CHAPTER 13 UNSTEADY WAVES IN COMPRESSIBLE FLOW 13.

1 GOVERNING EQUATIONS
One of the most important applications of compressible ow theory is to the analysis of the generation and propagation of sound. In Chapter 6 we worked out the equations for homentropic, unsteady ow that are the starting point for the derivation of the acoustic equations. For ! U = 0 , and ! s = 0 , the equations of motion are,

" "# ----- + -------- ( # U k ) = 0 " t " xk "U i " UkUk "P # -------- + # ------- & --------------' + ------- = 0 . " xi $ 2 % " xi "t
P P0 = ( # #0 )
(
(13.1)

The role of the energy equation is played by the isentropic relation between pressure and density.

13.2 THE ACOUSTIC EQUATIONS

Now consider an unsteady ow where disturbances in density and pressure are extremely small compared to constant background values.

# = # 0 + #' ; P = P 0 + P' ;

#' # 0 1
P' P 0 1

(13.2)

In addition, assume that the velocity eld involves very small uctuations about zero. Linearize (13.1) by dropping higher order nonlinear terms.

"U k "# ----- + # 0 --------- = 0 " xk "t "U i "P # 0 -------- + ------- = 0 "t " xi
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(13.3)

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The acoustic equations

Now dene the dimensionless density disturbance

# #0 r = -------------- . #0
In terms of this variable the equations of motion become.

(13.4)

"r "U k ----- + --------- = 0 " t " xk "U i "P # 0 -------- + ------- = 0 "t " xi
( P ----- = ( 1 + r ) ) 1 + ( r P0
. (13.5)

Slight rearrangement produces the so-called acoustic equations.

"r "U k ----- + --------- = 0 " t " xk "U i 2 "r -------- + a 0 ------- = 0 " xi "t
where a0
2

(13.6)

P0 = ( ----- . #0

(13.7)

Now differentiate the linearized continuity equation with respect to time and the linearized momentum equation with respect to space.
2 " r " Uk ------- + ------------- = 0 2 " xk " t "t 2 " Uk 2 " r ------------- + a 0 ----------------- = 0 " xk " xk " xk " t 2 2

(13.8)

Subtract one from the other in (13.8).

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The acoustic equations

2 " r " r ------- a 0 ----------------- = 0 . 2 " xk " xk "t

(13.9)

The dimensionless density disturbance satises the linear wave equation. Now repeat the process with the differentiation reversed. The result is
2 " Uk " r ------------ + ---------------- = 0 " t " xi " xk " xi 2

" Ui 2 " r ----------- + a 0 ------------ = 0 2 " xi "t "t

Now subtract. The velocity uctuation satises the equation

(13.10)

" Ui 2 " Uk ----------- a 0 ---------------- = 0 . 2 " xk " xi "t

2

(13.11)

Recall the vector identity ! ( ! U ) = ! ( ! U ) ! U . Using this identity and the fact that the ow is irrotational, (13.11) can be expressed as the linear wave equation

" Ui 2 " Ui ----------- a 0 ----------------- = 0 2 " xk " xk "t

Similarly, the pressure satises the wave equation. Substitute 1 P - r = -- & ----- 1' . % ( $ P0 into (13.9).
2 " P " P --------- a 0 ----------------- = 0 2 " xk " xk "t 2 2

(13.12)

(13.13)

(13.14)

Finally, the temperature also satises the wave equation

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13.3

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Propagation of acoustic waves in one space dimension

2 " T " T --------- a 0 ----------------- = 0 . 2 " xk " xk "t

(13.15)

13.3 PROPAGATION OF ACOUSTIC WAVES IN ONE SPACE

DIMENSION

In one dimensional ow the acoustic equations become,

"r "U ----- + ------- = 0 "t "x

2 "r "U ------- + a 0 ----- = 0 "x "t

(13.16)

The wave equation,

2" r " r ------- a 0 -------- = 0 , 2 2 "x "t 2 2 (13.17)

can be solved in a very general form, r ( x, t ) = F ( x a 0 t ) + G ( x + a 0 t )

(13.18)

where F and G are arbitrary functions. The character of the solution can be understood by considering rst the case G = 0 . The gure below illustrates the evolution of an initial distribution of F propagating to the right in the x t plane.

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Propagation of acoustic waves in one space dimension

t
5 4 3 2 1

F t2 F

t1

0
-1

Figure 13.1 Right propagating wave.

The disturbance moves to the right unchanged in shape. Acoustic waves are nondispersive meaning that the wave speed does not depend on the wavelength. The gure below illustrates the evolution of an initial distribution of G propagating to the left in the x t plane. G t2 G t1
5 4 3 2 1 G

-2 -1

Figure 13.2 Left propagating wave.

In the absence of dispersion and dissipation the waves simply translate while retaining their form. The pressure disturbance produced by the wave is related to the density by
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Propagation of acoustic waves in one space dimension

# #0 P P0 --------------- = ( r = ( -------------#0 P0
or, in differential form, d# dP ------ = ( ----- . # P

(13.19)

(13.20)

The velocity induced by the acoustic disturbance can also be written in a very general form U = f ( x a0 t ) + g ( x + a0 t ) Substitute the expressions for r and U into the acoustic equations
(13.21)

" ( F ( x a0 t ) + G ( x + a0 t ) ) " ( f ( x a0 t ) + g ( x + a0 t ) ) --------------------------------------------------------------------- + ------------------------------------------------------------------- = 0 "t "x " ( f ( x a0 t ) + g ( x + a0 t ) ) 2 " ( F ( x a0 t ) + G ( x + a0 t ) ) ------------------------------------------------------------------- + a 0 --------------------------------------------------------------------- = 0 "x "t
Let

(13.22)

* = x a0 t
Equation (13.22) becomes

+ = x + a0 t

(13.23)

a0 F * + a0 G+ + f * + g+ = 0 f * + g+ + a0 F * + a0 G+ = 0 Add and subtract the relations in (13.24) a0 G+ + g+ = 0 a0 F * f * = 0

(13.24)

(13.25)

from which we can conclude that g = a 0 G ; f = a 0 F The result (13.25) gives us the relationship between density and velocity in left and right running waves. Thus U = a0 F ( x a0 t ) a0 G ( x + a0 t )
(13.26)

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Isentropic, finite amplitude waves

Now U FG ------- = -------------- . a0 r F+G In a right running wave U ------- = 1 a0 r and in a left running wave U ------- = 1 . a0 r In differential form d# dU = a 0 ----# d# dP ------ = ( ----# P
(13.29) (13.28) (13.27)

(13.30)

13.4 ISENTROPIC, FINITE AMPLITUDE WAVES

The speed of sound may vary from one point to another and in a general, 1-D, isentropic ow.
(1 ----------#' 2 a = a 0 & ----. $# % 0

(13.31)

Locally, the particle disturbance velocity is given by (13.30) with the speed of sound regarded as a function of space and time, d# dU = a ----- . #
(13.32)

Equation (13.32) is one of the most important equations in unsteady gas dynamics and is often introduced as an intuitively obvious extension of equation (13.30).

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13.7

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Isentropic, finite amplitude waves

We can put (13.32) on a rmer foundation by returning to the full nonlinear equations for one-dimensional, isentropic ow. In one dimension (13.1) becomes

"U "# "# ----- + # ------- + U ----- = 0 "x "x "t " U ( P 0 # ( 2 "# "U ----- = 0 - ------- + U ------- + -------- & -----' 2 $# % "x "x "t 0 #
0 (13.33)

Now assume that the density can be written as a function of the velocity.

# = #(U )
The derivatives of the density are d# "U "# ----- = ------- ------dU " t "t Substitute (13.35) into (13.33). d# "U "U d# "U ------- ------- + # ------- + U ------- ------- = 0 dU " t "x dU " x d# "U "# ----- = ------- ------dU " x "x

(13.34)

(13.35)

" U ( P0 # ( 2 d # " U "U - ------- ------- = 0 ------- + U ------- + -------- & -----' 2 $# % "x dU " x "t 0 #
0

(13.36)

Rearrange (13.36).

"U # "U "U ------- + U ------- + ------------------ ------- = 0 " x d # dU " x "t " U ( P0 # ( 2 d # " U "U - ------- ------- = 0 ------- + U ------- + -------- & -----' 2 $# % "x dU " x "t 0 #
0 (13.37)

Comparing the continuity and momentum equation in (13.37) we see that in order for (13.34) to be a solution of (13.33) we must have

( P0 # ( 2 d # # - ------------------------ = -------- & -----' 2 $# % dU d # dU #0 0

which can be rearranged to read

(13.38)

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13.8

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Isentropic, finite amplitude waves

#0 # 3 ( d# 2 & -------' = ----- & -----' - $ dU % 2$# % a0 0

Take the square root of (13.39)
# 0 # ----------2 d# - ------- = ----- & -----' a 0 $ # 0% dU 3(

(13.39)

(13.40)

Now substitute the isentropic relation between the speed of sound and density
(1 ----------#' 2 a ----- = & ----$# % a0 0

(13.41)

into (13.40). Equation (13.40) becomes d# dU = a ----# which conrms the validity of (13.32). Using the isentropic assumption, (13.32) can be integrated from some initial state to a nal state.
#
(13.42)

U = Thus

d# a ----- = a 1 $ % #1 # #1 #1

(1 ----------# ' 2 d# & ---------

(13.43)

----------' 2a 1 & # 2 2 - & -----' 1. = ----------- ( a a 1 ) U = ----------. ( 1 - $ # 1% (1 $ %

(1

(13.44)

The local acoustic speed is (( 1) a = a 1 ---------------- U 2 and the wave speed at any point is
(13.45)

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13.9

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Centered expansion wave

(( 1) (( + 1) c = a U = a 1 ---------------- U U = a 1 ----------------- U 2 2

(13.46)

13.5 CENTERED EXPANSION WAVE

Now consider the situation shown below where a piston is withdrawn from a uid at rest.

Up

(3)

(4)

U=0

Figure 13.3 Withdrawal of a piston from a compressible gas.

The speed of the uid in region (3) is equal to the piston speed 2 U p = ----------- ( a 3 a 4 ) . (1
(13.47)

Note that U p is negative. In effect (13.47) gives us the sound speed in region (3) in terms of the known piston speed and the known speed of sound in region (4).

(1 a 3 = a 4 + & -----------' U p . $ 2 %

(13.48)

From this we can see that the gas in region (3) is cooler than that in region (4), consistent with what we would expect for an expansion. The front or leading characteristic of the wave propagates to the right with wave speed equal to the speed of sound c 4 = a 4 . the tail of the wave (terminating characteristic) moves to the right with wave speed

(+1 c 3 = a 3 + U p = a 4 + & ------------' U p $ 2 %

(13.49)

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Centered expansion wave

and the expansion zone widens at the rate ( ( ( + 1 ) 2 ) U p . It is useful to visualize the situation on the x t plane.

t piston path x=-|Up|t (3)

x=c3t

x=c4t (4)

x
Figure 13.4 Propagation of an expansion wave in the x-t plane.

The density ratio across the wave is given by the isentropic relation

#3 ----- = - -----. #4 $ a 4%
or

2 ----------& a 3' ( 1

(13.50)

#3 & ----- = - 1 + ----------- -------. $ 2 %a % #4 $ 4

The pressure ratio is,

2 ----------U p' ( 1 & ( 1'

(13.51)

2( ----------U p' ( 1 P3 & (1 ----- = - 1 + & -----------' -------. . $ 2 %a % P4 $ 4

(13.52)

and the temperature ratio is

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13.11

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Compression wave

T3 ----- = - ----- . T4 $ P 4%

(1 ----------& P 3' (

Up & & ( 1' -------' = - 1 + ----------$ 2 %a . $ 4%

2 (13.53)

In summary, our solution of the small disturbance wave equation from the previous section has allowed us to determine all the properties of a nite expansion wave. Things worked out this way because the expansion wave is isentropic to a high degree of accuracy. Note the similarity between the 1-D unsteady expansion wave and the steady Prandtl-Meyer expansion and the presence of space-time characteristics in the x t plane along which the properties of the ow are constant.

13.6 COMPRESSION WAVE

Suppose the piston motion is to the right into the gas. None of the above relations change but the physics does change and this can be seen from the x t diagram. t piston path x=|Up|t x=c3t (2) x=c4t (1) shock

x
Figure 13.5 Compression wave converging to a shock in the x-t plane.

The wave speed at the surface of the piston is,

(+1 c 2 = a 2 + U p = a 1 + & ------------' U p . $ 2 %

(13.54)

In this case the characteristics tend to cross, at which point the isentropic assumption is no longer valid. The system of compression waves catches up to itself (nonlinear steepening) in a very short time collapsing to form a shock wave.
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The shock tube

13.7 THE SHOCK TUBE

A very important device used to study shock waves in the laboratory is the shock tube. t<0 high pressure (4) P4 P1 t>0 (4) P4 expansion (3) (2) contact surface cs shock P1 T2 T4 T3 T1 (1) low pressure (1)

U4 = 0

U 2 = U 3 = Up
Figure 13.6 Shock tube ow.

U1 = 0

Regions (1) and (2) of the shock tube are initially separated into high and low pressure sections by a diaphragm. At t = 0 the diaphragm bursts and the high pressure driver gas rushes into the low pressure test gas. The contact surface between the two surfaces acts like a piston and the piston motion produces a shock wave moving at the speed c s . The shock wave arises through a process of nonlinear steepening based on the fact that the speed of a pressure wave increases with an increase in the temperature of the gas. Pressure waves to the rear of the combjc 13.13 9/12/11

The shock tube

pression front move more rapidly than those near the front, quickly catching up to form a very thin pressure jump as illustrated in Figure 13.5. The important gasdynamic problem is to determine the pressure ratio across the shock P 2 P 1 for a given choice of gases ( ( 1, a 1, ( 4, a 4 ) and diaphragm pressure ratio P 4 P 1 . In the following we will combine the results for expansion waves with normal shock relations to derive the so-called shock tube equation. The conditions at the contact surface are, P2 = P3 U2 = U3 = U p
(13.55)

where U 2 is the speed of the slug of gas set into motion by the opening of the diaphragm. This is the effective piston speed of the uid released by the diaphragm. In a frame of reference moving with the shock wave the gas velocities are. U' 1 = c s U' 2 = c s + U p and the shock jump conditions are
. (13.56)

(1 1 2 1 + -------------- M 1 U' 2 2 ------- = --------------------------------U' 1 (1 + 1 2 & ---------------' M $ 2 % 1

2 (1 1 ( 1 M 1 -------------P2 2 ----- = ----------------------------------P1 (1 + 1 --------------2

(13.57)

where M 1 = c s a 1 = U' 1 a 1 . Using the rst relation in (13.57) we can write

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The shock tube

(1 1 2 2 1 + -------------- M 1 1 M1 U' 2 U' 1 2 ---------------------- = --------------------------------- 1 = ----------------------------- . U' 1 (1 + 1 2 (1 + 1 2 & ---------------' M & ---------------' M $ 2 % 1 $ 2 % 1
The piston velocity is

(13.58)

& ' & ' . 2 2 1 M1 - M1 1 . . U p = U' 2 U' 1 = U' 1 - -----------------------------------------------. = a 1 - ----------------------------- . . (13.59) U' 1' . - & ( 1 + 1' . - (1 + 1 & $ $ ---------------% M 1% - & ---------------' M 1 - ------- . . 2 $$ 2 % $ a1 % % Note that U p is positive. Using the second relation in (13.57), equation (13.59) can be expressed in terms of the shock pressure ratio as, & '1 2 . 2 (1 & P2 '. U p = a 1 - ----- 1. - ------------------------------------------------------------. . $ P1 %. & P 2' - ( ( 1 + 1 ) - ----- . + ( ( 1 1 ). $ % $ P 1%

(13.60)

Equation (13.60) is the expression for the piston velocity derived using normal shock theory. Now lets work out an expression for the piston velocity using isentropic expansion theory. The velocity behind the expansion is,
4 & --------------' 2( 4 . 2a 4 & P 3' .. U 3 = U p = -------------- - 1 - ----- . . (4 1 $ P 4% . $ %

( 1

(13.61)

Equate (13.60) and (13.61).

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The shock tube

& P2 a 1 - ----$ P1

(4 1 & '1 -& --------------' .2 P 3' & P 2' & P 1' ' 2( 4 . 2a 4 2 (1 . && '. 1. - ----------------------------------------------------------- . = -------------- - 1 - - ----- . - ----- . - ----- . . . (4 1P 2% $ P 1% $ P 4% % $$ . %& P 2' . - ( ( 1 + 1 ) - ----- . + ( ( 1 1 ). $ % $ % $ P 1%

(13.62)

Using the following identity P3 & P 3' & P 2' & P 1' ----- = - ----- . - ----- . - ----- . . P 2% $ P 1% $ P 4% P4 $
(13.63)

and noting that P 3 P 2 = 1 solve (13.62) for P 4 P 1 . The result is the basic shock tube equation,
4 & ' -------------' & a 1' & P 2 (4 1 . ( ( 4 1 ) - -----. - ----- 1. . a 4% $ P 1 P2 P4 % $ - 1 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------. ----- = ----. P1 P1 & P2 '. 2 ( 1 2 ( 1 + ( ( 1 + 1 ) - ----- 1. . $ P1 %% $

2(

(13.64)

plotted in Figure 13.7. Given P 4 P 1 , ( 1 , ( 4 , a 1 and a 4 we can determine the shock strength P 2 P 1 from (13.64).

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The shock tube

80

P4 ----P1

60

( 1 = ( 4 = 1.4 a1 = a4

40

20

P2 P1
Figure 13.7 Shock tube pressure ratio versus shock strength.

Once the shock strength is determined, the shock Mach number can be determined from 2( 1 P2 2 & ( 1 1' ----- = --------------- M s - ---------------. (1 + 1 P1 $ ( 1 + 1% or
12 P & 2 ( 1 1' 1 2 & ( 1 + 1' M s = - ---------------. - ----- + ---------------. $ P 1 ( 1 + 1% $ 2( 1 % (13.66) (13.65)

Notice that very large values of P 4 P 1 are required to generate strong shocks. One way to improve the performance of the shock tube is to select a driver gas with a large speed of sound. Helium driving into nitrogen will produce a much stronger shock wave than say Argon driving into nitrogen at a given P 4 P 1 . In essence Helium provides a much lighter piston that can translate much more rapidly into the test gas. The gure below provides this comparison.

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The shock tube

Figure 13.8 Shock Mach number for several driver gases.

Hydrogen as the driver gas produces the strongest shock waves however the re and explosion hazard involved has limited its use.
13.7.1 EXAMPLE - FLOW INDUCED BY THE SHOCK IN A SHOCK TUBE

The ow in a shock tube is shown below

(4) expansion

(3)

(2) contact surface

cs shock

(1)

Up The shock wave induces a gas velocity in the laboratory frame, U p = U 2 = U 3 where

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The shock tube

12 2 (1 & ' U 2 = a 1 ( ( P 2 P 1 ) 1 ) - ----------------------------------------------------------------------. $ ( ( 1 + 1 ) ( P 2 P 1 ) + ( ( 1 1 )%

(13.67)

Suppose the gas in the driver section and test section is Air initially at 300 K . A shock wave with a Mach number of 2 is produced in the tube. 1) Determine the stagnation temperature of the gas in region (2) in the laboratory frame. 2) Determine the stagnation temperature of the gas in region (3) in the laboratory frame. Answer The pressure ratio across a Mach number 2 shock in Air is, P 2 P 1 = 4.5 and the temperature ratio is, T 2 T 1 = 1.687 . The speed of sound in Air is a 1 =
(13.69) (13.68)

( RT = 347 M/sec and the heat capacity

2 2

at constant pressure is, C p = 1005 M S ec K . The piston velocity is,

12 2 (1 & ' U 2 = a 1 ( ( P 2 P 1 ) 1 ) - ----------------------------------------------------------------------. = $ ( ( 1 + 1 ) ( P 2 P 1 ) + ( ( 1 1 )%

(13.70)

2 12 = 433.75 M/sec 347 ( 3.5 ) & ------------ ' $ 15.68% The temperature in region (3) is obtained from (13.53). Up 2 2 T3 & & ( 1' -------' = & 1 0.2 & 433.75' ' = 0.5625 ------------------- = - 1 + ----------$ $ 347 % % $ 2 %a . T4 $ 4% Now, in region (2)
(13.71)

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13.19

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Problems

1Up 433.75 - T t2 = T 2 + -- ------ = 1.687 300 + --------------------- = 506.1 + 93.6 = 599.7 K 2Cp 2 1005

(13.72)

and in region (3)

1Up 433.75 - T t3 = T 3 + -- ------ = 0.5625 300 + --------------------- = 168.75 + 93.6 = 262.35 K (13.73) 2Cp 2 1005
2 2

13.8 PROBLEMS
Problem 1 - Consider the expression # U ; n=1 corresponds to the mass ux, n=2 corresponds to the momentum ux and n=3 corresponds to the energy ux of a compressible gas. Use the acoustic relation, d# dU = a ----#
n (13.74) n

to determine the Mach number (as a function of n) at which # U is a maximum in a one-dimensional, unsteady expansion wave. The steady case is considered in one of the problems at the end of Chapter 9. Problem 2 - In the shock tube example discussed above, determine the stagnation pressure of the gas in regions (2) and (3). Determine the stagnation pressure in both the laboratory frame and in the frame of reference moving with the shock wave. Problem 3 - The gure below shows a sphere moving over a at plate in a ballistic range (Van Dyke gure 271). The sphere has been red from a gun and is translating to the left at a Mach number of 3. The static temperature of the air upstream of the sphere is 300K and the pressure is one atmosphere. On the plane of symmetry of the ow (the plane of the photo) the shock intersects the plate at an angle of 25 degrees as indicated.

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Problems

25

i) Determine the ow Mach number, speed and angle behind the shock in region 2 close to the intersection with the plate. Work out your results in a frame of reference moving with the sphere. In this frame the upstream air is moving to the right at 3 times the speed of sound. ii) What are the streamwise and plate normal velocity components of the ow in region 2 referred to a frame of reference at rest with respect to the upstream gas. iii) Determine the stagnation temperature and pressure of the ow in region 2 referred to a frame of reference at rest with respect to the upstream gas. Problem 4 - We normally think of the shock tube as a device that can be used to study relatively strong shock waves. But shock tubes have also been used to study weak shocks relevant to the sonic boom problem. Suppose the shock tube is used to generate weak shock waves with P 2 P 1 = 1 + / . Show that for small / the relationship between P 2 P 1 and P 4 P 1 is approximated by P 4 P 1 = 1 + A/ .
(13.75)

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Problems

How does A depend on the properties of the gases in regions 1 and 4? Use the exact theory to determine the strength of a shock wave generated in a air-air shock tube operated at P 4 P 1 = 1.2 . Compare with the approximate result. Problem 5 - The sketch below shows a one meter diameter tube lled with Air and divided into two volumes by a heavy piston of weight W . The piston is held in place by a mechanical stop and the pressure and temperature are uniform throughout the tube at one atmosphere and 300K. Body force effects in the gas may be neglected.

(4)

(4)

(3) g

Up (1)

(2)

(1) cs

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13.22

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Problems

The piston is released and accelerates downward due to gravity. After a short transient the piston reaches a constant velocity U p . The piston drives a shock wave ahead of it at a wave speed c s equal to twice the sound speed in region 1. What is the weight of the piston? Problem 6 - Each time Stanford makes a touchdown an eight inch diameter, open ended shock tube is used to celebrate the score. Suppose the shock wave developed in the tube is required to have a pressure ratio of 2. What pressure is needed in the driver section? Assume the driver gas is Air. What is the shock Mach number? Suppose the shock tube is mounted vertically on a cart as shown in the gure below. Estimate the force that the cart must withstand when the tube res.

Problem 7 - A moveable piston sits in the middle of a long tube lled with Air at one atmosphere and 300K. At time zero the piston is moved impulsively to the right at U p = 200m sec .

(4)

(1)

(4)

(3)

(2)

(1) cs

Up

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13.23

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Problems

1) What is the pressure on the right face of the piston (region 2) in atmospheres? 2) What is the pressure on the left face of the piston (region 3) in atmospheres?

Problem 8 - One of the most versatile instruments used in the study of uid ow is the shock tube. It can even be used as a wind tunnel as long as one is satised with short test times. The gure below illustrates the idea. An airfoil is placed in the shock tube and after the passage of the shock it is subject to ow of the test gas at constant velocity U p and temperature T 2 . In a real experiment the contact surface is quite turbulent and so the practical usefulness of the ow is restricted to the time after the arrival of the shock and before the arrival of the contact surface, typically a millisecond or so. (4) expansion
U

(3)

U p (2) contact surface Up shock

cs (1)

Proponents of this idea point out that if the shock Mach number is very large the ow over the body can be supersonic as suggested in the sketch above. 1) Show that this is the case. 2) For very large shock Mach number, which test gas would produce a higher Mach number over the body, helium or air. Estimate the Mach number over the body for each gas. Problem 9 - The gure below shows a shock wave reecting from the endwall of a shock tube. The reected shock moves to the left at a constant speed c rs into the gas that was compressed by the incident shock. The gas behind the reected shock, labeled region (5), is at rest and at a substantially higher temperature and pressure than it was in state (1) before the arrival of the incident shock.

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Problems

(4) expansion
U

(3) contact surface Up

(2) Up

U = 0 cs (1) shock

(4) expansion
U

(3) contact surface Up

Up

(2)

crs shock

U = 0 (5)

1) Suppose the gas in the driver and test sections is Helium at an initial temperature of 300K prior to opening the diaphragm. The Mach number of the incident shock wave is 3. Determine the Mach number of the reected shock. 2) Determine T 5 T 1 . Problem 10 - One of the key variables in the design of a shock tube is the length needed for a shock to develop from the initial compression process. Suppose a piston is used to compress a gas initially at rest in a tube. During the startup transient 0 < t < t 1 the piston speed increases linearly with time as shown on the x-t diagram below.

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Problems

shock

piston speed Up = At
0 < t < t1

(2) t1 (1) x

Up

(2)

(1)

U=0

In a shock tube the startup time t 1 is generally taken to be the time required for the diaphragm to open. Let the gas be Air at T 1 = 300K . Use t 1 = 5 10
3

sec and A = 4 10 4 M/sec to estimate the distance needed

for the shock wave to form.

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