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By James Stallcup Sr., NEC/OSHA Consultant

APPLYING DEMAND FACTOR AND DIVERSITY FACTOR PER THE NEC

Dont be confused by these terms! There are two terms used in calculating loads in electrical systems that cause designers to get confused. These terms are demand factor and diversity factor. To better understand how these terms are applied when calculating loads, you must understand their meaning. Demand factor is the ratio of the maximum demand of a system, or part of a system, to the total connected load on the system, or part of the system under consideration. Demand factor is always less than one. Diversity factor is the ratio of the sum of the individual maximum demands of the various subdivisions of a system, or part of a system, to the maximum demand of the whole system, or part of the system, under consideration. Diversity factor is usually more than one. For example, these terms, when used in an electrical design, should be applied as follows: The sum of the connected loads supplied by a feeder-circuit can be multiplied by the demand factor to determine the load used to size the components of the system. The sum of the maximum demand loads for two or more feeders is divided by the diversity factor for the feeders to derive the maximum demand load. Given: Consider four individual feeder-circuits with connected loads of 250 kVA, 200 kVA, 150 kVA and 400 kVA and demand factors of 90%, 80%, 75% and 85% respectively. Use a diversity factor of 1.5. Solution: Calculating demand for 250 kVA x 90% = 200 kVA x 80% = 150 kVA x 75% = 400 kVA x 85% =

If the main feeder-circuit were sized at unity diversity: kVA = 837.5 kVA 1.00 = 837.5 kVA The main feeder-circuit would have to be supplied by an 850 kVA transformer. However, using the diversity factor of 1.5, the kVA = 837.5 kVA 1.5 = 558 kVA for the main feeder. For diversity factor of 1.5, a 600 kVA transformer could be used. Note that a 600 kVA transformer can be used instead of an 850 kVA when applying the 1.5 diversity factor. DEMAND FACTOR Although feeder-circuit conductors should have an ampacity sufficient to carry the load, the ampacity of the feeder-circuit need not always be equal to the total of all loads on all branch-circuits connected to it. A study of the following sections will show that, in some cases, a demand factor may be applied to the total load. Remember, the demand factor permits a feeder-circuit ampacity to be less than 100% of the sum of all branch-circuit loads connected to the feeder. APPLYING DEMAND FACTOR FOR GENERAL LIGHTING 220.3(A); TABLE 220.3(A) Section 220.3(A) of the NEC governs the rules for calculating the lighting load on services and feedercircuits. The difference between calculating branchcircuit loads and feeder-circuit loads is that a demand factor is not usually applied for a branch-circuit, but may be applied in the case of a feeder-circuit. The load on a service or feeder is the sum of all of the branch loads subject to their demand factors as permitted by the rules of this Section. Demand factor is a percentage by which the total connected load on a service or feeder is multiplied to determine the greatest probable load that the feeder will be called upon to carry. In hospitals, hotels, apartment complexes, and dwelling units, it is not likely that all of the lights and receptacles connected to every branch-circuit served by a service or feeder would be on at the same time. Therefore, instead of sizing the feeder to carry all of the load on all of the branches, a percentage can be

feeder-circuits 225 kVA 160 kVA 112.5 kVA 340 kVA 837.5 kVA The sum of the individual demands is equal to 837.5 kVA
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applied to this total load, and the components sized accordingly. Referring to Table 220.11 of the NEC, it can be seen that a demand factor for lighting may be applied only for dwelling units, hospitals, hotels, motels, and warehouses. All other occupancies are calculated on a basis of total computed lighting wattage, and no demand factor is permitted. (See Figure 1)
GENERAL LIGHTING LOADS COLUMN 1; DEMAND LOAD 1 GENERAL LIGHTING LOAD 3 VA PER SQ. FT. TABLE 220.3(A) DEMAND FACTORS TABLE 220.11 GENERAL PURPOSE RECEPTACLE AND LIGHTING OUTLETS

General-purpose receptacle outlets used to cord-and-plug connect loads are considered to have noncontinuous operation and are calculated per 220.3(B)(9) and Table 220.13. Noncontinuously operated receptacles with a VA rating of 10,000 VA or less shall be computed at 100 percent. If the VA rating of the receptacle load exceeds 10,000 VA, a demand factor of 50 percent should be applied to all VA exceeding 10,000 VA per Table 220.13. (See Figure 2)

LOAD #2 RECEPTACLES 150

CALCULATING RECEPTACLE LOAD AND APPLYING DEMAND FACTORS Step 1: Calculating VA 220.3(B)(9); 230.42(A)(1) 150 x 180 VA = 27,000 VA Step 2: Applying demand factors Table 220.13 First 10,000 VA x 100% = 10,000 VA Next 17,000 VA x 50% = 8,500 VA 18,500 VA Solution: The demand load for the receptacles is 18,500 VA.

SMALL APPLIANCE LOAD 1500 VA PER CIRCUIT 220.16(A); (B) DEMAND FACTORS TABLE 220.11

MBJ

GEC GES RECEPTACLE LOADS 220.3(B)(9) TABLE 220.13

GEC GES

LAUNDRY SMALL APPLIANCE RECEPTACLE OUTLETS RECEPTACLE OUTLET

Figure 2. The demand load for general-purpose receptacles for other than dwelling units is computed by using Table 220.13.

What is the demand load for the general lighting load of a 3500 sq. ft. dwelling unit? Step 1: Calculating the VA Table 220.3(A) 3500 sq. ft. x 3 VA 220.16(A);(B) 1500 VA x 3 Total loads General lighting load Small appliance load Total

Figure 2 APPLYING DEMAND FACTOR FOR COMMERCIAL COOKING EQUIPMENT 220.20; TABLE 220.20 Section 220.20 in the NEC permits Table 220.20 to be used for load computation for commercial electrical cooking equipment, such as dishwashers, booster heaters, water heaters and other kitchen equipment. The demand factors shown in Table 220.20 are applicable to all equipment that is thermostatically controlled or is only intermittently used as part of the kitchen equipment. In no way do the demand factors apply to the electric heating, ventilating or air-conditioning equipment. In computing the demand, the demand load should not be less than the sum of the two largest kitchen equipment loads. (See Figure 3)

= 10,500 VA = 4,500 VA = 10,500 VA = 4,500 VA = 15,000 VA

Step 2: Step 3:

Step 4:

Applying demand factors Table 220.11 First 3000 VA x 100% = 3,000 VA Next 12,000 VA x 35% = 4,200 VA Total = 7,200 VA Demand load 1 is 7200 volt amps.

Solution:

Figure 1. The above illustration shows the calculation of a demand factor load for a dwelling unit using Table 220.11

Figure 1
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APPLYING DEMAND FACTOR FOR RECEPTACLES 220.13; TABLE 220.13 Section 220.13 of the NEC makes it clear that in dwelling units, general-purpose receptacles are not counted as a load. In other than dwelling units, a minimum of 180 VA is computed for each general-purpose receptacle. For hospitals, hotels, motels, and warehouses, this receptacle load can be lumped with the lighting load, and the demand factors of Table 220.11 may be applied to the total.

APPLYING DEMAND FACTOR FOR THE NEUTRAL 220.22 Section 220.22 of the NEC states that for a service or feeder, the maximum unbalanced load controls the ampacity selected for the grounded (neutral) conductor. The grounded (neutral) conductor service or feeder load should be considered wherever a grounded (neutral) conductor is used in conjunction with one or more ungrounded (phase) conductors. On a single-phase feeder
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TWO LARGEST LOADS LOAD #3 10 kW 8 kW FOUR PIECES OF COOKING EQUIPMENT TWO MICROWAVES TWO KETTLES

SERVICE CONDUCTORS ARTICLE 100 BRANCH-CIRCUIT ARTICLE 100 SUBPANEL 408.20 408.16(A) SERVICE EQUIPMENT ARTICLE 100

THREE FRYERS TWO STEAMERS

THREE BOILERS

TOTAL KITCHEN LOAD IS 82 kW CALCULATING LOAD FOR COOKING EQUIPMENT Step 1: Calculating percentage Table 220.20 16 pieces allowed 65% Step 2: Applying demand factors Table 220.20; 220.20 82 kW x 65% = 53.3 kVA Solution: The demand load of 53.3 kVA is greater than the sum of the two largest loads of 18 kVA.

MBJ

GEC GES

FEEDER-CIRCUIT ARTICLE 100

ASSUME THE FOLLOWING LOADS AND COMPUTE THE NEUTRAL LOAD Step 1: Calculating total neutral load 220.22 Discharge lighting loads = 300 amp per phase Incandescent lighting loads = 50 amp per phase Other resistive loads = 295 amp per phase Total neutral loads = 645 amp per phase Step 2: Applying demand factors for inductive and resistive loads 220.22 First 200 amp x 100% = 200 amps Next 145 amps x 70% = 101.5 amps Resistive loads = 301.5 amps Discharge lighting at 100% = 300 amps Total neutral load = 601.5 amps Solution: The neutral load after demand factors that have been applied is 601.5 amps.

Figure 3. The demand load for commercial cooking equipment is computed based upon the number and the percentage per Table 220.20

Figure 3 using one ungrounded (phase) conductor and a grounded (neutral) conductor, the grounded (neutral) conductor will carry the same amount of current as the ungrounded (phase) conductor. A two-wire feeder is seldom used, so in considering the grounded (neutral) feeder current, always assume that there is a grounded (neutral) conductor and two or more ungrounded (phase) conductors. If there are two ungrounded (phase) conductors that are connected to the same phase, and a grounded (neutral) conductor, the grounded (neutral) conductor would be required to carry the total current from both ungrounded (phase) conductors, which would not be an accepted practice. For three-wire DC or single-phase AC, four-wire three-phase, three-wire two-phase, and five-wire twophase systems, a further demand factor of 70 percent should be applied to that portion of the unbalanced load in excess of 200 amperes. There should be no reduction of the grounded (neutral) conductor ampacity for that portion of the load that consists of electricdischarge lighting, electronic computer/data processing or similar equipment, when supplied by four-wire, wye-connected, three-phase systems. (See Figure 4)
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Figure 4. The above calculation shows the procedure for computing the neutral for a service or feeder and applying demand factors per 220.22.

Figure 4

APPLYING DEMAND FACTOR FOR CONNECTING ADDITIONAL LOADS TO EXISTING INSTALLATIONS 220.35 When additional loads are connected to existing facilities having feeders and service as originally computed, the maximum kVA computations in determining the load on the existing feeders and service should be used if the following conditions are met: If the maximum data for the demand in kVA, such as demand meter ratings, is available for a minimum of one year. If 125 percent of the demand ratings for the period of one year added to the new load does not exceed the rating of the service. Where demand meters are used, in most cases the load as computed will probably be less than the demand meter indications. (See Figure 5)

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SERVICE CONDUCTORS 400 KCMIL THWN cu. OCPD 230.90(A) 230.42(A)(1); (A)(2) OCPD 215.3 215.2(A) 15.1 kVA LOAD TO BE ADDED FEEDER-CIRCUIT CONDUCTORS 215.2(A)(1) EXISTING SERVICE PANEL 78.4 kVA LOAD (EXISTING DEMAND) 208 V, 3 USE 360 V
ACTUAL AMPS RECORDED FOR A PERIOD OF 30 DAYS 500 KCMIL 220.35, Ex. SUBFEEDER
DIRECTORY
1. Motor 1 3. 5. 7. 9. 11. 2. 4. 6. 8. 10. 12.

SUBFEED DISTRIBUTION PANELBOARD BRANCHCIRCUITS

DIRECTORY
1. Motor 1 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

RECORDED AMPS WITH AMMETER OR USE POWER METER 218 A LARGEST PHASE READING MOTOR BRANCHCIRCUIT

MBJ GEC GES

NO. 2000 KCMIL IN PARALLEL

ADDED PANELBOARD LOAD 102 A

NOTE: ADDED LOAD FOR A SERVICE CAN BE COMPUTED, USING THE SAME PROCEDURE PER 220.35, Ex.

CALCULATING LOAD IN AMPS Step 1: Finding demand 220.35 Maximum demand = 78.4 kVA Step 2: Calculating existing demand 78.4 kVA x 125% = 98 kVA Step 3: Calculating total kVA 230.42(A)(1) 98 kVA + 15.1 kVA = 113.1 kVA Step 4: Calculating amperage Table 310.16 No. 400 KCMIL THWN copper = 335 A 113.1 kVA x 1000 = 113,100 VA 113,100 VA (208 x 1.732) = 314 A 314 A is less than 335 A Solution: The 15.1 kVA demand load can be applied to the existing service without upgrading the elements.
CALCULATING LOAD IN AMPS Step 1: Finding recorded demand 220.35 Maximum demand = 218 A Step 2: Calculating existing demand 218 A x 125% = 273 A Step 3: Calculating existing and added load 273 A + 102 A = 375 A Step 4: Finding amperage for feeder conductors Table 310.16 500 KCMIL THWN copper = 380 A Step 5: Determining if load can be added 375 A is less than 380 A Solution: The 375 amp load can be applied to the existing feeder-circuit conductors.

Figure 5. The above illustration is the calculation for adding a load to an existing service or feedercircuit using 220.35. Figure 5 APPLYING DEMAND FACTOR TO THE EXCEPTION TO 220.35 220.35, Ex. If the maximum demand data for a one year period is not available, the calculated load is permitted to be based on the maximum demand (measure of average power demand over a 15-minute period) continuously recorded over a minimum 30 day period using a recording ammeter or power meter connected to the highest loaded ungrounded (phase) of the feeder or service, based on the initial loading at the start of the recording. (See Figure 6)

Figure 6. The above illustration shows the optional calculation being applied for adding a load to an existing feeder-circuit using 220.35.

Figure 6 APPLYING DEMAND FACTOR FOR MOTORS 430.26 There are, in some cases, motor installations where there may be a special situation in which a number of motors are connected to a feeder-circuit. Because of the particular application, certain motors do not operate together and the feeder-circuit conductors are permitted to be sized based on a historical demand factor. For example, the authority having jurisdiction may grant permission to allow a demand factor of less than 100 percent if operation procedures, production demands, or the nature of the work is such that not all the motors are running at one time. An engineering study or evaluation of
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motor operation may provide information that will allow a demand factor of less than 100 percent. (See Figure 7)

TO OCPD IN SERVICE EQUIPMENT 430.62(A) 430.63

4 CONDUCTORS PARALLELED ON PHASE A

NOTE 1: DUE TO HISTORICAL DATA, A DEMAND FACTOR OF 75 PERCENT SHALL BE PERMITTED TO BE APPLIED PER AHJ AS PERMITTED BY 430.26 FEEDER-CIRCUIT CONDUCTORS (SHOWING PHASE A ONLY) 430.26 GROUP 2 GROUP 1 5-25 HP 5 - 20 HP CBS MOTORS MOTORS 3-POLE

SUPPLY 3 208 V

FEEDER SIZED AT 75% DEMAND

NOTE 2: FOR SIMPLICITY, ONLY ONE CONDUIT AND 4-CONDUCTORS PER PHASE ARE SHOWN. NOTE 3: FOR SIMPLICITY, THE DISCONNECTS AND CONTROLLERS ARE NOT SHOWN.

CONDUCTORS THWN cu.

.

GROUP 3 5- 15 HP MOTORS

GROUP 4 5 - 30 HP MOTORS

Sizing Largest Motor Load Step 1: Calculating amps of motors Table 430.150 15 HP = 46.2 A x 5 = 231 A 20 HP = 59.5 A x 5 = 297 A 25 HP = 75.8 A x 5 = 374 A 30 HP = 88 A x 5 = 440 A Total Load = 1342 A Step 2: Applying demand factors 430.26 1342 A x 75% = 1007 A Solution: The demand load is 1007 amps.

Sizing Conductors Step 1: Paralleling 4 lines per phase 310.4 Amps per conductor = 1007 A 4 Amps per conductor = 252 A Step 2: Sizing conductor for feeder Table 310.16 252 A requires 250 KCMIL THWN cu. conductors 250 KCMIL THWN cu. = 255 A 255 A x 4 = 1020 A 1020 A supplies 1007 A Solution: The size THWN copper conductors are 4 - 250 KCMIL per phase.

Figure 7. The above illustration shows the sizing of a feeder-circuit using 430.26

Figure 7

Additional information on this topic may be found in chapters 22 and 23 of the book Stallcups Electrical Design Book, 2002 Edition, available from the NFPA.

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CONCLUSION For engineers and contractors, the above demand factors are the most widely used on a regular basis because of their uniqueness to electrical design. With the application of demand factors, smaller components can be utilized in the electrical system and greater savings can be passed on to the consumer. Due to the high cost of wiring, look for designers to utilize these techniques more than ever before.

Equipment Load Factors, Use Factors and Diversity Factors As Well as a General Discussion of Energy Audit Procedures Barney L. Capehart To do a good job on an energy audit, the energy auditor must understand the areas of equipment load factor, use factor and diversity factor. Definitions: First, let's define these terms. a) Load factor - the ratio of the load that a piece of equipment actually draws when it is in operation to the load it could draw (which we call full load). For example, an oversized motor - 20 hp - drives a constant 15 hp load whenever it is on. The motor load factor is then 15/20 = 75%. b) Use (or utilization) factor - the ratio of the time that a piece of equipment is in use to the total time that it could be in use. For example, the motor above may only be used for eight hours a day, 50 weeks a year. The hours of operation would then be 2000 hours, and the motor use factor for a base of 8760 hours per year would be 2000/8760 = 22.83%. With a base of 2000 hours per year, the motor use factor would be 100%. The bottom line is that the use factor is applied to get the correct number of hours that the motor is in use. c) Diversity factor - the probability that a particular piece of equipment will come on at the time of the facility's peak load. The diversity factor is the most complicated of these factors. For example, we might have ten air conditioning units that are 20 tons each at a facility. In Florida we typically assume that the average full load equivalent operating hours for the units are 2000 hours per year. However, since the units are each thermostatically controlled, we do not know exactly when each unit turns on. If the ten units are substantially bigger than the facility's actual peak A/C load, then fewer than all ten units will likely come on at once. Thus, even though each unit runs a total of 2000 hours a year, they do not all come on at the same time to affect the facility's peak load. The diversity factor gives us a correction factor to use, which results in a lower total kW load for the ten A/C units. If the energy balance we do for this facility comes out within reason, but the demand balance shows far too many kW for the peak load, then we can use the diversity factor to bring the kW into line with the facility's true peak load. The diversity factor does not affect the kWh; it only affects the kW. Motor load, use and diversity factors: Sometimes motor load factors that are too low are chosen because the auditor has not properly determined the hours of use of the motors - i.e. the auditor uses an incorrect use factor. For example, just because a facility has a production shift that is 2000 hours per year it does not mean that all of the production-related motors in that facility are operated for 2000 hours per year. Some motors - or machines - might only be used one day a week rather than every day. Other motors might be used every day, but for only half the day, i.e. 4 hours per day. Other motors might be in use throughout the day so that their use really is 2000 hours per year. The auditor must collect data on the use factor - or hours of use - for every motor in the facility during site visit. For each machine, line, process or operation, ask "How many hours a day does this machine (line, process or operation) operate?" This data then needs to be entered into the

energy balance. Motor load factors in many facilities are more in the range of 40% - 50%, than in the range of 80% that had been a standard assumption for many years of doing audits. Rarely do you find a motor running at 100% load factor. However, not all motors at a facility are running at the same load factors. Ventilating fans that come from a supplier as a packaged unit with a fan and a motor are most often assumed to be operating at near full load. You should probably use a load factor of 80% here, since the manufacturer of the ventilating fans should have reasonably matched these loads. Other motors may also be in this category - some engineering judgment and common sense are required to determine which other motors these are. Motors with variable loads are going to have the lowest load factors in general. A dust collector fan motor will normally have quite a variable load, and would often be expected to have a low load factor. Other examples are saws, presses, milling machines, sanders and grinders, waste grinders, water pumps, hydraulic pumps, etc. If a group of motors do not all operate together all of the time, then using a diversity factor is appropriate. This is the case with a number of separate air conditioning units (considering the motors for the compressors) that are individually thermostatically controlled. It could also be the case for a group of production motors if some of the motors are not in use all of the time. You should use a diversity factor in your motor calculations, since it is not often the case that a facility has all of the motors on at the same time. Reconciling the energy balance: When you perform an energy balance, do not use the motor load factor as the first and only adjustment made to reconcile the estimated energy use (energy balance) with the energy bills. Making this adjustment too quickly results in failure to pick up other things that have been overlooked. For example, if the energy use does not balance with the energy bills, the first step is to check to see that all of the equipment and uses have been accounted for. Do the items on the energy balance spreadsheet match your recollection of the equipment you saw in the facility? Does anything appear to be missing? Are the utility bills for total energy use and peak kW recorded correctly? The next step is to check the hours of use for lights and other equipment to see if it matches your knowledge of the facility's operation. Remember that each motor - as well as each other piece of equipment - does not necessarily operate the same number of hours each day or year. Finally, if some of the equipment does not come on at the same time as the facility peaks in kW use, then utilize the diversity factor to account for this. Adjusting the motor load factors should probably be the last thing you do to reconcile the energy and demand balances. Now, if all other information and all other factors are correct to the best of your knowledge, then adjust the load factors. While motor load factors are not often in the range of 80-100%, you should be equally suspect of very low motor load factors. If you get motor load factors in the range of 20-30%, it is more likely that you have the hours of use wrong than that you have a facility which is using motors that are an average of four times too big for the job they are doing. Lumber mills and wood products facilities using lots of saws may have these low load factors. Most other places should have motors with a higher load factor.

Basic motor load measurements should be taken at the plant visit. The electrical person at the facility is generally willing to measure the current being drawn by a motor of interest. Air compressors are ones that are usually easy to do, and you should ask the plant personnel to do this for you. Let them open the motor controller or switch box and connect a clamp-on ammeter to see what the current for the motor is. You then need to know the full load current from the nameplate of the motor. The ratio of the actual current to the full load current is the approximate load factor on the motor at that time. This procedure works as long as the current is greater than or equal to about 50% of the full load current. Try to take this measurement for each of the large motors in the facility - i.e. motors of 50 hp and above; or even 20 hp or above if the facility does not have a lot of big motors. If you have not received formal electrical safety training, you should not make these electrical measurements yourself. If the facility electrician does not want to make these for you, then let it go at that. Air handlersuse factor: Air handlers use motors and are subject to all of the comments made in the motor section. In addition, you may be able to get a better handle on the hours of use for the air handlers by knowing how the A/C system works. Ask if the air handlers run constantly when the facility is occupied. They might if the facility wants the ventilation, even though the compressors might not come on except to periodically provide some temperature reduction or moisture removal. If this is the case, then the use factor for these air handler motors should reflect an hours-of -use that matches the offices or other area that the air handlers supply. In addition, the hours-of-use must also consider the compressor run hours. Thus the total hours for the air handlers must be at least the same as the compressor hours, and may be higher if the A/C unit is left on during periods that the facility is not occupied, or if ventilation is provided. If the air handlers only come on when the thermostat orders cooling, then the hours-of -use must be the same as the hours-of-use of the compressors. It is important to get adequate information on the operation of the air conditioning system. To get complete data on the air handler motors for an air-conditioned facility, you will need all of the standard information - size, maker, single or three phase, etc - together with the operating basis for the air handlers discussed above. You should also collect data on the drive belt system for air handlers. Record the number of belts, the lengths, and the types of belts. Ask about motor and drive lubrication and cleaning. Also check the A/C filters to see if they are reasonably clean. Sometimes a visual inspection will show some real problems. Ask the maintenance person to open up one of the air handlers - or just look into it (SAFELY) if it is accessible - and see if the belt is tight, slack, or really loose. Do not stick your hand into an air handler that is off at the moment, and may come back on when the thermostat kicks in. Have the maintenance person turn the air handler motor off with the circuit breaker or control box. Do not put your finger on a moving drive belt. Is the belt in good shape? Is it frayed, cracked or coming apart? Does it look like the pulleys for the motor and the fan are lined up? Ask the electrician to measure the current that the air handler motor is drawing to see what its load factor is while driving the fan. It should be very near full load - but you never know. Maybe the original motor burned out and was replaced with a bigger one to "make sure it did not burn out again." Remember to take the full load current off the nameplate to find the load factor.