Layer 3 Routing Users Manual

Second Edition, July 2011

www.moxa.com/product

2011 Moxa Inc. All rights reserved.

Layer 3 Routing Users Manual

The software described in this manual is furnished under a license agreement and may be used only in accordance with the terms of that agreement.

Copyright Notice
2011 Moxa Inc., All rights reserved.

Trademarks
The MOXA logo is a registered trademark of Moxa Inc. All other trademarks or registered marks in this manual belong to their respective manufacturers.

Disclaimer
Information in this document is subject to change without notice and does not represent a commitment on the part of Moxa. Moxa provides this document as is, without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied, including, but not limited to, its particular purpose. Moxa reserves the right to make improvements and/or changes to this manual, or to the products and/or the programs described in this manual, at any time. Information provided in this manual is intended to be accurate and reliable. However, Moxa assumes no responsibility for its use, or for any infringements on the rights of third parties that may result from its use. This product might include unintentional technical or typographical errors. Changes are periodically made to the information herein to correct such errors, and these changes are incorporated into new editions of the publication.

Technical Support Contact Information

www.moxa.com/support
Moxa Americas Toll-free: 1-888-669-2872 Tel: Fax: Tel: Fax: +1-714-528-6777 +1-714-528-6778 +49-89-3 70 03 99-0 +49-89-3 70 03 99-99 Moxa China (Shanghai office) Toll-free: 800-820-5036 Tel: Fax: Tel: Fax: +86-21-5258-9955 +86-21-5258-5505 +886-2-8919-1230 +886-2-8919-1231

Moxa Europe

Moxa Asia-Pacific

Table of Contents
1. Introduction to Layer 3 Switches ...................................................................................................... 1-1 The Layer 3 Switching Concept ............................................................................................................. 1-1 Static Routing and Dynamic Routing ..................................................................................................... 1-1 Static Routing ............................................................................................................................. 1-1 Dynamic Routing with RIP (Routing Information Protocol) ................................................................ 1-2 Dynamic Routing with OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) .................................................................... 1-2 IP Interface ...................................................................................................................................... 2-1 IP Interface Setting ............................................................................................................................. 2-1 Routing Protocols .............................................................................................................................. 3-1 Static Routing .................................................................................................................................... 3-1 Static Route Settings ................................................................................................................... 3-1 Dynamic Routing with RIP (Routing Information Protocol) ........................................................................ 3-2 RIP Settings ............................................................................................................................... 3-2 Dynamic Routing with OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) ........................................................................... 3-3 OSPF Settings ............................................................................................................................. 3-4 Gateway Redundancy .......................................................................................................................... 3-8 VRRP Settings ............................................................................................................................. 3-8 Routing Table ..................................................................................................................................... 3-9 Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (DVMRP) ............................................................................... 3-9 DVMRP Settings .......................................................................................................................... 3-9 DVMRP Routing Entry List ........................................................................................................... 3-10 DVMRP Neighbors List ................................................................................................................ 3-10 DVMRP Multicast Routing Entry List ............................................................................................. 3-10 Protocol Independent Multicast, Dense Mode (PIM-DM) ......................................................................... 3-10 PIM-DM Settings ....................................................................................................................... 3-10 PIM-DM Neighbors List ............................................................................................................... 3-11 PIM-DM Multicast Routing Entry List ............................................................................................ 3-11

2. 3.

1
1.

Introduction to Layer 3 Switches

Moxa offers Layer-3 switches that perform data switching on the Network Layer (Layer 3) of the ISOs OSI layer model. Unlike Layer-2 switching, which uses the MAC address for exchanging data, a Layer-3 switch uses the IP address to represent the destination of a data packet.

The Layer 3 Switching Concept

IP (Internet Protocol) is a protocol defined on layer 3 of the 7-layer OSI model. The IP address is used to address data packets on the Network Layer, and is not tied to the hardware of a device or PC. The IP address can be assigned by the system operator or network administrator. Since Layer 2 switches use the MAC address to determine the destination of transmitted data packets, and Layer 3 switches use the IP address, some mechanism is needed to associate MAC addresses with IP addresses. This is done by ARP (Address Resolution Protocol), which creates a table that matches MAC addresses to IP addresses. When a PC sends out an ARP request, which is just a broadcast packet requiring the IP address owner to send back his MAC address, two situations could occur: If your PC and the IP address owner are on the same subnet, the IP address owner will use a unicast packet, which contains his MAC address, to reply to your PC. Thereafter your PC will use this MAC address to transmit to the IP address owner directly. If your PC and the IP address owner are not on the same subnet, your PC will not receive a reply, so it will ask for the MAC address of the Layer-3 switch (gateway/ router). To transmit data packets to the IP address owner, your PC packs the data packet with the IP address, and sends the packet to the Layer-3 switch (gateway/router) using its MAC address. The Layer-3 switch (gateway/router) receives the data packet, re-packs it, and then forwards it to the next hop according to the routing rules.

Static Routing and Dynamic Routing

The Moxa Layer 3 switch supports two routing methods: static routing and dynamic routing. Dynamic routing makes use of RIP V1/V1c/V2, and OSPF. You can either choose one routing method, or combine the two methods to establish your routing table. A routing entry includes the following items: the destination address, the next hop address (which is the next router along the path to the destination address), and a metric that represents the cost we need to pay to access a different network.

Static Routing
You can define the routes yourself by specifying what is the next hop (or router) that the Layer 3 switch forwards data for a specific subnet. The settings of the Static Route will be added to the routing table and stored in the Layer 3 switch.

Layer 3 Routing

Introduction to Layer 3 Switches

Dynamic Routing with RIP (Routing Information Protocol)

RIP is a distance vector-based routing protocol that can be used to automatically build up a routing table in the Moxa Layer 3 switch. The Moxa Layer 3 switch can efficiently update and maintain the routing table, and optimize the routing by identifying the smallest metric and most matched mask prefix.

Dynamic Routing with OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)

The Moxa Layer 3 switch also supports OSPF (open shortest path first), which uses Link State instead of hop count to determine the network route. OSPF is more complicated than RIP. However, compared to RIP, OSPF has faster network convergence and results in less network traffic. Both RIP and OSPF are usually referred to as Interior Gateway Protocols (IGP).

1-2

2
2.

IP Interface

Before configuring the routing protocols, we first need to set the correct IP interfaces for the network.

IP Interface Setting
The IP Interface Setting page is used to assign the interface.

Interface Name Used to describe this interface (max. of 30 characters.) IP Address This option is used to specify the IP address of this interface. Subnet Mask This option is used to specify the subnet mask for this IP address. VLAN ID Setting ID numbers Description LAN. To establish an interface, you must first assign an available ID to this interface. If a VLAN ID is assigned twice, a warning message will appear. Proxy ARP Setting Enable/Disable Description This option is used to enable or disable the Proxy ARP. Factory Default Disabled Factory Default is available) Display all available VLAN IDs that you have set in the Virtual None (if no VLAN ID

Layer 3 Routing
There are three action buttons for setting up the IP Interface Table: Add To add a entry into the IP Interface Table Delete To remove the selected entries from the IP Interface Table Modify To modify the content of a selected entry in the IP Interface Table NOTE

IP Interface

The entries in the IP Interface Table will not be added to the Moxa Layer 3 switchs interface table until you click the Activate button.

2-2

3
3.

Routing Protocols

Moxa Layer 3 switches support two routing methods: static routing and dynamic routing. Dynamic routing makes use of RIP V1/V1c/V2, or OSPF. You can either choose static routing only, or combine static routing and one of the dynamic routing methods to establish your routing table. A routing entry includes the following items: the destination address, the next hop address (which is the next router along the path to the destination address), and a metric that represents the cost we need to pay to access a different network. Moxa Layer 3 switches also support two multicast routing protocols: DVMRP and PIM-DM.

Static Routing
You can define the routes yourself by specifying what is the next hop (or router) that the Layer 3 switch forwards data for a specific subnet. The settings of the Static Route will be added to the routing table and stored in the Layer 3 switch.

Static Route Settings

The Static Route page is used to set up the static routing table for the Moxa Layer 3 switch.

Static Route Entry

Destination Address You can specify the destinations IP address.

Layer 3 Routing
Netmask This option is used to specify the subnet mask for this IP address. Next Hop This option is used to specify the next router along the path to the destination. Metric

Routing Protocols

This option is a value assigned to an IP route for a particular network interface. The value identifies the cost associated with using that route to access the neighboring network. NOTE After inputting all of the information for a static routing configuration, click the Add button to add it to the static routing table.

Static Routing Table

There are two action buttons for setting up the Static Routing Table: Delete To remove the selected entries from the Static Routing Table Modify To modify the contents of a selected entry in the Static Routing Table NOTE The entries in the Static Routing Table will not be added to the Moxa Layer 3 switchs routing table until you click the Activate button.

Dynamic Routing with RIP (Routing Information Protocol)

RIP is a distance vector-based routing protocol that can be used to automatically build up a routing table in the Moxa Layer 3 switch. The Moxa Layer 3 switch can efficiently update and maintain the routing table, and optimize the routing by identifying the smallest metric and most matched mask prefix.

RIP Settings
RIP is a distance-vector routing protocol that employs the hop count as a routing metric. RIP prevents routing loops by implementing a limit on the number of hops allowed in a path from the source to a destination. The RIP page is used to set up the RIP parameters.

3-2

Layer 3 Routing

Routing Protocols

RIP Enable Setting Enable/Disable Description This option is used to enable or disable the RIP function globally. RIP Version You can specify which version the RIP should follow. You can also select V1 Compatibility to make sure the RIP packet of Version 1 can be received as well. RIP Distribution Setting Connected Static OSPF Description The entries that are learned from the directly connected interfaces will be re-distributed if this option is enabled. this option is enabled. The entries that are learned from the OSPF will be re-distributed if this option is enabled. RIP Enable Table This is a table showing the entries learned from RIP. NOTE The RIP settings will not function until you click the Activate button. Factory Default Unchecked (disabled) (disabled) Unchecked (disabled) Factory Default Disabled

The entries that are set in a static route will be re-distributed if Unchecked

Dynamic Routing with OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)

OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) is a dynamic routing protocol for use in Internet Protocol (IP) networks. Specifically, it is a link-state routing protocol and falls into the group of interior gateway protocols, operating within a single autonomous system. As a link-state routing protocol, OSPF establishes and maintains neighbor relationships in order to exchange routing updates with other routers. The neighbor relationship table is called an adjacency database in OSPF. OSPF forms neighbor relationships only with the routers directly connected to it. In order to form a neighbor relationship between two routers, the interfaces used to form the relationship must be in the same area. An interface can only belong to a single area. With OSPF enabled, the Moxa Layer 3 switch is able to exchange routing information with other L3 switches or routers more efficiently in a large system. The OSPF Settings page is used to set up OSPF configurations.

3-3

Layer 3 Routing

Routing Protocols

OSPF Settings

Each L3 switch/router has an OSPF router ID, customarily written in the dotted decimal format (e.g., 1.2.3.4) of an IP address. This ID must be established in every OSPF instance. If not explicitly configured, the default ID (0.0.0.0) will be regarded as the router ID. Since the router ID is an IP address, it does not have to be a part of any routable subnet in the network. OSPF State, OSPF Router ID, Current Router ID, Redistribute Setting OSPF State OSPF Router ID Current Router ID Redistribute Description Select the option to enable/disable the OSPF Function. Set the L3 switchs Router ID. Show the current L3 switchs Router ID. Redistribute routing information to other protocols 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 Connected Factory Default Disable

OSPF Area Settings

An OSPF domain is divided into areas that are labeled with 32-bit area identifiers which are commonly written in the dot-decimal notation of an IPv4 address. Areas are used to divide a large network into smaller network areas. They are logical groupings of hosts and networks, including their routers having interfaces connected to any of the included networks. Each area maintains a separate link state database whose information may be summarized towards the rest of the network by the connecting router. Thus, the topology of an area is unknown outside of the area. This reduces the amount of routing traffic between parts of an autonomous system.

3-4

Layer 3 Routing

Routing Protocols

OSPF Area Entry

Area ID, Area Type, Metric Setting Area ID Area Type Metric Description Define the areas that this L3 switch/router connects to. Define the area type, Stub Area or NSSA. Define the metric value. Factory Default 0.0.0.0 Normal 0

OSPF Area Table

Shows the current OSPF area table in the L3 switch/router.

OSPF Interface Settings

Before using OSPF, we have to assign an interface for each area. Also the detailed information of the interface can be defined in this section. See the details in the following descriptions:

OSPF Interface Setting Entry

Configuration details Setting Interface Name Area ID Router Priority Hello Interval Description Define the interface name. Define the Area ID. Define the L3 switch/routers priority. Hello packets are packets that an OSPF process sends to its OSPF neighbors to maintain connectivity with those neighbors. The hello packets are sent at a configurable interval (in seconds). The value of all hello intervals must be the same within a network. Dead Interval Auth Type The dead interval is also a configurable interval (in seconds), and defaults to four times the value of the hello interval. OSPF authentication allows the flexibility to authenticate OSPF neighbors. Users can enable authentication to exchange routing update information in a secure manner. OSPF authentication can either be none, simple, or MD5. However, authentication is not necessary to be set. If it is set, all L3 switches / routers on the same segment must have the same password and authentication method. None 40 Factory Default N/A N/A 1 10

3-5

Layer 3 Routing
Auth Key Authentication key means the clear-text password when using Simple method of the authentication type or MD5 encrypted password when using MD5 of authentication type. MD5 Key ID MD5 authentication provides higher security than plain text

Routing Protocols
N/A

authentication. This method uses the MD5 to calculate a hash value from the contents of the OSPF packet and the authentication key. This hash value is transmitted in the packet, along with a key ID. Metric Manually set Metric / Cost of OSPF. 1

OSPF Interface Table

Shows the current OSPF interface table in a list. Area ID, Area Type, Metric Setting Area ID Area Type Metric Description Define the areas that this L3 switch/router connects to. Define the area type, Stub Area or NSSA. Define the metric value. Factory Default 0.0.0.0 Normal 0

OSPF Virtual Link Settings

All areas in an OSPF autonomous system must be physically connected to the backbone area (Area 0.0.0.0). However, this is impossible in some cases. For those cases, users can create a virtual link to connect to the backbone through a non-backbone area and also use virtual links to connect two parts of a partitioned backbone through a non-backbone area.

OSPF Virtual Link Entry

Configuration details Setting Transit Area ID Neighbor Router ID Description Define the areas that this L3 switch/router connects to. Define the neighbor L3 switch/routes ID. Factory Default N/A N/A

OSPF Virtual Link Table

Shows the current OSPF virtual link table.

3-6

Layer 3 Routing

Routing Protocols

OSPF Area Aggregation Settings

Each of OSPF areas which consist of a set of interconnected subnets and traffic across areas is handled by routers attached to two or more areas, known as Area Border Routers (ABRs). With OSPF aggregation function, users can combine groups of routes with common addresses into a single routing table entry. The function is used to reduce the size of routing tables.

OSPF Aggregation Entry

Configuration details Setting Area ID Network Address Network Mask Description Select the Area ID that you want to configure. Fill in the network address in the area. Fill in the network mask. Factory Default N/A N/A N/A

OSPF Aggregation Table

Shows the current OSPF aggregation table.

OSPF Neighbor Table

Shows the current OSPF neighbor table.

OSPF Database Table

Shows the current OSPF database table.

3-7

Layer 3 Routing

Routing Protocols

Gateway Redundancy
VRRP Settings

The Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol (VRRP) feature can solve the static configuration problem. VRRP enables a group of routers to form a single virtual router with a virtual IP address. The LAN clients can then be configured with the virtual routers virtual IP address as their default gateway. The virtual router is the combination of a group of routers, and also known as a VRRP group. Enable Setting Enable Description Checkmark the checkbox to enable the VRRP. Factory Default N/A

VRRP Interface Setting Entry Setting Enable Virtual IP Description Determines to enable the VRRP entry or not. L3 switches / routers in the same VRRP group must have the identical virtual IP address like VRRP ID. This virtual IP address must belong to the same address range as the real IP address of the interface. Virtual Router ID Virtual Router ID is used to assign a VRRP group. The L3 switches / routers, which operate as master / backup, should have the same ID. Moxa L3 switches / routers support one virtual router ID for each interface. The usable range of ID is 1 to 255. Priority Determines priority in a VRRP group. The priority value range is 100 1 to 255 and the 255 is the highest priority. If several L3 switches / routers have the same priority, the router with higher IP address has the higher priority. The usable range is 1 to 255. Preemption Mode Determines whether a backup L3 switch / router will take the authority of master or not. Enabled 0 Factory Default Disabled 0.0.0.0

3-8

Layer 3 Routing

Routing Protocols

Routing Table
The Routing Table page shows all routing entries used by the Moxa Layer 3 switch.

All Routing Entry List Setting All Connected Static RIP OSPF Description Show all routing rules Show connected routing rules Show static routing rules Show RIP exchanged routing rules Show OSPF exchanged routing rules Factory Default N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (DVMRP)

Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (DVMRP) is used to build multicast delivery trees on a network. When a layer 3 switch receives a multicast packet, DVMRP will provide a routing table for the relevant multicast group, and include distance information on the number f devices between the router and the packet destination. The multicast packet will then be forwarded through the Layer 3 switch interface specified in the multicast routing table.

DVMRP Settings
The DVMRP page is used to set up the DVMRP table for Moxa Layer 3 switches.

DVMRP Enable Enable or disable DVMRP globally. NOTE Two different multicast routing protocols can NOT both be enabled on the same Moxa Layer 3 switch. Only either DVMRP or PIM-DM can be enabled, not both.

3-9

Layer 3 Routing
DVMRP Enable Table Enable or Disable the DVMRP by selected interface.

Routing Protocols

DVMRP Routing Entry List

Shows the current DVMRP Routing Entry List

DVMRP Neighbors List

Shows the current DVMRP neighbors list

DVMRP Multicast Routing Entry List

Shows the current DVMRP Multicast Routing Entry List

Protocol Independent Multicast, Dense Mode (PIM-DM)

Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM) is a method of forwarding traffic to multicast groups over the network using any pre-existing unicast routing protocol, such as RIP or OSPF, set on routers within a multicast network. PIM Dense Mode (PIM-DM) protocol will flood multicast traffic on the network and revise the multicast routing table based on the responses.

PIM-DM Settings
The PIM-DM page is used to set up the PIM-DM table for Moxa Layer 3 switch.

3-10

Layer 3 Routing

Routing Protocols

PIM-DM Enable Enable or Disable PIM-DM protocol globally. NOTE Two different multicast routing protocols can NOT both be enabled on the same Moxa Layer 3 switch. Only either DVMRP or PIM-DM can be enabled, not both. PIM-DM Enable Table Enable or Disable the PIM-DM by selected interface.

PIM-DM Neighbors List

Shows the current PIM-DM Neighbors List

PIM-DM Multicast Routing Entry List

Shows the current PIM-DM Multicast Routing Entry List

3-11