Advanced Design of Steel and Concrete Composite Structures

Universitatea Politehnica Timioara Facultatea de Construcii Departamentul de Construcii Metalice i Mecanica Construciilor
Advanced Design of Steel and Concrete Composite Structures

- CURS 10 Specific requirements for composite steel and concrete structures subjected to seismic loads (2)
Conf.dr.ing Adrian CIUTINA
Notele de curs pot fi descrcate de pe pagina de web http://www.ct.upt.ro/users/AdrianCiutina/
5.5 Rules for members

GENERAL RULES
Composite members, which are primary seismic members, shall conform to EN 1994-1-1:2004 and to additional rules. Steel dissipative zones and the not encased steel parts of composite members should meet the requirements given Table 6.3 (specific to steel elements). Dissipative zones of encased composite members should meet the requirements of Table7.3.
Adrian Ciutina, Advanced Design of Steel and Concrete Composite Structures

GENERAL RULES
Except at their base in some structural types, columns are generally not designed to be dissipative.

STEEL BEAMS COMPOSITE WITH SLAB
The integrity of the concrete slab during the seismic event should be maintained when:
yielding takes place in the bottom part of the steel section and/or yielding takes place in the rebars of the slab.
Beams intended to behave as composite elements in dissipative zones of the earthquake resistant structure may be designed for full or partial shear connection in accordance with EN 1994-1-1:2004:
with a minimum degree of connections of 0,8 for ductile connectors; with full shear connection for rigid connectors.
The design resistance of connectors in dissipative zones is obtained from the design resistance provided in EN 1994-1-1:2004 multiplied by a reduction factor of 0,75. When a profiled steel sheeting with ribs transverse to the supporting beams is used, the reduction factor kt of the design shear resistance of connectors given by EN 1994-1-1 should be further reduced by multiplying it by the rib shape efficiency factor kr.

To achieve ductility in plastic hinges, the ratio x/d of the distance x between the top concrete compression fibre and the plastic neutral axis, to the depth d of the composite section, should conform to the following expression: Where:- cu2 is the ultimate compressive strain of concrete - a is the total strain in steel at Ultimate Limit State. This rule is deemed to be satisfied when x/d of a section is less than the limits given in Table 7.4.

In dissipative zones of beams, specific ductile steel reinforcement of the slab called seismic rebars (see Figure 7.5), should be present in the connection zone of the beam and the column.
A exterior column B interior column C steel beam D facade steel beam E concrete cantilever edge strip
The design of this kind of rebar should be made according to Annex C.


Effective width of slab
The total effective width beff of concrete flange associated with each steel web should be taken as the sum of the partial effective widths be1 and be2 of the portion of the flange on each side of the centreline of the steel web. be given in Table 7.5, but not greater than the actual available widths b1 and b2.

The partial effective width be of the slab to be used in the determination of the elastic and plastic properties of the composite T sections made of a steel section connected to a slab are defined in Table 7.5 and Figure 7.7. These values are valid for beams positioned as beams C and if the design of the slab reinforcement and of the connection of the slab to the steel beams and columns are in accordance with Annex C.



FULLY ENCASED COMPOSITE COLUMNS
In dissipative structures, critical regions are present at both ends of all column clear lengths in moment frames and in the portion of columns adjacent to links in eccentrically braced frames. The critical lengths of columns is computed by: for DCM for DCH The spacing, s, (in millimetres) of confining hoops in critical regions should not exceed:
Where: - bo is the minimum dimension of the concrete core (to the centreline of the hoops, in millimetres); - dbL is the minimum diameter of the longitudinal rebars (in millimetres).
The diameter of the confining hoops should be at least 6mm.


FULLY ENCASED COMPOSITE COLUMNS
Also, the diameter of the confining hoops used against local buckling of steel elements - dbw should be at least: In critical regions, the distance between consecutive longitudinal bars restrained by hoop bends or cross-ties should not exceed 250 mm in ductility class DCM or 200 mm in ductility class DCH.
PARTIALLY-ENCASED MEMBERS
In dissipative zones where energy is dissipated by plastic bending of a composite section, the longitudinal spacing of the transverse reinforcement, s, should satisfy the requirements of the fully encased elements, as above. In dissipative members, the shear resistance should be determined on the basis of the structural steel section alone, unless special details are provided to mobilise the shear resistance of the concrete encasement.

PARTIALLY-ENCASED MEMBERS
Straight links welded to the inside of the flanges, additional to the reinforcements required by EN 1994-1-1, can delay local buckling in the dissipative zones (details for design of such reinforcements are given in section 7.6.5).
The diameter, dbw, of the additional straight links should be at least 6 mm. A clear concrete cover of at least 20 mm, but not exceeding 40 mm, should be provided to these links. The design of partially-encased composite members may take into account the resistance of the steel section alone, or the composite resistance of the steel section and of concrete encasement.

FILLED COMPOSITE COLUMNS
The shear resistance of dissipative columns should be determined on the basis of the structural steel section or on the basis of the reinforced concrete section with steel section taken only as shear reinforcement.
5.6 Design and detailing rules for moment frames

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
In beams, two different flexural stiffnesses should be taken into account: EI1 for the part of the spans submitted to positive (sagging) bending (uncracked section) and EI2 for the part of the span submitted to negative (hogging) bending (cracked section). The analysis may alternatively be performed taking into account for the entire beam an equivalent second moment of area Ieq constant for the entire span: For composite columns, the flexural stiffness is given by: Where r is a factor depending on the column cross-section (r=0,5)
5.6 Design rules for moment frames

RULES FOR BEAMS AND COLUMNS
If the beams are designed as pure steel elements, the steel beam requirements will be satisfied (according to section 6). Beams shall be verified for lateral and lateral torsional buckling in accordance with EN 1994-1-1, assuming the formation of a negative plastic moment at one end of the beam. In columns where plastic hinges form, the verification should assume that Mpl,Rd is realised in these plastic hinges. The following expression should apply for all composite columns:
BEAM TO COLUMN CONNECTIONS

For composite beam-to-column connections the provisions of steel beam-to column connections should apply (given in 6.6.4).
5.6 Design rules for moment frames

CONDITION FOR DISREGARDING THE COMPOSITE CHARACTER OF BEAMS WITH SLAB.
The plastic resistance of a beam section composite with slab may be computed taking into account only the steel section if the slab is totally disconnected from the steel frame in a circular zone around a column of diameter 2beff, with beff being the larger of the effective widths of the beams connected to that column. totally disconnected means that there is no contact between slab and any vertical side of any steel element (e.g. columns, shear connectors, connecting plates, corrugated flange, steel deck nailed to flange of steel section).
5.7 Design and detailing rules for composite concentrically braced frames
Columns and beams shall be either structural steel or composite. Braces shall be structural steel. The analyses and design checks are done as for similar steel concentrically braced frames (see section 6).
5.8 Design and detailing rules for composite eccentrically braced frames
SPECIFIC CRITERIA
Composite frames with eccentric bracings shall be designed so that the dissipative action will occur essentially through yielding in bending or shear of the links. All other members shall remain elastic and failure of connections shall be prevented. Columns, beams and braces shall be either structural steel or composite.
SPECIFIC CRITERIA
In beams, two different flexural stiffnesses are taken into account: EI1 for the part of the spans submitted to positive (sagging) bending (uncracked section) and EI2 for the part of the span submitted to negative (hogging) bending (cracked section).
LINKS
Links shall be made of steel sections, possibly composite with slabs. They may not be encased. The rules on seismic links and their stiffeners given in section 6 apply. Links should be of short or intermediate length with a maximum length e:
in structures where two plastic hinges would form at link ends: in structures where one plastic hinge would form at one end of a link:
LINKS
For Mp,link evaluation, only the steel components of the link section, disregarding the concrete slab, are taken into account in the evaluation. When the seismic link frames into a reinforced concrete column or an encased column, face bearing plates should be provided on both sides of the link at the face of the column and in the end section of the link. These bearing plates should be identical to those required for beams.

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Universitatea Politehnica Timioara Facultatea de Construcii Departamentul de Construcii Metalice i Mecanica Construciilor

Advanced Design of Steel and Concrete Composite Structures

Conf.dr.ing Adrian CIUTINA

Notele de curs pot fi descrcate de pe pagina de web http://www.ct.upt.ro/users/AdrianCiutina/

5.5 Rules for members

Adrian Ciutina, Advanced Design of Steel and Concrete Composite Structures

5.5 Rules for members

5.5 Rules for members

5.5 Rules for members

5.5 Rules for members

The design of this kind of rebar should be made according to Annex C.

5.5 Rules for members

Adrian Ciutina, Advanced Design of Steel and Concrete Composite Structures

5.5 Rules for members

Adrian Ciutina, Advanced Design of Steel and Concrete Composite Structures

5.5 Rules for members

Adrian Ciutina, Advanced Design of Steel and Concrete Composite Structures

5.5 Rules for members

Adrian Ciutina, Advanced Design of Steel and Concrete Composite Structures

5.5 Rules for members

The diameter of the confining hoops should be at least 6mm.

5.5 Rules for members

5.5 Rules for members

5.5 Rules for members

5.6 Design and detailing rules for moment frames

5.6 Design rules for moment frames

BEAM TO COLUMN CONNECTIONS

Adrian Ciutina, Advanced Design of Steel and Concrete Composite Structures

5.6 Design rules for moment frames

Adrian Ciutina, Advanced Design of Steel and Concrete Composite Structures

Adrian Ciutina, Advanced Design of Steel and Concrete Composite Structures

Adrian Ciutina, Advanced Design of Steel and Concrete Composite Structures

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