Sfra
Sfra
Sfra
Transformer Diagnostics
Diagnostics is about collecting reliable information to make the correct decision Making the correct decisions saves money
SFRA
Oil analysis
FDS
Winding Resistance
Mechanical faults/changes
Clamping structures Connections
And more...
Comparative tests
Transformer A Design based
Type based
Back in Service
New measurement Reference measurement
SFRA Measurements
SFRA Analysis
Correlation analysis
DL/T 911 2004 standard Customer/transformer design specific
11
Large deviations between phases for LV [open] at low frequencies indicates changes in the magnetic circuit/core defects
Large deviations between phases at mid and high frequencies indicates winding faults
12
13
Rugged Extruded Aluminum Case Active Probe Connector on FRAX101 All Connectors Panel Mounted
Import formats
Fast testing
Less points where it takes time to test and where high frequency resolution is not needed
Unlimited analysis
Unlimited graph control Lots of available models/graphs e.g. magnitude, impedance, admittance etc Ability to create custom calculation models using any mathematic formula and the measured data from all channels
FRAX-99
FRAX150
As FRAX-101 except:
Internal PC/stand-alone No internal battery option No active probes No Bluetooth
1-phase generator transformer, 400 kV SFRA measurements before and after scheduled maintenance Transformer supposed to be in good condition and ready to be put in service
Three 159 MVA, 144 KV single-phase transformers manufactured 1960 Put out of service for maintenance/repair after DGA indication of high temperatures Identical units SFRA testing and comparing the three transformers came out OK indicating that there are no electromechanical changes/problems in the transformer windings SFRA [short] tests indicated high contact resistance in one unit (confirmed by WRM)
40 MVA, 114/15 kV, manufactured 2006 Taken out of service to be used as spare No known faults No reference FRA measurements from factory SFRA testing, comparing symmetrical phases came out OK The results can be used as fingerprints for future diagnostic tests
HV-0, LV open A and C phase OK, large deviation on B-phase (shorted turn?)
Response (dBs)
-20
-30
-40
-50
LV winding
Repeatability is mandatory!
Example of repeatability
105 MVA, Single phase Generator Step-up (GSU) transformer SFRA measurements with FRAX 101 before and after a severe short-circuit in the generator
Two different test units Tests performed by two different persons Test performed at different dates
LV winding
HV winding
Good connection
After proper connections were made
FRAX C-Clamp
C-Clamp ensures good contact quality Penetrates non conductive layers Solid connection to round or flat busbars Provides strain relief for cable Separate connector for single or multible ground braids
CIGRE grounding practice; use shortest braid from cable shield to bushing flange.
C. Homagk et al, Circuit design for reproducible on-site measurements of transfer function on large power transformers using the SFRA method, ISH2007
Instrument performance
Transformers have high impedance/large attenuation at first resonance Internal noise in the instrument is often the main limiting source (not substation noise/interference) Test your instruments internal noise by running a sweep without connecting the measurement cable
Influence of core
Residual magnetization in the core will affect the SFRA [open] measurements. Try to minimize the effect, however, some differences may occur must be accepted.
Make sure the transformer core is not magnetized Perform SFRA measurements prior to winding resistance measurements, or demagnetize the core prior to SFRA measurements
After demagnetization
60
61
Omicron (2.8 V)
FRAX (2.8 V)
62
Field verification unit with known frequency response is recommended in CIGRE and other standards to verify instrument and cables before starting the test