'" CARD 291 I

ROE DEER
, , - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~
~
ORDER
Artiodacty/a
FAMILY
Cervidae
GENUS & SPECIES
Cap reo/us copreo/us
The roe deer is Europe ~ smallest native deer. This shy animal
hides in wooded areas, but the distinctive tracks left by its
cloven hooves are telltale signs of its presence.
KEY FACTS
SIZES
Height: 2 - 2 ~ ft.
Length: 3 - 4 ~ ft.
Weight: 33-110 lb.
BREEDING
Sexual maturity: Male, 14
months. Female, 1-2 years.
Mating season: July to September.
Gestation: Nearly 10 months, in-
cluding delayed implantation.
No. of young: 1-3, but usually 2.
LIFESTYLE
Habit: Lives singly or in small
groups of 2-10.
Diet: Grass, herbs, shoots, twigs,
and leaves.
Lifespan: About 15 years.
RELATED SPECIES
Close relatives of the roe deer
include the white-tailed deer,
Odocoi/eus virginian us, of North
America, and the deer found in
South America.
Range of the roe deer.
DISTRIBUTION
Found in Europe and central Asia, east to Manchuria and Korea.
CONSERVATION
The roe deer disappeared from much of Europe before the mid-
dle of the 18th century, but it has now recovered thanks to con-
servation work and reintroduction. Numbers are now carefully
controlled because the deer damages newly planted forest trees.
FEATURES OF THE ROE DEER
Summer coat: Rich reddish color. Face has gray
tinge and a black stripe from the corners
Hooves: Cloven. Two' d.ew-
claws above the hoof.
MCMXCII IMP BV/ IMP INC WILDLIFE FACT FILETM
of the mouth to the nostrils. Ap-
pears in spring and is re-
placed by the winter
coat in Sep-
PRINTED IN U.S.A.
tember or
October.
mer coat, with a
white rump patch.
Some adults also
Antlers: The male devel -
ops the full 6 points only
in his second year. During
May he scrapes his antlers
against a tree to rub off the
velvet cover, which has
died. This practice is
known as fraying.
0160200811 PACKET 81
The roe deer is a small, compact deer with a graceful head
and long eyelashes. Throughout most of the year it lives
alone or in small groups. But in summer it pairs up briefly
to mate after engaging in a highly energetic courtship.
During this ritual, the male chases the female as she runs
around making tight circular tracks on the grass.
~ HABITS
The roe deer is found in woods
and on the edges of forests, as
well as in fields and wetlands. It
lives alone or in groups of less
than 10 and is active mainly in
the morning and at dusk. A tim-
id animal, it raises its head high
if alarmed and stares in the di-
rection of the noise, rotating its
ears toward it.
Only the male has antlers. He
uses these as weapons, shedding
and regrowing them each year.
The antlers do not develop their
full six points until the deer is
two years of age. While growing
each year, they are covered by a
furry skin called velvet which car-
ries blood to nourish them. In
the spring the velvet dries up,
and the male rubs it off by scrap-
ing his antlers against a tree. By
November or December the
male roe deer has shed his ant-
lers completely.
Right: During the fawn 's first days
the doe leaves it alone, returning to
suckle it.
~ BREEDING
From spring onward, the male
roe deer becomes increasingly
territorial, avoiding other males
and trying to attract females. He
marks his territory with urine as
a warning to rivals, but quarrels
still break out. The deer lower
their heads and clash antlers, of-
ten seriously damaging them.
In summer, when the female
roe deer is ready to mate, she
leaves a scent trail from a gland
in her foot. At this time the male
abandons his territory, finds a fe-
male's trail, and chases her across
fields. When the two deer stop,
the male makes soft snorts and
blowing sounds, which the fe-
male sometimes copies. She
Left: The roe deer likes to browse
on the new growth of both trees
and bushes.
DID YOU KNOW?
When pursued by the male
during courtship, the female
roe deer runs in small circles
that are called "witches' cir-
cles" by some people.
The roe deer was hunted to
the point of extinction in Eng-
land and Wales by 1730. But
then allows him to mate with
her, and he stays nearby for the
next few days.
The roe deer is the only hoofed
mammal in which the fertilized
egg is not implanted immedi-
ately in the female's womb. The
egg finally begins development
during December, and the fe-
male gives birth some time be-
tween April and June following
a total gestation period of nearly
10 months.
The female then gives birth in
a secluded spot, usually to two
fawns. The offspring follow her
around after approximately five
days and suckle until they are
several months old.
Right: The graceful doe is easily
distinguished from the buck by
her lack of horns.
it was reintroduced in the
1790s and has since spread
and thrived.
Queen Victoria presented
six roe deer to an Australian
zoological society. But the
deer did not survive in their
new climate.
~ FOOD &: FEEDING
The roe deer feeds in the morn-
ing and at dusk. In spring and
summer it eats grass, buds, and
herbs, biting off food between
its lower set of teeth and a hard
pad on its upper lip. During the
fall, when the grass dies, the
roe deer searches for fruits and
nuts. Then, in winter, when the
nuts are gone, it feeds on holly
and ivy.
During the mating season
the female feeds more often
than usual. Similarly, when the
male is growing new antlers,
he eats as much as possible to
nourish them.
In its search for food, the roe
deer often settles near human
habitations such as farms. In
parts of Europe, it has adjusted
its feeding patterns to those of
people. For example, the deer
will come into fields for a quick
meal when farmers leave for
lunch. But it is always alert, rais-
ing its head now and again to
scan the horizon.
SAIGA
ORDER
Artiodactyla
FAMILY
Bovidae
GROUP 1: MAMMALS
GENUS & SPECIES
Saiga tatarica
The saiga was once abundant on northern plains from eastern
Europe to Mongolia. Unrestrained hunting almost wiped it out
earlier in this century, but it has since made a strong recovery.
___________________________ _
SIZES
Height: ft.
Length: ft.
Weight: 55-1 55 lb.
BREEDING
Sexual maturity: Female, 7-8
months. Male, 2 years.
Mating season: From December
to January.
Gestation: About 5 months.
No. of young: Usually 2.
LIFESTYLE
Habit: Social, living in herds of 30
to 40 animals. Herds join with oth-
ers during migration.
Diet: Low-growing shrubs as well
as grasses.
lifespan: Unknown.
RELATED SPECIES
The Mongolian saiga, Saiga tatari-
co mongolico, is the only subspe-
cies. The chiru, or Tibetan antelope,
Pantholops hodgsoni, is the saiga's
closest relative.
FEATURES OF THE SAIGA
Coat: Dense and woolly. Buff-colored
in summer. Turns whitish in winter,
when it grows longer and thicker.
Longer hairs grow under the chin.
The male develops a mane on his
neck during the mating season.
Range of the saiga.
DISTRIBUTION
The saiga is found on the open plains of central Asia as far east
as Mongolia. In the past this mammal roamed across a range
that stretched from England to Alaska.
CONSERVATION
Hunting almost brought the saiga to extinction by the early
20th century. Total protection in 1923 restored its population
to at least two million, although its range has been reduced.
Horns: Found only on
the male. Heavily
ridged, with slight
curve. Pale am-
ber color.
Head: Large. Fleshy, oversize nasal
cavity ends in downward-pointing
nostrils. The male's nose swells
Legs: Relatively long
and muscular.
MCMXCVI IMP BV/IMP INC. WILDLIFE FACT FILETM PRINTED IN U.S.A. US P 6001 12 077 PACKET 77
The saiga is a small antelope that is found on the plains of
central Asia. This animal has an inflatable, trunklike nose
that gives it a somewhat comical appearance. For many
years, the male's amber horns could be sold for high prices
in the Orient, where it was believed that they had valuable
medicinal properties. As a result the saiga was extensively
hunted until 1923, when it received total protection.
~ HABITS
The saiga lives on the arid, tree-
less steppes of central Asia. This
hoofed mammal usually lives in
a herd of 30 to 40 individuals.
The herd is constantly on the
move, searching for good graz-
ing. The animals generally walk
with their heads hanging down
at a rate of 4 miles per hour, cov-
ering 60 miles a day. In inclem-
ent weather, they gallop at a
rate of over 35 miles per hour.
When the animals sense the
onset of severe winter weather,
herds join together to migrate
south to warmer grassy valleys.
Hundreds or even thousands of
saigas migrate in groups, cover-
ing 125 miles in a single day.
When spring arrives, the bucks
(males) are the first to leave the
winter grazing grounds and re-
turn north. The does (females)
and the young soon follow.
DID YOU KNOW?
A saiga buck may fight to
the death when defending his
harem from a rival.
Up to 85 percent of all the
males die in the wintertime
soon after mating.
When fleeing from danger,
a saiga will go around an ob-
stacle instead of leaping over
it as other antelope do.
~ FOOD & FEEDING
The saiga is a nomadic grazer,
feeding on low-growing shrubs
and grasses. It has little compe-
tition for its food because the
plants it eats are either poison-
ous or unpalatable to most oth-
er grazing species. As long as it
can find moist plants to eat, the
animal does not need to drink
and has no need to stay near
water holes.
During the hot summer, the
saiga generally rests for much
of the day, grazing at daybreak
and dusk. During the winter, it
grazes throughout the day.
left: The saiga feeds primarily on
coarse wild plants, but it occasion-
ally eats cultivated crops.
Right: Blinded by cor headlights,
saigas are often run over and killed
at night.
The saiga is preyed upon
primarily by wolves. Young
saigas are also attacked by
eagles, foxes, and ravens.
Two Russian traders sold
350,000 pairs of saiga horns
between 1840 and 1850.
The saiga's fleshy nose fil-
ters out dust and warms up
icy breaths.
When the saiga begins mating
in December, the structure of
the herd changes as the bucks
round up harems of does. These
harems usually contain 5 to 15
females, but sometimes up to
50. Because females are sexually
mature at least a year before the
males, older bucks often mate
with does that are only seven or
eight months old.
The buck is a very fierce com-
petitor, and he chases away any
mature male that challenges his
position. In the mating season,
a thick mane develops on his
neck, his nose swells, and dense
tufts of hair grow beneath his
eyes. Unlike most hoofed ani-
mals, the saiga mates at night.
The buck spends so much of
his time mating that he cannot
left: The calf lays low to hide from
wolves and eagles.
graze. As a result, many bucks
die after mating, too feeble to
survive the winter.
About five months after mat-
ing, the doe gives birth in a spe-
cial area where the ground is
flat and the grass is short. This
ensures that no predator can
approach unseen. Three out of
four females give birth to twins.
The young saiga can run very
soon after birth but usually re-
mains in one place for a few days
while its mother grazes. She re-
turns to feed her young often,
bleating as she approaches. Does
and offspring leave the calving
ground within a few days to join
the rest of the herd, which may
be several miles away. By that
time the young are eating grass.
But they are not fully weaned
until they are approximately four
months old.
293J
COTTON-TOP TAMARIN
"

ORDER
Primates
FAMILY
Callitriehidae
GROUP 1: MAMMALS
GENUS & SPECIES
Saguinus oedipus
The cotton-top tamarin has a spectacular shock of white hair.
Its unusual, appealing looks and tame nature made this
monkey a popular pet for many years.
'\J KEY FACTS
I SIZES
Length: Head and body, 8-11 in.
Tail, 12-17 in.
Weight: 12-16 oz.
BREEDING
Sexual maturity: 16-20 months.
Mating season: January and
February.
Gestation: Almost 5 months.
No. of young: 1-4, usually 2.
LIFESTYLE
Habit: Day-active.
Diet: Insects, lizards, spiders, small
birds, snails, frogs, fruit, flowers,
and sap.
Call: A variety of whistles, screeches,
squeaks, and warbles.
lifespan: More than 10 years in
the wild.
RElATED SPECIES
There are 10 species of tamarin in
the genus Saguinus, including the
pied tamarin, S. bie%r.
Range of the cotton-top tamarin.
DISTRIBUTION
The cotton-top tamarin is found only in Costa Rica, Panama,
and northwestern Colombia.
CONSERVATION
The cotton-top tamarin has been one of the most persecuted
of all the tamarins. In 1976 it was listed as endangered by the
USDI (U.S. Department of the Interior), and since then interna-
tional traders have tended to leave the wild population alone.
FEATURES OF THE COTTON-TOP TAMARIN
Coat: Thick and luxuriant. Back and
flanks are brown with gray flecks.
White underparts, chest,
MCMXCII IMP BV/ IMP INC WILDLIFE FACT FILpM PRINTED IN U.S.A.
Mane: Long,
spiky white hair
from forehead
to below the
shoulders.
Tail: Long and flexible.
Rusty brown at base,
darkening toward tip.
Capable of gripping firmly
only a few days after birth.
0160200801 PACKET 80
In the past, the cotton-top tamarin was killed by native
people for its tender flesh. In more recent years, this monkey
has been extensively hunted for the pet trade and for use in
research laboratories. Today the cotton-top is classified as an
endangered species and legally protected. However, its future
is precarious because of the drastic reduction of its habitat.
~ H A B I T S
The cotton-top tamarin is active
from dawn until dusk. It rests at
midday, when it usually grooms
itself, sunbathes, or stretches out
on a perch.
This monkey generally lives in
a family group of two to eight
members. At night several indi-
viduals may sleep huddled to-
gether on a branch or in a vine
or twig nest. While sleeping, the
animal squats with its head on
its chest and its tail loose for bal-
ance or tightly coiled. Young-
sters cling to a parent's back
throughout the night.
Disputes over rank may occur
in the group, but the father rare-
ly takes part. He leaves the young
to fight among themselves.
Cotton-top tamarins are un-
friendly to outsiders. In captivi-
ty, females are more aggressive
than males, often scent-marking
their territories and sometimes
even fighting each other to the
death. A predator or stranger to
the group is confronted by the
leader, while other group mem-
bers try to distract it by rushing
around and shrieking.
Right: The cotton-top tamarin
rarely climbs to heights of more
than 700 feet.
~ BREEDING
In courtship the male cotton-top
tamarin stands upright, display-
ing his flowing mane and pale
underside to attract a female. In
addition, he dances around her,
shaking his mane and touching
her with his tongue.
The female sometimes mates
with more than one male. But
she seems to prefer living with
a single partner and vigorously
fights off competing females.
Shortly after mating, the male
and female groom each other.
Family groups consist of one
adult female, one adult male,
Left: The cotton-top tamarin is
endangered by the destruction of
its habitat.
and their offspring. Occasionally
a group has two adult males.
The mother usually gives birth
to twins. The offspring are born
with their eyes open, and they
already have fur and the be-
ginnings of manes. The father
helps to rear the young, licking
and carrying them, but he gen-
erally gives them to their moth-
er at feeding times. The young
can usually get around in the
trees on their own at three
weeks old. But the father still
carries them, often until they
are about three months old.
Right: Young cotton-tops are natu-
rally curious and like to investigate
their surroundings.
DID YOU KNOW?
The species name oedipus
means "swollen-footed," re-
ferring to the cotton-top's
long, clawed hands and feet.
The cotton-top has many
calls, some too high-pitched
for humans to hear.
In German the cotton-top
~ FOOD & FEEDING
The cotton-top tamarin feeds
on flowers, leaf buds, and sweet
fruits. It also gets essential nutri-
ents from various tree saps and
gums by scraping and chewing
bark and twigs. Because the ani-
mal is so light in weight, it can
tamarin is called Lisztaffchen,
after the Hungarian compos-
er Franz Liszt, who was weI/-
known for his long, flowing
white hair.
The cotton-top tamarin can
leap horizontally across dis- I
tances of about 10 feet. ~
climb to the tips of branches
and reach food that is inaccessi-
ble to heavier monkeys.
The cotton-top tamarin also
feeds on insects, snails, spiders,
lizards, frogs, and mice. It even
catches birds, pouncing on them
and killing them with a bite on
the head. It usually bites off the
bill and then plucks the feathers
before eating the flesh.
The cotton-top tamarin gets
moisture by eating leaves, drink-
ing nectar, and dipping its hands
in dew or small pools.
Left: Active by day, the cotton-top
spends most of its time in the trees.
ASIATIC LION


ORDER
Carnivora
FAMILY
Felidae

GROUP 1: MAMMALS
GENUS &; SPECIES
Panthera leo persico
The Asiatic lion once ranged in large numbers from southern
Greece eastward across Asia to India. Today, it is endangered
and lives only in a tiny, protected area of northwestern India.
___
SIZES
Height: About 3 ft . to shoulder.
Length: Male, ft. Female, 8 ft.
Tail: Up to 3 ft.
Weight: Male, 330-440 lb. Fe-
male, 265-350 lb.
BREEDING
Sexual maturity: 2 years.
Mating season: Usually October
to November.
Gestation: About months.
No. of young: 1-6.
LIFESTYLE
Habit: Territorial; social, living in
family groups.
Diet: Domestic stock and wild
mammals such as deer, antelope,
and boars.
Call: Male roars to deter rivals,
female to celebrate a kill :
RELATED SPECIES
The Asiatic lion is 1 of several sub-
species of the lion, Panthera leo.
Range of the Asiatic lion.
DISTRIBUTION
Confined to the Gir Forest Sanctuary on the Kathiawar Peninsu-
la in Gujarat state, northwestern India. The sanctuary covers an
area of 115 square miles of grassland and deciduous forest.
CONSERVATION
Classified as endangered, the Asiatic lion is now protected. The
population is estimated at 240 and appears to be stable.
FEATURES OF THE ASIATIC LION
Female: Spends
her whole life in a
pride and does
most of the
Coat: Slightly shaggier than that of the
African lion, with more hair at the elbows.
The lion licks its coat regularly to keep
small cuts free of infection. Size: Slightly
smaller than the
African lion.
Cub: Coat has dark spots at
birth, which soon fade. Suck-
les from the female until
about 6 months old.
MCMXCII IMP BV/ IMP INC WILDLIFE FACT FILETM PRINTED IN U.S.A.
Male: Larger than
female. Long mane
is black in some
individuals.
0160200841 PACKET 84
The Asiatic lion and its relative the African lion are similar
in appearance. However, the Asiatic lion is smaller and
slightly shaggier with a larger tail tuft. This animal lives
close to humans, sharing its last remaining home in India's
Gir Forest Sanctuary with local herdsmen and their cattle.
~ HABITS
The Asiatic lion lives in a pride,
a close-knit family group that
consists of 15 to 40 members.
The pride is mostly made up of
related females and their young,
but it also includes one to four
mature males. When there are
two or more males, they are
usually related. Although the
males act as the leaders, they
rely on the lionesses to provide
food, rear the young, and sta-
bilize the family group.
The male Asiatic lion is highly
territorial, resisting attempts by
other males to enter his territo-
ry. Rivals often fight until one
dies, and the winner takes over
the territory and the leadership
of the pride. Leadership may
change every season or two if
a single male cannot resist a
stronger rival. The ousted male
then looks for another pride to
take over. A group of related
males can often hold on to a
prideforalongerperiodthan
one male.
Right: Female Asiatic lions hunt
alone or in teams.
~ BREEDING
The Asiatic lion usually mates
from October to November.
When a lioness is receptive, the
male courts her and roars ag-
gressively to keep other males
away. Scuffles frequently occur
in prides with more than one
male, but these confrontations
are much less vicious than fights
with outsiders.
The lioness generally breeds
about every two years. How-
ever, she may mate more often
if she loses her entire litter. This
is not unusual, since cub mor-
tality is high, with only 20 per-
cent surviving over two years.
When ready to give birth, the
female finds a secluded, shel-
Left: The Gir Forest is very dry in
summer, and the Asiatic lion must
travel far to find water.
DID YOU KNOW?
In biblical times, the Asiatic
lion was common in Israel. By
the 13th century, however, it
had been exterminated there.
The Asiatic lion declined dra-
matically at the end of the last
tered spot, often near water. If
the male shows any interest in
the cubs, it is hostile. He may
even try to kill them, regarding
them as a threat to his leader-
ship. Two or more females usu-
ally guard the offspring from
aggressive males or other pred-
ators and take turns suckling the
cubs and hunting.
The young are weaned at six
months but rely on the females
for food until they can kill prey.
After two years, when the fe-
male is ready to breed again,
the cubs leave the pride. Some
young females may be allowed
to stay, but the males are driv-
en out by the dominant lion.
Right: Driven out of the pride by its
leader, a young male Asiatic lion
may roam alone for some time.
century during a famine that
killed off its prey species. Lion
hunting was banned in India
during the 1950s, and the
population has since grown
steadily, to about 240 today.
~ FOOD &: HUNTING
The Asiatic lion rests all day in
the shade near a water hole or
stream and rises at dusk to hunt.
Although the females do most
of the hunting, the males take
Left: The Asia-
tic lion cub re-
mains close to
its mother for
as long as two
years. It joins
her on hunting
trips when it is
approximately
a year old.
precedence at the kill, gorging
themselves before the females
and cubs eat the remains.
The Asiatic lion often preys on
domestic animals such as cattle
and buffalo, usually picking out
a stray as herds are driven home
to the villages at dusk. In addi-
tion, it hunts antelope such as
nilgai, deer such as chital and
sambar, and wild boars. If prey
is scarce, it eats almost anything,
including carrion (dead flesh).
Left: The pride is made up mostly
of females and their young.
"( CARD 296 I
ASIAN BLACK BEAR
, , - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
... ORDER
"11IIIIIIII Carnivora
... FAMILY
"11IIIIIIII Ursidae
... GENUS &: SPECIES
"11IIIIIIII Ursus thibetanus
The Asian block bear is active mainly at night. Often the only
port of it that can be seen is a white crescent on its chest,
so it is sometimes called the /I moon bear. "
KEY FACTS
SIZES
Height: Male, 4 ~ - 5 ~ ft. Female,
3 ~ - 4 ~ ft .
Weight: 90-265 lb.
BREEDING
Sexual maturity: 2-3 years.
Breeding season: October.
Gestation: 6-7 months, including
delayed implantation.
No. of young: 1-2.
LIFESTYLE
Habit: Solitary. Ranges over a large
territory and may sleep for 4-5
months in winter.
Diet: Fruit, nuts, bark, insects, and
larvae. Also carrion and occasional-
ly sheep and goats.
lifespan: About 24 years.
RELATED SPECIES
There are 8 species in the family
Ursidae, including the brown bear,
Ursus arctos; the spectacled bear,
Tremarctos ornatus; and the polar
bear, U. maritimus.
Range of the Asian black bear.
DISTRIBUTION
Found over a very wide range stretching from northern Iran
through Afghanistan, Pakistan, the Himalayas, and China into
eastern Siberia, Japan, and Southeast Asia.
CONSERVATION
For many years the Asian black bear has been hunted for its fur
and meat. As a result, its numbers have been greatly reduced
throughout its range.
FEATURES OF THE ASIAN BLACK BEAR
Movement:
Slow, flat-footed
gait makes the
bear look clum-
sy, but it is capa-
ble of sudden
bursts of speed.
Body: Relatively
small, but with
heavy build and
strong, sturdy
limbs.
p
Coat: Long fur is usually jet black
with a purplish sheen. Shaggy mane
of even longer hairs on neck and
shoulders.
Senses: Hearing
and eyesight are
poor. But, as in
other bear spe-
cies, its sense
of smell is
superb.
Chest: The bear is some-
times called the "moon bear" be-
cause of the distinctive white
crescent on its chest. Its chin
also has some white.
Claws: 5 on each paw. Long and non-
retracting, they provide a good grip
for climbing.
,.
.
p 4
The Asian black bear can be distinguished from other
small bears by the crescent-shaped mark on its chest and
by the shaggy mane of hair that hangs around its neck
and shoulders. This bear also has very large, round ears
that help to concentrate sound. Yet its sense of hearing,
like its eyesight, is poor. The Asian black bear has to
rely on its excellent sense of smell to survive.
~ HABITS
The Asian black bear is found in
mountain forests and areas cov-
ered with brush. In summer it
climbs up to 13,000 feet in the
mountains. Then it returns to
the valleys for winter.
The Asian black bear is active
in early evening and at night.
Although well suited to climb-
ing trees, it also spends time on
the ground, where it can run in
short bursts of speed. Its thickly
padded paws are broad, and
flat, with five long, nonretract-
ing claws. The bear uses these
to grip the sides of a tree and
haul itself up.
In summer the Asian black
bear constructs a platform of
branches to sleep on during
the day. In winter it finds a den,
which it lines with leaves and
grass. If the weather is cold and
harsh, the bear may "den" for
several months. It does not tru-
ly hibernate, because its body
temperature remains relatively
high, and it can awaken at any
time. Before retreating to its
den, the bear builds up a re-
serve of fat to live on while
asleep. If its den is near a sup-
ply of food, it may also wake
occasionally to forage.
~ FOOD & FEEDING
The Asian black bear eats both
animal flesh and plant matter.
In the warm summer months it
spends much of its time in trees,
feeding on fruits and nuts, es-
pecially mulberries and acorns.
The Asian black bear uses its
excellent climbing ability to
reach the top branches, where
the best fruit usually grows. It
supplements this diet with ants
and their larvae.
When food is less abundant,
the Asian black bear eats car-
left: The Asian black bear is an
excellent swimmer as well as a
skilled tree climber.
rion (dead flesh). It sometimes
also takes sheep and goats, kill-
ing these animals with a pow-
erful blow from its claws. The
Asian black bear tends to eat
more flesh than most bears.
Its feeding habits occasionally
bring the Asian black bear into
conflict with humans, especially
in areas where it feeds on crops.
In Japan the bear may wander
onto tree farms and strip the
bark from trunks to get at the
succulent wood within.
Right: When in the mountains, the
Asian black bear rarely ventures
above the tree line.
left: Fruits and
berries are the
mainstay of the
Asian black
bear's diet in
the summer. In
winter, when
these foods are
less plentifut
the bear eats
more flesh.
n
Olo YOU KNOW?
In high parts of its range,
the Asian black bear builds
I
a bed of leaves and twigs on
the snow, where it suns itself
and dries out after a snowfall.
The bear feeds on the succu-
lent new plants that emerge
after an avalanche.
The Asian black bear usual-
But if disturbed during its
winter sleep, it often attacks
the intruder.
Most Asian black bears are
jet black, but brown and
reddish brown individuals
do occur.
The Chinese believe the
Asian black bear's flesh and
Iy avoids any human contact. bones have healing powers.
~ BREEDING
The Asian black bear is solitary
and rarely comes into contact
with other bears except during
the mating season in October.
Using his acute sense of smell,
the male finds a mate by follow-
ing the scent of a receptive fe-
male. He nuzzles the female and
strokes her with his paws until
she lets him mate with her.
The fertilized egg is not im-
planted in the female's uterus
(womb) until a month before
birth in the following spring.
left: Courtship behavior is usually
gentle but sometimes includes a
bout of wrestling.
During this time she prepares a
den for the birth of one or two
cubs. The offspring is born with-
out fur and with its eyes closed,
but the warmth and safety of
the den give it a good chance
of surviving the first months.
The cub feeds on its mother's
rich milk and grows quickly. In
May it leaves the den with its
mother. It may stay with her for
up to two years, depending on
when she comes into heat again.
If she mates the following sum-
mer, she forces the cub to fend
for itself. If not, she looks after it
for another winter.
'" CARD 297 I
LAR GIBBON
, , ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~
~
ORDER
Primates
FAMILY
Hylobatidae
Of the nine species of gibbon, the lar gibbons are perhaps the most
appealing. Their whooping "duets" can be heard far and wide
in the rapidly disappearing forests of Southeast Asia.
KEY FACTS
SIZES
Length: 1 ~ - 2 ft.
Weight: 9-15 lb.
BREEDING
Sexual maturity: 7 years.
Mating: Births every 2-3 years.
Gestation: 7 months.
No. of young: 1, occasionally 2.
LIFESTYLE
Habit: Lives in close-knit family
groups, which are highly territorial.
Diet: Mostly fleshy fruit; also buds,
shoots, and small animals.
Call: Adults perform "duets" of
hoots, howls, and screams.
Lifespan: 25 years in the wild.
RELATED SPECIES
There are 9 species of gibbon, of
which the best known is probably
the siamang, Hylobates syndactylus.
All of them live in Southeast Asia
and on Indonesia's larger islands.
Range of the lar gibbon.
DISTRIBUTION
The lar gibbon is found in the forests of Thailand, Malaysia,
Sumatra, and Myanmar (Burma).
CONSERVATION
Like all gibbons, the lar gibbon is endangered. It breeds well in
captivity and can be found in the wild in major national parks
such as Khao Yai in Thailand.
FEATURES OF THE LAR GIBBON
Hands: Very slen-
der, with long,
strong fingers that
form a hook over
branches.
legs: Relatively short.
The ani mal can walk
upright but does not use
its legs when swinging
through the trees.
Brachiation movement: The lar gibbon swings from arm to arm, with its long
fingers bent to form a hook over the branches. Its body swings limply as it
moves. As its weight shifts, its body is set in motion and acts
like a pendulum, giving the ani-
mal the forward momentum
that flings it with little effort
from branch to branch.
Coat: Long,
dense fur keeps
the lar gibbon
warm during the
rainy season.
Arms: Extremely
long in relation
to body size.
Give the animal
a long reach,
enabling it to
cover large dis-
tances with few
movements and
to grasp fruit
from the outer-
most branches.
MCMXCII IMP BV/IMP INC WILDLIFE FACT FILETM PRINTED IN U.S.A. 0160200811 PACKET 81
Like all the gibbon species, the lor, or white-handed,
gibbon is officially classified as endangered. A master of
the trees, this animal is constantly in motion. It moves
through the forest by swinging from branch to branch
with alternate arms in a movement called brachiation.
~ HABITS
The lar gibbon lives in a family
group consisting of a pair of
adults plus two or three young.
The family occupies a territory
of less than one-quarter of a
square mile. If any neighbors
approach, they are warned off
with a vocal barrage, but physi-
cal encounters are rare.
Family members sleep on
branches in a sitting position,
usually in separate trees. They
wake at sunrise, and the adults
start the day with a 15-minute
duet. The male begins with a
low, booming solo, and the
female answers with whoops
and hoots, which climax in a
high-pitched scream up to 20
seconds long. With this song,
the pair proclaims its bound-
aries and develops its bond. As
the pair matures, its duet be-
comes more synchronized.
After the singing ritual, the
family looks for breakfast, often
led by the female. The lar gib-
bon is active in the treetops for
9 or 10 hours a day. It spends
much of its time foraging or
grooming and scratching itself
and others. In hot weather the
animal spends several hours re-
laxing, sometimes taking a nap
while leaning against a tree. The
young family members are rest-
less and play often, either alone
or with siblings.
~ BREEDING
Lar gibbons produce one off-
spring every two or three years.
For its first three or four months,
the youngster clings to the fur
on its mother's belly, remaining
there even during her most ac-
robatic movements. After about
five months it can swing hand
over hand, but it still holds on to
its mother most of the time. She
watches her offspring carefully
during its first excursions in the
branches and regularly grooms
its fur. At the slightest sign of
trouble, she whisks it into the
treetops to safety.
Left: The howling call of the lor
gibbon can carry through the for-
est for over a mile.
DID YOU KNOW?
In the 1800s, zoologists be-
lieved that gibbons were hu-
mans' closest living relatives.
The call of a female gibbon
sounds like the Thai word for
husband. According to Thai
Even when it is over one year
old, the young lar gibbon stays
near its mother and may grasp
her if she moves away. In ap-
proximately two years, how-
ever, it is fully weaned.
The young lar gibbon does
not become sexually mature
until it is about seven years old.
At this time the parent of the
same sex becomes increasingly
aggressive toward it, eventually
driving it away from the family
group. The young adult then
roams the forest alone, calling
to attract a mate.
Right: The young lor gibbon learns
to forage and choose food by copy-
ing its mother.
folklore, the god Indra created
the gibbon from a beautiful
woman who betrayed her
husband and who still cries
out to him every morning as
she remembers her guilt.
~ FOOD &: FEEDING
The lar gibbon feeds at dawn
and in the cool late afternoon,
getting to know the best feed-
ing trees in its territory at vari-
ous times of year. Its favorite
food is fleshy, sugary fruit such
as figs. A choosy feeder, the lar
gibbon carefully tests each fruit
with its thumb and index fin-
ger before picking it, leaving
unripe fruit for another day.
The best fruits, shoots, and
buds are often found in the
outermost edges of the tree
canopy. These places are hard
to reach, but the agile lar gib-
Left: The lor gibbon has thick pads
on its buttocks, allowing it to squat
comfortably on branches.
bon moves to the tips of the
branches and clings to twigs
with one arm in order to grasp
the food.
The lar gibbon also eats in-
vertebrates, lizards, birds' eggs,
and nestlings. It opens folded
leaves with its long, delicate
fingers to find insects and spi-
ders and then sucks up the ani-
mals. This method may yield a
large insect, such as a mantid,
which the gibbon crunches in
its mouth.
When t9irsty, the lar gibbon
dips the back of its hand into
water that has collected in a
tree hollow. Then it licks the
drops off its fur.
GUNDI
"
". ORDER
"11IIIIIIII Rodentia
FAMILY
Ctenodactylidae
GROUP 1: MAMMALS
GENUS & SPECIES
Ctenodactylus, Massoutiera, etc.
Gundis are stocky little rodents known to Saharan nomads as "rabbits
without ears." Their family name means "comb fingers,l/ refe"ing to
the stiff bristles on the inner toes of the animals' hind feet.
KEY FACTS
SIZES
Length: Head and body, 6-10 in.
Tail, ~ - 2 in.
Weight: 6-7 oz.
BREEDING
Sexual maturity: 9-12 months.
Mating season: From November
to April.
Gestation: Ctenodactylus vali, 8
weeks; unknown in other species.
No. of young: Usually 2.
LIFESTYLE
Habit: Day-active rock dwellers.
Live in colonies.
Diet: Leaves, flowers, seeds, and
plant stalks.
Call: Complex whistles or simple
chirps, depending on species.
Lifespan: 2-4 years.
RELATED SPECIES
There are 4 genera of gundi. They
are Ctenodactylus, Massoutiera, Pec-
tina tor, and Felovia.
FEATURES OF A GUNDI
Coat: Long, silky, and thick. Color
varies from buff or rich brown
to medium gray. The animal
grooms itself meticulously to
keep its coat in top con-
dition, since the fur
quickly loses its insu-
lating properties if
soiled or matted.
Tail: Short
and bushy.
MCMXCII IMP BV/ IMP INC WILDLIFE FACT FILETM
Range of gundis.
DISTRIBUTION
Found in North Africa from eastern Morocco to western Libya,
south to Nigeria. Isolated populations occur in Mali, Ethiopia,
and Somalia.
CONSERVATION
Natural predators include birds, snakes, and jackals. Gundis are
hunted by humans, but domesticated cats and dogs pose the
greatest threat. Conservation measures are not necessary.
Senses: Keen senses of
sight, smell , and hearing
/' help the animal detect
predators such as birds,
snakes, cats, and dogs. An
adult keeps a lookout in
the typical guard posture
~ shown here. If it senses
danger, it calls out loudly
, to warn the colony.
l
PRINTED IN U.S.A. 0160200861 PACKET 86
Gundis are perfectly adapted to life in the desert. They
obtain all the water they need from plants and can cope
with extreme temperatures. These animals love warmth
howeve" and on especially cold winter nights they keep
warm by snuggling in large heaps on top of one another.
~ HABITS
Gundis avoid temperatures high-
er than 95F and sweat to lose
heat. They sunbathe on rocks
until the surface is warmer than
the air and then seek shade. By
noon, a gundi has spent an hour
sunbathing, half an hour forag-
ing, and four hours in the shade.
In this way, the animal keeps its
body temperature constant.
A gundi spends much time
grooming its thick fur, which
protects it from extreme tem-
peratures. On the inner toes of
its hind feet are bristle "combs"
used for grooming. The animal
stands on three legs and grooms
its rump with the fourth.
Gundis have temporary homes
among tumbled rocks, which
provide cool drafts on hot days
but keep the day's heat through
cold nights. The animals live in
colonies made up of separate
families, each consisting of a
pair and their offspring or sever-
al females with their young. Ev-
ery family has its own territory
within the colonial shelter.
Right: Gundis often huddle togeth-
e", waiting until the morning sun
has warmed up their rocky den.
DID YOU KNOW?
When huddling, gundis can
keep a shelter's temperature
at 68F even if the tempera-
ture outside is freezing.
When alarmed, gundis will
whistle and thump their feet.
~ FOOD & FEEDING
Gundis forage over areas of sev-
eral square feet up to a square
mile. Vegetation is sparse, so
they eat almost any plant mat-
ter they find, including leaves,
seeds, and stalks, as well as flow-
ering herbs and grasses.
Plants supply all a gundi's liq-
uid needs. Its urine can be con-
centrated if the plants dry out
because its kidneys have long
tubes for absorbing water. Gun-
dis eat regularly, so they do not
need to store food or build up
reserves of fat.
Left: Although stocky, a gundi can
squeeze into rock crevices no wider
than its skull.
Right: The young reach half the
adult weight in only six weeks.
They can mate in 9 to 12 months.
The most heat-tolerant gun-
di is Ctenodactylus vali. It sun-
bathes on rocks with surface
temperatures of 102F. It can
tolerate air temperatures of
108F for up to eight hours.
A female gundi may conceive
between November and April,
when nights are cold. She usu-
ally bears two young, born fully
furred with their eyes open and
incisor teeth developed.
After 12 hours the young be-
gin suckling and continue to do
so for up to six weeks. The fe-
male has a nipple behind each
armpit so she can stay alert and
upright while nursing. The off-
spring live only on milk for a few
days. Then they also eat solid
food such as chewed leaves,
which their mother gives them.
"'" CARD 299 I
SUMATRAN RHINO
, , ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
~
ORDER
Perissodactyla
FAMILY
Rhinocerotidae
GENUS & SPECIES
Dicerorhinus sumatrensis
The Sumatran rhino is the second most seriously endangered of
the five species of rhinoceroses. Hunting and habitat destruction
have reduced this animal's numbers to only 700.
KEY FACTS
SIZES
Length: 8-1 O ~ ft.
Height: 4 ~ ft.
Weight: Up to 1 ton.
BREEDING
Sexual maturity: Male, 7 years.
Female, 4 years.
Mating: No fixed season.
Gestation: About 13 months.
No. of young: 1 .
LIFESTYLE
Habit: Solitary, except for close
bond between mother and young.
Diet: Leaves, twigs, shoots, and
fruits. Also lichens and fungus.
Lifespan: Up to 35 years.
RELATED SPECIES
There are 4 other species of rhi-
noceros: the white, Ceratotherium
simum; the black, Diceros bicornis;
the Indian, Rhinoceros unicornis;
and the Javan, R. sondaicus.
Range of the Sumatran rhino.
DISTRIBUTION
Limited to tropical rainforests in Myanmar (Burma), Borneo,
Sumatra, and the Malay Peninsula.
CONSERVATION
The Sumatran rhino was widely distributed throughout South-
east Asia until the 20th century, but hunting and habitat de-
struction have brought it close to extinction. The estimated
world population is now 700.
I FEATURES OF THE SUMATRAN RHINO
Build: Stocky body on squat, power-
fullimbs. Ideal for crashing through
the dense forest undergrowth.
of other rhinos,
they are not
very effective
as weapons.
on each hoof.
MCMXCVI IMP BV/IMP INC. WILDLIFE FACT FILETM
Skin: Hairy.
Often covered
with mud to
PRINTED IN U.S.A.
Indian rhino: Largest Asian spe-
cies; 6 feet tall. One large horn.
Warty, naked, armorlike skin.
Sumatran rhino: Smallest rhino; 4 ~
feet tall. Hairy skin, with few folds.
Javan rhino: 5 feet tall. One horn.
Folded, armor-plated skin. Neck
plate separated at shoulder.
us P 6001 12075 PACKET 75
The Sumatran rhino was once common throughout
Southeast Asia. But today this elusive animal is restricted
to tiny pockets of dense forest in Myanmar (Burma), the
Malay Peninsula, Borneo, and the highlands of Sumatra.
Although it is fearsome-looking, the Sumatran rhino is
actually a timid animal that feeds only on plants. At a
weight of up to a ton, it is the world's smallest rhinoceros.
~ HABITS
The elusive Sumatran rhino is
rarely seen in its natural habi-
tat. However, its tracks have
been found in Sumatra as high
as 6,500 feet. Although it looks
clumsy, this rhinoceros is adept
at climbing the steep slopes of
its mountain homeland. Armed
with very tough skin, it crashes
through dense forest, brushing
aside thick thorns.
The Sumatran rhino feeds in
the early morning and evening.
During the heat of the day and
the middle of the night, it wal-
lows in a mud hole that it digs
with its horns and feet. By coat-
ing its skin with mud, the rhino
protects itself from biting flies.
As it travels along well-worn
forest paths, the rhino leaves
behind a strong smell of the
mud hole. It sprays its paths
with urine to communicate
with other rhinoceroses.The
dominant bull also makes his
presence known by thrashing
against plants with his horns.
~ FOOD &: FEEDING
The Sumatran rhinoceros feeds
mainly in undisturbed forest ar-
eas in valleys and on slopes and
ridges. Its diet consists mostly of
branches from young trees and
bushes. It also eats fruits, such as
wild mangoes and figs, and nib-
bles on lichens and fungus.
The Sumatran rhino uses its
jaw or chest to bend saplings so
that it can feed on leaves and
twigs that are otherwise beyond
its reach. It grasps food with its
mobile upper lip, then grinds
each mouthful with its molar
cheek teeth. While feeding, it
Left: A primitive rhinoceros, the
Sumatran rhino is the only living
rhino with hairy skin.
DID YOU KNOW?
Fossil records show that rhi-
noceroses have existed for 50
million years. There may have
been as many as 300 species
at one time.
The Sumatran rhino is the
oldest of the five remaining
rhinoceros species. It is the
only survivor of the subfamily
Dicerorhinae, and it closely re-
makes squeaking noises through
its mouth and nose.
After chewing on one shrub
for a while, the animal moves
several yards away to feed on a
different plant. This feeding pat-
tern probably protects it from
eating too much of a plant that
might contain poisons.
To support its size, the Suma-
tran rhino must eat a very large
amount of vegetation each day.
It can tolerate a diet that is high
in fiber because bacteria in its
intestine efficiently break down
the fiber.
Right: The Sumatran rhino grasps
leaves and twigs with its flexible
upper lip.
sembles rhinos that lived 40
million years ago.
The Sumatran rhino weighs
up to a ton. But at four and a
half feet high, it is the small-
est rhinoceros species. The
white rhinoceros is the largest
species, measuring almost six
feet high and weighing up to
two tons.
~ SUMATRAN RHINO &: MAN
For centuries the Sumatran rhino
has been hunted for body parts
that are believed to have heal-
ing properties. Its sense of smell
helped protect it from primitive
hunters, but it has no defense
against modern man.
There are only 700 Sumatran
rhinos in the world today, and
the species is in danger of ex-
~ BREEDING
The Sumatran rhino mates for
up to an hour and a half. The
male remains mounted on the
female during this time. Thir-
teen months after mating, the
female gives birth to a single
highly developed young that
weighs about 75 pounds. It can
stand on all four legs within an
hour, and it is able to nurse af-
ter about three hours.
Left: Male Sumatran rhinos battle
head to head, but their horns are
not effective weapons.
tinction. The animal survives in
small pockets of its original
range in Southeast Asia. Park
areas have been set up to pro-
tect it, but many individuals live
outside the parks and are killed
by poachers. In addition, the
animal's forest habitat is being
destroyed as land is cleared for
farming or lumber.
Although the Sumatran rhino
is a fairly solitary animal, the
young forms a close bond with
its mother. She teaches it where
to find food, water, shelter, and
mud holes. Weaned at about 18
months, the offspring remains
close to its mother until she is
almost ready to give birth again.
The interval between births is
about three years. The female
Sumatran rhino can mate at
age four, but the male is not
sexually mature until age seven.
" CARD 300 I
GUANACO
, , - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ ~ ~
~
ORDER
Artiodactyla
FAMILY
Camelidae
GENUS fit SPECIES
Lama guanicoe
The guanaco is a member of the camel family. Like its relative
the vicuna, the guanaco lives in the wild in South America. It
has lived there for more than two million years.
KEY FACTS
SIZES
Length: 4-8 ft.
Tail: 6-10 in.
Height: 3-4 ft.
Weight: 175-265 lb.
BREEDING
Sexual maturity: 1-2 years.
Breeding season: August to
September.
Gestation: 10-11 months.
No. of young: 1 .
LIFESTYLE
Habit: Social; active by day; feeds
in the afternoon.
Diet: Wide range of plant matter.
Lifespan: 15-20 years.
RELATED SPECIES
One of 6 species of camel. Relatives
that are found in the wild include
the vicuna, Vicugna vicugna. Do-
mesticated relatives include the
llama, Lama glama, and the alpaca,
Lama pacos.
FEATURES OF THE GUANACO
Range of the guanaco.
DISTRIBUTION
Found in Argentina, Peru, Bolivia, and Chile. Mainly found in
the foothills of the Andes, but lives in a variety of habitats at dif-
ferent altitudes.
CONSERVATION
Hunting for hide, wool, and meat combined with competition
from introduced livestock has greatly reduced numbers. Now
protected by law in Chile and Peru.
Head: Narrow. Large, conspicuous
eyes. Long eyelashes on upper eyelid.
Coat: Mostly
reddish brown.
Thick gl:Jard
hairs protrude
over the short,
fine undercoat.
MCMXCII IMP BV/IMP INC WILDLIFE FACT FILETM
Tail: Curves up in an arch. Round
and thick. Hairless on underside.
PRINTED IN U.S.A. 0160200591 PACKET 59
The guanaco is able to adapt to a variety of habitats,
and it can live at altitudes that range from sea level
to almost 16,500 feet. As a result, the guanaco is much
more common and widely distributed than the related
vicuna. The guanaco population is declining, however,
particularly in Argentina, where thousands of these
animals are killed every year for their hides.
~ HABITAT
The guanaco has the widest dis-
tribution of any camel. Its range
covers thousands of square miles
in South America-stretching
from Peru in the north to Tierra
del Fuego. It is found at altitudes
ranging from sea level to almost
16,500 feet, but it generally fre-
quents the puna, a high plateau
of grassland at an altitude of ap-
proximately 13,000 feet.
Guanacos live in herds in a
wide variety of habitats, includ-
ing semidesert areas, savanna,
scrubland, and occasionally for-
ests and mountainous regions.
The guanaco's ability to go
for many days without water is
one reason why it is able to live
in such an extensive variety of
habitats. In addition, it is able
to live at very high altitudes be-
cause its heart is relatively heavy
for a mammal. The guanaco
also has very narrow and unu-
sually shaped hooves, so it is
able to move easily across very
different types of difficult ter-
rain, from desert sand to rocky
mountain passes.
~ FOOD & FEEDING
Like other members of the cam-
el family, the guanaco has a
deeply cleft upper lip and a
special arrangement of teeth
that enable it to graze on short,
tough grass. The guanaco also
eats leaves and buds whenever
grass is scarce.
The guanaco can survive for
long periods without drinking
water. If necessary, it obtains
sufficient moisture from the
water content of the plants
that it eats.
Right: The agile guanaco moves
like a goat, picking its way across
terrain that is difficult to cross.
Left: Guanacos use high-pitched
calls to warn each other of immi-
nent danger.
DID YOU KNOW?
The tallest wild mammal in
South America is the guanaco.
There were once as many as
50 million guanacos in South
America. Today only half a mil-
lion remain.
More than 95 percent of the
guanaco population is found
in Argentina.
l The guanaco's name ~
Right: The guanaco adapts to a
variety of habitats from mountain-
ous terrain to savannas.
directly from the Quechua In-
dian word huanacu.
The guanaco varies in size
and coloring depending on
where it lives. Those that live
farther north are smaller and
browner than those that live
in the south. This variation has
led to confusion about the ex-
istence of subspecies.
~ CHARACTERISTICS
Some guanacos are solitary, and
others gather in herds of single
males. But the majority live in so-
cial groups based on extended
families. Each herd is led by a
dominant male and includes sev-
eral females and assorted young.
Herds vary in size and structure
and may include as many as a
few hundred animals.
~ BREEDING
The male guanaco controls a
harem of several females. The
female is pregnant for much
of her sexually active life and is
often ready to matewithin 24
hours of giving birth. Some fe-
males become pregnant again
within two weeks; others breed
only every other year.
After a gestation of 1 0 to 11
months, the female gives birth to
one young. Unlike many mam-
Left: A young guanaco usually
stays with its mother until the
next year's offspring is born.
Aside from the puma and hu-
mans, the guanaco has few nat-
ural enemies. If threatened, it
runs quickly. Or it raises its head,
pins back its ears, and snorts vio-
lently at an opponent. In the
process, it coughs up moisture
and partially digested food. This
behavior has earned the guana-
co its reputation for spitting.
mals, she does not lick the new-
born or eat the afterbirth. The
fully developed newborn weighs
about 35 pounds. It is covered
in hair, and its eyes are open. In
30 minutes it can move around.
It suckles for six to eight months.
The young are submissive
toward the group's dominant
male. When they are about two
years old, the male drives them
away from the territory, which
he marks with dung. The young
then join up with the young of
other family groups.