Question No: 56 ( Marks: 5 ) Write down the five advantages of Limited Company. Answer 1.

It is a legal entity created by law and hence has its own recognition, good will and brand equity etc. 2. It is a wide form of business and hence a formal approach for various partners/investors to come and work for the same objectives in an organized form. 3. Liability limited to company assets only. Investors/partners do not personally liable for any loss or in state of bankrupty. 4. Being a legal entity, easy to get loans or gather funds from public (for public limited companies only) or financial institutes. 5. Being a legal entity, it can enjoy more opportunities for mega projects and trade/operations opportunities in international markets on its on behalf. Question No: 57 ( Marks: 5 ) ABC Company purchased goods of Rs.150,000 on credit from which goods of Rs.20,000 were defected and returned. Company received 2% discount at the time of payment from the supplier. Required: What will be the amount of discount received by the company? Also show the journal entries Solution: (A) Discount Received= (150,000-20,000) x (2/100) = 2600 (B) Particulars Entry for Purchase Goods A/P Entry for Return A/P Goods While making Payment (@ 2% discount = 2600) A/P Discount income Cash 20,000 20,000 130,000 2,600 127,400 150,000 150,000 Dr. Cr.

Question No: 58 ( Marks: 10 ) State clearly how you will deal with Bad Debts Account, Provision for Bad Debts Account, Profit & Loss account and Balance Sheet in the following case: The items appearing in the trial balance are bad debts Rs. 300, provision for bad debts Rs. 350 and sundry debtors Rs. 12,000. It is required to increase the provision for bad debts to 5% on sundry debtors. Question No: 59 ( Marks: 10 ) The unadjusted and adjusted trial balances for Tinker Corporation on December 31, 2007, are shown below: Tinker Corporation Trial Balances December 31, 2007 Unadjusted Adjusted Debit Credit Debit Credit Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Cash 35,200 35,200 Accounts receivable 29,120 29,120 Unexpired insurance 1,200 600 Prepaid rent 5,400 5,400 Office supplies 680 380

Equipment Accumulated depreciation: equipment Accounts payable Notes payable Interest payable Salaries payable Income taxes payable Unearned revenue Capital stock Retained earnings Fees earned Advertising expense Insurance expense Rent expense Office supplies expense Repairs expense Depreciation expense: equipment Salaries expense Interest expense Income taxes expense

60,000 49,000 900 5,000 200 1,570 6,800 25,000 30,000 91,530 1,500 6,600 19,800 1,200 4,800 11,000 26,300 200 7,000 210,000

60,000 50,000 900 5,000 200 2,100 1,570 3,800 25,000 30,000 94,530 1,500 7,200 19,800 1,500 4,800 12,000 28,400 200 7,000 213,100

210,000

213,100

Journalize the five adjusting entries that the company made on December 31, 2007. Solution: Date Dec 31 Dec 31 Dec 31 Dec 31 Dec 31 Particular Dr. Insurance expense 600 to Unexpired insurance Office Supplies Expense 300 to Office Supplies Depreciation Expense-Equip. 1000 to Accumulated depreciation-Equip. Salaries Expense 2100 to Salaries Payable Unearned revenue 3000 to Fee Earned Cr. 600 300 1000 2100 3000

Question No: 55 ( Marks: 3 ) If the capitals of the partners are fixed, Pass Journal Entries for the following: Drawings made by partner Excess drawn amount is returned by partner Profit distribution among partner Partners Current A/c Dr. Cash/Bank A/c Cr. Cash/Bank Dr. Partners Current A/c Cr. Profit & Loss A/c Dr. Partners Current A/c Cr. Question No: 56 ( Marks: 5 ) ABC Company purchased goods of Rs.150,000 on credit from which goods of Rs.20,000 were defected and returned. Company received 2% discount at the time of payment from the supplier. Required: What will be the amount of discount received by the company? Also show the journal entries

Purchases A/c 150,000 Creditor A/c 150,000 Goods are being purchased Creditor A/c 20,000 Purchases A/c 20,000 Goods returned to supplier Creditor A/c 130,000 Discount Received A/c 2600 Cash/Bank A/c 127400 Payment is being made to creditor and 2% discount is received. Question No: 58 ( Marks: 10 ) On 01-01-2007, the provision for doubtful debts a/c stood at Rs. 12,000 (credit balance). In 2007, the bad debts are amounted to Rs. 10,000. The debtors on 31-12-2007 are amounted to Rs. 3, 20,000 and a provision for doubtful debt to be maintained @ 5%. Required: Show Journal entries and also show how the items will appear in Profit and Loss account and Balance sheet. (Show complete working where it is necessary) Question No: 59 ( Marks: 10 ) The accounting staff of ABC, Inc., has assembled the following information for the year ended December 31, 2007: Cash and cash equivalents, Jan. 1 Rs.35,800 Cash and cash equivalents, Dec. 31 74,800 Cash paid to acquire plant assets 21,000 Proceeds from short-term borrowings 10,000 Loan made to borrowers 5,000 Collection on loans (excluding interest) 4,000 Interest and dividends received 27,000 Cash received from customers 795,000 Proceeds from sale of plant assets 9,000 Dividends paid 55,000 Cash paid to suppliers and employees 635,000 Interest paid 19,000 Income taxes paid 71,000 Using this information, prepare a statement of cash flows. Include a proper heading for the financial statement, and classify the given information into the categories of operating, investing and financing activities. Question No: 55 ( Marks: 3 ) Mr. Hassan is a partner in a partnership firm. His capital on July 1, 2001 was Rs. 400,000. He invested further capital of Rs. 150,000 on March 01, 2002. Markup rate is @6%p.a. The financial year of such a business is from 1 st July to 30th June. Required: You are required to calculate his markup on Capital at the end of 30th June 2002. a) Capital invested on july 1 2001 = 400,000 Markup rate on 400,000 = 6% of 40,000 = 24,000 b) Further capital introduced / invested = 150000 on March 1, 2002 Markup rate = 6% of 150000 = 9000 x 4/12 = 3000 Total mark up rate = a + b = 24000 + 3000 = 27000 Question No: 57 ( Marks: 5 ) X and Y were partners in a business sharing profits in the ratio of 3:1. Their capital were Rs.30,000 and Rs.10,000 respectively. They earned a net profit of Rs. 160,000. Mr. Y was entitled to a salary of Rs.200 p.m. Prepare Profit Distribution Account of X & Y Partnership. X AND Y ARE SHARED WITH the ratio 3:1

X capital = 30000 Y capital = 10000 Net profit = 160,000 Mr. Y salary is = 200 p.m entitled Total investment = X + Y capital = 30000 +10000 = 40000 X profit distribution = 30,000/40000 x 160000 = 120,000 Y profit distrubtion = 10,000/40000 x 160000 x 40000 = 40000

Question No: 56 ( Marks: 5 ) Calculate cost of goods sold with he help of given data. Particulars Purchases Carriage inwards Discount Allowed debtors Sales man commission Office expenses Carriage outwards Salaries Direct labor FOH Plant & Machinery Buildings Tools Rs. 418,000 7,900 750 16,000 2,000 2,000 1,700 13,000 3,825 2,100 53,000 35,000 8,650

Helping data: a. Plant & Machinery depreciate @ 10% and charged to FOH b. Buildings depreciate @ 5% and 40% charged to Administrative expenses and balance to FOH c. 40% of salaries will be charge to office and balance to Selling expenses Question No: 59 ( Marks: 10 ) The following is the trial balance of Sikanders Photo Studio, Inc., dated December 31, 2007. The net income for the period is Rs.36,000. You are required to prepare Balance Sheet as on December 31, 2007. Sikanders Photo Studio, Inc. Trial balance December 31, 2007 Cash Accounts receivable Prepaid studio rent Unexpired insurance Supplies Equipment Accumulated depreciation: equipment Notes payable Accounts payable Salaries payable Income tax payable Unearned revenue Capital stock Retained earnings Revenue earned Salary expense Supply expense Rent expense Insurance expense Advertising expense Depreciation expense: equipment Interest expense Income taxes expense Rs.171,100 9,400 3,000 7,200 500 18,000 Rs.7,200 10,000 3,200 4,000 6,000 8,800 100,000 34,000 165,000 85,000 3,900 12,000 1,900 500 1,800 900 23,000 338,200

338,200

Question No: 54 ( Marks: 10 ) What is the difference between public and private company? Answer: Private Limited Company Number of members in a private limited company varies from 2 to 50.

 Any 2 members can subscribe their names in memorandum and articles of association along with other requirements of the companies ordinance 1984. They can also apply to security exchange commission for companys registration. The shareholders of the private limited company elect two members of the company as Directors. These directors form a board of directors to run the affairs of the company. The head of board of directors is called chief executive. Private limited company can not offer its shares to general public. In case a investor decides to sell his/her/her shares, his/her shares are first offered to existing shareholders. If all existing shareholders decide not to buy these shares, then an outsider investor can buy. Words and digression (Private) Limited are added at the end of the name of a private limited company. Public Limited Company Least number of members in a public limited company is 7 with no upper limit in number of members. Any 7members can subscribe their names in memorandum and articles of association along with other requirements of the companies ordinance 1984. They can also apply to security exchange commission for companys registration. The shareholders of the public limited company elect seven members of the company as Directors and these directors form a board of directors to run the daily affairs. The head of board of directors is called Chief Executive. Public limited company can offer its shares to general public at large. Word Limited is added at the end of the name of a public limited company. Each subscriber of the memorandum shall write opposite to his name, the number of shares held by him/her. On top of that there are two types of public limited company: 1. Listed Company 2. Non Listed Company LISTED COMPANY Listed company is the one whose shares are quoted and traded on stock exchange. It is also called quoted company. NON LISTED COMPANY Non listed company is the one whose shares are not quoted or traded.

Question No: 52 ( Marks: 10 ) The following Trial Balance was extracted from the books of Naeem & Sons on 31st December, 2007. From this you are required to prepare an Income Statement for the year ended on 31st December, 2007, Particulars Cash Accounts Receivable Merchandise Inventory on 1.1.2007 Plant and Machinery Land and Building Furniture and Fixtures Capital Accounts Payable Purchases Purchases returns and allowances Sales Sales returns and allowances Insurance Prepaid Advertisement expenses Salaries expenses Total Debit Credit Rs. Rs. 5,000 9,000 6,000 24,000 82,000 2,600 136,000 3800 60,000 2,800 70,000 4,600 3,400 4,000 12,000 212,600 212,600

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION: Prepaid insurance on 31st December, 2007 is Rs. 1,400 Outstanding salaries Rs. 1,000 Depreciation on Plant and Machinery @ 10% p.a. Merchandise inventory on 31st December, 2007 was valued at Rs. 6,000 Answer: Trading Account for the year ending 31.12.2007 Opening stock 6000 Sales Less : Sales Return 70000 4600 65400 57200 Closing Stock Gross Profit 8200 7140 0 6000

Purchase Less Return

6000 0 2800

71400

Profit & Loss Account for the year ending 31.12.2007 Advertisement Exp Salaries Add: Outstanding 1200 0 1000 13000 Depreciation Plant & Mach 4000 Gross Profit 8200

2400

Insurance

3400 1400 2000 Net Loss 19400 13200 21400

Balance Sheet as on 31.12.2007 Accouts Receivable 9000 Capital Less :Net Loss 13600 0 13200 12280 0 Accounts Payable 21600 Land & Building Furniture Prepaid Insurance Closing Stock 82000 2600 1400 6000 12760 0 12760 0 Outstanding salaries 3800 1000

Cash Plant & Mach Less: Depr 2400 0 2400

5000

Question No: 53 ( Marks: 10 ) Prepare Profit and Loss Account for the year ending 31st December 2007 from the Trial Balance and adjustments of MS Company given below: Particulars Drawings Capital Account Opening Stock Purchases Sales Sundry Debtors Sundry Creditors Sales Returns Carriage Inwards Salaries Rent, Rates, Taxes Insurance Machinery Furniture Cash in hand Total Debit Credit Rs. Rs. 14,000 80,000 55,000 485,000 610,000 80,000 60,500 5,000 6,000 28,000 15,000 4,000 50,000 5,000 3,500 750,500 750,500

Adjustments: Depreciate machinery and furniture @20%p.a. Outstanding Salaries Rs. 2,000 Insurance paid in advance Rs. 500 Maintain @5% reserve for doubtful debts on debtors. Closing Stock was valued at Rs. 60,000 Answer: Trading Account for the year ending 31.12.2007 Opening stock 55000 Sales Less : Sales Return Closing Stock 61000 0 5000 60500 0 60000

Purchase Caririage Inward

48500 0 6000 11900 0 66500 0

Gross Profit

66500 0

Profit & Loss Account for the year ending 31.12.2007 Salaries Add: Outstanding Rent, Rates, Taxes Insurance Less :Advance 4000 500 3500 2800 0 2000 30000 15000 Gross Profit 11900 0

Depreciation Machinery Furniture Provision on Doubtful Debts Net Profit 1000 0 1000 11000 4000 55500 11900 0 11900 0

NOTE: PLEASE CONSIDER ALL ENTRIES ON LEFT SIDE AS ON RIGHT HAND SIDE AND VICE VERSA. JUST SHOWN BY MISTAKE. I HOPE YOU CONSIDER MY REQUEST DUE TO SHORATGE OF TIME. Question No: 51 ( Marks: 5 ) With the help of given data prepare Capital account of a sole trader and calculate closing balance of capital. Rs. Balance b/f 550,000 Drawings 50,000 Profit & Loss (debit balance) 45,000 CAPITAL ACCOUNT DEBIT SIDE PARTICULARS AMOUNT Profit and loss 45000 Drawings 50,000 Balance c/f 455,000 TOTAL 550,000 CREDIT SIDE PARTICULARS AMOUNT Balance b/f 550,000 TOTAL 550,000

Question No: 52 ( Marks: 10 ) Briefly explain the financial statements prepared by the organization. Why these are important for manufacturing concern? ANSWER: The financial statements prepared by any organization are as follows: 1. Profit and loss account: It shows the performance of the business in a given period. It shows the profitability of business which shows the success or failure of the business. 2. Balance sheet: Balance sheet shows the position of business at a given point. It shows the resources available by the business and the resources invested by the owner and other loans. 3. Cash flow statements: Cash flow statements show the generation of cash and its usage over a given period. IMPORTANCE OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR MANUFACTURING CONCERN: These financial statements are important for manufacturing concern organization as they provide information related to financial affairs of the organization. The profitability and liquidity, the resources available to the company and the generation of cash and its usage over a given period which provides reasonable information to the management to take decisions. Question No: 53 ( Marks: 10 ) The comparative financial statement data for XYZ Company is given below: Assets: Cash Accounts receivable Inventory Plant and equipment Accumulated depreciation Total Assets Liabilities & Stockholders equity: Accounts payable Common stock Retain earnings Total liabilities & Stockholders equity December 31 2007 2006 Rs. Rs. 4,000 7,000 36,000 75,000 210,000 (40,000) 285,000 45,000 90,000 150,000 285,000 29,000 61,000 180,000 (30,000) 247,000 39,000 70,000 138,000 247,000

For 2007, the company reported net income as follows: XYZ Company Income Statement For the year ended 31st December, 2007 Sales Less: Cost of goods sold Rs. 500,000 300,000

Gross margin 200,000 Less Operating expenses 180,000 Net Income 20,000 Required: Prepare a Statement of Cash Flows if dividend of Rs. 8,000 was declared and paid during the year 2007. There were no sales of plant and equipment during the year. ANSWER: Starting balance:

Net income Add: adjustment for non cash items Depreciation Operating profit before working capital changes: Working capital changes: Add: cash Less: accounts receivable Add: accounts payable Cash generated from operations Cash flow from investing activities Cash flow from financing activities: Common Stock Net decrease in cash Net cash flow

20,000 38,000 58,000 3,000 (7,000) 7,000 61,000

20,000 3,000 78,000

Question No: 41 ( Marks: 10 ) Calculate depreciation of the asset for five years by using written down value method. Also show accumulated depreciation. Cost of the asset Rs. 1,20,000 Depreciation Rate 10% Expected Life 5 years ANSWER YR Written down RS Accumulated value method depreciation 1 cost 120,000 Depreciation @ 12,000 12,000 10%... 10%*120,000 WDV 120,000108,000 12,000 2 Dep @ 10%... 10,800 22800 10%*108000 WDV= 108,00097,200 10,800 3 Dep @ 10%... 9,720 32520 10%*97,200 WDV= 97,20087,480 9,720 4 Dep @ 8,748 41,268 10%...10%*87,480 WDV=87,48078,732 8,748 5 Dep @ 7873.2 49,141.2 10%...10%*78,732 WDV=78,73270858.8 7873.2 Question No: 51 ( Marks: 5 ) Following information is extracted from the books of Abrar Ltd as on December 31st, 2007. Particulars Rs Carriage inwards 8,000 Legal charges 6,500 Financial charges 223,500 Tax payable 30,000 Advances from customer 10,000 General reserve 40,000 Accumulated profit brought forward(credit balance ) 95,000 Long term loans 1,00,000 Additional information

The authorized capital is Rs. 50, 00,000 divided into 500,000 shares of Rs. 10 each. Issued and paid up capital 2, 500,000. You are required to prepare calculate Share holders equity Share holder equity will have Authorized capital, Paid up capital, General Reserves & Accumulated profit brought forward Authorized capital = Rs. 50,00,000 divided into 500,000 shares of Rs. 10 each Issued and paid up capital 2,500,000 General Reserve 40,000 Accumulated profit brought forward (Credit balance) 95,000 Question No: 52 ( Marks: 10 ) Write down the at least ten distinguishing features of a limited company which differentiate it from sole proprietor business The basic difference between a partnership and a limited company is the concept of limited liability. 1. If a partnership business runs into losses and is unable to pay its liabilities, its partners will have to pay the liabilities from their own wealth. 2. In case of limited company the shareholders dont lose anything more than the amount of capital they have contributed in the company. It points that personal wealth is not at stake and their liability is limited to the amount of share capital they have contributed. 3. The concept of limited company is to mobilize the resources of a large number of people for a project, which they would not be able to afford independently and then get it managed by experts. 4. Listed Company have more than twenty partners, so problem of extra capital is reduced to minimum. 5. The liabilities of the members of a company is limited to the extent of capital invested by them in the company 6. There are certain tax benefits to the company, which a partnership firm can not enjoy 7. In Pakistan, affairs of limited companies are controlled by Companies Ordinance issued in 1984 8. The formation of a company and other matters related to companies are governed by Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan (SECP) Question No: 53 ( Marks: 10 ) The following Trail balance is taken out from the books of Rahman & Sons as on 31st December, 2008. Dr. Cr. Rs. Rs. Sales 204,000 Capital 120,000 Bank overdraft 103,560 Sundry Creditors 120,000 Opening Stock 60,400 Purchases 231,600 Sundry Debtors 109,660 Returns Inwards 3,640 General Expenses 6,980 Plant 22,620 Wages & Salaries 16,740 Building 50,000 Cash in Hand 680 Cash at bank 8,720 Drawings 16,960 Motive Power 2,300 Dock &clearing Charges 1,300 Coal, Gas, Water 1,700 Salaries 9,820

Interest on O/D Rent rates Taxes Discount Allowed Interest received

4,440 1,400 2,000 3,400 550,960

550,960 Requirement: Prepare The Trading and Profit & Loss account of the business for the year ended. Closing Stock is valued at Rs.40, 000. Question No: 52 ( Marks: 10 ) Write a note on legal documents required for the formation of company. In Pakistan when someone wants to form a company. He will contact with SECP, its abbreviation for Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan. it came in 1984 in law of Pakistan which is called companies ordinance. It controls all affairs of limited companies. For making of private limited company 2 members can submit their names in memorandum and articles of association along with other requirements of company ordinance 1984. while for public limited company seven members will sent their names. By this way they can apply and make registration of the company.

Question No: 54 ( Marks: 10 ) Pass the rectifying entries to correct the following errors: Mr. Ali purchased goods of Rs. 1,500 on cash, but omitted to enter in the books of accounts. An amount of Rs. 5,000 received from Mr. Amir, was credited to the account of Mr. Ameer. Goods returned worth Rs. 500 to Mr. B wrongly debited to sales Account. A purchase of goods from Mr. B of Rs. 400 has been wrongly debited to Furniture Account. Furniture purchased on cash Rs. 8,000 posted as purchases.

Rectification of Errors Error 1. A purchase of goods of Rs. 1,500 on cash was omitted by mistake Rectification Entry on the date of discovery: Debit: Purchase Account Credit: Cash Account Error 2 Debit: Credit: Debit: Credit: Mr. Amir Mr. Ameer Mr. Amir Mr. Ameer 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 1,500 1,500

Error 3 Goods returned worth Rs. 500 to Mr. B wrongly debited to sales Account. Debit: Credit: Mr. B Account Sales Account Rs. 500 Rs. 500

Error 4 A purchase of goods from Mr. B of Rs. 400 has been wrongly debited to Furniture Account. Debit: Credit Mr. B Account Furniture Account Rs. 400 Rs. 400

Error 5 Furniture purchased on cash Rs. 8,000 posted as purchases. Debit Credit Furniture Account Purchase Post Account Rs. 8,000

Question No: 51 ( Marks: 5 ) Financial year decided by partnership agreement is 1st July to 30th June. Mr. Ali is partner and having a capital of Rs. 1,500,000 on July 1st 2007 and he introduced more capital on August 1st 2007 Rs. 10,000 on April 1st 2008, Rs.500,000 and on June 1st 2008 , Rs. 5,000. Mark up rate is 10% p.a. Capital = 1500000 2nd capital= 10000 3rd capital= 500000 4th capital= 5000 mark up= 1500000 markup= 1000 markup= 50000 markup= 500

Total markup= Rs. 201500 Calculate mark up on Mr. Alis capital for the year ending on 31th June 2008.

Question No: 53 ( Marks: 10 ) What is the difference between public and private company? The main difference between public and private company is that in public limited companies there is no restriction on number of persons to be its members. There is one restriction. That there should be a minimum of three members to form a public limited company. Public limited company can offer its shares to general public. While in private company two to fifty persons can form a company. Minimum two members are elected to form a board of directors. This board is given the responsibility to run day to day business of the company. Private limited company cannot offer its share to general public. Question No: 54 ( Marks: 10 ) The following discrepancies were noted on comparing Cash Book with Pass Book. 1. Balance as per Cash Book (Cr) is Rs. 19,000. 2. Cheque for Rs. 5,000 paid into the bank for collection on 20th March, 2008 has not yet been collected. 3. Cheques for Rs. 15,000 Issued on 24th March, 2008, out of which Cheques for Rs. 10,000 presented during March, 2008 4. An amount of Rs. 1,000 for interest on overdraft was debited in the Pass Book but was intimated to Mr. David on 4th April, 2008. 5. Mr. David paid into his bank account an amount of Rs. 3,000 but it was wrongly credited to Mr. Denials Account. 6. On 20th March, 2008 the bank received dividend of Rs. 10,000 from a company where Mr. David's has invested his money, the same had been recorded in Cash Book on 31st March, 2008. 7. Cheque of Rs. 2,500 was shown in Pass Book as dishonored. Required: Prepare a Bank Reconciliation Statement as on 31st March, 2008 Balance as per Cash Book Cr Unpresented cheques Dr Uncredited cheque Dr Interest by bank Dr. 19000 5000 10000 1000

Question No: 41 ( Marks: 10 ) Record the following transactions in the General Journal. Date: Jan 1, 2007 Jan 2, 2007 Jan 4, 2007 Jan 9, 2007 Jan14, 2007 Jan22, 2007 Transactions Mr. Asghar started business with cash Rs. 1, 00,000. Opened bank account with amount Rs. 50,000. Purchased goods for cash Rs. 15,000. Payment made to Karachi store (Creditor) Rs. 15,000 by cheque. Goods returned to Karachi store worth Rs. 1,500. Goods sold for cash Rs. 2,000.

DR Bank account 50,000 Purchased goods for cash Rs. 15,000 Payment made to Karachi store (Creditor) Rs. 15,000 by cheque Goods returned to Karachi store worth Rs. 1,500 Credit balance 20500 Cr Mr. Asghar started business with cash Rs. 1, 00,000 Goods sold for cash Rs. 2,000. Question No: 41 ( Marks: 10 ) Prepare Cash and Capital Accounts with the help of given Journal entries. Date 2008 jan1 journal Particulars Cash account Capital account (owner invested cash ) (Dr.) Rs. 50,000 (Cr.) Rs. 50,000 10,000 10,000

jan.2 Furniture account Cash account (purchased furniture for cash) Jan.3 Purchases account Cash account (goods purchased for cash) Jan.5 Cash account Sales account (sold goods for cash) Jan. 6 Salaries account Cash account (Salaried paid) STATEMENT FORM) Date 01/01/08 02/01/08 03/01/08 05/01/08 06/01/08 V. No Detail CAPITAL A/C FURNITURE A/C PURCHASES A/C SALES A/C SALARIES A/C TOTAL ( Marks: 5 )

30,000 30,000

40,000 40,000 5,000 5,000 CASH A/C (IN Ref Debit 50000 0 0 40000 0 90000 Credit 0 10000 30000 0 5000 45000 Balance 50000 DR 40000 DR 10000 DR 50000 DR 45000 DR 45000 DR

Question No: 51

What is the Purpose of Control Accounts? A business needs to have accounts created for individual creditors and debtors in its general ledger. Creditors are people/entity to whom company owes money and debtors are entities/people who owe money to the business. But when a business grows then the number of creditors and debtors also grows. We know that trial balance can give us the mathematical accuracy of accounts and if there is any difference in trial balance we can know it from the general ledger by actually checking each and every transaction for the year. But it is a very time consuming job to check each and every transaction if the business of the company is huge because it will have many many transaction to check. So in this control accounts are maintained in general one for total creditors and one for total debtors. Debtors account is called debtors control account and creditors account is called creditors control account. These accounts will not get hit by individual purchase, purchase returns, payments to creditor in case of creditors control account and by sales, sales return, receipts in case of debtors control account. Periodically this summarized data will be posted from individual ledgers which will be created for each type of transaction e.g a sales subsidiary ledger, purchase subsidiary ledger etc which will contain actual details of transactions with invoice number and periodically the amounts will be summarized from these subsidiary ledgers and posted to the control accounts at a single time. This way the transactions in general ledger will decrease and will become easy to manage and can be easily checked against creditors or debtors details in total creditors ledger and total debtors ledger for accuracy.

Question No: 52 ( Marks: 10 ) What is the effect of given adjustments on Trading & Profit & Loss account and Balance Sheet? 1. Accrued Expenses or Outstanding Expenses 2. Prepaid Expenses or Unexpired Expenses 3. Accrued Revenue or Revenue Receivable 4. Unearned Revenue or Revenue Received in Advance 5. Depreciation of Asset

1. Accrued Expenses or Outstanding Expenses Trading and profit and loss account effect These expenses will be shown in profit and loss account under administrative expenses and will and be deducted from gross profit. They will be used to calculate net profit Balance sheet effect These expenses will be shown as expense payable or accrued expenses in balance sheet as current liabilities and will be shown under current liabilities section of liabilities as they have to be paid by business.. 2. Prepaid Expenses or Unexpired Expenses Trading and profit and loss account effect These will be deducted from relevant expense account to get the actual expenses for the period and that actual amount of expense will be deducted from gross profit to arrive at net profit. This amount of prepaid expenses will not be included in profit and loss account as an expense itself but its effect will be on current expenses for the period for which profit and loss is being calculated. Balance sheet effect These prepaid expenses will be show and current assets in balance sheet and will be shown under the section of current assets in balance sheet. 3. Accrued Revenue or Revenue Receivable Trading and profit and loss account effect These will be added to sales in trading account in profit and loss statement and will be treated as a revenue in the calculation of gross profit by subtracting cost of goods sold from net sales. This will affect gross profit in trading account. Balance sheet effect In balance sheet this revenue will be shown under current assets as receivables from debtors and will be shown under the section of current assets of the business. 4. Unearned Revenue or Revenue Received in Advance Trading and profit and loss account effect

This will not be added to the sales as sales is recognized when the actual services have been provided or when goods have been shipped irrespective of whether payment has been received or not. So this will not affect profit and loss account as it is still not recognized as sales/revenue. Balance sheet effect This is a liability for the company because the company has to give goods or services to the buyer for the advance payment done by the buyer and will be shown as a liability in the balance sheet under the current liability section of balance sheet. Also the same amount will be shown in the bank or cash as current asset to offset the liability because the cash or cheque has been received for goods not given or services not rendered yet. 5. Depreciation of Asset Trading and profit and loss account effect The depreciation of asset is an operating expense for the business and will affect profit and loss account. It will be added to the administrative expense and will be appear in the administrative expense section of profit and loss account and will be deducted from gross profits to arrive at net profits along with other expenses. Balance sheet effect In balance sheet it will appear as deduction from the fixed asset as the fixed assets in balance sheet will be shown at written down value. So this will be added to previous balance of accumulated depreciation and will be deducted from the total cost of the fixed assets and will appear in the assets section under the heading of fixed asset. It might appear in notes as sometimes in balance sheet summarized figure of fixed asset at WDV will be shown. In any case it is deducted from fixed asset in balance sheet and affects the total assets side