Android 1
Android 1
Android 1
Home screen displayed by Samsung Nexus S with Google running Android 2.3 "Gingerbread" Company / developer Google Inc., Open Handset Alliance Programmed in Working state Source model Initial release Latest stable release C (core), Current Free and open source software (3.0 is currently in closed development) 21 October 2008 Tablets: [3] 3.0.1 (Honeycomb) Phones: [3] 2.3.3 (Gingerbread) / 24 February 2011 ARM, MIPS, Power, x86 [4] [2] [1] C++ (some third-party libraries), Java (UI)
Default user interface Graphical License Official website Apache 2.0, Linux kernel patches are under GPL v2 [www.android.com www.android.com] [5]
Android is a software stack for mobile devices that includes an operating system, middleware and key applications.[6] [7] Google Inc. purchased the initial developer of the software, Android Inc., in 2005.[8] Android's mobile operating system is based on a modified version of the Linux kernel. Google and other members of the Open Handset Alliance collaborated on Android's development and release.[9] [10] The Android Open Source Project (AOSP) is tasked with the maintenance and further development of Android.[11] The Android operating system is the world's best-selling Smartphone platform.[12] [13] Android has a large community of developers writing applications ("apps") that extend the functionality of the devices. There are currently over 150,000 apps available for Android.[14] [15] Android Market is the online app store run by Google, though apps can also be downloaded from third-party sites. Developers write primarily in the Java
Android (operating system) language, controlling the device via Google-developed Java libraries.[16] The unveiling of the Android distribution on 5 November 2007 was announced with the founding of the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of 80 hardware, software, and telecom companies devoted to advancing open standards for mobile devices.[17] [18] Google released most of the Android code under the Apache License, a free software and open source license.[19] The Android open-source software stack consists of Java applications running on a Java-based, object-oriented application framework on top of Java core libraries running on a Dalvik virtual machine featuring JIT compilation. Libraries written in C include the surface manager, OpenCore[20] media framework, SQLite relational database management system, OpenGL ES 2.0 3D graphics API, WebKit layout engine, SGL graphics engine, SSL, and Bionic libc. The Android operating system, including the Linux kernel, consists of roughly 12million lines of code including 3million lines of XML, 2.8million lines of C, 2.1million lines of Java, and 1.75million lines of C++.[21]
History
Android Inc. founded in 2003
Android, Inc. was founded in Palo Alto, California, United States in October, 2003 by Andy Rubin (co-founder of Danger),[22] Rich Miner (co-founder of Wildfire Communications, Inc.),[23] Nick Sears (once VP at T-Mobile),[24] and Chris White (headed design and interface development at WebTV).[25] to develop, in Rubin's words "...smarter mobile devices that are more aware of its owner's location and preferences."[26] Despite the obvious past accomplishments of the founders and early employees, Android Inc. operated secretively, admitting only that it was working on software for mobile phones.[26]
Development accelerates
At Google, the team led by Rubin developed a mobile device platform powered by the Linux kernel. Google marketed the platform to handset makers and carriers on the premise of providing a flexible, upgradable system. Google had lined up a series of hardware component and software partners and signaled to carriers that it was open to various degrees of cooperation on their part.[28] [29] [30] Speculation about Google's intention to enter the mobile communications market continued to build through December 2006.[31] Reports from the BBC and The Wall Street Journal noted that Google wanted its search and applications on mobile phones and it was working hard to deliver that. Print and online media outlets soon reported rumors that Google was developing a Google-branded handset.[32] Some speculated that as Google was defining technical specifications, it was showing prototypes to cell phone manufacturers and network operators. In September 2007, InformationWeek covered an Evalueserve study reporting that Google had filed several patent applications in the area of mobile telephony.[33] [34]
On the November 5, 2007 the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of several companies which include Broadcom Corporation, Google, HTC, Intel, LG, Marvell Technology Group, Motorola, Nvidia, Qualcomm, Samsung Electronics, Sprint Nextel, T-Mobile and Texas Instruments unveiled itself. The goal of the Open Handset Alliance is to develop open standards for mobile devices.[9] On the same day, the Open Handset Alliance also unveiled their first product, Android, a mobile device platform built on the Linux kernel version 2.6.[9] On December 9, 2008, 14 new members joined, including ARM Holdings, Atheros Communications, Asustek Computer Inc, Garmin Ltd, PacketVideo, Softbank, Sony Ericsson, Toshiba Corp, and Vodafone Group Plc.[35] [36]
Licensing
With the exception of brief update periods, Android has been available under a free software/open source license since 21 October 2008. Google published the entire source code (including network and telephony stacks)[37] under an Apache License.[38] Google also keeps the reviewed issues list publicly open for anyone to see and comment.[39] Even though the software is open-source, device manufacturers can not use Google's Android trademark unless Google certifies that the device complies with their Compatibility Definition Document (CDD). Devices must also meet this definition to be eligible to license Google's closed-source applications, including Android Market.[40] In September 2010, Skyhook Wireless filed a lawsuit against Google in which they alleged that Google had used the compatibility document to block Skyhook's mobile positioning service (XPS) from Motorola's Android mobile devices.[41] In December 2010 a judge denied Skyhook's motion for preliminary injunction, saying that Google had not closed off the possibility of accepting a revised version of Skyhook's XPS service, and that Motorola had terminated their contract with Skyhook because Skyhook wanted to disable Google's location data collection functions on Motorola's devices, which would have violated Motorola's obligations to Google and its carriers.[42]
Version history
Android has seen a number of updates since its original release. These updates to the base operating system typically focus on fixing bugs as well as adding new features. Generally each new version of the Android operating system is developed under a code name based on a dessert item. Past updates included Cupcake and Donut. The most recent released versions of Android are: 2.0/2.1 (Eclair), which revamped the user interface and introduced HTML5 and Exchange ActiveSync 2.5 support[43] 2.2 (Froyo), which introduced speed improvements with JIT optimization and the Chrome V8 JavaScript engine, and added Wi-Fi hotspot tethering and Adobe Flash support[44] 2.3 (Gingerbread), which refined the user interface, improved the soft keyboard and copy/paste features, and added support for Near Field Communication[45] 3.0 (Honeycomb), a tablet-oriented[46] [47] [48] release which supports larger screen devices and introduces many new user interface features, and supports multicore processors and hardware acceleration for graphics.[49] The Honeycomb SDK has been released and the first device featuring this version, the Motorola Xoom tablet, went on sale in February 2011.[50] Google has chosen to withhold the development source code, which calls into question the "open-ness" of this Android release.[51] Google claims this is done to eliminate manufacturers putting a tablet-specific OS on phones, much like the previous autumn, where tablet manufacturers put a non-tablet optimized phone OS (Android 2.x) on their Tablets resulting in bad user experiences.
Android (operating system) The upcoming version of Android is: Ice Cream, a combination of Gingerbread and Honeycomb into a "cohesive whole,"[52] with a possible release in mid-2011[53]
Features
Current features and specifications:[54] [55] [56]
Architecture Diagram
Handset layouts The platform is adaptable to larger, VGA, 2D graphics library, 3D graphics library based on OpenGL ES 2.0 specifications, and traditional smartphone layouts. Storage Connectivity SQLite, a lightweight relational database, is used for data storage purposes Android supports connectivity technologies including GSM/EDGE, IDEN, CDMA, EV-DO, UMTS, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, LTE, and WiMAX. SMS and MMS are available forms of messaging, including threaded text messaging and now Android Cloud to Device Messaging Framework (C2DM) is also a part of Android Push Messaging service. The web browser available in Android is based on the open-source WebKit layout engine, coupled with Chrome's V8 JavaScript engine. The browser scores a 93/100 on the Acid3 Test. While most Android applications are written in Java, there is no Java Virtual Machine in the platform and Java byte code is not executed. Java classes are compiled into Dalvik executables and run on the Dalvik virtual machine. Dalvik is a specialized virtual machine designed specifically for Android and optimized for battery-powered mobile devices with limited memory and CPU. J2ME support can be provided via third-party-applications. Android supports the following audio/video/still media formats: WebM, H.263, H.264 (in 3GP or MP4 container), MPEG-4 SP, AMR, AMR-WB (in 3GP container), AAC, HE-AAC (in MP4 or 3GP container), MP3, MIDI, Ogg Vorbis, WAV, JPEG, PNG, [56] GIF, BMP.
Messaging
Web browser
Java support
Media support
RTP/RTSP streaming (3GPP PSS, ISMA), HTML progressive download (HTML5 <video> tag). Adobe Flash Streaming [57] (RTMP) and HTTP Dynamic Streaming are supported by the Flash 10.1 plugin. Apple HTTP Live Streaming is supported [58] [49] by RealPlayer for Mobile and planned to be supported by the operating system in Android 3.0 (Honeycomb). Microsoft Smooth Streaming is planned to be supported through the awaited port of Silverlight plugin to Android. Android can use video/still cameras, touchscreens, GPS, accelerometers, gyroscopes, magnetometers, dedicated gaming controls, proximity and pressure sensors, thermometers, accelerated 2D bit blits (with hardware orientation, scaling, pixel format conversion) and accelerated 3D graphics. Includes a device emulator, tools for debugging, memory and performance profiling. The integrated development environment (IDE) is Eclipse (currently 3.4 or greater) using the Android Development Tools (ADT) Plugin. The programming languages are Java and C/C++. The Android Market is a catalog of applications that can be downloaded and installed to Android devices over-the-air, without the use of a PC. Android has native support for multi-touch which was initially made available in handsets such as the HTC Hero. The feature was originally disabled at the kernel level (possibly to avoid infringing Apple's patents on touch-screen technology at the [59] time). Google has since released an update for the Nexus One and the Motorola Droid which enables multi-touch [60] natively. Supports A2DP, AVRCP, sending files (OPP), accessing the phone book (PBAP), voice dialing and sending contacts between phones. Keyboard, mouse and joystick (HID) support is available through manufacturer customizations and third-party [49] applications. Full HID support is planned for Android 3.0 (Honeycomb). The mainstream Android version does not support video calling, but some handsets have a customized version of the operating system which supports it, either via UMTS network (like the Samsung Galaxy S) or over IP. Video calling through Google Talk is planned for Android 3.0 (Honeycomb). Multitasking of applications is available. [61] [62] Voice actions for calling, texting, navigation etc. are
Market
Multi-touch
Bluetooth
Video calling
Google search through Voice has been available since initial release. [63] supported on Android 2.2 onwards.
Android supports tethering, which allows a phone to be used as a wireless/wired hotspot. Prior to Android 2.2 this was [64] supported by third-party applications or manufacturer customizations.
Software development
The early feedback on developing applications for the Android platform was mixed.[70] Issues cited include bugs, lack of documentation, inadequate QA infrastructure, and no public issue-tracking system. (Google announced an issue tracker on 18 January 2008.)[71] In December 2007, MergeLab mobile startup founder Adam MacBeth stated, "Functionality is not there, is poorly documented or just doesn't work... It's clearly not ready for prime time."[72] Despite this, Android-targeted applications began to appear the week after the platform was announced. The first publicly available application was the Snake game.[73] [74] The Android Dev Phone is a SIM-unlocked and hardware-unlocked device that is designed for advanced developers. While developers can use regular consumer devices purchased at retail to test and use their applications, some developers may choose not to use a retail device, preferring an unlocked or no-contract device.
The Android software development kit (SDK) includes a comprehensive set of development tools.[75] These include a debugger, libraries, a handset emulator (based on QEMU), documentation, sample code, and tutorials. The SDK is downloadable on the android developer website, or click here [76].Currently supported development platforms include computers running Linux (any modern desktop Linux distribution), Mac OS X 10.4.9 or later, Windows XP or later. The officially supported integrated development environment (IDE) is Eclipse (currently 3.5 or 3.6) using the Android Development Tools (ADT) Plugin, though developers may use any text editor to edit Java and XML files then use command line tools (Java Development Kit and Apache Ant are required) to create, build and debug Android applications as well as control attached Android devices (e.g., triggering a reboot, installing software package(s) remotely).[77] A preview release of the Android SDK was released on 12 November 2007. On 15 July 2008, the Android Developer Challenge Team accidentally sent an email to all entrants in the Android Developer Challenge announcing that a new release of the SDK was available in a "private" download area. The email was intended for winners of the first round of the Android Developer Challenge. The revelation that Google was supplying new SDK releases to some developers and not others (and keeping this arrangement private) led to widely reported frustration within the Android developer community at the time.[78] On 18 August 2008 the Android 0.9 SDK beta was released. This release provided an updated and extended API, improved development tools and an updated design for the home screen. Detailed instructions for upgrading are available to those already working with an earlier release.[79] On 23 September 2008 the Android 1.0 SDK (Release 1) was released.[80] According to the release notes, it included "mainly bug fixes, although some smaller features were added." It also included several API changes from the 0.9 version. Multiple versions have been released since.[81] Enhancements to Android's SDK go hand in hand with the overall Android platform development. The SDK also supports older versions of the Android platform in case developers wish to target their applications at older devices. Development tools are downloadable components, so after one has downloaded the latest version and platform, older platforms and tools can also be downloaded for compatibility testing.[82] Android applications are packaged in .apk format and stored under /data/app folder on the Android OS (the folder is accessible to root user only for security reasons). APK package contains .dex files[83] (compiled byte code files
Android Market
Android Market is the online software store developed by Google for Android devices. An application program ("app") called "Market" is preinstalled on most Android devices and allows users to browse and download apps published by third-party developers, hosted on Android Market. As of December 2010 there were about 200,000 games, applications and widgets available on the Android Market, with an estimated 2.5 billion total downloads.[84] Only devices that comply with Google's compatibility requirements are allowed to preinstall Google's closed-source Android Market app and access the Market.[85] The Market filters the list of applications presented by the Market app to those that are compatible with the user's device, and developers may restrict their applications to particular carriers or countries for business reasons. [86] Google announced the Android Market on 28 August 2008, and it was available to users on 22 October 2008. Support for paid applications was available from 13 February 2009 for US and UK developers,[87] with additional support from 29 countries on 30 September 2010.[88] In February 2011, the Android Market was made fully accessible on the web, allowing users to browse and pick up applications using their PCs, send them to their mobile phone and make comments on them. All this functionality was previously accessible only from mobile phone devices.[89] Users can install apps directly using APK files, or from alternative app markets. Unlike Apple, Google allows independent app stores to operate for Android.[90]
Google applications
Google has also participated in the Android Market by offering several applications for its services. These applications include Google Voice for the Google Voice service, Sky Map for watching stars, Finance for their finance service, Maps Editor for their MyMaps service, Places Directory for their Local Search, Google Goggles that searches by image, Gesture Search for using finger-written letters and numbers to search the contents of the phone, Google Translate, Google Shopper, Listen for podcasts and My Tracks, a jogging application. In August 2010, Google launched "Voice Actions for Android,"[104] which allows users to search, write messages, and initiate calls by voice.
Mobile gaming
Android had a huge showing at the 2011 Mobile World Congress in regards to smartphone gaming, with many well established game developers showcasing Android games. The trend in mobile gaming on smartphone devices is predicted to shrink the game specialist device market, affecting devices such as the upcoming Next Generation Portable.[119]
Native code
Libraries written in C and other languages can be compiled to ARM native code and installed using the Android Native Development Kit. Native classes can be called from Java code running under the Dalvik VM using the System.loadLibrary call, which is part of the standard Android Java classes.[120] [121] Complete applications can be compiled and installed using traditional development tools.[122] The ADB debugger gives a root shell under the Android Emulator which allows native ARM code to be uploaded and executed. ARM code can be compiled using GCC on a standard PC.[122] Running native code is complicated by the fact that Android uses a non-standard C library (libc, known as Bionic). The underlying graphics device is available as a framebuffer at /dev/graphics/fb0.[123] The graphics library that Android uses to arbitrate and control access to this device is called the Skia Graphics Library (SGL), and it has been released under an open source license.[124] Skia has backends for both win32 and Unix, allowing the development of cross-platform applications, and it is the graphics engine underlying the Google Chrome web browser.[125]
Community-based firmware
There is a community of open-source enthusiasts that build and share Android-based firmware with a number of customizations and additional features, such as FLAC lossless audio support and the ability to store downloaded applications on the microSD card.[126] This usually involves rooting the device. Rooting allows users root access to the operating system, enabling full control of the phone. In order to use custom firmwares the device's bootloader must be unlocked. Rooting alone does not allow the flashing of custom firmware. Modified firmwares allow users of older phones to use applications available only on newer releases.[127] Those firmware packages are updated frequently, incorporate elements of Android functionality that haven't yet been officially released within a carrier-sanctioned firmware, and tend to have fewer limitations. CyanogenMod and VillainROM are two examples of such firmware. On 24 September 2009, Google issued a cease and desist letter[128] to the modder Cyanogen, citing issues with the re-distribution of Google's closed-source applications[129] within the custom firmware. Even though most of Android OS is open source, phones come packaged with closed-source Google applications for functionality such as the application store and GPS navigation. Google has asserted that these applications can only be provided through approved distribution channels by licensed distributors. Cyanogen has complied with Google's wishes and is continuing to distribute this mod without the proprietary software. He has provided a method to back up licensed Google applications during the mod's install process and restore them when it is complete.[130]
Security issues
In March 2011, Google pulled 58 malicious apps from the Android Market, but not before the 58 apps were downloaded to around 260,000 devices.[131] These apps were malicious applications in the Android Market which contained trojans hidden in pirated versions of legitimate apps.[132] The malware (called DroidDream) exploited a bug which was present in versions of Android older than 2.2.2.[133] Android device manufacturers and carriers work in tandem to distribute Android based updates and had not uniformly issued patches to their customers for the DroidDream exploit, leaving users vulnerable.[134] Google said the exploit allowed the apps to gather device specific information, as well as personal information. The exploit also allowed the apps to download additional code that
Android (operating system) could be run on the device. [135] Within days, Google remotely wiped the apps from infected users and rolled out an update that would negate the exploits that allowed the apps to view information. They also announced that they would be resolving the issue to ensure that events like this did not occur again.[136] Security firms such as AVG and Symantec have released antivirus software for Android devices. In August 2010, an SMS Trojan called Trojan-SMS.AndroidOS.FakePlayer.a infected a number of mobile devices, according to security firm Kaspersky Lab. Disguised as a harmless media player application, the trojan, once installed sends out SMS text messages without the users knowledge or consent. According to Denis Maslennikov, Senior Malware Researcher at Kaspersky Lab, there's not an exact number of infected devices available at present, but the outbreak is currently regional. For now, only Russian Android users can actually lose money after installing the Trojan, but anyone can be infected.[137] Android users were advised not to use the Android web browser until Google issues a security patch. The Android Security Team responded and developed a fix on February 5 and patched Open Source Android two days later.
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Marketing
Logos
The Android logo was designed with the Droid font family made by Ascender Corporation.[138] Android Green is the color of the Android Robot that represents the Android operating system. The print color is PMS 376C and the RGB color value in hexadecimal is #A4C639, as specified by the Android Brand Guidelines.[139]
Typeface
The custom typeface of Android is called Norad. It is only used in the text logo.[140]
Android logo
Market share
Research company Canalys estimated in Q2 2009 that Android had a 2.8% share of worldwide smartphone shipments.[141] By Q4 2010 this had grown to 33% of the market, becoming the top-selling smartphone platform. This estimate includes the Tapas and OMS variants of Android.[12] In February 2010 ComScore said the Android platform had 9.0% of the U.S. smartphone market, as measured by current mobile subscribers. This figure was up from an earlier estimate of 5.2% in November 2009.[142] By the end of Q3 2010 Android's U.S. market share had grown to 21.4 percent.[143] In May 2010, Android's first quarter U.S. sales surpassed that of the rival iPhone platform. According to a report by the NPD group, Android achieved 25% smartphone sales in the US market, up 8% from the December quarter. In the second quarter, Apple's iOS was up by 11%, indicating that Android is taking market share mainly from RIM, and still has to compete with heavy consumer demand for new competitor offerings.[144] Furthermore, analysts pointed to advantages that Android has as a multi-channel, multi-carrier OS, which allowed it to duplicate the quick success of Microsoft's Windows Mobile.[145]
Android (operating system) In early October 2010, Google added 20 countries to its list of approved submitters. By mid-October, purchasing apps will be available in a total of 32 countries.[146] For a complete list of countries that are allowed to sell apps and those able to buy them see Android Market. As of December 2010 Google said over 300,000 Android phones were being activated daily,[147] up from 100,000 per day in May 2010.[148] In February 2011, during the 2011 Mobile World Congress, Eric Schmidt announced that Android has reached 350,000 activations per day.[149]
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Usage share
Data collected during two weeks ending on March 15, 2011
[150]
Platform Android 3.0 (Honeycomb) Android 2.3.3 (Gingerbread) Android 2.3 (Gingerbread) Android 2.2 (Froyo) Android 2.1 (Eclair) Android 1.6 (Donut) Android 1.5 (Cupcake)
API Level Distribution 11 10 9 8 7 4 3 0.3% 1.0% 0.7% 61.3% 29.0% 4.8% 3.0%
Linux compatibility
Android's kernel was derived from Linux but has been altered by Google outside the main Linux kernel tree.[151] Android does not have a native X Window System nor does it support the full set of standard GNU libraries, and this makes it difficult to port existing GNU/Linux applications or libraries to Android.[152] However, support for the X Window System is possible.[153] Google no longer maintains the code they previously contributed to the Linux kernel as part of their Android effort, creating a separate version or fork of Linux.[154] [155] This was due to a disagreement about new features Google felt were necessary (some related to security of mobile applications).[156] The code which is no longer maintained was deleted in January 2010 from the Linux codebase.[157] Google announced in April 2010 that they will hire two employees to work with the Linux kernel community.[158] However, as of January 2011, points of contention still exist between Google and the Linux kernel team: Google tried to push upstream some Android-specific power management code in 2009, which is still rejected today.[159]
Android (operating system) Furthermore, Greg Kroah-Hartman, the current Linux kernel maintainer for the -stable branch, said in December 2010 that he was concerned that Google was no longer trying to get their code changes included in mainstream Linux.[160] Some Google Android developers hinted that "the Android team was getting fed up with the process," because they were a small team and had more urgent work to do on Android.[161]
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References
[1] Lextrait, Vincent (January 2010). "The Programming Languages Beacon, v10.0" (http:/ / www. lextrait. com/ Vincent/ implementations. html). . Retrieved 2010-01-05. [2] Ashlee Vance and Brad Stone (24 March 2011). "Google Holds Honeycomb Tight" (http:/ / www. businessweek. com/ technology/ content/ mar2011/ tc20110324_269784. htm). Bloomberg Businessweek. . Retrieved 27 March 2011. [3] Asad, Taimur (24 February 2011). "Google Releases Android 3.0". Tom's Guide. [4] http:/ / www. android-x86. org/ [5] "Licenses" (http:/ / source. android. com/ source/ licenses. html). Android Open Source Project. Open Handset Alliance. . Retrieved 2010-06-10. [6] "Google Projects for Android" (http:/ / www. webcitation. org/ 5wiw1JXa2). code.google.com. Google Inc. 2011. Archived from the original (http:/ / code. google. com/ android/ ) on 2011-02-23. . Retrieved 2011-02-23. [7] "Philosophy and Goals" (http:/ / www. webcitation. org/ 5wiy036ap). source.android.com. Google Inc. 2011. Archived from the original (http:/ / source. android. com/ about/ philosophy. html) on 2011-02-23. . Retrieved 2011-02-23. [8] "Google Buys Android for Its Mobile Arsenal" (http:/ / www. businessweek. com/ technology/ content/ aug2005/ tc20050817_0949_tc024. htm). Businessweek.com. 2005-08-17. . Retrieved 2010-10-29. [9] Open Handset Alliance (2007-11-05). "Industry Leaders Announce Open Platform for Mobile Devices" (http:/ / www. openhandsetalliance. com/ press_110507. html). Press release. . Retrieved 2007-11-05. [10] Open Handset Alliance. "Open Handset Alliance - FAQ" (http:/ / www. openhandsetalliance. com/ oha_faq. html). Press release. . Retrieved 2010-11-15. [11] "About the Android Open Source Project" (http:/ / source. android. com/ about/ index. html). . Retrieved 2010-11-15. [12] Tarmo Virki and Sinead Carew. "Google topples Symbian from smartphones top spot" (http:/ / uk. reuters. com/ article/ 2011/ 01/ 31/ oukin-uk-google-nokia-idUKTRE70U1YT20110131). Reuters. . Retrieved 1 February 2011. [13] "Google's Android becomes the world's leading smart phone platform (Canalys research release: r2011013)" (http:/ / www. canalys. com/ pr/ 2011/ r2011013. html). Canalys. 31 January 2011. . Retrieved 1 February 2011.
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Bibliography
Ed, Burnette (November 10, 2009). Hello, Android: Introducing Google's Mobile Development Platform (http:// pragprog.com/titles/eband2/hello-android) (2nd ed.). Pragmatic Bookshelf. ISBN1934356492. Rogers, Rick; Lombardo, John; Mednieks, Zigurd; Meike, Blake (May 1, 2009). Android Application Development: Programming with the Google SDK (http://oreilly.com/catalog/9780596521509) (1st ed.). O'Reilly Media. ISBN0596521472. Ableson, Frank; Collins, Charlie; Sen, Robi (May 1, 2009). Unlocking Android: A Developer's Guide (http:// www.manning.com/ableson/) (1st ed.). Manning. ISBN1933988673. Conder, Shane; Darcey, Lauren (September 7, 2009). Android Wireless Application Development (http://www. informit.com/store/product.aspx?isbn=0321627091) (1st ed.). Addison-Wesley Professional. ISBN0321627091. Murphy, Mark (June 26, 2009). Beginning Android (http://www.apress.com/book/view/1430224193) (1st ed.). Apress. ISBN1430224193. Hashimi, Sayed Y.; Komatineni, Satya; MacLean, Dave (February 26, 2010). Pro Android 2 (http://www. apress.com/book/view/1430226595) (2nd ed.). Apress. ISBN1430226595. Meier, Reto (November 24, 2008). Professional Android Application Development (http://www.wrox.com/ WileyCDA/WroxTitle/Professional-Android-Application-Development.productCd-0470344717.html) (1st ed.). Wrox Press. ISBN0470344717.
Android (operating system) DiMarzio, Jerome (July 30, 2008). Android a programmers guide (http://www.mhprofessional.com/product. php?isbn=0071599886&cat=112) (1st ed.). McGraw-Hill Osborne Media. ISBN0071599886. Haseman, Chris (July 21, 2008). Android Essentials (http://www.apress.com/book/view/1430210648) (1st ed.). Apress. ISBN1430210648.
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External links
Official website (http://www.android.com) Android Open Source Project (http://source.android.com/) Android Market (http://www.android.com/market) Android Developers (http://developer.android.com/) Android Developers Blog (http://android-developers.blogspot.com/) Android Brand Guidelines (http://www.android.com/branding/) Google Projects for Android (http://code.google.com/android) from Google Code Android Wiki (http://www.androidwiki.com/) Sergey Brin introduces the Android platform (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1FJHYqE0RDg) on YouTube Android: Building a Mobile Platform to Change the Industry (http://www.stanford.edu/class/ee380/Abstracts/ 071128.html) lecture given by Google Mobile Platforms Manager, Richard Miner at Stanford University ( video archive (http://ee380.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/videologger.php?target=071128-ee380-300.asx)). Android (operating system) (http://www.dmoz.org/Computers/Systems/Handhelds/Android/) at the Open Directory Project
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License
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported http:/ / creativecommons. org/ licenses/ by-sa/ 3. 0/