Graphic Design History Timeline

Paige Bryan

Movement

Historical

Design

This timeline is meant to highlight items in history I find particularly important. It is not meant to be a direct translation of Meggs or The Graphic Design History: A critical guide. Refer to these two textbooks for fuller compilation of history. Visual Literacy Questions
1. how can graphic design assist other disciplines such as education, economy, etc., as well as participate multidisciplinary projects? Graphic Design provides systems and organization to otherwise confusing subjects. War posters such as this warning educated citzens in a well organized easy to understand way. 2. how can graphic design address racism, sexual abuse, violence and other forms of injustice? Louis Dofsmanat CBS deisgned the advertisment for the first network series on black history, showed a black man in black and white, with half his face painted with the stars and stripes of the United States flag, and with his eyes focused intently on the viewer; the image became a virtual emblem for race relations. 3. what does graphic design have to do with democracy? jerzy janiszewski created this logo to influence democracy in Poland. 4. graphic design in search for the universal visual language. Airports are international, so the symbols for gener specific bethrooms is also universal 5. how does technology influence graphic design? see question 11. 6. how did the invention of motion pictures affect and/or influence the visual vocabulary of graphic design? Without the visual knowledge of seeing a motion piece this poster would not be seen as connected whether as three seperate images. 7. echoes from the past reflecting in graphic design Paula Sher clear pulls refernce in her works from past movements. 8. does graphic design have the power to change the way people think? Graphic deign in poster form is intended to pursuade and inform. This poster gives a strong visual message that the copy supports.

Movement

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Design

9. typography responding to content Mother and Child responds to content as the mother word carries the child word inside it. 10. how does design contribute to the visual literacy of the general public? Design adds a visual to already understud concept. The beijing pylmpic symbols are a good example of this. 11. how do new technologies affector influencegraphic design? Typewritters were a new technology fo the time, so showing how one worked was important in an advertisment. 12. how did the machine era get manifested in graphic design? New Haven logo redesign using strict slab serif only possible with machines 13. graphic design as research, or research as graphic design methodology 14. graphic design as protest, denounce, or subversion Exhibition Poster by Gropius compiling many works of protest in representation of the gallery show. 15. outstanding examples of graphic design become part of our everyday visual vocabulary, or cultural icons I love NY the heart was ground breaking and now has expanded and changed to fit so many different vocabularies. 16. form follows content The ibm ad. the design is simple like the content and is directed by the aim of the add simplicity. 17. more is the new less Giovanni pintori in a Olivetti ad uses a stong system to create this movement driven piece. 18. graphic design as a projection of the human body (body as form, body as content, body as tool) The dylan poster is a graphic expansion of the human mind creating content for the poster.
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Movement

Historical

Design

Cave Drawings iconic images creation of universal language

10,000 bc

Hieroglyphic writings

1500 bc

greek lettering

900 bc

Middle Age codex

500 bc

visual form of western written language derived

100

Movement

Historical

Design

1440

gutenberg invents printing press

Renaissance period

Sandro Botticelli Birth of Venus 1482

Nurenburg Chronicle Woodblock Illustration and Drop Cap use 1493

1493

italic type developed

1501

Claude Garamond commisioned by French King Francis I

1540s

Historical

Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini St. Peters Piazza 1656

1656

Palace at Versailles 1699

1699

transition type with straight axis

1700

Baskerville Bible Center Alignment with script, serif and ornamentation

1763

Color Wheel with use of pigments (subtractive) and light (additive) Kindergarten Friedrich Feorbel a theorist on the importance of constructive play and self-activity in early childhood

1766

Movement

Historical

Design

William Caslon IV introduces san serif printing type

1800

Modern Type such a Bodoni & Egyptian with block serif and thin serif Bodoni Type Specimen Book center alignment 1818

1800

Arts & Crafts 1850s-1900s Arthur H. Mackmurdo with William Morris founded the century guild magazine, The movement was a medival revival and a return to hand craft as a reaction to the machine. Black Lettering was heavily used.

Selwyn 1886 quaterly periodical Idustrial Revolution begins 1850

William Morris: Klemscott press Venus and Adonis Shakespeare 1893 used icons as spaces such as leaves
Movement Historical Design

Vienna Succession formed in 1897 by a group of Austrian artists who had resigned from the Association of Austrian Artists Included mythological figures such as zeus, athna,medusa. Ran the ver-sacrum magazine, which was controversial showing a naked man, so they had to cover him with a tree branch.

1897

Movement

Historical

Design

Art Nouveau 1890s-1910s Jules Cheret know for the circus advertisement style, Eugene Grasset was Swiss know for text block in heave lines, Alphonse Mucha made famous by the Sarah Bernhardt posters. Screen printing influence with reduced flat color. Line drawing style such as in the long flowing hair of the feminine figures into abstraction. The british developed a black& white illustration form.

Russian Revolution and Rise in Fascism causing many artist and intellectuals to flee

1905

Japanese Influence

ge logo

Movement

Historical

Design

Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec 1864-1901

Art Nouveau is an outgrowth of two nineteenthcentury English developments for which design reform (a reaction to prevailing art education, industrialized mass production, and the debasement of historic styles) was a leitmotifthe Arts and Crafts movement and the Aesthetic movement. The former emphasized a return to handcraftsmanship and traditional techniques. The latter promoted a similar credo of art for arts sake that provided the foundation for non-narrative paintings, for instance, Whistlers Nocturnes.
Movement Historical Design

Futurism 1900s-1930s Italianne Avant-garde movement to destroy old in favor of new. Combined activism and art as well as energy and violence. These guys wanted to be in the army. F.T. Marinetti, founder with Furturist Manifesto. Focus on movement and speed. Artists in this movement include Kazimir Malevich, Umberto Boccioni, Gino Severini, and Tulio Crali.

Ford Model-T assembly line rolls out mass amounts of identical cars

1908

the arrival 1913

Cubism 1910s-1920s avant-garde art movement pioneered by Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso, and later joined by Juan Gris, Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Robert Delaunay, Henri Le Fauconnier, and Fernand Lger.

Portrait of Ambroise Vollard Pablo Picasso 1910

Constructivism 1910s-1930s Destroyed traditonal concerns Use of wood, glass and metals. People: Vladimir Tatlin, Naum Gabo, Lyubor Popova, Varvara Stepanova , Laszlo MoholyNagy Supermatism 1915-1930s Radical abstract art Use of painting and simple shapes. People: Bazimir Malvich, Ilya Chashnik, Alexander Rodchenko, Olga Rozamova, Nikilai Suetin, Vera Yermolayeva

Proctor & Gamble founded 1911

1911

beat the white with the red wedge El Lissitzky 1915

Movement

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Design

13

first aid logo research methodology 1911

Titanic Sinks

1912

Amory Show 1913 Introduced modernism to the US. The public was outraged finding work such as Marcel Duchamps shocking stunting the US from the modern movements.
Movement Design

1913

Historical

Dada 1910s-1920s Movement from Switzerland to Berlin. Anti-war movement reaction to World War I violence. Collage and photo mantage use. Hugo Ball founder in 1906 in club known as caberet voltaire in Zurich. Important artist include John Heartfield, Hannah Hoch, and Kurt Schwitters

Worl War 1 Begins

1914

silent movies invented by D. W. Griffith

1914

Marcel Duchamp decending staircase 1912 fountain 1917

Movement

Historical

Design

Surealism 1920s Surrealist works feature the element of surprise, unexpected juxtapositions and non sequitur; however, many Surrealist artists and writers regard their work as an expression of the philosophical movement first and foremost, with the works being an artefact. Leader Andr Breton was explicit in his assertion that Surrealism was above all a revolutionary movement.

Worl War 1 Ends/ Communist Russian Revolution

1917

De Stijl 1910s-1931 Founded by Theo Van Doesburg using simple color and shape. Movement sought Utopia. Movement ended with death of founder.

Frederic Goudy 1915

Piet Mondrian

Movement

Historical

Design

Plakatstil & Sachplakat Poster Style founded by Lucian Bernhard in 1908 with flat bold colors. Object poster falls under thiese terms as well such as the Stiller and Priester 1905 posters below. Lithography main tool.

Prohibition/ Sufferage in United States

1920

Gestalt Principle 1920 include continuation, closure, foreground/background, proxemity, isomorphic correspondance, similarity. Gestalt is a psychology term which means unified whole. It refers to theories of visual perception developed by German psychologists in the 1920s. These theories attempt to describe how people tend to organize visual elements into groups or unified wholes

Movement

Historical

Design

Bauhaus 1920s-1930s School founded by Walter Gropius House of Building. Curiculum in many mediums. Universal Typeface by Herbert Bayer.

Talkies invented 1923

New Typography 1920s-1930s Jan Tschichold only liked san serif and wrote Die Neue Typographie with very strong opinions that he eventually retracted most of these statements. Key Designers: Piet Zwart, Emil Ruder, Herbert Bayer, and El Lissitzky.

Movement

Historical

Design

Art Deco 1920s-1930s Am Cassandre used geometric forms influenced by cubism. Popular between wars. First appeared in France during the 1920s,
6

Babe Ruth Makes Home-Run Record

1927

Stock Market Crash 1929

Movement

Historical

Design

Eric Gill 1931 Four Gospels decoration, used vellum for pages echoing book construction of the past. Art nouveau with relationship between black and white. Figures in his letterforms. Type designer of Gillsans and led a Controversial life

1931

Empire State buolding completed

Movement

Historical

Design

End Prohitbition on United States

1933

Strong thins and tall letterforms popular Golden Gate Bridge Opened
1937

Spanish Civil War

1936

War posters Move into the issue of social justice using design or design using social justice. Infographics to communicate with the masses. Propaganda, Strong imagary, WWII flat/bold images with symbolism and heavy ethos used.

Tools for the Modern Movement Cellophane Tape Masking Tape Kodachrome Film Flashbulb Lettering Sample Books Typewritter with changeable faces Teletypesetter Photolithography Color Separation

Photographic Preprss Process first mass produced 35mm camera Photomantage duplicating machines oil pastel gouache paste rubber cement pro-film ben day textures T-shirt Introduced
1942

World War 2 begins

1939

Movement

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Design

Key Artist Bios Armin Hofmann Swiss graphic designer. Hofmann followed Emil Ruder as head of the graphic design department at the Schule fr Gestaltung Basel (Basel School of Design) Norman Ives American artist, Norman Ives, received his MFA degree in 1952, Ives began teaching at Yale in the Graphic Design program. Saul Bass American designer, best known for his work on film posters and title sequences in motion pictures. Responsibly for many well-known corporate identities, such as AT&T, Continental Airlines, and United Airlines. Siegfried Odermatt Swiss designer, has run a studio with Rosmarie Tissi since 1968. Best known for his work in poster design. Calls himself a self-taught designer. Thomas H. Geismar American designer, founding partner of Chermayeff & Geismar. Best known for his work in corporate identity, brand development, and logo design. He has designed for Chase bank, PBS, Univision, and Mobil Oil. Has received one of the first Presidential Design awards for helping to establish a national system of standardized transportation symbols. Robert Brownjohn British Designer, studied at Institute of Design in Chicago, mentor was Lszl Moholy-Nagy, Co-founded BCG. Best known for movie title sequences for James Bond movies From Russia With Love and Goldfinger Rudolph DeHarak American designer, co-founder of Los Angeles Society for Contemporary Designers, known for making the complex
Movement

seem simple and for adding a spark of life to Modernism. Does mostly poster design. Rosmarie (Rosemary) Tissi Swiss designer, known for her popular typeface, Sinaola. Explores the rigid swiss style with playful color schemes Max Bill Swss designer, architect, painter, sculptor, politician, and writer who was a member of the Zurich Concrete group. He is known for his use of geometricconstructive abstraction. He holds numerous prizes and awards. Ivan Chermayeff English designer who created many well known logos such as the National Geographic, NBC, PBS, Mobil, the Smithsonian, and Showtime. He works mostly in corporate identity and has worked on multiple Worlds Fair Pavilions and well as multiple museums in New York. Josef Mller-Brockmann Swiss graphic designer and teacher, studied architecture, design, and history of art in Zurich. Opened his own studio in Zurich and became founding editor of New Graphic Design. Recognized for his simple designs and his clean use of typography, shapes, and colors. Adrian Frutiger Swiss typeface designer, influenced the direction of digital typography in the second half to the 20th century and first part of the 21st. Best known for Univers and Frutiger typefaces. George Tscherny Born in Budapest, raised in Berlin. Notable 20th century graphic designer and educator. Attended Pratt institute in NYC, worked with Monadnock Paper Mills, Ford Foundation, Pan Am, Johnson & Johnson, and more. Had a very strong relationship with the School of Visual Arts and the AIGA.
Historical

Design

International Style 1940s-1970s developed in Switzerland in the 1950s that emphasizes cleanliness, readability and objectivity. Hallmarks of the style are asymmetric layouts, use of a grid, sansserif typefaces like Akzidenz Grotesk, and flush left, ragged right text. The style is also associated with a preference for photography in place of illustrations or drawings.

D-Day at Normandy

1944

Alivin Lustig 1945

Movement

Historical

Design

CCA brought art to the mass public, who were mostly unaware of the names behind the art. 1950

1951

CBS Louis Dorfsman 1951

CBS logo William Golden 1951

Color Tv Introduced
1951
Movement Historical

Design

Henryk Tomaszewski Polish, (19142001) The beauty of the Devil 1954

Herbert Matter 1955 New Haven Railroad logo redesign

Man with the Golden Arm opening credits Saul Bass 1955
Movement Design

McDonald Corporation Founded

1955

Historical

NASA Founded 1958

16

Paul Rand 1915-1996 Parsons School of Design, New York then Art Students League with George Grosz. Direction Mag 1940 IBM logo 1956 Design is so simple, thats why its so complicated.

Bradbury Thompson 1958 the designer of more than 60 issues (1939-62) of Westvaco Inspirations, a promotional magazine published by the Westvaco Paper Corporation
Movement Historical Design

Berlin Wall Built/ Bay of Pigs Invasion

1961

Andy Warhol Campbells Soup

11

1962

17

giovanni pintori olivetti 1962

Design

JFK Assasinated 1963

18

Psychedelic Art as a social justice art for music festivals

U.S. sends troops to Vietnam Lubalin and Tom Carnase 1965

1965

Movement

Historical

Design

Woodstock

1969

Martin Luther King jr. Assassinated

1968

Microsoft Founded
15

1975

Milton Glaser I Love NY using American Typewriter 1977 Post Modern/ New Wave 1970s-1990s Postmodernism is largely a reaction to scientific or objective efforts to explain reality. New Wave refers to an approach to typography that actively defies strict grid-based arrangement conventions. Characteristics include inconsistent letterspacing, varying typeweights within single words and type set at unusual angles. Wolfgang Weingart wascredited as the father of New Wave or Swiss Punk typography. April Greiman embraces computer technology as a design tools.

Movement

Historical

Design

U.S. Pulls Out of Vietnam

1973

1979

Best of Jazz Paul Sher

jerzy janiszewski Polish 1980

Movement

Historical

Design

Millions watch Royal Wedding on TV

1981

14

Mac Desktop Released PG-13 Movie rating Created

1984

Movement

Historical

Design

Grapus Design Collective founded by Pierre Bernard 1984

Paula Sher Obvious Influense by Herbert Matter 1984

Anti-Apartheids Beweging Nederland (AABN) 1984

Chernobyl Nuclear Accident

1986

Movement

Historical

Design

Berlin Wall Falls 1989

Wingdings by Microsoft 1990 Collapse of the Soviet Union/ Cold War Offical ends 1992

Lindon Leader 1994 based on Univers and Futura

Barbra Kurger not cruel enough 1997

Hong Kong returns to China

1997

Movement

Historical

Design

Manifesto rewritten and resigned from 1964

2000

Digital Design Questions how does the invention of the internet and the world wide web compare to the invention of the printing press? The two inventions have very similar reactions including a positive and a negative responce. Novelty flooded the forums as the new techologies where experimented with forever altering the visual language. in a world of computers with fonts, graphic templates of all sorts, and royalty free images, what is the new role of the designer? Designer hold a highly faceted knowledge of the worlds visual language and interpret it at a professional level to provide a system and order to the endless world of technology. taking into consideration the text of the First Things First Manifesto, what do you think that are the three biggest challenges that graphic design is facing today? The questions surrounding graphic design and a higher purpose have been highly debated in classes and conversations a like. Challenges come from this: should graphic design be a free profession creating it because you are drawn to like in the fine arts, should you design something for a cause you dont believe in, should you comprimise your style for a client.

Movement

Historical

Design

Twin Towers Fall

2001

10

Beijing 2008 Olympics

Paula Sher Ted Talk 2008:CA She hated helvetica in the 70s, so she tried everything else. Made famous by Da Funk Da Noise 1996 with the Public Theater. Sher talks about the serious work only possible when you are naive and in unfamilar territory.

2008

The Present

2012

Movement

Historical

Design

References
Meggs, Philip B., Rob Carter, Phillips Libby. Meggs, and Sandra Wheeler. Meggs: Making Graphic Design History. Hoboken, NJ: Willey & Sons, 2008. Print. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2009. Print. Drucker, Johanna, and Emily McVarish. Graphic Design History: A Critical Guide. Wikepedia.org GraphicDesignHistory.edublogs.org Graphicdesignhistory.org

Movement

Historical

Design