locations) references special function registers (SFRs) Some of the SFRs are shown h h here
James Grimbleby
PIC Instruction Set

The PIC instruction set has a small number of simple (RISC) instructions PIC16 series: 35 instructions coded into 14 bits PIC 18 series: 59 instructions coded into 16 bits PIC 24 series: 71 instructions coded into 24 bits Most instructions are executed in one instruction cycle which corresponds to 4 clock cycles Thus a PIC operating at 40 MHz clock frequency will have an instruction rate of 10 MIPS.
PIC 18Fxxx Instruction Set

Most PIC 18Fxxx instructions occupy a single 16-bit program memory location Each instruction consists of an opcode and one or more operands The instruction set is highly orthogonal and can be partitioned: - 31 byte-oriented file register operations - 5 bit-oriented file register operations - 23 control instructions - 10 literal instructions - 8 data memory program memory operations

Byte-oriented file register operations : ADDWF CLRF DECF MOVF Add W and d f: f result lt in i W or f Clear f Decrement f Move contents of f to f or W
Bit-oriented file register operations: BCF BTFSC Clear bit in f Test bit in f; skip if clear
James Grimbleby
Slide 21

Control instructions : BRA CALL RETURN BNZ Branch unconditionally Call subroutine (function) Return from subroutine (function) Branch if not zero
Literal instructions : MOVLW ADDLW Move literal to W Add literal lit l t to W
Data memor memory program memor memory operations operations: TBLRD*+

James Grimbleby
post-increment Table read with p

Slide 22
Status Register
The 8-bit status register g is set during g arithmetic operations p N OV Z DC C N OV Z DC C
Negative bit - result of arithmetic operation was negative Overflow bit overflow occurred for signed arithmetic Zero bit - result of arithmetic operation was zero Digit Carry bit carry out from 4th low order bit of result Carry bit carry out from most-significant bit of result
The bits of the status register can then be used in conditional branches, , for example: p BNZ Branch if Not Zero BOV Branch of OVerflow
Lecture 2 CCS Compiler

What is C ?
In 1970 a team at Bell Labs led by y Brian Kernighan g were developing the UNIX computer operating system They required a high-level computer language for writing computer operating systems Starting from an existing language called BCPL they developed C C was used dt to write it th the next t version i of f UNIX system t software UNIX eventually became the world's first portable operating system
What is C ?
C has now become a widely y used professional p language g g for various reasons: It has h high hi h l level l constructs t t It can handle low level activities It produces efficient programs It can be compiled on a wide variety of computers The standard for C programs was originally the features set by Brian Kernighan Later an international standard was developed: ANSI C (American National Standards Institute)
What is C++ C ?
More recently another group at AT&T led by Bjarne Stroustrup developed C to reflect modern programming techniques The new language was called C++ C++ has stronger type checking and supports object-oriented programming C++ may be considered in several ways.: An extension of C A "data data abstraction abstraction" improvement on C A base for "object oriented" programming
Why Program PICs in C?

C is a p portable language, g g requiring q g minimal modification when transferring programs from one processor to another Programming in a high-level language rather than assembler allows programs to be developed much more rapidly Typically a program which takes a few weeks in assembler can be written in C in a f few days Code efficiency of compiled C programs is typically 80% of well-written assembler programs The related language C++ is too complex for use with the present g p generation of PICs
CCS PIC Compiler

A compiler converts a high-level language program to machine instructions for the target processor A cross-compiler il i is a compiler il th that t runs on a processor (usually a PC) that is different from the target processor Most embedded systems are now programmed using the C/C++ language Several C compilers are available that target Microchip PICs, for example HiTech, Microchip and CCS The PIC programming laboratory at Reading is equipped with the CCS cross-compiler
CCS PIC Compiler

int main() { int x, y, z; for (;;) { lcd(clear);
PIC USB ICD2 debugger PIC system
PC with CCS compiler
Programs are edited P dit d and d compiled il d t to PIC machine hi i instructions t ti on a PC PIC machine instructions are uploaded from PC to PIC system gg via the ICD2 debugger Code is executed on the PIC system and can be debugged (break points, points inspect variables variables, single step etc etc.) ) using PC
CCS PIC Compiler
James Grimbleby
Slide 31
CCS PIC Compiler

The CCS compiler comes with an integral syntax-aware editor CCS C is standard C plus limited support for reference parameters t in i functions f ti PIC-specific PIC specific pre pre-processor processor directives are provided in addition to the standard directives (#include, #define etc):
#inline #priority
implement the following function inline set priority of interrupts
Additional functions supporting PIC hardware are provided:

output_low() delay_us()
James Grimbleby
set an I/O port bit low delay y by y a specified p number of s

Slide 32
CCS PIC Compiler Data Types

PICs are optimised p for p processing g single g bits or 8-bit words, and this is reflected the CCS compiler word sizes: short int (or int1) int (or int8) long int (or int16) i t32 int32 char float 1 bit 8 bit 16 bit 32 bit 8 bit 32 bit 0 or 1 0 to 255 0 to 65535 0t to 4294967295 0 to 255 38 to 310+38 38 310-38
Contrary to the C standard, CCS C integers are by default unsigned


In CCS C it is necessary y to use the signed g q qualifier if signed g integer are required: short int signed int signed long int signed i di int32 t32 char float 1 bit 8 bit 16 bit 32 bit 8 bit 32 bit 0 or 1 -128 to +127 -32768 to +32767 -2147M 2147M t to +2147M 2147M 0 to 255 38 to 310+38 38 310-38
It is not appropriate to use the signed qualifier with char or short int, and floats are signed by default
Constants
Constants can be specified in either decimal, octal, hexadecimal or binary, or as a special character: 123 0123 0x123 0b010010 'x' \010 '\010' '\0xA5 Decimal Octal Hex Binary Character Octal character Hex character '\n' \n '\r' '\t' \t '\b' '\f' \f '\a' \v '\v' '\?' '\'' \ '\"' '\\' Line Feed Return Feed TAB Backspace Form Feed Bell Vertical Space Question Mark Single S g e Quote Double Quote A Single g Backslash
Slide 35
James Grimbleby

In CCS C a short int is effectively y a boolean variable To make programs more readable it is a helpful to make use of the definitions (already in the device definition files):
#define boolean short int #define false 0 #define true 1
Now it is possible to declare boolean variables:

boolean finished = true;
The standard boolean operators (||, (|| &&, && ! etc) ) can be used with these variables
Multi-Precision Multi Precision Operations

It is often necessary to process data words that are larger than can be operated on by a single instruction PIC instructions only operate on 8-bit words Multi-precision arithmetic uses a sequence of basic instructions on existing data types In CCS C the long int (16 bit) and int32 (32 bit) types are processed using multi-precision arithmetic This is much more expensive in time and code size than single instructions

Ams Als += Bms Bls
Als += Bls Overflow? No Ams += Bms

James Grimbleby
Yes
Ams ++
Slide 38

16-bit addition using 8-bit operations: Ams Als += Bms Bls
MOVF Bls, W ADDWF Als MOVF Bms Bms, W ADDWFC Ams
James Grimbleby
Slide 39

32-bit addition using 8-bit operations: Ams A2 A1 Als += Bms B2 B1 Bls
MOVF Bls, W ADDWF Als MOVF B1, W ADDWFC A1 MOVF B2, W ADDWFC A2 MOVF Bms Bms, W ADDWFC Ams
James Grimbleby
Slide 40
Reference Parameters
CCS C provides C++ C like reference parameters to functions: Traditional C:
void swap(int *x, x, int *y) y) { int temp = *x; * = *y; *x * *y = temp; } int j = 5, k = 8; swap(&j, (&j &k); &k)
CCS C ( (C++): )
void swap(int &x, int &y) { int temp = x; x = y; y = temp; } int j = 5, k = 8; swap(j, (j k); k)
James Grimbleby
Slide 41
Built-In Built In Functions

RS-232 I/O:
getc() putc() fgetc() gets() puts() f t () fgets() fputc() fputs() printf() kbhit() p () fprintf() set_uart_speed() perror() assert() getchar() putchar() setup uart() setup_uart()
James Grimbleby
SPI two wire I/O:

read_bank() setup_spi() spi read() spi_read() spi_write() spi_data_is_in()
Discrete I/O:
output_low() output_high() output float() output_float() output_bit() input() output_X() t t () output_toggle() input_state() input_X() port_b_pullups() _ _ () set_tris_X()
Slide 42

Parallel Slave I/O:
setup_psp() psp_input_full() psp_output_full() psp_overflow()
I2C I/O
i2c_start() i2c_stop() i2C_read i2c_write() i2c poll() i2c_poll()
Processor control:
sleep() reset_cpu() restart_cause() disable_interrupts() enable interrupts() enable_interrupts() ext_int_edge() read_bank() write bank() write_bank() label_address() goto_address() getenv() t () clear_interrupts setup_oscillator()
James Grimbleby
Slide 43

Bit/Byte Manipulation:
shift_right() shift_left() rotate right() rotate_right() rotate_left() bit_clear() bit bit_set() t() bit_test() swap() make8() make16() () make32()
Standard C Math:
abs() acos() asin() atan() ceil() cos() () exp() floor() labs() sinh() g() log() log10() pow() sin() cosh() tanh() fabs() fmod() atan2() frexp() ldexp() df() modf() sqrt() tan() div() ldiv()
James Grimbleby
Slide 44

Standard C Char:
atoi() atoi32() atol() atof() tolower() toupper() isalnum() isalpha() i isamoung() () isdigit() islower() isspace() isupper() g () isxdigit() strlen() strcpy() strncpy()
James Grimbleby
strcmp() stricmp() strncmp() strcat() strstr() strchr() strrchr() isgraph() i iscntrl() t l() strtok() strspn() strcspn() strpbrk() strlwr() () sprintf() isprint() strtod()
strtol() strtoul() strncat() strcoll() strxfrm()
Slide 45

A/D Conversion:
setup_vref() setup_adc_ports() d () setup_adc() set_adc_channel() read_adc()
Timers:
setup_timer_X() set_timer_X() i () get_timer_X() p setup_counters() setup_wdt() restart_wdt()
Standard C memory:
memset() memcpy() () offsetof() offsetofbit() malloc() calloc() free() realloc() memmove() memcmp() memchr()
Analog Compare:
setup_comparator()
James Grimbleby
Slide 46

Capture/Compare/PWM:
setup_ccpX() set pwmX duty() set_pwmX_duty() setup_power_pwm() setup_power_pwm_pins() set power pwmx duty() set_power_pwmx_duty() set_power_pwm_override()
Internal EEPROM:
read_eeprom() write eeprom() write_eeprom() read_program_eeprom() write_program_eeprom() read calibration() read_calibration() write_program_memory() read_program_memory() write_external_memory() i l () erase_program_memory() setup_external_memory()
Delays:
delay_us() delay_ms() delay cycles() delay_cycles()
Standard C Special:
rand() srand()
James Grimbleby
Slide 47
Device Definition File

A CCS C program will start with a number of pre-processor directives similar to:
#include <18F452.H> #fuses HS,NOWDT,NOBROWNOUT,NOPROTECT,PUT # #use delay(clock=20000000) d l ( l k 20000000) #include "lcd.c"
The first directive instructs the compiler to include the system header file 18F452.H This is a device-specific file that contains information about the location of SFRs and the values to be written to them
Device Definition File

PIC 18F452 Definition File (18F452.H):
#define #define . . . . #define #define . . . . #define #define #define #define . . . . #define #define #define #define . . . .
James Grimbleby
PIN_A0 31744 PIN PIN_A1 A1 31745 . . . . PIN_B0 31752 PIN PIN_B1 B1 31753 . . . . T1_DISABLED T1 T1_INTERNAL INTERNAL T1_EXTERNAL T1_EXTERNAL_SYNC . . . . CCP_OFF CCP_CAPTURE_FE CCP_CAPTURE_RE CCP_CAPTURE_DIV_4 . . . .
0 0x85 0x87 0x83 0 4 5 6

Slide 49
Fuses
CCS C p provides a fuse directive:
#fuses HS,NOWDT,NOBROWNOUT,NOPROTECT,PUT
which specifies the states of the configuration fuses that should be programmed onto the PIC In this example: HS NOWDT NOBROWNOUT NOPROTECT PUT
James Grimbleby
Clock is a high-speed crystal or resonator W t hd ti Watchdog timer i is di disabled bl d Brown-out detector is disabled Code protect off Power-on timer is enabled
Slide 50
Delays
CCS C p provides functions for g generating g delays: y
delay_us() delay ms() delay_ms()
These delay y functions actually y delay y by y a number of machine cycles The compiler needs to know the clock frequency in order to calculate the required number of machine cycles
#use delay(clock=20000000)
This use-delay directive specifies that the clock frequency of the PIC is 20 MHz
Multiple Source Code Files

CCS C does not allow separate compilation and linking of source code files It is convenient (and good programming practice) to put commonly-used commonly used library functions in separate files
#include "lcd.c"
This directive instructs the compiler to include the user library fil lcd.c file l d in i th the fil file currently tl b being i compiled il d This is Thi i not t particularly ti l l efficient ffi i t (the (th library lib file fil i is compiled il d every time) - however typical PIC programs compile in a few seconds
Lecture 3 Data Ports

Data Ports
Simplified p diagram g representing p g a single g data I/O p pin of one of the ports A-E: Data bus Data write D Q Tri-state s a e write e Q D Q I/O pin
Data read
Data Ports
Data I/O p port functions: Data write - this latches the data written to the pin which should be configured as an output Tri-state write - this latches the data direction for the pin (0 = output, 1 = input) Data read - this reads the current value of the pin which should h ld b be configured fi d as an i input t Each data port (A-E) (A E) consists of a n number mber of pins pins, each of which can individually be configured as an input or output
Hardware Access in C
Memory-mapped hardware is traditionally accessed in C using pointers If the hardware is byte (8-bit) organised then char or int (PIC) pointers are used Example: a pe a an 8 8-bit b t input put po port t memory-mapped e o y apped to location ocat o 0xF81:
#d fi #define portb tb (int (i t *) 0xF81 0 F81
Thus portb is an int pointer whose value is the address of the bus device
Hardware Access in C
Th port The t is i accessed d by b the th use of f the th indirection i di ti operator t * *:
int p; p = *portb;
In this example the value of the data on the port mapped to memory location 0xF81 (port B) is assigned to variable p Before the p port can be read it is necessary y to set the data direction register:
#define trisb (int *) 0xF93 *trisb = 0xFF;
Accessing the Data Ports

Complete program to toggle all pins on the B port:
#include <18F452.H> #fuses HS,NOPROTECT,NOBROWNOUT,NOWDT,NOLVP,PUT #use delay(clock=20000000) #define trisb (int *) 0xF93 #define portb (int *) 0xF81 void main() { *trisb = 0x00; for (;;) { *portb = ~*portb; delay_ms(100); } }
Accessing the Data Ports

Or more elegantly using functions:
void set_portb_output() _p _ p () { *trisb = 0x00; } void write_portb(int _p ( p) { *portb = p; } void main() () { int q = 0x0F; set_portb_output(); t tb t t() for (;;) { write_portb(q _p (q = ~q); q); delay_ms(100); } }
Although Alth h thi this code d i is l longer th than th the previous i example l it i is better structured
Accessing the Data Pins

Data pins within a port can be set or read by using logical operators To set pin 2 of data port B to logic 1:
* *portb tb |= | 0b00000100; 0b00000100
and to reset pin 2 of data port B to logic 0:

*portb &= 0b11111011;
To read the value of pin 7 of data port B:

if (*portb & 0b10000000) { ...
CCS C Support for Port I/O

Comprehensive C h i support ti is provided id d i in CCS C f for accessing i data ports and individual pins of the ports Three different methods of I/O can be used, specified by the directives:
#use standard_io(port) #use fast_io(port) #use fixed fixed_io(port_outputs=pin_x1,pin_x2, io(port outputs=pin x1 pin x2 ...) )
The differences between these I/O methods are to do with the way that the data direction registers are controlled
Standard I/O
#use standard standard_io(port) io(port) affects how the compiler will generate code for input and output instructions that follow This directive takes effect until another #use xxx_io directive is encountered The e sta standard da d method et od o of I/O /O will cause t the e co compiler p e to generate code to set the direction register for each I/O operation p Standard_io is the default I/O method for all ports. Examples: #use standard_io(A)
Fast I/O
#use fast fast_io(port) io(port) affects how the compiler will generate code for input and output instructions that follow This directive takes effect until another #use xxxx_io directive is encountered The e fast ast method et od of o doing do g I/O /O will cause t the e co compiler p e to perform I/O without programming of the direction register The user must ensure the direction register is set correctly via set_tris_X() . Example: #use fast_io(A)
Fixed I/O
#use fixed fixed_io(port) io(port) affects how the compiler will generate code for input and output instructions that follow This directive takes effect until another #use xxx_io directive is encountered The fixed method of I/O will cause the compiler to generate code to set the direction register for each I/O operation The pins are programmed according to the information in this directive (not the operations actually performed) Examples: #use fixed_io(a_outputs=PIN_A2,PIN_A3)
CCS C Support for Port I/O

Functions are p provided for reading g from a complete p p port:
value = input_a() value = input input_b() b() . . . . . . . . .
for writing to a complete port:

output_a(value) output_b(value) . . . . . . . . .
and for setting the data direction register:

set_tris_a(int) set tris a(int) set_tris_b(int) . . . . . . . .
Standard I/O
#use standard standard_io(b) io(b) void main() { int q; for (q = 0b00000001;; q ^ ^= 0b00000101) { output_b(q); delay_ms(100); y } } output_b(q); CLRF 0xf93 MOVFF 0x6, 0xf8a
James Grimbleby
Set DDR Write port

Slide 66
Fast I/O
#use fast_io(b) fast io(b) void main() { int q; set tris b(0b11111010); set_tris_b(0b11111010); for (q = 0b00000001;; q ^= 0b00000101) { output_b(q); p q delay_ms(100); } }
output_b(q); MOVFF 0x6, 0xf8a

James Grimbleby
Write port
Slide 67
Fixed I/O
#use fixed fixed_io(b_outputs=pin_b2,pin_b0) io(b outputs pin b2 pin b0) void main() { int q; for (q = 0b00000001;; q ^ ^= 0b00000101) { output_b(q); delay_ms(100); y } } output_b(q); MOVLW 0xfa MOVWF 0xf93 MOVFF 0x6, 0xf8a
James Grimbleby
Set DDR Write port

Slide 68
CCS C Support for Pin I/O

A function is p provided for reading g from a p pin of a data p port:
value = input(pin)
and for writing to a pin of a data port :

output_bit(pin,value) bi ( i l ) output_low(pin) output high(pin) output_high(pin) output_toggle(pin)
Pin names are of the form:

pin_a1 pin a1 pin b1 pin_b1 pin_c1 pin c1 pin_a2 pin_b2 pin_c2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Standard I/O
#use standard_io(b) void main() { boolean q; for (q = false;; q = !q) { if (q) output_high(pin_b2); else output_low(pin_b2); delay_ms(100); } } output_high(pin_b2); output high(pin b2); BCF 0xf93, 0x2 BSF 0xf8a, , 0x2
James Grimbleby
S t DDR Set Write pin

Slide 70
Fast I/O
#use fast_io(b) void main() { boolean q; set_tris_b(0b11111010); for (q = false;; q = !q) { if (q) output_high(pin_b2); else output_low(pin_b2); delay ms(100); delay_ms(100); } } output_high(pin_b2); BSF 0xf8a, 0x2
James Grimbleby
Write pin
Slide 71
Fixed I/O
#use fixed_io(b_outputs=pin_b2,pin_b0) void main() { boolean q; for (q = false;; q = !q) { if (q) output_high(pin_b2); else output low(pin b2); output_low(pin_b2); delay_ms(100); } } p g (p ); output_high(pin_b2); MOVLW 0xfa MOVWF 0xf93 BSF 0xf8a, 0xf8a 0x2
James Grimbleby
S t DDR Set Write pin

Slide 72
More Efficient Program

#use fast_io(b) fast io(b) void main() { set_tris_b(0b11111010); for (;;) { output_toggle(pin_b2); delay_ms(100); y } }
output_toggle(pin_b2); output toggle(pin b2); BTG 0xf8a, 0x2

James Grimbleby
Toggle pin
Slide 73
Pull-ups Pull ups

Some data p ports have optional p internal weak p pull-ups p which pull the I/O lines high by default A switch used as input can pull the line low (against the weak pull-ups) and no further hardware is required These are only available on ports A and B The commands to activate the pull-ups are:
port_a_pullups(value) port_b_pullups(value)
where a value true will activate, and a value false de-activate, the internal pull pull-ups ups
Lecture 4 Timer/Counter/PWM
Timer/Counters
The PIC 18F452 has 4 timer/counters: Timer0, Timer1, Timer2, Timer3 Timer 0: Ti 0 Timer 1: Timer 2: Timer 3: 8 or 16 16-bit bit ( (selectable) l t bl ) 16-bit 8 bit 8-bit 16-bit
The timer/counters can be used to: generate timed interrupts count incoming logic transitions capture timer/counter on an input event generate variable PWM outputs
School of Systems Engineering - Electronic Engineering Slide 76
James Grimbleby
Timer/Counters
Fosc/4 I/O pin T0SE T0CS 0 1 Pre-scaler 0 1 PSA D-bus T0SE determines whether 01 or 10 transitions are active T0CS determines d i the h source (I/O pin i or internal i l clock) l k) PSA determine whether the input is pre-scaled pre scaled or not
Timer/ counter
Timer/Counter Control Register

The 8-bit timer control register g T0CON controls the configuration for timer/counter 0:
TMR0ON T08BIT T0CS T0SE PSA T0PS2 T0PS1 T0PS0
TMR0ON T08BIT T0CS T0SE PSA T0PS0-2
Enable: off (0) or on(1) Mode: 16-bit (0) or 8-bit (1) Time source: internal clock (0) or external (1) Edge select: 01 (0) or 10 (1) Prescaler: on (0) or off (1) Prescaler ratio: 1/2 (000) .. 1/256 (111)
For example for 8-bit mode, external source, 01 edge, no pre-scaler: pre scaler: T0CON = 0b11100000 = 0xE0
Counters
Program g to count p pulses on external input p to timer/counter 0:
#define t0con (int *) 0xFD5 #define tmr0l (int *) 0xFD6 void main() { *t0con = 0xE0; *tmr0l = 0; lcd_init(); for (;;) { printf(lcd_putc, "\f%d", *tmr0l); delay_ms(200); } }
Counters
Fortunately y it is not necessary y to manipulate p the registers g directly because special functions are provided in CCS C:
setup_timer_0(mode) setup timer 0(mode) setup_timer_1(mode) . . . . . . . . . .
where mode depends on the timer, but for timer 0 can be:
RTCC INTERNAL RTCC_EXT_L_TO_H RTCC_INTERNAL, RTCC EXT L TO H or RTCC_EXT_H_TO_L RTCC EXT H TO L RTCC_DIV_2, RTCC_DIV_4, RTCC_DIV_8, RTCC_DIV_16, RTCC DIV 32 RTCC_DIV_64, RTCC_DIV_32, RTCC DIV 64 RTCC_DIV_128 RTCC DIV 128 or RTCC_DIV_256 RTCC DIV 256 RTCC_OFF, RTCC_8_BIT
One constant may be used from each group ORed together with the | operator
Counters
To set the counter:
set_timer0(value) set_timer1(value) ( ) . . . . . . . . .
For timers/counters 0, 1 and 3 the value is a 16 bit int For timer/counter 2 the value is an 8 bit int To read the counter:
value = get_timer0() get timer0() value = get_timer1() . . . . . .
Timer/counters 0, 1 and 3 return a 16 bit int Timer/counter 2 returns an 8 bit int

Counters
Program to count pulses on external input to timer/counter 0:
void main() { setup_timer_0(RTCC_EXT_L_TO_H | RTCC_8_BIT); set_timer0(0); lcd init(); lcd_init(); for (;;) { printf(lcd_putc, p ( p , "\f%d", \ , ( (int) ) get_timer0()); g ()); delay_ms(200); } }
James Grimbleby
Slide 82
Timer Interrupts
Microprocessors p normally y execute code sequentially q y Sometimes execution must be suspended temporarily to perform some other task In PICs this happens as the result of interrupt requests An interrupt is raised when a particular condition occurs: timer/counter overflow change in the state of an input line data received on the serial bus completion of an analogue-to-digital conversion power supply p pp y brown-out
School of Systems Engineering - Electronic Engineering Slide 83
James Grimbleby
Timer Interrupts
An interrupt can be generated each time a counter/timer overflows This generates interrupts at a frequency determined by the clock speed p and the timer/counter configuration g The clock, divided by 4 and pre-scaled, is applied to the counter which counts to 2n-1 before overflowing back to 0
clock l k frequency f interrupt rate = 4 65536 prescaler

(This assumes that a 16-bit timer/counter is being used)
Timer Interrupts
Suppose that S th t the th clock l k frequency f is i 20 M Mz and d a pre-scaler l ratio of 16 is used:
20000000 interrupt rate = 4 65536 16 20000000 = 4194304 = 4.768 Hz

Note that only a limited number of discrete interrupt rates are possible with a given clock frequency
Timer Interrupts
CCS C provides the following functions to configure interrupts:
disable_interrupts() enable_interrupts() clear_interrupt()
disables the specified interrupt enables the specified interrupt clear specified interrupt flag
The are corresponding interrupt types and directives for each of f the th available il bl i interrupt t t sources:
INT_TIMER0 INT TIMER0 INT_AD INT RB INT_RB INT_SSP . . . . . . .
James Grimbleby
#INT_TIMER0 #INT TIMER0 Counter/timer 0 oflo #INT_AD A/D conversion complete #INT RB #INT_RB Change on B port #INT_SSP I2C Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Slide 86
Timer Interrupts
#INT_TIMER0 # 0 void timer_irq() { output_toggle(pin_b1); } void main() { setup_timer_0(RTCC_INTERNAL | RTCC_DIV_16); enable_interrupts(INT_TIMER0); enable_interrupts(GLOBAL); bl i ( ) for (;;) { } }
James Grimbleby
Slide 87
Timer Interrupts
Starting with a 20 MHz clock there is no power-of-2 prescaler ratio that gives an interrupt rate close to 1 Hz A pre-scaler l ratio ti of f 128 gives: i
20000000 interrupt rate = 4 65536 128 = 0.59605

Interrupts occur when the counter overflows from 65535 to 0 If the counter is pre-loaded with a value n when an interrupt occurs then the counter only has to count from n to 65535
Timer Interrupts
Pre-loading with a value n:
clock frequency p rate = interrupt 4 (65536 n ) prescaler l

To generate T t a 1 Hz H i interrupt t t with ith a clock l kf frequency of f 20 MH MHz and a pre-scaler ratio of 128:
20000000 1= 4 (65536 n ) 128 20000000 n = 65536 4 128 = 26474
1 Hz Timer Interrupts
#INT_TIMER0 # 0 void timer_irq() { set_timer0(26474); output_toggle(pin_b1); } void main() { setup_timer_0(RTCC_INTERNAL | RTCC_DIV_128); enable_interrupts(INT_TIMER0); bl i ( 0) enable_interrupts(GLOBAL); for (;;) { } }
Pulse-Width Pulse Width Modulation

Pulse-width modulation (PWM) can be used to create an n-bit digital-to-analogue converter (DAC) A rectangular t l wave with ith a given i mark-space k ratio ti (d (duty t cycle) l )i is generated and this is applied to a 1-bit DAC DACs of this type have only a limited bandwidth because of the need to filter out the rectangular wave wave. Typical applications are in dc motor control control, brightness control of lights and in dc-dc converters The PIC18F452 has a PWM generator that make use of counter/timer 2

Simplified p diagram g of PWM g generator: Duty-cycle Duty cycle register Comparator Counter/timer Comparator P i d register Period i t D-bus
R Q reset RC2 S

PWM waveform:
Count = Period Register 0 PWM frequency:
Count = Duty Cycle Register
clock frequency PWM frequency = 4 prescaler (1 + period register )

For example, 20 MHz clock, prescaler = 1, period register = 255: 255 20000000 PWM frequency = = 19.53 kHz 4 1 (1 + 255)

CCS C provides the following functions to control the PWM generator:
setup_ccp1(CCP_PWM) ( ) set_pwm1_duty(q)
sets t PWM mode d sets duty-cycle register to q
Note that q should not exceed the value of the period register It is also necessary to configure counter/timer 2:
setup timer 2(pre scaler period, setup_timer_2(pre-scaler, period 1);
pre-scaler is one of: T2_DIV_BY_1, T2_DIV_BY_4, T2_DIV_BY_16 period (the period register) is an int 0-255

#define period 100 void main() { int q; setup_ccp1(CCP_PWM); setup_timer_2(T2_DIV_BY_4,period,1); for(;;) { if (++q >= period) q = 0; set_pwm1_duty(q); delay_ms(100); } }
20000000 PWM frequency = = 12.38 kHz 4 4 (1 + 100)

Lecture 5 LCD, , RS232, , ADC, , 2 I C, EEPROM

Liquid Crystal Display

A convenient method for displaying p y g information is the alphap numeric liquid crystal display (LCD) A 2-line 2 li 16 16-character h t LCD i is provided id d on th the Pi PicDem2 D 2b board d The LCD has a 7 7-wire wire interface (4 data and 3 control) and the connections are hard-wired on the PicDem2 board:
#define en pin_a1 #define rw pin_a2 #define rs pin_a3 pin a3 #define #define #define #define d4 d5 d6 d7 pin_d0 pin_d1 pin d2 pin_d2 pin_d3
R ti Routines t to d drive i th the LCD are available il bl i in a fil file lcd.c: l d

#include "lcd.c"

Before writing to the LCD it is necessary to initialise it:
lcd_init();
This function sets up the PIC I/O pins used to communicate with the LCD and initializes the LCD registers Then various routines can be used to control the display:
lcd_clear() l d l () lcd_home() lcd backspace() lcd_backspace() lcd_panleft() lcd panright() lcd_panright() lcd_gotoxy(int x, int y) lcd putc(char c) lcd_putc(char
James Grimbleby
clear complete display goto 1st character on 1st line backspace by 1 character pan complete display left pan complete display right goto x character on y line write character at current pos
Slide 98

In most cases it is convenient to use the printf() (print formatted) function for all output to the LCD, for example:
printf(lcd_putc, p ( p , "\fTime \ = %d s", , t); );
printf() can print characters, text, integers and floating-point numbers The first parameter determines the output channel, channel in this case the LCD The second parameter is the formatting string which determines how the following parameters ae displayed Any further parameters are variables or constants to be printed

The printf() format takes the generic form %nt where n is optional ti l and d may b be: p y number of characters to be output p 1-9 to specify 01-09 to indicate leading zeros 1.1 to 9.9 for floating point and %w output t is the type and may be one of: c Character u Unsigned int Lu Long unsigned int x Hex int (lower case) Lx Hex long int (lower case) f Float (truncated decimal) e Float in exponential p format
James Grimbleby
s d Ld X LX g w
String or character Signed int Long signed int Hex int (upper case) Hex long int (upper case) Float (rounded decimal) Int with decimal p point
Slide 100

#include "lcd.c" void main() { long int q; float p; lcd_init(); for (;;) { q = read_adc(); p = 5.0 * q / 1024.0; ; printf(lcd_putc, "\fADC = %4ld", q); printf(lcd_putc, "\nVoltage = %01.2fV", p); delay ms(100); delay_ms(100); } }
RS232
The PIC18F452 has a built-in Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (USART) This allows it to communicate using the RS232, RS422 and RS485 protocols The e 5 V logic-level og c e e receive ece e a and dt transmit a s ts signals g aso of t the e PIC Ca are e converted to RS232 levels by a MAX232 device Baud rates are generated by dividing down the system clock The USART receive and transmit pins are c7 and c6 respectively
RS232
CCS C p provides the following g functions to control RS2323 communications:
getc() kbhit() putc(char) printf(form,..)
returns character received on RS232 true when character received on RS232 transmits character over RS232 transmits formatted data over RS232
There is also a directive which sets up the USART for RS232 operation:
#USE RS232(options)
where options include: transmit pin, receive pin, baud rate, bits, and p parity y
RS232
#use rs232(baud=38400, , xmit=PIN_C6, , rcv=PIN_C7, , parity=n, bits=8) void main() { float p; lcd_init(); for (;;) { p = 5.0 * read_adc() / 1024.0; printf("\n\rVoltage p ( \ \ g = %01.2fV", , p); if (kbhit()) printf(lcd_putc, "%c", fgetc()); delay ms(100); delay_ms(100); } }
Analogue-to-Digital Analogue to Digital Converter

The PIC18F452 has a single 10-bit successive-approximation ADC with up p to 8 multiplexed p analogue g inputs p The reference voltage g Vref is software selectable to be either the supply rail or the analogue input AN3 Analogue inputs should have a source resistance of less than 2.5 k to allow for charging of the sample-hold capacitor Conversion takes 11 cycles of the ADC clock which can be either a RC oscillator (2-6 S) or the pre-scaled system clock
James Grimbleby
Slide 105

AN7 AN6 AN5 AN4 AN3 AN2 AN1 AN0 Db D-bus VDD Vin 10-bit ADC Vref
James Grimbleby
Slide 106

CCS C provides id the th following f ll i functions f ti t to control t l th the ADC ADC:
setup_adc(mode) setup_adc_ports(value) set_adc_channel(channel) read_adc()
set the clock source set which pins are analogue set current input channel perform conversion
There is also a directive which determines the return size for read_adc():
#DEVICE ADC=xx
where h xx can b be 8 or 10 ( (when h set tt to 8 th the ADC will ill return t th the most significant byte)

#device ADC=10 void main() { long int q; float p; p setup_adc(ADC_CLOCK_DIV_64); setup_adc_ports(AN0); set_adc_channel(0); lcd init(); lcd_init(); for (;;) { q = read_adc(); p = 5 5.0 0 * q / 1024.0; 1024 0 printf(lcd_putc, "\fADC = %4ld", q); printf(lcd_putc, p ( _p , "\nVoltage \ g = %01.2fV", , p); delay_ms(100); } }
EEPROM
The PIC18F452 has 256 byte of internal data eeprom EEPROM is not directly mapped to the data space but is accessed indirectly through the SFR: EEADR This memory is non-volatile and can be used to store, for example, e a p e, setup pa parameters a ete s CCS C p provides the following g functions to read and write to the EEPROM:
read_eeprom(address) read eeprom(address) write_eeprom(address, value)
James Grimbleby
read data from address write data to address

Slide 109
Inter-Integrated Inter Integrated Circuit (I2C) Bus

The PIC18F452 has a Master Synchronous Serial Port (MSSP) which can operate in either SPI or I2C mode SPI is i a synchronous h serial i l protocol t l th that t uses 3 wires: i SDO SDO, SDI and SCK I2C is a synchronous serial protocol that uses 2 wires: SDA and SCL The PicDem2 board used in the PIC laboratory has 2 devices connected to the I2C bus: - a TC74 digital thermometer with I2C address 0x9A - a 24LC256 EEPROM (32 kbytes) with I2C address 0xA0
Inter-Integrated Inter Integrated Circuit (I2C) Bus

CCS C provides the following functions to control I2C communications:
i2c_start() _ () i2c_write(data) i2c_read() i2c_stop()
Issues a start command on the I2C Sends a single byte over the I2C Reads a byte y over the I2C Issues a stop command on the I2C
There is also a pre-processor directive which configures the device as a Master or a Slave:
#use i2c
This directive also assigns the SDA and SCL pins used for the I2C interface
24LC256 EEPROM
The Microchip Technology 24LC256/ is a 32K x 8 (256 Kbit) serial EEPROM It has h been b developed d l df for advanced, d d l low-power applications li ti such as personal communications or data acquisition This device is capable of operation across a broad voltage range (1.8V (1 8V to 5 5.5V) 5V) Functional address lines allow up to eight devices on the same bus, for up to 2 Mbit address space It is available in the standard 8-pin plastic DIP,SOIC, TSSOP, MSOP and DFN packages. packages
24LC256 EEPROM
To p perform a read operation p the master g generates a Start with R/W=0 and sends the word address (MS byte first) Then the master generates a Start with R/W=1 and reads the data Finally the master generates a Stop
James Grimbleby
Slide 113
24LC256 EEPROM
#use i2c(master, sda=pin sda pin_c4, c4, scl scl=pin pin_c3) c3) #define eeprom_addr 0xa0 int read_ext_eeprom(long i d (l int i i) { int q; i2c_start(); i2c_write(eeprom_addr & 0xfe); i2 i2c_write(i i (i >> 8); 8) i2c_write(i & 0xff); i2c start(); i2c_start(); i2c_write(eeprom_addr | 0x01); q = i2c_read(0); i2 i2c_stop(); () return q; }
24LC256 EEPROM
To p perform a write operation p the master g generates a Start with R/W=0 and sends the word address (MS byte first) and data Then the master generates a Stop To prevent further writes while the device is busy the master should wait for acknowledge (ack=0) before proceeding
James Grimbleby
Slide 115
24LC256 EEPROM
boolean busy() { boolean ack; i2c_start(); ack k = i2c_write(eeprom_addr i i ( dd & 0xfe); f ) i2c_stop(); return ack; ; } void write_ext_eeprom(long int i, int d) { i2c_start(); i2c_write(eeprom_addr _ ( p _ & 0xfe); ); i2c_write(i >> 8); i2c_write(i & 0xff); i2c write(d); i2c_write(d); i2c_stop(); while (busy()); }
J. B. Grimbleby, 21 October 2008
James Grimbleby
Slide 117

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Programming PIC Microcontrollers

Programming PIC Microcontrollers

School of Systems Engineering - Electronic Engineering

Programming PIC Microcontrollers

http://www.mikroelektronika.co.yu/english/product/books/ htt // ik l kt ik / li h/ d t/b k / PICbook/0_Uvod.htm

Programming PIC Microcontrollers

Manual for CCS PIC C compiler:

http://www ccsinfo com/downloads/ccs c manual pdf http://www.ccsinfo.com/downloads/ccs_c_manual.pdf

Programming PIC Microcontrollers

Multi-Choice Multi Choice Test Example

School of Systems Engineering - Electronic Engineering

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Lecture 1 PIC Architecture

PIC Microcontroller Architecture

Program and P d data memory

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PIC Microcontroller Architecture

School of Systems Engineering - Electronic Engineering

PIC Microcontroller Peripherals

Central Processing Unit

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Stack level 1 Stack level 2 . . . . . . . Stack level 31

Memory Organisation - Program

Memory Organisation - Data

0x000 0x100 0x200 0x300 0x400 0x500 0x600

Memory Organisation SFRs

School of Systems Engineering - Electronic Engineering

PIC Instruction Set

PIC 18Fxxx Instruction Set

PIC 18Fxxx Instruction Set

School of Systems Engineering - Electronic Engineering

PIC 18Fxxx Instruction Set

Literal instructions : MOVLW ADDLW Move literal to W Add literal lit l t to W

Data memor memory program memor memory operations operations: TBLRD*+

post-increment Table read with p

School of Systems Engineering - Electronic Engineering

Programming PIC Microcontrollers

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Why Program PICs in C?

CCS PIC Compiler

CCS PIC Compiler

PIC USB ICD2 debugger PIC system

PC with CCS compiler

CCS PIC Compiler

School of Systems Engineering - Electronic Engineering

CCS PIC Compiler

implement the following function inline set priority of interrupts

Additional functions supporting PIC hardware are provided:

set an I/O port bit low delay y by y a specified p number of s

School of Systems Engineering - Electronic Engineering

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Contrary to the C standard, CCS C integers are by default unsigned

CCS PIC Compiler Data Types

School of Systems Engineering - Electronic Engineering

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Now it is possible to declare boolean variables:

Multi-Precision Multi Precision Operations

Multi-Precision Multi Precision Operations