Project In Science

Submitted by: Mary Claire Lat II-B (Spencer) Submitted to: Mr. Joel Ms. Lapaa

Table of contents

I.

Birth Control...................................................3

II. Different types of birth control..............................4 III. Contraceptives...............................................10 IV. V. VI. VII. Different types of Contraceptives..................10 Natural Method........................................10 Artificial Method............................................11 Mechanical Method.............................................12

Birth Control
Birth control, also known as contraception and fertility control, refers to methods or devices used to prevent pregnancy. Planning and provision of
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birth control is called family planning. Safe sex, such as the use of male or female condoms, can also help prevent transmission of sexually transmitted diseases.[3][4]Contraceptive use in developing countries has cut the number of maternal deaths by 44% (about 270,000 deaths averted in 2008) but could prevent 73% if the full demand for birth control were met. Because teenage pregnancies are at greater risk of adverse outcomes such as preterm birth, low birth weight and infant mortality, some authors suggest adolescents need comprehensive sex education and access to reproductive health services, including contraception. By lengthening the time between pregnancies, birth control can also improve adult women's delivery outcomes and the survival of their children.

Effective birth control methods include barriers such as condoms, diaphragms, and the contraceptive sponge; hormonal contraception including oral pills, patches,vaginal rings, and injectable contraceptives; and intrauterine devices (IUDs). Emergency contraception can prevent pregnancy after unprotected sex. Long-acting reversible contraception such as implants, IUDs, or vaginal rings are recommended to reduce teenage pregnancy.[8] Sterilization by means such as vasectomy andtubal ligation is permanent contraception. Some people regard sexual abstinence as birth control, but abstinence-only sex education often increases teen pregnancies when offered without contraceptive education. Non-penetrative sex and oral sex are also sometimes considered contraception.

Different Types of Birth Control

Barrier contraceptives are devices that attempt to prevent pregnancy by physically preventing sperm from entering the uterus. They include: male condoms, female condoms, cervical caps, diaphragms, and contraceptive sponges with spermicidal. The condom is most commonly used during sexual intercourse to A polyurethane female condom reduce the likelihood of pregnancy and of spreading sexually transmitted diseases (STDssuch as gonorrhea, syphilis, and HIV). It is put on a man's erect penis and physically blocks ejaculated semen from entering the body of a sexual partner. Modern condoms are most often made from latex, but some are made from other materials such as polyurethane, polyisoprene, or lamb intestine. A female condom is also available, most often made of nitrile. Male condoms have the advantage of being inexpensive, easy to use, and having few side effects.

An unrolled male latexcondom A diaphragm vaginalcervical barrier, in its case with a quarter U.S. coin to show scale

Hormonal Hormonal contraceptives inhibit ovulation and fertilization. These include oral pills, subdermal implants, and injectable contraceptives as well as the patch,hormonal IUDs and the vaginal ring. The most commonly used hormonal contraceptive is
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the combined oral contraceptive pillcommonly known as "the pill"which includes a combination of an estrogen and a progestin (progestogen). There is also a progestin-only pill. Currently, hormonal contraceptives are available only for females. Combined hormonal contraceptives are associated with a slight increased cardiovascular risk, including an increased risk of venous and arterial thrombosis, blood clots that can cause permanent disability or even death. However, the benefits are greater than the risk of pregnancy, because pregnancy also increases those risk. Intrauterine devices The modern intrauterine device (IUD) is a small 'T'-shaped birth control device, containing either copper or progesterone, which is inserted into the uterus. IUDs are a form of long-acting reversible contraception, the most effective type of reversible birth control. As of 2002, IUDs were the most widely used form of reversible contraception, with nearly 160 million users worldwide. Evidence supports both effectiveness and safety in adolescents. Advantages of the copper IUD include its ability to provide emergency contraception up to five days after unprotected sex. It is the most effective form of emergency contraception available. It contains no hormones, so it can be used while breastfeeding, and fertility returns quickly after removal. Disadvantages include the possibility of heavier menstrual periods and more painful cramps.[33] Hormonal IUDs do not increase bleeding as copper-containing IUDs do. Rather, they reduce menstrual bleeding or stop
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menstruation altogether, and can be used as a treatment for heavy periods. Levonorgestrel-releasing IUDs may be used during breastfeeding whether or not they also include copper. Sterilization Surgical sterilization is available in the form of tubal ligation for women and vasectomy for men. There are no significant long term side effects and tubal ligation decreases the risk of ovarian cancer. Some women regret such a decision: about 5% over 30 years, and about 20% under 30. Short term complications are less likely from a vasectomy than a tubal ligation. Neither method offers protection fromsexually transmitted infections. Although sterilization is considered a permanent procedure, it is possible to attempt a tubal reversal to reconnect the Fallopian tubes in females or a vasectomy reversal to reconnect the vasa deferentia in males. The rate of success depends on the original technique, tubal damage, and the person's age.

Behavioral Behavioral methods involve regulating the timing or methods of intercourse to prevent introduction of sperm into the female reproductive tract, either altogether or when an egg may be present. Lactational

From ancient times women have extended breastfeeding in an effort to avoid a new pregnancy. The lactational amenorrhea method, or LAM, outlines guidelines for determining the length of a woman's period of breastfeeding infertility. For women who meet the criteria, LAM is highly effective during the first six months postpartum if breastfeeding is the infants only (or almost only) source of nutrition. Feeding formula, pumping instead of nursing, and feeding solids all reduce the effectiveness of LAM. Fertility awareness Calendar-based contraceptive methods such as the discredited rhythm method and the Standard Days Method estimate the likelihood of fertility based on the length of past menstrual cycles. To avoid pregnancy with fertility awareness, unprotected sex is restricted to a woman's least fertile period. During her most fertile period, barrier methods may be used, or she may abstain from intercourse. The term "natural family planning" (NFP) is sometimes used to refer to any use of fertility awareness methods. However, this term specifically refers to the practices that are permitted by the Roman Catholic Church. Withdrawal Coitus interruptus (literally "interrupted sexual intercourse"), also known as the withdrawal or pull-out method, is the practice of ending sexual intercourse ("pulling out") before ejaculation. The main risk of coitus interruptus is that the man may not perform the maneuver correctly or in a timely manner. Despite older studies claiming that no sperm was found in preejaculatory penile secretion, a more recent study states that "41% [of subjects] produced pre7

ejaculatory samples that contained spermatozoa and in 37% a reasonable proportion of the sperm was motile". Abstinence Though some groups advocate total sexual abstinence, by which they mean the avoidance of all sexual activity, in the context of birth control the term usually means abstinence from vaginally penetrative sexual activity. Abstinence is 100% effective in preventing pregnancy; however, not everyone who intends to be abstinent refrains from all sexual activity, and in many populations there is a significant risk of pregnancy from nonconsensual sex. Abstinence-only sex education does not reduce teen pregnancy. Teen pregnancy rates are higher in students given abstinence-only education, compared to comprehensive sex education. Some authorities recommend that those using abstinence as a primary method have backup method(s) available (such as condoms or emergency contraceptive pills). Nonpenetrative and oral sex will generally avoid pregnancy, but pregnancy can still occur with Intercrural sex and other forms of penis-near-vagina sex (genital rubbing, and the penis exiting from anal intercourse) where semen can be deposited near the entrance to the vagina and can itself travel along the vagina's lubricating fluids. Emergency (after sex) Emergency contraceptives, or "morning-after pills," are drugs taken after sexual intercourse intended to prevent
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pregnancy. Levonorgestrel (progestin) pills, marketed as "Plan B" and "Next Choice," are available without prescription (to women and men aged 17 and older in the U.S.) to prevent pregnancy when used within 72 hours (3 days) after unprotected sex or condom failure. Ulipristal ("Ella") is the newest emergency contraceptive, available by prescription only for use up to 120 hours (5 days) after unprotected sex, resulting in a pregnancy risk 42% lower than levonorgestrel up to 72 hours and 65% lower in the first 24 hours following sex. Providing morning after pills to women in advance does not affect sexually transmitted infection rates, condom use, pregnancy rates, or sexual risk-taking behavior. Pharmacists are a major source of access to emergency contraception. Morning after pills have almost no health risk, no matter how often they are used. Copper T-shaped IUDs can also be used as emergency contraceptives. Copper IUDs can be inserted up to the time of implantation (612 days after ovulation) but are generally not inserted more than five days after unprotected sex. For every eight expected pregnancies, the use of levonorgestrel morning after pills will prevent seven. Ulipristal is about twice as effective as levonorgestrel. Copper IUDs are more than 99% effective in reducing the risk of pregnancy.

DIFFERENT CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS NATURAL METHOD

2) The temperature method (also known as the basal body temperature or BBT method) As we have described above, the chance of falling pregnant is much greater around the time of ovulation. The temperature method helps women find out when they are ovulating by taking their temperature every morning. The day after ovulation takes place a woman's temperature will go up by about half a degree Celsius under the influence of the female hormone progesterone. 3) The mucus test Over the course of every month, the mucus produced by a woman's vagina and cervix changes its characteristics because of the fluctuating levels of the female hormones oestrogen and progesterone. This will show how close or far from ovulation she is. A few days before ovulation (when the egg is released) the mucus becomes transparent, watery and yellowish. On the day of ovulation itself, what comes out is thicker, wet and thread-like (like egg-white) and might also produce a moist feeling in the vagina. Within a day of ovulation there is less mucus and it is thicker and sticky. 4) Ovulation tests In recent years, the practice of natural family planning has been made rather easier by the introductions of ovulation kits which can be bought at any chemists. Artificial Method

ARTIFICIAL METHODS
Birth control or contraception is the deliberate prevention of pregnancy using any of several methods. Birth control prevents the female sex cell (the egg) from being fertilized by the male sex cell (the sperm) and implanting in the uterus. In our age, the use of the pill and other methods of family
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planning have become quite common. Marital relations have become much more than a union of two people; they constitute a union of the loving couple with a loving God in which two persons create a new person materially while God completes the creation by infusing the soul. Artificial birth control methods include: Contraceptive ring Diaphragm Emergency contraception Female condom Hormone implants Intrauterine device (IUD) Male condom Spermicide Tubal sterilization Vasectomy etc

MECHANICAL METHODS

Mechanical methods of birth control, also know as barrier methods, are among the most common forms of contraception. Some of them, like condoms, are also the only methods that
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also reduce the risk of sexually transmitted diseases and HIV. All mechanical methods of birth control rely on preventing sperm and egg from meeting. Despite the same premise, there are several different forms of mechanical birth control, with different characteristics.

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