Strategic Management

Strategic Management
for Senior Leaders:
A Handbook for
Implementation
Denise Lindsey Wells

Director, Executive Support Division
Department of the Navy Total Quality Leadership Office
About the TQL Office
The mission of the Total Quality Leadership (TQL) Office, Office of the Under
Secretary of the Navy, is to assist the Department of the Navy (DON) leaders
in their quality-focused improvement efforts. The TQL Office also provides
technical advice to a number of organizations inside and outside government.
The TQL Office has responsibilities in six key areas:
Information and The TQL Office educates the DON about TQL policies and initiatives through
Communication the TQLeader and through articles, reports, and presentations at conferences
and meetings. It has developed a computer-based quality information net-
work to facilitate communication with DON organizations.
Assessment Systems are needed to assess and enhance TQL implementation in the DON.
The TQL Office designs and develops feedback mechanisms in support of
mission accomplishment. It also develops new approaches to improving
organizational effectiveness.
Consultant TQL Office members provide technical advice to the Under Secretary of the
Services Navy and other senior DON leaders on the application of TQL principles and
methods within the DON and on strategic planning. Advice may also take the
form of recommendations on implementing new laws, such as the Government
Performance and Results Act, as well as on related initiatives.
Education The TQL Office is responsible for ensuring the technical accuracy of the DON
and Training TQL curriculum. Having overseen the design and development of the courses,
the staff now advises on the integration of TQL material into training pipelines.
The TQL Office continues to publish handbooks and other publications on all
aspects of organizational change and to design new courses.
Networking The TQL Office has much to share with other organizations, both government
and Liaison and private, and much to learn from them. Staff members participate in
TQL-related networks and professional organizations.
New Technology can provide critical support to DON quality improvement efforts.
The job of the TQL Office is to assess new technologies related to organiza-
Technologies
tional change and process improvement and translate them into applications
for the DON.
Foreword
Strategic Management for Senior Leaders: A Handbook for Implementa-

tion has been developed as a companion volume to A Handbook for
Strategic Planning (Department of the Navy Total Quality Leadership
Office Publication No. 94-02). These handbooks were designed to assist
Department of the Navy (DON) executives, Commanding Officers, Total
Quality Leadership (TQL) coordinators, and strategic planning facilitators
in leading the strategic management process.
Using A Handbook for Strategic Planning, the senior leadership team can
complete most of the planning work by developing the organizations
vision, mission, guiding principles, strategic goals, strategies, and objec-
tives. The next steps are to complete the planning work, publish, deploy,
implement, measure, and evaluate the plan. Strategic Management for
Senior Leaders: A Handbook for Implementation continues this process,
offering suggestions on these steps.
These suggestions derive from lessons learned during extensive work with
client organizations in developing, deploying, and implementing strategic
plans. This information has been supplemented by research that included
personal interviews with DON and other government leaders who have
led strategic management efforts within their organizations. Therefore,
this handbook should be considered a guideline to help leaders make
choices; it is not intended to be directive.
Each organization has its own distinctive culture and mission. However,
there are lessons learned and successful strategies that are common to
them all. This handbook brings together these strategies and lessons so
that senior leaders can apply them within their own organizations.
The ability to lead organizations into the future is a new skill for most
senior leaders. These are people who have a mission to perform and a
business to manage. Such responsibilities leave little time to think about
Strategic Management for Senior Leaders: A Handbook for Implementation i

the future, let alone put plans into action to reach that future. Yet, strate-
gic management requires dedication and commitment on the part of the
senior leaders to create the vision of the future. Then they must create the
mechanisms and commit the resources to achieve that future. This hand-
book will help them go beyond planning and use their strategic plans to
change the way they do business.
The principal research for Strategic Management for Senior Leaders: A

Handbook for Implementation was done by a Logicon Syscon Corpora-
tion team (under subcontract to K.W. Tunnell Co., Inc., contract number
GS-22F-0096B). I especially want to recognize the efforts of Ms. Kathy
Burks, whose strategic planning expertise contributed to the success of
this project. We hope readers find this handbook useful as they continue
to lead their organizations into the future.
Linda M. Doherty, Ph.D.

Director
Department of the Navy Total Quality Leadership Office
ii Strategic Management for Senior Leaders: A Handbook for Implementation

Contents
Foreword ............................................................................... i
Acknowledgments ................................................................. vii
How to Use this Handbook..................................................... xi
Section I: Guidance................................................................ 1
An Introduction to Strategic Management ............................ 3
Phase I Deployment: Completing the Strategic Plan ............... 9

Keys to Success .................................................................... 9
Assign roles and responsibilities ..........................................10

Establish priorities ..............................................................17
Involve mid-level management as active participants.............18
Think it throughdecide how to manage implementation...... 21
Charge mid-level management with aligning
lower-level plans ................................................................23
Make careful choices about the contents of the plan
and the form it will take ......................................................23
Phase II Deployment: Communicating the Strategic Plan ..... 27

Keys to Success .................................................................. 27

Communicate the plan constantly and consistently ................ 29
Recognize the change process.............................................34
Help people through the change process ..............................35
Strategic Management for Senior Leaders: A Handbook for Implementation iii

Implementing the Strategic Plan ........................................ 39
Keys to Success .......................................................................40

Involve senior leaders ......................................................... 45
Define an infrastructure .......................................................46
Link goal groups ................................................................49
Phase integration of implementation actions with workload ...50
Involve everyone within the organization.............................. 52
Allocate resources for implementation ..................................55
Manage the change process ............................................... 58
Evaluate results .................................................................. 60
Share lessons learned; acknowledge successes
through open and frequent communication .......................... 61
Strategic Measurement .................................................... 63

Keys to Success .......................................................................65

Use measurement to understand the organization ................. 69
Use measurement to provide a consistent viewpoint
from which to gauge performance ....................................... 72
Use measurement to provide an integrated, focused
view of the future ................................................................78
Use measurement to communicate policy
(new strategic direction) ......................................................79
Update the measurement system ..........................................81
Use measurement to provide quality feedback to the
strategic management process .............................................82
iv Strategic Management for Senior Leaders: A Handbook for Implementation

Revisiting the Strategic Plan ............................................. 85
Keys to Success .......................................................................85

Recognize when to update the plan ..................................... 87
Modify strategic planning process to accommodate the
more mature organization ..................................................89
Incorporate new leaders into the strategic planning process ..91
Integrate measurement with strategic planning .....................93
Use experienced strategic planning facilitators .....................94
Section II: Case Studies ........................................................ 95

Case Studies: Strategic Plans at Work ....................................... 97
Naval Air Station, Barbers Point ............................................... 99

Naval Air Facility Washington ............................................... 109
United States Military Entrance Processing Command ..............121
Center for Veterinary Medicine............................................... 133
Section III: Appendix .......................................................... A-1
Glossary ............................................................................... A-3
Bibliography ......................................................................... A-9
About the Author................................................................. A-15
Strategic Management for Senior Leaders: A Handbook for Implementation v

vi Strategic Management for Senior Leaders: A Handbook for Implementation
Acknowledgements
I want to thank the following people and organizations who contributed

to this handbook by agreeing to participate in our research. They partici-
pated in extensive interviews and provided documentation from their own
strategic management efforts. Their input, advice, and lessons learned,
both successes and failures, have been incorporated into this document
so that we may all apply better strategic management processes in our
organizations. Special thanks is extended to those who participated in
the Case Studies by sharing the details of their strategies and results.
Department of AEGIS Training Center, Dahlgren, VA

the Navy CAPT Gary Storm, Commanding Officer
Organizations LCDR Mike Church, Total Quality Coordinator
Luke Miller, Technical Director
Branch Medical Center Oceana, Virginia Beach, VA
CDR V. M. Wilson, Commanding Officer
LT Matt Newton, Total Quality Coordinator
DASN Force Support and Families, Washington, DC
Yvonne Harrison, Former Deputy Assistant Secretary
of the Navy for Force Support and Families
Fleet Training Command, Virginia Beach, VA
CAPT Earl Fought, Commanding Officer
June Wolfe, Total Quality Coordinator
Headquarters Battalion, Headquarters Marine Corps, Washington, DC
COL Kephart, Commanding Officer
LCOL Robert Dozier, Executive Officer
Terry Adams, Total Quality Coordinator
Marine Barracks, Washington, DC
COL David Dotterrer, Commanding Officer
LCOL Mike Kessler, Executive Officer
Strategic Management for Senior Leaders: A Handbook for Implementation vii

Marine Corps Multi-Commodity Maintenance Center, Barstow, CA
Col. Larkin Conaster, Commanding Officer
Joann Bond, Total Quality Coordinator
Mike Burke, Total Quality Facilitator
Marine Corps University, Quantico, VA
COL Hoeft, Commanding Officer
LCOL Bud Meador, Total Quality Coordinator
Naval Air Facility, Andrews Air Force Base, Washington, DC
CAPT Randall Suratt, Commanding Officer
ATC Robert Chandler, Total Quality Coordinator
Naval Air Station, Barbers Point, HI
CAPT Edward Waller, Commanding Officer
LCDR Lou Mosier, Total Quality Coordinator
Naval Air Station, Miramar, CA
CAPT R. L. Casey, Commanding Officer
Martin (Gene) Hepler, Total Quality Coordinator
Naval Dental Center, San Diego, CA
CDR Leary, Total Quality Coordinator
Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center, Port Hueneme, CA
CAPT John Collins, Commanding Officer
Steve Smuck, Total Quality Coordinator
Naval Reserve Force, New Orleans, LA
Jan Bowen, Total Quality Coordinator
Naval Security Group, Chesapeake, VA
CAPT Sharon Peyronel, Commanding Officer
CTMCS (AW) Patricia Nolan, Total Quality Coordinator
Naval Station, Mayport, FL
CAPT Scott Cantfil, Commanding Officer
Diane Shepherd, Total Quality Coordinator
Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Keyport, WA
CAPT Dennis Gibbs, Commanding Officer
Dallas Likens, Executive Director
Mike Kelf, Strategic Plan Leader
John Ebert, Total Quality Coordinator
viii Strategic Management for Senior Leaders: A Handbook for Implementation

Program Executive Office, Surface Combatants/AEGIS Program,
Washington, DC
John Kuesters, Deputy AEGIS Program Manager
CAPT Grey Glover, Chief of Staff
Shore Intermediate Maintenance Activity, Portsmouth, VA
CDR Paul Clausen, Jr., Commanding Officer
MRCS (SW) Elvis Jefferson, Total Quality Coordinator
Shore Intermediate Maintenance Activity, San Diego, CA
CAPT Gary Bier, Commanding Officer
Joyce Ward, Total Quality Coordinator
Department Deputy Secretary of Defense, Personnel Support, Family, and Education,

Washington, DC
of Defense
Carolyn Becraft, Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for
Organizations
Personnel Support, Families, and Education
Military Entrance Processing Command, North Chicago, IL
COL Wanda Wood, Commanding Officer
LTC Dave Bartlett, Jr., Total Quality Coordinator
Other
Government Center for Veterinary Medicine, Rockville, MD
Organizations Stephen Sundlof, D.M.V., Ph.D., Director
Dave Lynch, Total Quality Coordinator
Department of Agriculture, Organizational Development, Riverdale, MD
Dan Stone, Co-Director of Organizational and Professional
Development
Department of Education, Washington, DC
Alan Ginsburg, Director of Planning and Evaluation Service
Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Energy, Science, and
Technology, Germantown, MD
Howard Rohm, Deputy Director, Planning
State of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
John Cannon, Research Analyst, Office of Legislative Research
and General Counsel
Lee King, Director, State and Local Planning, Governors Office
of Planning and Budget
Strategic Management for Senior Leaders: A Handbook for Implementation ix

x Strategic Management for Senior Leaders: A Handbook for Implementation
How to use this Handbook
There is no great tradition or heritage for strategic thinking

in many organizations; the skill to set and implement strategy is
sometimes missing; and there are barriers to strategy . . ..
All this makes strategic thinking and action a tough challenge . . ..
The first step requires finding the motivation to begin.
(Tregoe, Zimmerman, Smith, and Tobia, 1989)
How is this Strategic management is not a clean, step by step process. It is not linear,
handbook but a messy, iterative process that requires hard work and dedication
organized? from most people in the organization to move it toward the future. It
represents a new focus for the organization; a focus on a compelling
vision of the future. This handbook is designed to help organizational
leaders take steps to begin a strategic management process.
This handbook has been organized in three main sections. Section I

provides guidance on the processes which comprise strategic manage-
ment. These are: pre-planning, strategic planning, deployment, imple-
mentation, and measurement and evaluation. A model is presented in An
Introduction to Strategic Management and this model is repeated in each
chapter, highlighting the process being addressed.
The Keys to Success and Facts of Failure provide an overview of each

chapter. These Keys are determinants of successful strategic management
and while they apply to the entire system of strategic management, they
are best addressed in the chapter in which they are presented. Questions
following the Keys are those frequently asked of strategic planners. Their
answers are intended to help the reader understand who, what, when,
why, and how to be successful. The first Key in every chapter is Assign
roles and responsibilities, because roles and responsibilities change as
the organization moves through the various phases of strategic manage-
ment.
Strategic Management for Senior Leaders: A Handbook for Implementation xi

Facts of Failure are not addressed directly in the handbook because they
are simply the Keys to Success stated conversely. Failure to adequately
consider and act upon the Keys generally in the process in which they
are presented can diminish successful implementation of the strategic
direction.
Both the Keys to Success and the Facts of Failure have been gleaned from
the management research literature combined with and validated by the
experiences of the participating organizations and of the author. Words
of Advice and Caution are interspersed to highlight main points. The
decisions made at these junctures can lead to success or failure.
Section II presents case studies from four of the organizations interviewed

as part of the research effort for development of this handbook. The case
studies follow the key processes of strategic management. Each one
contains a summation of the organizations vision, mission, and guiding
principles, and an overview of its strategic management process. The
case studies illustrate four different approaches to strategic management
and how these organizations handled the various phases of their strate-
gic management effort.
Section III contains a glossary of terms used in this handbook, a bibliog-

raphy of the books, articles, reports, and papers reviewed to provide
background for the handbook, and a short biography about the author.
How should As you begin your strategic planning process, use this handbook as a
this handbook source guide to become familiar with the overall concept of strategic
be used? management. Then, as each aspect of strategic management is intro-
duced into the organization, refer back to the relevant chapters in Sec-
tion I for additional guidance . This handbook was designed as a com-
panion to A Handbook for Strategic Planning; it picks up where the
previous handbook left off. Therefore, you may want to familiarize
themselves with this earlier handbook. However, a brief overview of the
DON strategic planning process is provided in the first chapter of Section
I, An Introduction to Strategic Management.
xii Strategic Management for Senior Leaders: A Handbook for Implementation

Section I:
Guidance
Strategic Management for Senior Leaders: A Handbook for Implementation 1

2 Strategic Management for Senior Leaders: A Handbook for Implementation
Pre-Planning
Pre-Planning
Activities
Organizational
Assessment Mission
Strategic Planning
Gap
Analysis
Strategic
Goals
An Introduction to
Vision
Guiding
Principles
Strategies
Strategic
Management
Objectives
Measurement
and Evaluation Strategic
Develop
Communicate Foundations Measurement
Results Plan
Analyze
and
Evaluate
Resource
Collect Allocation
Data
Implementation Deployment
Communicate Develop Phase II: Phase I:
Track Status Take Action Communicate Complete
Progress Action Plans the Plan the Plan
What we think, know, or believe in is, in the end,

of little consequence.
The only consequence . . . is what we do.
(Haines, 1995)
What is Strategic management as a term and concept is not new. The term was
strategic first used in the 1970s, and it meant that a staff of strategic planners
management? more or less thought up strategic programs and then tried to sell them
to decision makers. In the 1990s, the view of strategic planning and
strategic management is much different. Goodstein, Nolan, and Pfeiffers
definition of strategic planning takes us away from the notion that strate-
gic planning is a staff job and focuses us more on a process that requires
the senior leaders of an organization to set its strategic direction.
... the process by which the guiding members of an organization

envision its future and develop the necessary procedures
and operations to achieve that future.
(Goodstein, Nolan, and Pfeiffer, 1992)
The concept of strategic management builds on this definition of strategic

planning, recognizing that although planning is the prelude of strategic
management, it is insufficient if not followed by the deployment and
implementation of the plan and the evaluation of the plan in action.

Strategic management is a systems approach to identifying and making
the necessary changes and measuring the organizations performance as
it moves toward its vision. It has been defined as a
. . . management . . . system . . . that links strategic planning and decision

making with the day-to-day business of operational management.
(Gluck, Kaufman, and Walleck, 1982)
The following model depicts the five processes of strategic management

which are pre-planning, strategic planning, deployment, implementation,
and measurement and evaluation.
The Strategic Management Model

Pre-Planning Strategic Planning
Pre-Planning Organizational Gap Strategic
Activities Assessment Mission
Analysis Goals
Vision
Strategies
Guiding
Principles Objectives
Measurement
Strategic
and Evaluation
Foundations Develop
Communicate Measurement
Results
Plan
Analyze
and
Evaluate
Resource
Collect Allocation
Data
Develop Phase II: Phase I:
Communicate Track Status Take Action
Progress Communicate Complete
Action Plans
the Plan the Plan

Strategic management goes beyond the development of a strategic plan,
which included the pre-planning and strategic planning processes.
Strategic management is the deployment and implementation of the
strategic plan and measurement and evaluation of the results. Deploy-
ment involves completing the plan and communicating it to all employ-
ees. Implementation involves resourcing the plan, putting it into action,
and managing those actions. Measurement and evaluation consists not
only of tracking implementation actions, but, more importantly, assessing
how the organization is changing as a result of those actions and using
that information to update the plan.
What is the It is the responsibility of senior leadership to strategically manage the

role of the organization. Strategic management is a continuous process rather than
senior a one-time event. Therefore, the senior leaders must become strategic
leadership thinkers and leaders of the organization and its culture, changing it as
team? necessary.
To be the most successful, leaders need to be facilitators, coaches, con-

sultants, and consensus-builders. Transformational leadership is described
by Bernard Bass as, superior leadership performance that occurs when
leaders broaden and elevate the interests of their employees, when they
generate awareness and acceptance of the purposes and mission of the
group, and when they stir their employees to look beyond their own self-
interest for the good of the group. Acquiring transformational leader-
ship traits requires hard work and dedication, willingness to take some
risks, and internalizing the organizations vision and guiding principles.
What are the When an organization is practicing strategic management, thinking

benefits of becomes more visionary, which is characterized by:
strategic
management? 4 Breakthrough thinking about the future; organizational boundaries
are more flexible

4 A shift in focus from the inputs that are used to run the business to
the outputs and outcomes the organization desires to achieve
4 A focus on optimizing organizational performance and process

quality as keys to delivering quality products and services
4 A move toward an organizational culture that adapts easily to

change
With practice, patience, dedication, and hard work, the organizational

learning that takes place through the application of strategic manage-
ment will bring the organization closer to realizing its goals and vision.
With each update of the strategic plan, senior leaders will become better
able to deploy the plan, implement changes, and measure organizational
performance.
What is the first The first step toward strategic management is to develop a strategic plan
step toward for the organization.
strategic
management?
How do we A Handbook for Strategic Planning provides guidance on how to conduct

develop a the pre-planning activities to prepare for strategic planning. It outlines a
strategic plan? process whereby the senior leaders of an organization can envision its
future and begin to develop the necessary procedures and operations
to achieve that future through goals, strategies, and objectives.
The pre-planning activities are typically conducted by strategic planning

facilitators, assisted by an organizations TQL coordinator. After the
completion of the pre-planning activities, the senior leadership team can
begin the strategic planning process. This typically occurs at an initial
strategic planning workshop. During the workshop, the senior leadership
team, in facilitated sessions, establishes the foundation for its organiza-
tional improvement efforts by:

4 Creating a vision of the organizations future
4 Developing a set of guiding principles (behavioral norms neces-

sary to achieve that vision)
4 Clarifying the mission, or core purpose, of the organization
4 Developing strategic goals (what must change to achieve the

vision)
In the process of developing the goals, the team may also begin to de-
velop some of the strategies and objectives for achieving the goals.
At the end of the workshop, the team identifies the steps needed to com-
plete its planning and prepare for deployment and implementation.
How long will It takes about one month to complete the pre-planning activities. The
it take us to strategic planning facilitator will typically need about 20 days of effort,
complete the the TQL coordinator about 4 days of effort, the senior leader about 4
planning days of effort, and the other members of the senior leadership team
process? about 2 days of effort to engage in these pre-planning activities.
The initial strategic planning workshop requires an investment of 3 days

by the senior leadership team, the strategic planning facilitator, and the
TQL coordinator.
The length of time required to complete, deploy, and implement a strate-

gic plan differs by organization because of each ones unique circum-
stances and culture. Some of the factors are the:
4 Degree of commitment to the effort by the senior leaders, strategic

planning facilitators, and TQL coordinator
4 Level of Total Quality (TQ) knowledge among the senior leader-

ship team
4 Level of employee involvement in plan completion
4 Deployment methodology
4 Organizations readiness for change

It usually takes about 6 months for an organization to complete its first
strategic plan and be ready to publish it. During this period, the organi-
zation can expect the senior leadership team and TQL coordinator, with
some support effort, to spend at least 20 days completing the plan and
preparing to deploy it.
The process to this point is fairly structured and facilitated. However,

after the initial strategic planning workshop, the process is much more
flexible and is dependent on the choices made by the senior leadership
team.
Caution: Do not begin strategic planning unless the senior

leadership team is committed to carrying through to deploy-
ment and implementation. If there is no follow-through,
confusion arises at the operational level. This result could
lead to cynicism about any improvement efforts.

Phase I Deployment:
Measurement
Completing the
Strategic Plan
and Evaluation
Resource
Allocation
Deployment
Phase II: Phase I:
Implementation
Communicate Complete the
the Plan Plan
A comprehensive, long-term, horizontally- and vertically-linked strategy

needs to be developed. [It] will have to cover the entire organization with
all its systems and procedures . . .. Long-term improvements will not be
accomplished without permanent changes in the level of employee
involvement; without changes in the points of authority, responsibility, and
decision-making; without changes in management philosophies, styles, and
relations; and without changes in climate and culture.
(Metz, 1984)
Deployment has two phases. In Phase I, the plan is completed and pub-
lished; in Phase II, it is formally communicated. Following are actions that
are key to successfully completing Phase I and actions that guarantee
failure.
Keys to Success Facts of Failure
Assign roles and responsibilities No accountability for deployment
Establish priorities Too many goals, strategies, or

objectivesno apparent priority
Involve mid-level management Plan in a vacuumfunctional focus

as active participants
Think it throughdecide how No overall strategy to implement

to manage implementation
Charge mid-level management Make no attempt to link with

with aligning lower-level plans day-to-day operations
Make careful choices about Not being thoroughglossing

the contents of the plan and over the details
form it will take

Assign roles and responsibilities
Who does what The following are suggested roles and responsibilities:
to complete the
strategic plan?
Senior 4 Reaches consensus on final strategic plan

Leadership 4 Strategizes deployment and implementation methods
Team
4 Chooses what gets published
Goal Groups 4 Complete development of strategies and objectives
4 Share draft plan with mid-level managers
4 Accept and incorporate appropriate feedback from mid-level

managers
4 Brief senior leadership team on changes
Mid-Level 4 Share draft plan with employees

Managers
4 Provide feedback to senior leadership team during facilitated
feedback sessions
Budget 4 Plans ways to incorporate strategic plan resource requirements

Officer into the budgeting process
TQL 4 Assists the goal groups in their independent work by facilitating

Coordinator their strategy and objective development meetings
4 Assists the senior leadership team by being the central point of

contact for the strategic planning effort
4 Handles the logistics associated with senior leadership team

meetings

Whose job The organizations senior leadership team is responsible for completing,
is it to deploying, and developing the implementation mechanisms for the strate-
complete gic plan. They are responsible for involving employees in these steps and
the planning? for committing the time and resources necessary to achieve success. As
they outline roles and responsibilities for others, they must clearly articu-
late the decision making process that will be used.
Advice: To the extent possible, consensus should be

reached. However, sometimes consensus cannot be
reached. That is the time for leadership to make the deci-
sion.
What is Consensus is a decision by a group that is acceptable to them, but is not

consensus unanimous nor arrived at by a vote. All members support the decision,
and why is even without universal agreement. Consensus is necessary to promote
it necessary? acceptance and ownership of the decision and for people to be willing to
work toward common aims.
Where can The TQL coordinator can assist the senior leadership team with the next
the senior phases of the strategic planning process. The strategic planning facilita-
leadership tor, who conducted the initial strategic planning workshop, may also be
team get available to help.
help?
Caution: During deployment, it is important for the senior
leaders to continue to focus on the good of the whole orga-
nization, rather than just on their own functional areas.
Advice: Maintain open and candid communication with

each other so that real issues are surfaced and dealt with
constructively.
Since assisting the senior leaders in developing a strategic plan is prob-

ably a new undertaking for the TQL coordinator, the senior leaders
should ensure that this individual has attended the DONs Team Skills

and Concepts, Fundamentals of Total Quality Leadership, and Methods
for Managing Quality courses.
How is the By forming goal groups.

strategic plan
completed?
What are Goal groups are cross-functional teams established to work on the devel-
goal groups? opment and implementation of the goals and their associated strategies
and objectives. They are cross-functional because each strategic goal
touches on many aspects of the organization. Goal groups are sub-
groups of the senior leadership team. As we move into implementation,
these goal groups may link with existing teams such as Quality Manage-
ment Boards (QMBs) and Integrated Product/Process Teams (IPPTs), etc.
Advice: Choose the membership of each goal group with

great care since these groups need to remain intact to
manage implementation efforts. Remember, the organiza-
tion should be focused on meeting its mission and the new
goals. This may involve working on processes currently in
place or working on implementing new processes which
may require rechartering existing teams to give them new
direction in accordance with the strategic plan.
How are the The goals developed at the initial offsite should be cross-functional.
goal groups Therefore, cross-functional teams are needed to work on developing the
formed? strategies and objectives for accomplishing the goals. If subgroups of
the planning team were formed to work on the goals at the workshop,
then those goal groups may continue their work as intact teams. If goal
groups were not formed at the workshop, they should be established at
this time.

What will Goal groups help the senior leadership team develop the strategies and
they do? objectives needed to accomplish the strategic goals. Their job is to de-
velop ideas and alternatives about how the strategic goals can be
achieved and to brief those recommendations to the senior leadership
team. At this point, they are neither solving problems nor implementing
the strategies.
Advice: Remember the definitions:
Strategic goals define the changes required to move the

organization toward its vision. They are long-range change
targets that guide an organizations efforts in moving toward
a desired future state. Achieving the strategic goals requires
a substantial commitment of resources and the successful
completion of supporting plans.
A strategy explains how the goal will be attained.
An objective is a specific, measurable, short- to mid-term

action necessary to make a strategy work. An objective
describes who will do what by when.
Can a goal Yes. A goal group may need the assistance of others when the senior
group obtain leadership team is small in size or the members need to obtain the assis-
assistance tance of subject-matter experts and process owners to further develop the
from other strategies and objectives. For example, if a strategy is being written to
members of the revamp the rewards and recognition system, a personnel specialist might
organization be a subject-matter expert.
during the
development of Advice: If goal groups enlist the help of others to complete
the strategies the planning, they should make it clear that the plan is still in
and objectives? draft form until consensus is reached by the entire senior
leadership team.

How do goal The goal groups can meet independently. When that work is done, the
groups develop senior leadership team reconvenes so the goal groups can brief them on
strategies and the strategies and objectives they have developed, incorporate feedback,
objectives and present their work for consensus.
after the initial
workshop?
How do The term cross-briefing is used to describe the process whereby the
goal groups goal groups report to the senior leadership team on the progress theyre
get their output making on developing the strategic goals, strategies, and objectives. In
back to the the cross-briefing process, the goal group leader presents the goal
senior groups work and then fields questions and comments from the senior
leadership leadership team. The recorder takes notes on the senior leadership
team? teams comments for use by the goal group to improve what it has devel-
oped. The cross-briefing process is used as a way to build consensus
among the senior leadership team members on the strategies and objec-
tives developed by the goal groups. Therefore, those giving the cross-
briefings need to guard against responding defensively to the feedback
received from the senior leadership team.
Should No. This is future-focused thinking that is best accomplished by having

cross-briefings the senior leadership team get away from the office and dedicate one to
be done at two days to completing this phase of its strategic planning work. By
regular staff looking at all the goals, strategies, and objectives together,
meetings? suboptimization of any one goal can be avoided.
Advice: If the planning team cannot go to an offsite

location, the team should impose and strictly adhere to the
100-mile rule, whereby team members think of themselves
as 100 miles away from their respective offices, staffs,
phones, and day-to-day issues. This helps everyone stay
focused on the task of planning for the future rather than
doing todays business.

Should Yes. Cross-briefings should be run by a strategic planning facilitator. It
cross-briefings is during this process of reaching consensus on the strategies and objec-
be facilitated? tives that unresolved issues and hidden agendas may surface. Develop-
ment of the strategic goals was a rather lofty undertaking; development
of the strategies and objectives brings the strategic plan into reality. All
of those involved are now presented with a clear picture of the changes
required of the organization. When these elements of the plan take
shape, the impact of the plan on current organizational systems, pro-
cesses, functions, rules and regulations, and the power structure becomes
evident. A strategic planning facilitator can keep the senior leadership
team focused, help raise hidden issues, assist in not retreating on the
strategic plan, facilitate resolution of those issues, and assist the group in
making quality decisions.
Advice: As the amount and difficulty of the work associ-

ated with the plan becomes evident, some may want to
rethink the goals. Resist the temptation. Deal with the issues
in strategies and objectives.
How can Sometimes the strategies and objectives needed to accomplish a goal are
the senior evolutionary. Goal groups dont always have all the solutions or all the
leadership answers about how to accomplish the goal. Sometimes more study or
team research is needed. The first step may be to put together a team to do
determine this research or to conduct additional study. The results of the research or
whether the study effort will determine what strategies and objectives will be needed
strategies and to meet the goal.
objectives will
meet the goal? To determine whether their efforts are properly focused toward achieving
the organizations stated vision, goal groups should consider whether the
strategies and objectives they develop adequately address the following:
4 Does achieving the strategic goal require design of new processes

or redesign of existing processes?

4 Do internal and external rules, regulations, policies, or standards
need to be changed to successfully implement the strategy and
achieve the goal?
4 What needs more study before a strategy can be developed?
If the answers to these questions are inadequate, then the goal groups
need to consider additional alternatives or ideas in developing the strate-
gies and objectives.
Can other It is usually best not to invite other people to attend the cross-briefing
people such sessions. Since the senior leadership team has not yet reached consensus
as staff, key on the strategies and objectives, the presence of people who are not part
customers, or of that team may inhibit the process of surfacing and resolving issues,
stakeholders and it may discourage a candid dialogue among the team members.
attend the
Customers and stakeholders should not participate in the strategic plan-
cross-briefings?
ning sessions at this point in the strategic planning process. Their partici-
pation should be delayed until the senior leadership team is comfortable
with the planned direction of organization.
Caution: If people other than the senior leadership team

attend the cross-briefings, their roles must be made clear.
Are they there as observers or as participating members
with an equal voice in the consensus process? Consider the
effect their presence will have on the quality of group deci-
sions. Is the senior leadership team confident enough with
itself to be able to air differences in front of others?
Advice: When deciding whether to include others in the

cross-briefing process, weigh the value of having them there
against the possible inhibiting effect their presence will
cause. Is the buy-in of mid-level managers at this stage so
important that including them is crucial? Or are there still so
many unresolved issues that it would not be possible to have
an open discussion with others present?

Advice: If input from customers and stakeholders is de-
sired, they should participate in the interviews conducted
during the pre-planning phase of subsequent iterations of
the strategic planning process.
Establish priorities
Should the No. Prioritization should not occur at the strategic goal or strategy level.
goals and All of the goals must be achieved to reach the vision. Singling out a few
strategies be might suboptimize the effort.
prioritized?
Should the Yes, the objectives should be prioritized. Since all of the objectives
objectives be cannot be worked at once, the senior leadership team needs to determine
prioritized? which objectives can be accomplished based on money, people, time,
and current workload. The senior leadership team needs to do an initial
schedule of all of the objectives based on what it thinks is most important.
Keep in mind that this is an iterative process, so the schedule may need
adjustments. In establishing the schedule, consider whether or not imple-
mentation of one objective needs to occur before others can begin, and if
and when resources will be available.
Advice: This is an initial attempt at time-phasing the

objectives. Firming the schedule and identifying the critical
processes involved will occur when the mid-level managers
are asked to review the draft plan and provide input and
feedback.

Caution: This is a strategic plan; it may take 5 to 10 years
to implement fully. With this in mind, dont begin all of the
objectives in the first year or two. There are never enough
resources to do that, and it is important not to neglect the
organizations current mission-sustaining work.
By creating a schedule, the senior leadership team can get a picture of

the overall implementation effort, where adjustments are needed, and
which objectives will require implementation first. This schedule provides
a view of a vision-directed effort that can be used in the annual budget-
ing process.
Involve mid-level management as active participants
The senior At this point, it is important to ensure that mid-level managers get in-
leadership team volved in the planning process for two reasons. Getting feedback ben-
has reached efits the senior leadership team because they may discover that they have
consensus on left out an important issue that the feedback will highlight. By making
the goals, them participants in the plans development, they are more likely to
strategies, support implementation actions. Their perspectives and insights can
and objectives. make a better, more executable plan. Their involvement will also dispel
Whats next? the perception that the strategic plan is a document created by those in
charge and thrust upon the organization. For this reason, it is vitally
important for the senior leadership team to establish a process for obtain-
ing feedback from mid-level managers. The strategic plan should not be
finalized until their input has been considered.
Advice: Keep in mind that it is the senior leadership

teams responsibility to set the strategic direction, guiding
principles, mission, and strategic goals of the organization.
Mid- and lower-level employees typically dont have the
broader systems view of the organization needed to estab-
lish or change its strategic direction. Therefore, the senior

leadership team may want to get feedback on the clarity of
the vision, guiding principles, mission, and strategic goals;
but not on the strategic direction.
Many senior leadership teams identify key objectives and let the employ-
ees complete the action plans because they tend to be more knowledge-
able about their processes. The senior leadership team should ask for in-
depth feedback on the strategies and objectives because they lay out how
the organization intends to achieve the vision. It is within the strategies
and objectivesand particularly the objectivesthat the changes re-
quired of the organization are explicitly expressed.
What are Senior leaders should choose an approach that fits with how the organi-
some ways zation best deals with new information.
to get feedback
from mid-level 4 Hold an offsite to present the plan to the mid-level managers and
managers on solicit their feedback. If possible, use the same strategic planning
the draft plan? facilitator who conducted the strategic planning team offsite to
ensure continuity.
4 Hold facilitated focus groups.
4 Use the chain-of-command. Have each member of the senior

leadership team share the draft plan with their respective mid-level
managers, asking them to review the plan, get input from their
employees, and provide feedback to the senior leadership team in
a facilitated session.
Caution: Strategic planning is about change that leads the

organization toward a better future. Therefore, dont ask for
feedback on the plan by sending it out with a cover letter
and asking for comments by a certain date. This will be
perceived as business as usual and will not set the strategic
plan apart.
Advice: To foster ownership of the plan, develop a feed-

back process that actively involves mid-level management.

Should the The senior leadership team may want to solicit feedback from all employ-
senior ees on the strategic plan. Feedback can be collected by:
leadership
team solicit 4 Mid-level managers holding sessions with their employees
feedback from 4 Holding an all-hands meeting followed by a question and answer
all employees session
on the strategic
4 Distributing the draft plan via e-mail and requesting comments
plan?
It is important to get employees involved early in the process so that they
are informed of the new direction of the organization and to help them
understand how they can contribute to the organizations success.
What about In some organizations, union members sit on the Executive Steering
union leaders? Committee or on a Partnership Council and, therefore, participate in the
How do we get planning process. If not, union leaders can participate in the planning
them on board? process by providing feedback on the plan along with the mid-level
managers. When asked what encouraged the union leaders to get
involved in quality and process improvement, one recent winner of the
Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award said: We could continue to
fight management and see our company disappear or join with manage-
ment in fighting the competitors. We chose the latter!
Advice: The decision on involving union leaders should

be based on the relationship that the union has with senior
management, and the unions current or potential participa-
tion in and influence on the organization.
Should Probably not. It is the sole responsibility of the senior leadership team to
customers be set the strategic direction of the organization and map out how the
invited to organization will get there. While the senior leadership team must be in
give feedback tune with the needs and desires of the organizations customers to ad-
on the plan dress them adequately, being customer-driven does not mean that cus-
before it is tomers dictate the strategic direction of the organization.
published?

When should Customers input should be gathered at the beginning of the strategic
customers be planning processduring the pre-planning and assessment phases.
involved? Customer interviews and other types of surveys can be used to gather
customer input and reveal customers desires and expectations. The key
is to focus on what the customers expect as a result of using your products
and services. Share the plan with your customers after it is completed.
(Some methods for sharing your plan with your customers are discussed
in the Phase II Deployment chapter of this handbook.)
How should The senior leadership team is responsible for considering all of the feed-
the feedback back and incorporating what is appropriate. The senior leadership team
be incorporated as a whole should carefully consider the comments on the vision, guiding
into the principles, and mission. The goal groups should address goal-specific
strategic plan? comments. After the senior leadership team has reached consensus on
any updates, it should let the employees know how their input was used.
Explaining why some feedback was not incorporated may be helpful,
especially if a key issue had been raised by many. This helps employees
understand why some actions can occur and why others cannot.
Think it through - decide how to manage implementation
What else The senior leadership team should begin developing implementation
should be strategies before publishing the plan. The following implementation issues
considered should be considered:
before
finalizing the 4 Do lower-level plans need to be created?
strategic plan? 4 How do we establish oversight and accountability for implementa-
tion actions?
4 Do the current process improvement teams, working groups,

committees, etc., link with the plan? Do they need to be refocused
to align with the plan? Do they need to be eliminated?
4 How does the plan link with the budgeting process?
4 How will we measure and evaluate progress?
How are The senior leadership team should outline who is going to be responsible
oversight and for implementation efforts, i.e., who is the point of contact for the plan,
accountability who manages the implementation actions, who manages the resources.
for the A sample checklist, used by the United States Military Entrance Process-
implementation ing Command, follows in Section II: Case Studies of this handbook.
actions
established?
Is a separate No. The senior leadership team should not establish a special budget for
budget needed implementing the strategic plan. Because most organizations operate
for under budgets that are developed one to two years in advance, the
implementing budgeting process is always one step ahead of current work. The strate-
the strategic gic plan needs to become an integrated part of the budget development
plan? and resource allocation process. For information on resourcing the
plan, see the Implementing the Strategic Plan chapter of this handbook.
Why do we The senior leadership team should decide which key top-level perfor-
have to think mance indicators will be used to measure progress. Part of measurement
about and evaluation comes from tracking the goals, strategies, and objectives.
measurement The other part of measurement and evaluation is the more formal system
before we of data collection and analysis. Refer to the Strategic Measurement
even publish chapter of this handbook for more guidance.
the plan?

Charge mid-level management with aligning lower-level
plans
How should The corporate senior leadership team should encourage suborganizations
the senior to create lower-level strategic plans if:
leadership
team determine 4 The corporations size is large enough to support
if lower-level suborganizations that act as separate business entities
plans are 4 There is a diverse product or service line among the
needed? suborganizations
4 The creation of a strategic plan at the lower level will not perpetu-
ate a stovepipe culture that the senior leadership team is trying to
change
Suborganizations that are smaller and whose products and services result
in the same output as the corporate organization should have a plan that
includes strategies and objectives that contribute to the corporate vision,
mission, guiding principles, and goals. In this case, representatives from
the lower organizations should have been included in the original strate-
gic planning process. If the senior leadership team decides that lower-
level plans are needed, strategic planning guidance should be developed
for the leaders of the suborganizations. Training and facilitation support
is also needed.
Make careful choices about the contents of the plan and

the form it will take
What should Typically the published strategic plan includes the vision, guiding prin-
be included in ciples, mission, strategic goals, strategies, and objectives. By publishing
the published to the objective level, the intent of the strategic plan is explicitly laid out
document? for everyone in the organization.

Sometimes organizations choose to publish only to the strategy level since
objectives change over time, outdating the published plan. The weakness
in this approach is that the implications for action are not readily appar-
ent and the plan may be perceived as a lofty document with no real
application to the organization. If the senior leadership team chooses
not to include the objectives, it should consider publishing them as an
accompanying tactical plan.
Caution: Employees may have difficulty understanding the

need for action in a plan that only publishes the vision,
guiding principles, and mission, and possibly the strategic
goals.
Advice: For internal use, include the objectives in the

published plan so that the workforce will be able to see how
work gets done. It is possible to publish the plan in a format
that is flexible enough to include updates. The plan can be
arranged with changeable inserts, packaged sectionally in a
three-ring binder, or transmitted in an editable electronic
form.
What about In addition to sharing the plan within the organization, consider sharing
sharing the the plan outside of the organization. For external audiences, a separate
strategic plan plan may be needed that displays only the vision, guiding principles,
externally; mission, goals, and strategies. The amount of detail chosen to be in-
what should cluded in the plan for external purposes needs to be tailored to each
be included? audience. Refer to the Phase II Deployment chapter of this handbook for
ideas on sharing the plan externally.

Does anything The senior leadership team might consider including:
else need to be
included in the 4 The rationale for creating the plan
published plan? 4 The process used to create the plan
4 A glossary of terms
4 Strategic planning team membership
4 Implementation roles and responsibilities
4 An overview on how current TQ efforts tie into the plan
4 An overview on how progress will be measured and evaluated
What should There is no standard format. How the final document looks is not as
the strategic important as what it says, how it says it, and how it influences and moti-
plan look like? vates people. For example, it may be necessary to publish the plan in the
organizations formal policy system (i.e., as an instruction, directive, or
order) to foster credibility.
Advice: Keep the intended purpose and audience of the

published plan in mind in deciding how best to produce it.
For some organizations, it is important to have a slick-
looking publication; for others, a simple, high-quality copy is
appropriate. Some organizations may need both docu-
ments. Rememberwhile high cost production may reflect
importance and seriousness, it can also imply that the plan
represents a finished product when the work is actually just
beginning.

Phase II Deployment:
Measurement
and Evaluation
Communicating
Resource
the Strategic Plan
Allocation
Deployment
Phase II: Phase I:
Implementation
Communicate Complete the
the Plan Plan
Strategic planning, in order to be effective, must be accepted

by all those personnel who will ultimately be expected to
implement, monitor, and be held responsible for results of the plan.
(Rolf E. Royers, source unknown)
In the last chapter, we talked about sharing the strategic plan with mid-
level managers and members of the workforce in order to refine the
strategies and objectives, ensure their understanding of the plans intent,
and gain their support for implementation. This chapter of the handbook
deals with communicating the strategic plan to all members of the organi-
zation to ensure their understanding of the organizations strategic direc-
tion so they can take action on the goals, strategies, and objectives.
Following are actions that are keys for successfully communicating the
strategic plan and actions that guarantee failure.
Assign roles and responsibilities No accountability
Communicate the plan constantly Never talk about the plan

and consistently
Recognize the change process Ignore the emotional impact of

change
Help people through the change Focus only on task accomplishment

process

to communicate
the strategic plan?
Senior 4 Provides overall leadership and guidance to the organization

Leader regarding the strategic plan
4 Formally and informally communicates the published strategic

plan to the workforce, customers, and stakeholders
4 Champions the change that the plan represents
4 Works with the budget officer to plan for resource allocation to

implement the strategic plan
Senior 4 Develops the best method for formally communicating the plan
Leadership
4 Champions the strategic plan within own area of responsibilities
Team
4 Communicates with employees about progress, lessons learned
4 Aligns own department, division, etc., with the strategic plan
TQL 4 Guides senior leadership in communication strategies

Coordinator
4 Serves as a sounding board for questions
4 Works with mid-level managers to build commitment
4 Coordinates communication mechanisms
Mid-Level 4 Support the plan

Managers
4 Present employee briefings or hold Q&A sessions on the plan
4 Translate strategies and objectives into action implications for

employees
4 Align current work activities with the strategic plan

Budget 4 Supports the plan
Officer
4 Plans ways to incorporate strategic plan resource initiatives into
the budgeting process
Communicate the plan constantly and consistently
How should The method by which the senior leadership team chooses to communicate
the plan be the plan is extremely important. On the following pages are matrices of
shared with the printed, oral, and technological communication tools that can be used,
organization? their benefits, and how to use them.
Advice: The formal communication of the published

strategic plan should be handled as a special event to mark
a new beginning, a focus on the future. Choose a combina-
tion of methods that will most effectively demonstrate to
employees that this plan is real and will be implemented.
None of the printed or technological tools should be used
without personal involvement from the senior leadership
team. Remember that strategic management is a continuing
process, therefore, keep these methods in mind throughout
the implementation process.
Caution: If the organization had a previous strategic plan

that was unsuccessful, employees may express cynicism
toward the concept of strategic planning. If this is the case,
it is important to build acceptance and support for the plan
during the plan completion phase (Phase I Deployment). If
this is not done before formally communicating the plan,
cynicism may deepen.

Internal Communication Tools
Printed Tools Benefits How to Use
Brochure Conveys the strategic plan to the Distribute to all employees at a

organization without a lot of detail special all-hands session and at new
employee orientations
Binder Flexible Distribute to each employee down to

Accommodates plan updates objective level
Should be regularly updated
Letter/Memo Explains the strategic plan in the Distribute to all employees to commu-
words of the senior leader nicate the plan and its progress
Do no use alone or without a formal
means of distribution
Laminated Cards Are portable Use to focus on basics of plan

Help employees focus on the plan
Convey the strategic plan to the
organization without a lot of detail
Posters Remind employees of the plan Display in common areas in the
organization
Strategic plan/ Educates the workforce in detail Use the first issue to communicate
quality newsletter about the strategic plan and planning the plan and the process
process Use subsequent issues to communi-
Keeps the workforce informed of cate progress, results, lessons learned,
strategic plan accomplishments and new strategic initiatives
Shares progress reports Distribute to all employees
Emphasizes commitment
Shows the plans link with everyday
work
Keeps the focus on the plan
Strategic Plan Educates the workforce about the Establish a special section devoted
column in the strategic plan and planning process to strategic planning
organizations Keeps the workforce informed of
newsletter strategic plan accomplishments
Shares progress reports
Emphasizes commitment
Shows the plans link with everyday
work
Keeps the focus on the plan
Senior leaders Shows senior leader commitment Senior leader writes about strategic
article in the Keeps employees informed and planning and provides updates in the
newsletter focused on the plan organizations newsletter
Letter accompanying Explains the plan Mail plan, with a letter of explana-
new employee orders Allows the new employee time to tion, with new employee orders
review the planbefore reporting
Shows commitment to the plan

Oral Tools Benefits How to Use
All-hands meetings Encourage Q&A on the part of Senior leader calls an all-hands to
employees introduce and explain the plan
Reinforce senior leader commit- Discuss strategic plan and progress
ment
Briefing materials Ensure consistency of message by Distribute to each department head
with a script leaders and mid-level manager to explain to
Show commitment to the plan their employees
Must be regularly updated
May require a brief training session
Department Show senior leader commitment Department heads hold departmental

meetings Relate plan to everyday work meetings to communicate the plan and
Keep employees informed on a share progress reports
regular basis May require briefing materials so
that all department heads convey the
same information
Hold meetings after plan review
sessions with the senior leadership team
Focus groups Offer open forum for ideas and Hold focus groups to answer ques-
questions tions about the plan
Q&A sessions Allow employees to ask questions Hold after a department or all-
hands meeting at the subgroup level
Special kick-off Involves all employees and leaders Refer to Section II: Case Studies to
event directly learn how the Center for Veterinary
Educates and provides direction on Medicine deployed its plan
the plan
Encourages employees to participate
New employee Familiarizes the new employee with Establish a special section devoted
orientation the plan to strategic planning
Shows organizational and senior
leadership commitment
Allows them time to figure out how
they can contribute

Technological Benefits How to Use
tools
Videotapes/ Provides a means of communica- Videotape the senior leader explain-

Teleconferencing tion for an organization that has ing the plan to the organization
multiple sites in remote or dispersed Distribute to each department/
locations division/site with copies of the written
Provides a consistent message plan and a letter explaining the pur-
pose of the videotape
Choose a point of contact at each site
to answer questions (the senior leader
of the site)
E-mail Is accessible to all employees Communicates the plan and progress

Easy to update updates
Messages should come from the
senior leader
All employees must have e-mail
accessibility
All employees may not read sent
messages, so this is not a substitute for
personal interface with the senior
leader
Should the plan There are external people with whom the senior leadership team may
be shared choose to share the plana parent organization, customers, suppliers,
outside the stakeholders. If the senior leadership team wants to share the plan
organization? externally, it needs to be clear about its desired outcomes. The level of
detail provided may be different from what is needed for an internal
audience. Following are reasons to share the plan with various external
organizations.
4 To improve relations with customers by demonstrating a focus on

their needs
4 To gain support of other organizations who may be able to help

your organization save resources and achieve common goals
4 To gain the parent organizations support and to justify additional

resources or the redirection of resources
4 To emphasize suppliers roles in doing business with the organiza-

tion

4 To align stakeholders with the vision
4 To gain union leaders acceptance and participation
4 To demonstrate to Congress a focus on outcomes (this aligns with

Public Law 103-62, the Government Performance and Results Act
of 1993)
Below are some tools for communicating the plan externally. The senior
leadership team needs to tailor them to the audience receiving the plan.
External Communication Tools

Tools Benefits How to Use
Brochures/ Convey the strategic plan without Distribute with a letter

handouts a lot of detail Personally distribute or have avail-
Provide potential suppliers with able in conference room or where
understanding meetings occur with external customers
Distribution at professional meet-
ings allows opportunity to network
with stakeholders
Transportable method of informa-
tion dissemination
Letter and copy Shares the plan Mail or hand deliver to customers,
of plan Conveys commitment from the stakeholders, and parent organization
senior leader and the organization explaining the strategic plan and how it
Can be used to request feedback, affects them
supplemental plans, and resources Distribution method is critical
Personal meeting Personal sharing of the plan by the Senior leader holds initial and
senior leader periodic meetings with external custom-
Allows for immediate feedback ers
and questions

Recognize the change process
Once the plan As soon as the plan is formally deployed, leaders must be prepared to
is published, answer questions and face skepticism and challenges. Employees will
what happens? realize that implementation of the strategic plan means that real change
will take place and that the organization will go through a period of
transition, meaning that initially people may need to find time to take on
additional work. Many organizations have not legitimized and practiced
planning for the future as a regular part of the senior leaderships daily
work; nor do they consider implementation as a regular part of the
employees work. However, the old work must still be done while new
work processes, methods, etc., are being developed.
When people are faced with change, many act by denying, resisting,
exploring, and then committing to the change. People may go through
these four stages of change at their own pace. Some may never accept
new roles and methods. Often these people leave organizations. The
senior leadership team needs to acknowledge and legitimize these
stages.
Denial During denial, senior leaders need to focus on the need for
change and repeatedly provide the reasons for the
change. Reasons of survival help focus everyone.
Resistance Senior leaders need to listen, empathize, and assist in

setting priorities during the resistance stage.
Exploration During the exploration stage it is important for the senior

leadership team to keep the effort energized, keep people
focused, and encourage them not to leap to action before
the ideas have been fully explored.
Commitment Once commitment is obtained from the organization, the

senior leaders should acknowledge and share the success
and prepare the organization for changes to come.

Help people through the change process
How can the This begins during the first phase of deployment when the senior leader-
senior ship team includes the mid- and lower-level employees in the planning
leadership process to finalize the strategic plan. How the published plan is formally
team help communicated is also part of the way the senior leadership helps people
people through manage change.
the change
Leaders need to focus people on what they can control and how they can
process?
affect the change. They must give employees information to ease the
transition so they can feel some ownership in the change. It is important
to recognize that people need stability during change. Emphasizing to
everyone what has not changed can help maintain stability and leader-
ship confidence.
How can Mid-level managers should:

mid-level
managers 4 Explain why change is imperative
help manage 4 Be active participants in the communication process
change?
4 Listen and bring suggestions to top leaders
4 Help set goals, define plans, and choose team leaders
4 Manage by consensus, where possible
4 Set a positive work climate to encourage motivation
4 Ask questions related to the strategic plan

How should In developing the formal communication methodology for the strategic
the senior plan, the senior leadership might use these questions to help structure the
leadership team information communicated to employees.
communicate
change? 4 What is the change?
4 Is it real?
4 Is it good for the organization?
4 Is it possible to do in this organization?
4 What happens if the organization doesnt do it?
4 Is it good for me?
4 Can I effectively contribute to change?
4 What is my new role?
4 What happens if I dont help?
4 What happens if were successful?
By answering these questions, the senior leadership team will help pre-
pare employees for the change that the strategic plan represents. It
should come from the senior leader, who needs to emphasize that this is
the new direction of the organization, and everyone is expected to do
their share.
The senior leadership also needs to continually communicate progress,

results, lessons learned, new strategic initiatives, and how organizational
activity leads to the accomplishment of the strategic goals and vision in
informal as well as formal ways.
How are the The guiding principles are those organizational values that the senior
new guiding leadership consciously chose and developed to shape the organizations
principles culture to achieve the vision. The guiding principles are a crucial aspect
part of the of the newly developed plan. Therefore, as soon as the guiding prin-
deployment ciples are published in the strategic plan, organizational members will
process?

begin measuring leadership behavior against them. If the leaders and
managers of the organization do not behave in accordance with the
guiding principles, then the other organizational members will lose re-
spect for their commitment to change. Therefore, the behavioral aspects
necessary to achieve the vision must be demonstrated daily. This is why
specific behavioral guiding principles are so vital to executing a success-
ful strategic plan.
Advice: Live the principles; be a good role model every

day. Dont underestimate the importance of this behavior.
How can the Senior leaders must act in accordance with the guiding principles and in
senior leaders accordance with the tenets of TQL because behavior is believable. This
show the may require new forms of behavior from the senior leadership team
importance members toward each other, the rest of the organization, and their
of the guiding customers, suppliers, and stakeholders. If leaders are not living by the
principles? principles, appropriate sanctions need to be enacted to emphasize the
seriousness of the principles.
How should A very effective way to help each other model the organizational values
senior leaders is to practice open and candid feedback in both individual and group
help each other interactions. This can be difficult and uncomfortable. The purpose of
live the giving and receiving positive feedback is to reinforce and encourage
guiding appropriate behavior. Negative feedback is often avoided but is
principles? equally important. The purpose of giving and receiving negative
feedback is to change behavior by making the individual aware of how a
behavior impacts others and the organization. Negative simply means
the behavior is not directly on course, deviating to a small or large de-
gree. This is information, and the only way people can make informed
changes is by using this information. The idea is to remove the emotional
connotations from the feedback, while retaining professionalism and
focusing on the work in the interaction.

Advice: The senior leader needs to set the tone for mak-
ing it acceptable to give and receive negative feedback.
By creating a climate where a feedback process can occur
freely among the leadership team, leaders can help each
other live the guiding principles by sharing insights on how
each others behaviors affect the organization and its
progress toward the vision.

Implementing the
Measurement
Strategic Plan
and Evaluation
Resource
Allocation
Implementation
Communicate Develop Deployment
Track Status Take Action
Progress Action Plans
Its been rather easy for us to decide where we wanted to go.

The hard part is to get the organization
to act on the new priorities.
(Floyd and Woolridge, 1992)
Implementation is taking the actions necessary to accomplish the goals,

strategies, and objectives. It requires action planning, senior leadership
involvement, commitment to the plan, resourcing (people, time, and
money), and involvement from the entire organization.
The strategic planning process that was used to create the plan is inverted
in the implementation phase. Completion of the objectives impacts
completion of the strategies, then the goals, and leads toward accom-
plishing the vision. To implement the strategic plan successfully, it is
necessary for the organization to have a formal implementation plan with
actions assigned to either teams or individuals who are responsible for
their accomplishment.
If the organization has been practicing process improvement using the

TQ model, managers and leaders will be familiar with the TQ team
structure. If the organization has realized successes using this structure,
they will probably want to continue it and will call their senior leadership
team an Executive Steering Committee or Group (ESC/G) and their
implementation teams Quality Management Board (QMBs) and Process
Action Teams (PATs). However, in some organizations, the strategic
planning process has led the senior leaders to the conclusion that current
QMBs and PATs need to be rechartered, restructured, or realigned with

the new strategic direction. For this reason, the senior leaders have
sometimes chosen to call the new teamsthose that are dealing with
implementation issuesGoal Groups, Strategy Teams and Objective
Teams. What they are called is not as important as what they accom-
plishimplementation of the strategic plan.
Following are actions that are keys for successfully implementing the
strategic plan and actions that guarantee failure.
Involve senior leaders Disengagement from process
Define an infrastructure Unmanaged activity
Link goal groups Fragmented accomplishment of

objectives leads to suboptimization
Phase integration of implementa- Force people to choose between

tion actions with workload implementation and daily work;
too many teams
Involve everyone within the No alignment of strategies

organization
Allocate resources for Focus only on short term need

implementation for resources
Manage the change process Ignore or avoid change
Evaluate results No measurement system
Share lessons learned; acknowl- Hide mistakes/lay blame;

edge successes through open and limited/no communication
frequent communication

to successfully
implement the
strategic plan?
4 Leads the implementation effort
Senior Leader
4 Establishes clear roles and responsibilities
4 Allocates resources for action items
4 Holds monthly strategic plan meetings with the senior leadership

team to monitor the status of the plan
4 Leads by consensus, but makes key decisions when necessary
4 Incorporates brief status updates at weekly staff meetings
4 Communicates plan status, accomplishments, and lessons learned

with the workforce
4 Communicates results as appropriate to customers, stakeholders,

parent organization
Senior 4 Support the strategic plan and incorporate in to day-to-day busi-

Leadership ness and processes
Team Members
4 Prioritize objectives
4 Allocate resources for action items
4 Define measures for progress and mission performance
4 Sponsor assessment surveys (e.g., internal employee climate

surveys, customer surveys, etc.)
4 Provide training resources
4 Attend monthly strategic plan meetings

Senior 4 Give brief status updates at weekly staff meetings
Leadership
4 Lead goal groups
Team Members
(continued) 4 Serve as linking pins on strategy-level teams
4 Charter teams
4 Guide the workforce through implementation issues
4 Remove organizational barriers to goal accomplishment
4 Create or revise policies and procedures to achieve goals
4 Communicate plan status, accomplishments, and lessons learned

with their employees
4 Create lower-level plans to support the corporate plan
Budget Officer 4 Serves on senior leadership team
4 Identifies resource issues related to effective implementation
4 Distributes and monitors use of allocated resources
4 Ensures that budget reflects strategic plan implementation funding

needs
4 Determines how to reflect mission performance with budget
TQL 4 Serves as point of contact for the plan with the senior leadership
Coordinator team
4 Provides TQ guidance and consultation to senior leaders
4 Assesses and coordinates training needs
4 Conducts assessment surveys
4 Tracks strategic plan action items
4 Handles logistics for updating the plan
4 Facilitates senior leadership team meetings and offers facilitation

to other team meetings
4 Works with senior leader to develop meeting agendas

Implementation 4 Works with linking pin to choose team membership
Team Leader
4 Establishes team meeting schedule
(for Goal
Groups, 4 Leads team meetings
Strategy Teams,
4 Coordinates with strategic planning facilitator/quality advisor on
and Objectives
meeting agendas
Teams)
4 Monitors plan of action and milestones
4 Briefs status to higher level teams
4 Requests necessary resources
4 Asks subject matter experts to attend certain meetings
4 Ensures distribution of meeting minutes
Implementation 4 Create plan of action and milestones

Team Members
4 Attend meetings
4 Implement tasks
4 Define measures
4 Develop data collection plan
4 Collect data
4 Identify implementation problem areas
How should Many people are familiar with the team structure for implementing TQ.
implementation The same rationale used for establishing the team structure in a TQ
teams be organization is valid for establishing implementation teams. Goals
organized? should be related to current and future business processes cutting across
the major functions in the organization. Therefore, strategic plan imple-
mentation teams are similar to TQ teams (as shown on the next page).
Generally, the differences between current QMBs and new goal groups
are that existing QMBs are working on improving/reengineering current
significant mission processes; goal groups will be working on designing
new products or developing new mission areas.

Team Hierarchy
Senior Leadership Team
(ESC/G)
Goal Group Goal Group Goal Group Goal Group

(QMB) (QMB) (QMB) (QMB)
Strategy Team Strategy Team Strategy Team

(QMB) (QMB) (QMB)
Objective Team Objective Team

(PAT) (PAT)
ESC/G Team made up of the senior leadership of an organiza-

tion (also called Senior Leadership Team)
QMB Cross-functional team that works the strategic goal

(also called Strategic Goal Groups)
QMB Team that works the strategies (also called Strategy

Teams)
PAT Team that gathers data needed to work the objectives,

develops implementation action plans, examines pro-
cesses that are targeted for change, makes recommen-
dations for implementation, and takes action (also
called Objective Teams)
Goal groups, consisting of members of the senior leadership team, can

be used to lead and monitor implementation within the goal area as-
signed to them. The goal groups may charter strategy teams (QMBs) or
charter objectives teams (PATs), if needed, or assign an individual to
work an objective if it does not require a team effort. Chartering of
teams depends on the priorities laid out in the strategic plan.

Advice: Use an existing high-level cross-functional team
structure. If possible, dont set up new goal groups. De-
pending on how well the existing QMB structure addresses
work processes, consider modifying some of the charters or
team members. What the teams are called is not important;
the foundation upon which they are built and what they are
to accomplish are the essential factors. Use consistent lan-
guage to reduce confusion and deflate the idea that a new
program is supplanting another.
For more information on the DON QMB structure, refer to the DON TQL
course curriculum.
Involve senior leaders
How should The senior leadership team is responsible for overseeing implementation.
senior The team continues to scan the environment to identify any additional
leadership strategies or objectives, and discusses implications of changes. It is
be involved? responsible for making crucial decisions about the direction of the organi-
zation, adjusting the plan as necessary, and chartering teams to help it
accomplish the strategies and objectives. By keeping a customer and
mission focus and promoting communication between departments, the
senior leadership team consciously tries to combat suboptimization.
How often the senior leadership team meets varies by organization, but
during the implementation phase, periodic meetings, which may be
facilitated, are required to focus solely on the strategic plan. Senior
leadership teams find that by establishing a regular review schedule, they
are able to keep the organization focused on implementation. Some
organizations have established a process whereby one or two of their
strategic initiatives are briefed at each staff meeting on a rotating basis,
providing a status tracking of all the initiatives each month.

Advice: Unless these meetings are facilitated, the focus
can quickly turn to routine problem solving. To keep the
plan on track between these meetings, brief status updates
should be a standard agenda item during regular staff
meetings. Some organizations have successfully used
traditional senior staff meetings to work on strategic issues.
Most cannot, at least early in implementation. Therefore,
schedule regular senior leader implementation meetings until
the new strategic way of conducting business is incorporated
into day-to-day decision making.
Define an infrastructure
What type of The organization needs to define the way it is going to act on the objec-
infrastructure tives targeted for implementation. Determining what type of infrastruc-
is best? ture is best depends on the objectives themselves and the way the organi-
zation is currently organized. For example:
4 If the objective addresses changes to a process that cut across the

organization (the most likely case), then a cross-functional team
should be established to work on its implementation. A cross-
functional team is one whose membership includes those from
more than one organizational function. Each of the members has
responsibility for some portion of an identified process.
4 If the objective addresses a major change within a functional area

with no impact on another area, then the leader of that area
should be tasked to implement the objective either by assembling
a team or tasking an individual.
4 If the objective deals with a single, functionally-focused action,

then it could probably be tasked to an individual who works in
that function. If this is true, this objective may be too low a level to
be part of the formal planning process.

Advice: If responsibility for an action can be assigned to
an individual, it may not be necessary to charter a team.
In any case, the infrastructure needs to be defined to ensure accountabil-

ity and responsibility for action. Some organizations have tried to reor-
ganize and then do strategic planning for the new organization.
Oftentimes, organizational restructuring is thought to be the way to
improve the organizations performance. Historically, reorganizations
have focused on structure, who reports to whom and who is responsible
for what. Reorganizations have not focused on the way work gets done.
Only after working on the work systems will the most logical structure
become apparent.
Advice: Do strategic planning and then, if necessary,

reorganize to accomplish the mission and strategic goals.
How is team Teams should be formed for a specific purpose. They should consist of
membership members who have a direct impact on or responsibility for the accom-
determined? plishment of the task. Whenever possible, they should include subject
matter experts and end-users.
Teams should be cross-functional if the goal, strategy, objective, or task

extends across organizational boundaries. However, if the goal, strat-
egy, objective, or task does not cross over functional boundaries, the
team should consist solely of members from that one functional area.
Questions leaders might ask before establishing a team include:
4 How does the team support the strategic direction?
4 What are the specific boundaries?
4 What resources will be needed?
4 Do we have the right people on the team to analyze/design a

process and accomplish our objective?

4 What people not on the team are critical to its success?
4 Who will probably support the teams efforts, and who may be
opposed?
4 What measures will be used to indicate success?
Are charters Yes. Detailed charters outline the purpose of the team, the expectations,
needed? and the resources committed to do the task. The charter tells the team
why they have come together and what they are to accomplish. Time
limits should also be incorporated. Charter guidelines and a sample
charter for strategic plan implementation are provided in the Naval Air
Facility Washington Case Study in Section II: Case Studies.
Do we need a Yes, particularly when getting started. If a strategic planning facilitator is

facilitator for not available, then the organizations quality advisor is a good source for
every team? facilitation of teams. Their role is to work with the team leader to create
meeting agendas, help with charters, and provide facilitation during
team meetings primarily with the aim to train the group to become self-
sufficient. It is important for the team to achieve consensus, to get all
members of the team to speak their opinions, and to help the team leader
develop and execute a productive agenda.
Advice: If a strategic planning facilitator is not able to

facilitate your teams, dont let that stop implementation
efforts. Use quality advisors who can be particularly helpful
with analysis tools, improvement methods, and meeting
mechanics. They also understand the organizations busi-
ness. As team leaders become more confident and profi-
cient in tools, they can take full responsibility for the team,
resulting in team cohesion and progress toward goals.

Caution: Team leaders can rely too heavily on quality
advisors and abdicate their responsibilities. Quality advisors
should assist the team leader off-line with those skills he or
she is weak in and then become a consultant on an infre-
quent basis.
Link goal groups
Why are It is important for higher level teams to review findings and suggestions
linkages from lower-level teams and make needed decisions in a timely manner.
important?
Advice: It is important to have a working infrastructure,
one where the senior leadership team and higher level
teams meet on a regular basis and review the progress of
lower-level teams. This is facilitated by having a linking
member from higher-level teams to lower-level teams whose
job it is to keep the higher-level team abreast of implementa-
tion activities. By having this communications link, informa-
tion can flow freely. When decisions are required, the
higher-level team will already have the background informa-
tion and be able to make decisions in a timely manner, thus
demonstrating commitment to the implementation effort.
What makes Organizations that have had team members trained in group dynamics
some teams found that their teams were very effective. If formal training cannot be
more conducted before teams begin their work, the quality advisor or strategic
productive planning facilitator should promote an understanding of group dynamics,
than others? teach the team about active listening, and provide the Department of the
Navys training coursesTeam Skills and Concepts, Methods for Manag-

ing Quality, Systems Approach to Process Improvement, and Implement-
ing TQL, all of which contain team-related topics. TQL Coordinators
should be familiar with these courses.
Phase integration of implementation actions with

workload
How are Implementation teams should develop implementation plans to address

implementation how they will carry out their charters. A plan of action and milestones
plans (POA&M) to develop implementation plans and, subsequently, to man-
developed? age implementation can be used. It can provide a description of the
tasks that need to be accomplished, show responsibility and resource
requirements, expected outcomes, measures to be used, and status. For
implementation to occur smoothly, consideration must be paid to the
priority and sequencing of tasks and steps.
Below is an example of a common POA&M.
Tasks Responsible Due Expected Measures Resources Status

and Individual Date Outcomes Required
Steps
Advice: Dont take on too many actions at the same time.

For short-term success, complete actions that are important,
have short time lines, and early start dates. Many objectives
do not require formal teams and action plans. Do not
overlook them, they may be easy to implement and pro-
vide early success. Implementing easy objectives needs to
be balanced with implementing objectives that have greater
impact, otherwise employees may trivialize the strategic
planning effort.

How do we To assess what action to take, the senior leadership team should:
integrate
current
committee, 4 Identify current committees, working groups, QMBs, and PATs
working group, both internal and externalthat the organization is involved with
QMB, and
4 Identify team membership and purpose/charter
PAT efforts
with the 4 Map current team taskings to strategic goals
strategic plan? 4 Assess team accomplishments to determine if they should be
disbanded
4 Determine which teams can take on additional actions consistent

with implementing the organizations strategic plan
4 Redirect/recharter existing teams to implement the strategic plan

or abolish teams that no longer contribute to the vision
Caution: Beware of too many teams, working groups,

special committees, etc. It is important to thoroughly scrub
them so as not to duplicate effort, cause conflicting priorities
for people, overload people, suboptimize organizational
output, and dilute the organizations strategic efforts and
everyday work accomplishments.
How do Many corporate organizations encourage suborganizations to create

suborganizations lower-level plans. The implementation actions in these plans need to
support the align with the corporate plan. The suborganizations can use the same
strategic plan? planning methodology that was used by the corporate organization (as
described in A Handbook for Strategic Planning) but they need to tailor it
to the level of planning required. For example, the same pre-planning
process can be used that entails interviewing the planning team members
of the suborganization; however, the interview questions will need to be
tailored to address the suborganizations planning outcomes.

The suborganizations plan may be targeted at one of the strategic goals
in the corporate level plan or it may include several strategic, corporate-
level initiatives that the suborganization needs to carry out. Whether or
not the suborganization needs to develop its own vision, mission, and/or
guiding principles depends on the size, complexity, and product line of
that suborganization as compared to that of the corporate level.
Advice: The guiding principles should remain intact from

one organizational level to another, with possibly an addi-
tional principle or two that may be relevant to that organi-
zational level. The important part is to ensure that lower-
level plans are aligned with superordinate plans to achieve
the goals. It is at these lower levels that the linkage of the
strategic plan with business plans occurs.
Involve everyone within the organization
Is it important Yes, but it is actually more important to link the day-to-day business to
to link the the tenets of the strategic plan. It is a subtle but important distinction.
strategic plan The focus is on moving the current business towards a more strategic
to day-to-day future business rather than make the future business fit todays business
business? structure. The greater the extent to which the plan sets a new and chal-
lenging strategic direction for the organization, the harder it will be to
align the day-to-day business since the extent of change required to be
successful will also be that much greater. Said another way, the less
strategic the plan, the easier the strategic management. However, the
results may be negligible.
Advice: It is crucial to make the strategic plan a living

document and ensure that the workforce feels it is contribut-

ing directly to the organizations success in working toward
its vision. Senior leadership can acknowledge that the more
strategic the plan, the harder it is to manage and be success-
ful, but that it is possible with everyone working together.
Leaders can start by using the language in the strategic plan
and by asking questions about how daily work relates to the
plan. This will help everyone focus on how their work inte-
grates with the strategic direction.
How does As the organization begins to work on implementing its priority objec-
implementation tives, the actions may translate into additional work. The organization
impact the needs to effectively manage getting the product out and responding to
day-to-day fires while acting on the organizations strategic priorities. It will take
business? time to institute new processes, to think and act on ways to do things
differently in daily work. Implementing the strategic plan must take on
the importance of a fire drill for the future.
But there are True. The organization exists in a world that is constantly changing,
external forces applying pressures from all sides. In order to survive and succeed, lead-
we have no ers need to be aware of these external forces and anticipate the changes
control over . . . they bring. Examples of these forces are higher authority strategic plans,
emerging technologies, demographic changes, social forces, economic
issues, the federal budget, changing customers, and the changing needs
of existing customers.
Caution: While leaders must try to anticipate change in

their environment and be proactive in their responses, they
should resist the urge to make impulsive, unilateral changes
in the strategic direction of the organization.

Is everyone No, certainly not in the first year of strategic planning. But employees
involved on can look at their own work based on where the organization is going
a team? and what it is trying to achieve. They can examine the way they ap-
proach their work and change the things they control to align with the
vision and guiding principles. Because they know the intricacies of the
processes involved in their jobs, employees can make recommendations
to their managers about needed changes in the day-to-day business to
help achieve the vision.
How are The degree to which decisions are linked to the plan depends to a large
decisions extent on the usefulness and specificity of the plan. If the plan is truly
linked to the strategic, it provides direction for the organization. Everyone in the
strategic plan? organization can see where he or she fits into the organization and can
align both their day-to-day and strategic decisions on how they will
conduct business with the plans goals and strategies. In this scenario,
decisions are closely tied to the tenets of the plan. Remember that the
plan is the means for communicating and achieving alignment and
direction in the organization. However, while it is important to link
decisions with the intended outcomes, the plan should not be prescriptive.
Decision-makers must be flexible so they can respond appropriately but
in a coordinated way to changes in the environment.
Advice: Some managers and employees may need to be

guided by quality advisors in how to use the plan for deci-
sion making since this may not have been the traditional
way business was conducted.
The plan needs to become an outline for decision making because busi-
ness decisions are related to allocation of resources. If those decisions
are made in the context of the strategic plan, then resource allocation
becomes aligned with the plan.

Allocate resources for implementation
How is the Resourcing a strategic plan involves providing the people, money, and
strategic plan materials to ensure successful implementation. Many organizations link
resourced? the strategic plan with the budgeting process at the initial strategic plan-
ning session or soon afterward when they create implementation teams.
Some choose to have implementation teams identify resources and
present them to the senior leadership team for approval. This helps the
senior leadership team prioritize implementation actions and allot re-
sources to move the organization toward achieving its strategic goals.
What resources There are at least four resources that are critical: the support of the comp-
do we need? troller (or budget officer), the support of the human resources manager,
support for the implementation teams, and a viable program for achiev-
ing the strategic initiatives. One way to ensure the support and commit-
ment of both the comptroller and the human resources manager is to
include them on the senior leadership team and, therefore, in the strategic
planning process. Too often, these very important people are relegated
to adjudicating the competing plans of others and are not included in the
planning process itself. This is an opportunity to ensure their understand-
ing of the vision and goals and solicit their ideas about how to develop
strategies that will succeed. If not done during the development of the
strategic plan, they should be involved as soon as possible in the deploy-
ment phase.
Too often, implementation actions flounder because implementation

teams are not given adequate support. Earlier in this section, require-
ments for team training, tools, time to meet, and charters were described.
Because the teams are often cross-functional, there may be no single
person in the organization who is responsible for providing them with
these resources. This is where the comptroller and the human resources

manager can intervene. If they have a thorough understanding and are
committed to accomplishing the goals of the strategic plan, they can
assist in providing the resources for the implementation teams.
Without a program for achieving the strategic initiatives, departments will

spend their program dollars on achieving short-term departmental re-
sults. And why not? If they dont spend the money, they will lose itnot
only this year, but probably in the future as well. With a strategic focus,
however, some departments have found that they can combine allocated
monies and thereby achieve a synergistic effect for the dollars spent while
accomplishing the organizations strategic initiatives.
How is the New budget requirements can become an issue if the plan calls for
strategic plan training, equipment, etc., to support development and implementation of
incorporated a new way of doing business or perhaps a new mission area. A plan
into the that is truly strategic represents changes to how the organization executes
budgeting its current business. Some successful organizations have chosen to
process? integrate their planning and budgeting processes by timing strategic
planning events so that they will feed into budgeting events such as
Program Objective Memorandum (POM) development and the mid-year
review process. In fact, strategic planning is an excellent way to make
the planning process explicit in the Department of Defenses Planning,
Programming, and Budgeting System (PPBS).
Does the This question, although frequently asked, is too simplistic. In the begin-
budget drive ning, the strategic plan drives budget formulation. Strategic plans help
the plan or the organizations leaders know their requirements so they can budget
does the plan for the people, the programs, the equipment, etc., they need to carry out
drive the their strategic direction. If the budget is not fully funded for those people,
budget? programs, equipment, etc., it is in the budget execution phase that the

budget drives the strategic plan. However, if the strategic planning
process has included prioritization of the objectives, it is easier for the
organization to act on their highest priorities even when the budget is not
fully funded.
What if Sometimes the availability and use of resources is not readily apparent,
resources are but strategic planning can make them more visible. For example, when
not available the organization establishes what is really important, it also makes ex-
to implement plicit those actions or tasks which are not important. Eliminating redun-
an important dancies in assignments or organizations can free up the use of resources,
strategy in the making them available for strategic actions.
plan?
Sometimes resources are not readily available. The following actions are
often successful in obtaining needed resources:
4 Redirect current resources
4 Reprioritize implementation actions
4 Partner with another division or organization to combine funding

levels
4 Ask the parent organization or sponsor for more resources
Advice: Use the strategic plan to demonstrate the validity

of the strategy and the concomitant need for resourcing.
Potential sponsors or partners are more easily convinced
when persuaded that their participation is grounded in real
strategy that leads to mutually desired outcomes.

Manage the change process
How do we Transitions can cause major upheaval in the group dynamics of the
keep changes senior leadership team and the direction in which the organization is
in leadership moving. However, if the plan is the product of the entire leadership
from changing team, it has a much better chance of surviving leadership transitions. The
the course? plan needs to be owned by the leadership team, not dependent on a
single leader. Getting acceptance and input to the plan from new mem-
bers of the senior leadership team is crucial to the plans success.
Advice: Many organizations use position titles in place of

individual names when assigning responsibility for action
items. This removes the personal aspect and facilitates
transitions.
The senior During the turnover, it is important for the former senior leader to explain
leader of the the strategic plan and the direction of the organization to the new leader.
organization The senior leadership team members can explain the history involved in
is leaving. making decisions, share with the new senior leader the progress that the
How do we get organization has made, and show results that have occurred. The
the new leader greater the extent the planning implementation process is in place, the
onboard with greater likelihood that the strategic initiatives will survive.
our strategic
management The new leader of the organization may want to update the strategic
efforts? plan to incorporate personal vision elements. If so, refer to the Revisiting
the Strategic Plan chapter of this handbook for ideas on how to update
the plan.
Advice: It is important for the new leader to demonstrate

supportto the entire organizationof the strategic plan
and any plans for revisiting it.

A member of It is important that new members of the senior leadership team under-
our senior stand the importance of the plan and of their role in achieving the vision.
leadership team The departing member of the team should brief the new member on the
is leaving. strategic plan and the strategic management efforts thus far. The depart-
How do we ing member should show the new member how the responsibilities of the
involve the position impact the plan and what role the individual plays on the plan-
new leader ning team. The senior leader should also brief new members on expecta-
in our strategic tions regarding the plan.
management
efforts?
Advice: It is critical to give the new leader or member all
of the background information such as:
4 Why the plan was created (drivers)
4 The process that was used to create the plan
4 Any environmental conditions that existed at the time

of its creation
4 The impact the plan has had on the organization
4 How the plan is being implemented (goal groups,

cross-functional teams, etc.)
4 How progress is being monitored and measured

(monthly senior team meetings, measures being used)
4 Roles and responsibilities
4 Lessons learned
4 Results that have been achieved
4 Plans for formally revisiting the plan

Will strategic Yes. For example, the senior leadership team might want to align the
planning formal reward systems with the strategic plan. In so doing, the team
implementation might evaluate what factors need to change in the current reward systems
change our and may decide to establish criteria in the system to reflect team partici-
current policies pation and process improvement results. Performance appraisal criteria
and procedures? may also have to change for purposes of alignment with the strategic
plan.
Advice: Organizational policies and procedures should

be reviewed and updated to support the organizations
strategic direction. Those not in alignment should be abol-
ished. This review and update should be part of implemen-
tation team activities.
Evaluate results
How do we track Use the POA&M format to help track status. Team leaders track the
progress of status of action plans. The group leader uses the status update to brief
implementation the senior leadership team on progress.
actions?
Caution: This is only a tracking function, not a formal
measurement system. Tracking tells you if you are doing
what you said you were going to do when you said you
were going to do it. It does not show the impact of the
plans implementation on the organization.
Advice: Two types of measurement systems are necessary

to give a complete picture of implementation. One type
involves tracking progress, the other involves collecting data
to measure effectiveness of each of the goals. See the
Strategic Measurement chapter of this handbook for addi-
tional guidance on measurement.

How do we Because there are two types of measurement systems that are necessary,
evaluate results? different forms of evaluation occur. One type is the evaluation of activity,
which involves looking at what implementation actions have occurred and
evaluating the progress in implementing those actions. Some implemen-
tation efforts may take longer than originally anticipated, requiring work
on other implementation activities to be delayed. This is perfectly natural.
The important thing is for the senior leadership team to keep up-to-date
on implementation actions at regular review sessions, to make appropri-
ate adjustments, and to remove organizational impediments.
The other type of evaluation analyzes the measurement data resulting

from the strategic measurement system. This data is targeted at measur-
ing outcomes of mission effectiveness now and into the future. Typically,
this type of measurement is new for organizations who are more than
likely measuring at the product output level (number of parts produced,
number of reports completed, or number of days to complete repairs).
These types of measures are important to managing daily business, but it
is in the strategic measures that a picture of the organizations effective-
ness is given. Through the strategic planning process, these outcomes
become explicit and a strategic measurement system of the macro-level
measurements can be created.
Share lessons learned; acknowledge successes through

open and frequent communication
Is it necessary Ongoing communication is crucial for success. It is extremely important

to regularly for the senior leadership team to share lessons learned, to share suc-
communicate cesses, and to show that work is being accomplished. The fact that senior
the status of leaders are paying attention to goal accomplishment will focus everyones
the plan? attention on the plan.
Advice: Be honest about progress and changes in direction.

The senior leadership team needs to choose formal communication
methods that will reach the widest audience on a continual basis. Some
organizations use their newsletters or magazines to provide status up-
dates and lessons learned. Others post their POA&Ms on marquees or
bulletin boards. In some large organizations, the leaders use video or
electronic communications.
Advice: The senior leadership team must demonstrate to

its employees that it believes in the plan by talking about it
and by changing policies and procedures based on the
plan.
How do we Many organizations include the strategic plan in their new employee
tell new indoctrination process. Some TQL coordinators send a copy of the
employees strategic plan with the new employees orders, outlining how his/her
about the responsibilities impact the plan. If the senior leader addresses new
plan and their employees in their orientation, a discussion about the strategic plan may
role in it? be included. Newsletters or any formal written policy dealing with the
plan can be distributed to the new employees. The new employees
immediate manager should explain how daily work processes impact the
success of the organization as reflected in the plan.
Advice: New employees should be easily assimilated into

the strategic management efforts if managers have ex-
plained roles and responsibilities, team membership, and
the senior leadership teams commitment to the plan.

Pre-Planning
Measurement
Strategic Planning
Strategic
and Evaluation
Communicate
Results
Measurement
Analyze and
Evaluate
Collect Resource
Allocation
Data
Unless you know how you are doing as you move along,
youll never know when youre done or if you have succeeded.
(Crosby, 1979)
Strategic measurement is the identification, development, communication,

collection, and assessment of selected outcome measures that are directly
linked to the organizations performance of its mission and attainment of
its vision. These measures should be outcome-focused (i.e., end-user
measures in the case of products and services and mission effectiveness in
all others), to assess the impact of the organizations strategic efforts.
Other measures are important and will be discussed later in this chapter
Strategic measurement is an integral part of strategic management as

depicted in the graphic on the next page. The graphic depicts elements
of strategic management in a step-wise fashion to illustrate that the pro-
cess of identifying and developing strategic measures is begun before the
strategic plan is complete. It also shows that implementation actions dont
begin until the data collection planwhich identifies the data needed
and how it is going to be collected, stored, analyzed, and updatedis
developed.

Planning and Implementation Hierarchy
Step 1
Strategic Plan
Development
Vision
Guiding Principles
Mission
Gap Analysis
Step 2
Goals Measurement Plan
Development
Strategies
Outcomes
Objectives
Performance
Indicators
Baselines
Step 3
Data Collection Plan Strategic Plan Measurement Plan
Act on Track Collect data

Feedback System
objectives implementation to measure
actions performance
Implement
strategies
Evaluate
Achieve goals outcomes
Feedback to update plan
Caution: Since strategic measures are based on goals for

the future, they could be somewhat different from current
mission performance measures. If goals are focused on new
products or services, for example providing expertise in
modeling and simulation, measures to address progress in
becoming experts will need to be developed. Dont confuse
current measures with to be developed measures. This
section focuses on measuring strategic goals and the need to
look at current measures to determine if they provide data
that can be used to measure the strategic goals.

Following are actions that are keys to successful strategic measurement
and actions that guarantee failure.
Use measurement to understand Suboptimizationfocus only on

the organization efficiencies
Use measurement to provide a Use measures that provide no real

consistent viewpoint from which to information on performance; use
gauge performance too many measures
Use measurement to provide an Use measurement to focus on the

integrated, focused view of the bottom-line only
future
Use measurement to communicate Use measurement to control

policy (new strategic direction)
Update the measurement system Never review measures
Use measurement to provide Fail to use measurement to make

quality feedback to the strategic strategic, fact-based decisions; use
management process only for control
Who does The following are suggested roles and responsibilities:

what in
strategic
measurement?

Senior Leader 4 Leads development of strategic measurement plan
4 Incorporates measurement plan into deployment and implementa-

tion of the strategic plan
4 Monitors and evaluates strategic measures
4 Communicates measurement results to workforce
4 Adjusts measurement plan as necessary
4 Adjusts strategic plan as necessary
4 Allocates resources to implement strategic measurement plan
Senior 4 Support the strategic measurement plan

Leadership
4 Champion the need for strategic measures
Team Members
4 Define strategic measures and performance indicators
4 Charter measurement team and identify members
4 Provide guidance to measurement team
4 Approve final strategic measurement plan
4 Monitor and evaluate strategic measures
4 Communicate measurement results to employees
4 Adjust measurement plan as necessary
4 Adjust strategic plan as necessary
4 Allocate resources to implement the strategic measurement plan
4 Individually, develop measures within their area of responsibility

that link with strategic measures
4 Individually, provide data associated with strategic measures

Measurement 4 Develops baselines, data collection and evaluation process, and
Team feedback system
4 Develops resourcing plan
4 Develops a plan of action and milestones for implementation
4 Develops a deployment approach
4 Disbands when strategic measurement plan is approved
Budget 4 Serves on senior leadership team

Officer
4 Distributes and monitors allocated resources
4 Incorporates strategic measurement implementation funding needs

into budget as part of strategic plan implementation
4 Assists measurement team in understanding how budget relates to

mission effectiveness
4 Develops measures for determining cost-effectiveness of strategic

measures
4 Develops plan to reinvest savings
TQL 4 Serves as a point of contact for strategic measurement plan

Coordinator
4 Assesses and coordinates training needs
4 Tracks strategic measurement plan action items
4 Handles logistics for updating the strategic measurement plan

Why do we The senior leadership team charters a measurement team to complete the
need a development of the measurement plan. The measurement team:
measurement
team? 4 Defines measurement administration responsibilities
Measurement administration responsibilities include who will

collect, gather, store, and analyze the data needed to support the
performance indicators.
4 Gathers data to develop baselines for each performance indicator
The measurement team gathers the data to develop baseline

performance and then presents these baselines to the senior
leadership team so that it can establish the baselines.
4 Develops a feedback system
A feedback system tells the senior leadership if it is measuring

intended mission effectiveness, using the best indicator for those
items, and if it is progressing toward the vision.
4 Identifies resource requirements
4 Develops a plan of action and milestones to implement the strate-

gic measurement plan
4 Creates a deployment strategy for the measurement plan
Deployment of the measurement plan needs to be integrated with

the overall strategic plan deployment.
Who should The senior leadership team chooses members who represent a cross
be on the section of the entire organization, including at least one member of the
measurement senior leadership team to serve as a downward link. Membership is
team? determined by the number of indicators the organization develops and
by subject matter expertise about the various processes for which data
will be collected.

Advice: Consider members who are well versed in the
process or system that is being measured, regardless of
whether or not they have a solid background in measure-
ment. It is advisable to have at least one member on the
team who is knowledgeable about measurement.
Use measurement to understand the organization
Strategic Measurement in the Organization’s Extended System
Suppliers Organization Products Customers

and Services
• people
• machines
Inputs • material Outputs Outcomes
• methods
• processes
• structure
Feedback Feedback
Strategic Measurement
How does the The purpose of this model is to depict the basic flow of work and informa-
organization tion in any organization. All organizations deal with internal and exter-
operate? nal suppliers who provide inputs to the organization in the form of
money, people, material, information, etc. The organization then utilizes
people, methods, machines, material, processes, and its structure to
transform that input into the products and services (outputs) it provides to
its customers or end-users. The customer then uses the products or ser-
vices and experiences a result or outcome from that use. For those orga-
nizations with no clear end-users, such as operational units in the mili-
tary, outcomes are defined as mission effectiveness.

How do Measurement of any improvement or change initiative throughout the
organizational extended system is important in order to assess whether a change has
measurements had the intended effect. When engaged in measurement at the process
link together? level, there are four opportunities for measuring and assessing the effects
of process improvement activities, outcomes, outputs, processes, and
inputs. At this level the outcomes are associated with satisfaction of that
particular end-users requirements or mission effectiveness.
When engaged in a strategic management process, strategic measures

must be identified and defined with the associated data collected and
analyzed to support those measures. In strategic measurement, the
strategic measures define the aggregated outcomes of mission effective-
ness now and into the future as described in the organizations vision
and strategic goals. These aggregated outcomes are at a higher level
than a single end-user for a single product or service line. Strategic
measures define measurement at the organizational level to indicate
overall organizational performance.
What is the Once the strategic measure is determined, it is important to select mea-
relationship surements for the inputs, processes, and outputs which directly contribute
between the to the outcome measure. In other words, it is best to start by determining
four types of the outcome measure first and then select input, process, and output
measures? measures that have a clear relationship to that outcome. For example, if
ship readiness is the desired strategic measure, a process measure that
measures the capacity of the ships laundry or an input measure that
measures the quality of its soap powder would have no bearing on the
outcome. They may be good indicators of another desired outcome,
such as quality of life, but they are not good indicators of readiness.
Where readiness is the desired outcome, a process measure might be
maintenance of ships and an output measure might be number of ships
available for sea duty.

Dont Typically, government organizations have a lot of measurement data
organizations around inputs, processes, and outputs, but lack the data to assess organi-
already collect zational outcomes. There are a couple of reasons for this. The organiza-
these data? tion may not have a strategic plan that explicitly states the outcomes;
therefore, measures have never been developed to support them. Or the
organization may have the data to support the outcomes, but is not
collecting, storing, and analyzing that data so that it becomes useful
information in determining mission effectiveness. Many organizations
collect customer satisfaction data but do not have a measurement system
in place to effectively use that information to improve the organization.
The main reason is that outcome data are difficult to define and collect,
particularly for public sector organizations.
This is not to say that one type of measurement is bad and one type is
good. Measures are only useful when appropriately applied. For ex-
ample, process measures are useful when undertaking process improve-
ment activities, when monitoring the process to ensure it is stable, and to
have a baseline for comparisons when making system changes. Finan-
cial measures are useful for monitoring expenditures against obligation
and to control organizational spending. They may be useful as an output
measure when efficiencies and process improvements are applied. Input
data, particularly quality data, are necessary to determine when to begin
improvement efforts. As with any type of measurement it is important to
understand what is being measured and why.
Any good measurement system should include outcome, output, process,

and input measures. For example, if a strategic goal for a shipyard
focuses on maintaining a cleaner environment, there are several possible
measures that can be taken related to ships leaking oil. One measure
might be the number of oil spills given the number of ships. The number
of ships in this case is the input and the number of oil spills is the output.
So if the data show that the number of oil spills has declined given an
increase in the number of ships, this seems like a very good indicator of a
cleaner environment. But looking closer, the number of oil spills does not
indicate how much damage is being done to the environment. Outcome
measures may be related to fish contamination, decrease in wildlife,
water pollution, etc. A good surrogate, or proxy, measure from the
shipyards point of view may be volume of oil spilled. Both the output and
outcome measures are needed to provide a complete picture.

Use measurement to provide a consistent viewpoint from
which to gauge performance
What principles The selected measures must meet the needs of the organizations leader-
should be ship for assessing the progress of the organization and still provide
used to create meaningful policy guidance to the lower echelons. There are eight basic
strategic measurement principles:
measures?
1. Measures, to be useful, must be linked.
Measures at one level in an organization should result in measurements

at the next lower level. Ackoff (1981) writes that there are two types of
linkscoordination and integration. Coordination means that no part
of an organization can be planned for effectively if it is planned for
independently of any other unit at the same level. Integration means
that effective planning needs to be carried out interdependently at all
levels. Links to address both these issues must be addressed by the team
structure and measures used to tie them together.
2. Measures are experimental.
A performance measure selected for a process or system can only be the

organizations best guess as to the most appropriate indicator particu-
larly as it relates to changing missions for the organization. It may be
necessary to modify the measurement if a relationship between what is
measured and the goal to be achieved cannot be established.
3. Measures may be incomplete.
Measurements may provide only a partial picture of what is being mea-

sured, particularly when first getting started. As a first step, operational
definitions of measures are critical to understanding whether a measure

is adequate. Sometimes outcome data are nearly impossible to obtain;
or, they occur so infrequently as not to be practical. What may be
needed are surrogate measures that are closely tied to the outcome to
approximateor be a surrogate forthe desired measures. For ex-
ample, success in winning a battle is the intended mission effectiveness
outcome of a military operation, but not a practical measure. Mission
readiness, or preparedness to fight and win, becomes the surrogate. This
is why it is important to carry out the second step, which is the identifica-
tion of factors that make up the outcome measure. These factors form the
performance indicators for the measures around which data will be
collected. When surrogates are used, it is important to do a validity
check to make sure they do relate to intended outcomes. Experts in the
subject matter and historical data may need to be consulted. The more
future-oriented the measure, the harder and more critical it is to define
and measure the related factors.
4. People at the appropriate level need to be involved in

developing the measurement.
The senior leadership team defines the strategic measures to be used for
the same reasons that strategic planning must be done by the senior
leadership: they are responsible for establishing the strategic direction of
the organization. Others will define supporting measures, such as pro-
cess measures and output, for the strategic measures.
5. A family of measures is necessary to adequately describe

the organization, process, or system.
Traditional measures are generally financial in naturewhich only covers

one aspect of the organization. Multiple measures, describing different
aspects of the organization, are better than singular measures for provid-
ing a comprehensive picture of the organization. This refers to the need
to link measures and to ensure that the data collected are necessary and
sufficient to support the family of measures.

6. Measures over time show trends; additional information is
required to determine the causes of success or failure.
While a performance indicator can show that something is being done

better over time, the measurement will not provide the reason for this
improvement. Teams with process knowledge are necessary to analyze
the data.
7. Measure only what is important.
Organizational resources must be expended to collect, store, and ana-

lyze measures. Therefore, measurement activities should not be con-
ducted solely as an exercise in measuring. The purpose of measurement
must be clear. Understanding how measures are to be used is critical.
8. The measures selected must support decision making.
Measurement data requires analysis to provide information to be useful

to decision makers. Considerable time and effort must be given to assess
how the data would improve decisions and what would be done with the
data. Information that has no bearing on the decision has no value at
the time of the decision. Collection of data that is not used should be
discontinued.
How do we Strategic measures focus on vision attainment. Hold a workshop, similar

develop to the strategic planning workshop, with the senior leadership team to
strategic develop strategic measures. Following are steps that the senior leader-
measures? ship team should follow to develop a strategic measurement system:

4 Operationally define the strategic measures
Strategic measures are operational definitions of the outcomes of

mission effectiveness now and into the future.
If the organization has a comprehensive vision supported by

strategic goals that operationally define the outcomes expressed in
the vision, then the senior leadership team can derive performance
indicators from the strategic goals. If the vision and strategic
goals are very broad, then it may be necessary for the senior
leadership team to further discuss the outcomes and goals and
operationally define what they are trying to achieve.
4 Define performance indicators
Performance indicators are derived from the strategic measures.

They are the key evidence with which to measure performance.
Because the operational definitions of the key concepts are on a
macro-level, the performance indicators will be similarly broad.
4 Charter a strategic measurement team
The strategic measures are the foundation of a strategic measure-

ment plan. They are given to a measurement team who completes
the measurement plan.
4 Establish baselines
Baselines are the current performance levels for the performance

indicators selected. If data that support a performance indicator
are currently being collected, then a historical baseline exists. If
the data are not currently being collected, a baseline needs to be
established. The measurement team will determine the baselines
for the performance indicators from current data (if available) or
by collecting data over a short period of time to provide an ap-
proximate baseline as a starting point. Their strategic measure-
ment plan will include these recommended baselines for approval
by the senior leadership team.

4 Approve the strategic measurement plan
The senior leadership team will review the recommendations

made by the measurement team, including the baselines and the
data collection methodology, and approve them when agreement
is reached.
4 Inform the workforce
The senior leadership team needs to communicate to the

workforce the new strategic measurement system that will be put
into place and how they can contribute to the success of that
system.
4 Implement the measurement plan
Take the actions necessary to put the strategic measurement

system into place. Clarify important roles in measurement devel-
opment and data collection and analysis.
How many Five to seven strategic measures are recommended. Too many measures
strategic can lead to collecting data that is meaningless. Try to collect a slate of
measures measures that cover the breadth and indicate the health of the organiza-
should we tion.
have?
What data The measurement team determines what data are necessary to collect.
should we To determine what data need to be collected, the team needs to:
collect?

4 Define the indicators
4 Determine what data are needed to measure the indicators
4 Determine if that data are already being collected
4 If not, figure out how to collect the data
4 Define data collection rules that outline how the data apply to the
indicators
Caution: The senior leadership team needs to ensure that

the performance indicators can be measured and that, if
measured, they will not adversely affect the organization.
Collection of some indicators can make an organization
behave at cross purposes to the vision. Performance can be
distorted if the indicator inaccurately reflects the priorities of
the organization. Another cause of distortion could come
from members manipulating a performance indicator to
achieve higher ratings.
Advice: At this point, most organizations need some help

from an internal or external person who has expertise in
measurement and variation.
Can we Yes, if the data collected supports the performance indicators chosen for
incorporate the the strategic measurement system. A review of current measures needs to
measures we be done by the measurement team to determine if they support the indi-
already use? cators; if it does, then that data needs to be organized into the strategic
measures. However, if the review reveals measures that do not support
the strategic measures and arent required by law, statutory requirements,
or higher echelon requirements; arent being used for management
control purposes (e.g., financial measures); or arent being used for
process improvement efforts, then stop using them and expending the
effort to collect the associated data.

We have It is important to collect data on all of the strategic measures because,
targeted only a even though concerted work may be focused only on one or two goal
few areas for areas, the results of that work may impact all of the measures. Until
implementation there is enough data to understand relationships among the goals, there
in the first year. is no basis to know how much benefit directed focus will have on overall
How does that achievement of outcomes.
affect what data
we collect?
Use measurement to provide an integrated,

focused view of the future
Although most people are unable to focus on more than a few things at
one time, leaders sometimes allow measurement systems to capture
How does everything, the useful and the not-so-useful. Such actions can distract the
strategic organization from reaching its vision. Valuable resources may be ex-
measurement pended on efforts that do not support the strategic plan. The use of
focus everyones strategic measurement, on the other hand, strengthens the organizations
sights on focus on the future by filtering out information not required to achieve the
the future strategic goals. It limits the number of measures to approximately six,
organization? forcing the organization to concentrate on the vital outcomes.

Use measurement to communicate policy
(new strategic direction)
How does In a traditional measurement scheme, each function has its own set of
strategic measures. These specialized measurement systems segregate functions
measurement and isolate suborganizations from the larger organization. Once these
change the measures are compartmentalized by function, they cannot simply be
purpose of aggregated as a means of assessing overall corporate performance.
measurement Organizational measures have traditionally been a mixture of regulatory
from control to requirements, error corrections, leaders information needs, and some-
communicating times data on process performance. While some of these may be valid
policy? and useful, they are not strategic measures. In general, these systems are
used to control present activities. In contrast, a strategic measurement
system communicates to all echelons of an organization what is vital to
achieving its vision of the future.
The strategic plan has established a vision of the future for the organiza-
tion. The strategic measurements reinforce the strategic plan by helping
to focus everyones attention on attaining those goals that will lead to that
future. When two key projects, programs, or activities are competing for
resources, the focus of the measures can help leaders determine which of
the competing actions should receive immediate support.
How does When measurements are understood, decision making can be pushed
strategic down to a level where action can be initiated close to the problem, situa-
measurement tion, or opportunity. Using strategic measurement, those making deci-
provide an sions can propel the organization forward toward the vision without
opportunity for having to elevate each decision to the highest level.
empowerment?

Do we need to Yes. It is fundamental that anything the organization chooses to expend
have a measure resources on should be measured. It is important to track all actions
for every goal, related to the implementation of the strategic plan. Leaders must know
strategy, and the status of progress taken on the objectives, strategies, and goals so
objective? they can assess individual, team, and organizational performance. But
they must also be able to assess the effectiveness of mission accomplish-
ment and the changes (those strategic goals) which were established in
order to attain the vision.
Advice: Remember that strategic measurement is about

operationally defining the key outcomes the organization is
striving for and identifying the performance indicators that
will be used to measure those outcomes. To conduct strate-
gic measurement, organizational measures must be linked to
outcomes to provide the indicators and data necessary to
evaluate results.
We are a Suborganizations should create lower-level measurement plans that link

suborganization; with the corporate strategic measurement plan. If the suborganization
what measures has a separate strategic plan, then it will also need a separate strategic
do we need? measurement plan. If the suborganizations strategic plan starts at the
strategy or objective level, it needs to have measures that link directly to
the corporate strategic measurements. In the event that only a few mea-
sures can be linked, the suborganization should create additional strate-
gic measurements that better describe its outcomes.

Update the measurement system
How does In some instances, a strategic measure selected by the organization might
strategic not be the correct one. The expected relationship between the measure
measurement and performance might not materialize. Periodic reviews to determine
provide an whether there is a relationship between the measure and what is being
organized measured can ensure that the right measures are selected. If the rela-
method for tionship is weak, analysis must be done to determine the cause.
reviewing
Caution: If the measures are not related to how well the
measures?
organization is doing, then the measures may not be right.
If little or no progress is made toward goals, the measures
may be fine, but the strategiesan implementation issue
may not be correct, or people may not be attending to them.
Or, the measures may be too aggregated or gross to show
change even if there was progress made toward goals.
Before action is taken, investigate the causes. Always have
several data points over time before taking action to
changebeware of tampering.
How does Strategic measurement helps leaders continually establish and evaluate
strategic progress toward goals, targets, and policy over a long period of time.
measurement The strategic plan itself is usually written from a 5, 10, or 15-year per-
help the spective. Similarly, measuring the attainment of the goals is a long-term
organization endeavor.
remain constant
in pursuit of its
goals?

How will the The organization looks for performance improvements by watching the
data be strategic measurements. The causes for any changes in performance
evaluated? should be determined by investigating system, subsystem, and process
measurement data.
Use measurement to provide quality feedback

to the strategic management process
How does Some strategies devised to achieve goals might not work. The measures
strategic will show that the relationship between the strategy and the expected
measurement outcome does not exist. By using graphic tools, this lack of relationship
provide data will become apparent. Further investigation will reveal the causes.
to clarify and
update
strategies?
How does By using the feedback from the strategic measures to validate or adjust
strategic (when that is the appropriate action) the strategic direction of the organi-
measurement zation the feedback data becomes input that the leaders can use to make
help in decision decisions in their daily business. It is the decisions that are made today
making? that impact the future of the organization.
How will the Most people want to know how the results impact the organization and
results be themselves. Sharing results should be part of the formal communication
communicated mechanism established for the strategic plan.
to the
workforce?

How do we Measurement can be threatening. The senior leadership team needs to
overcome anticipate peoples possible reaction to measurement. Below are some
peoples reasons why people may dislike measurement:
dislike of
measurement 4 Poor performance may be found
and being 4 The value of measurement is not understood
measured?
4 People dont understand how to use measures
4 Peoples contribution to the organization and the measures is not

evident
4 It places accountability on individuals
4 Measurement has typically been used as a means of punishment
4 Measurement takes time and effort
Advice: Strategic measurement is about overall organiza-

tional performance, its subsystems, and processes. Individu-
als contribute to these measures, but to evaluate an indi-
vidual on this basis is not only impossible to do, but defeats
getting good measures. As fear over evaluation increases,
reliability of good data decreases.
How are the The results from the strategic measures become inputs to updating the
results linked strategic plan. Sometimes the results may reveal areas where goals,
to the strategic strategies, or objectives are inadequate. Therefore, the goal, strategy, or
plan? objective may need to be adjusted. It may also show that the attainment
of the goal, strategy, or objective is complete. The senior leadership
team needs to adjust the plan as needed.

Pre-Planning
Pre-Planning
Activities
Organizational
Assessment Mission
Strategic Planning
Gap
Analysis
Strategic
Goals
Revisiting the
Measurement
Vision
Guiding
Principles
Strategies
Objectives
Strategic Plan
and Evaluation Strategic
Develop
Communicate Foundations Measurement
Results Plan
Analyze
and
Evaluate
Resource
Collect Allocation
Data
Communicate Develop Phase II: Phase I:
Track Status Take Action Communicate Complete
Progress Action Plans the Plan the Plan
. . . most people have forgotten that planning is the primary function of

management and should lead all of its other functions. The crush of other
management fads and theories has caused us to lose sight of the basics.
(Haines, 1995)
Why revisit Formally revisiting the plan on a periodic basis (e.g., annually) is neces-
the plan? sary to ensure that the plan continues to drive the organization. This time
around, the senior leadership team has a common understanding of what
strategic planning is and what it can do to help focus and align the efforts
of the entire organization. The organization is probably ready to stretch.
Following are actions that are keys to successfully revisiting the strategic
plan and actions that guarantee failure.
Recognize when to update the plan Poor timing and not recognizing
external forces
Modify strategic planning process Rigid application of strategic

to accommodate the more mature planning process; ignore lessons
organization learned from previous efforts
Incorporate new leaders into the Ignore impact of new leaders

strategic planning process
Integrate measurement with Dont use measurement information

strategic planning
Use experienced strategic planning Shortcut the process

facilitators
when we revisit
the strategic
plan?
Senior Leader 4 Chooses and contracts with strategic planning facilitator
4 Develops expectations for revisiting the plan
4 Develops interview questions with strategic planning facilitator for

senior leadership team and, if appropriate, for key customers and
internal focus groups
4 Develops timeline for revisiting the strategic plan
4 Allocates resources
4 Leads planning sessions
Senior 4 Engages in pre-planning activities

Leadership
4 Contributes input to customer and focus group interview questions
Team
4 Participates in planning sessions
TQL 4 Coordinates logistics

Coordinator
4 Works with strategic planning facilitators
4 Provides tracking and measurement information
4 Coordinates planning group member interviews, customer inter-

views, and focus group sessions

Goal Group 4 Share lessons learned from implementation efforts
Leaders
4 Provide status of goal accomplishments
4 Continue to coordinate strategic management efforts
Budget Officer 4 Provides resources for revisiting sessions
4 Participates on senior leadership team
4 Helps integrate strategic plan into budget process
Individual 4 Gather input from their employees

Senior
4 Revisit suborganization plans
Leadership
Team Members
Recognize when to update the plan
How does There are five reasons for the senior leadership team to revisit the strate-
the senior gic plan:
leadership
team know 4 Environmental forces and changing external conditions
when to revisit 4 Significant accomplishment of the goals, strategies, and/or objec-
the strategic tives
plan?
4 Measurement data may show that strategies need to be refocused
4 Transition of senior leader
4 A year has gone by

The original plan was formulated under a set of assumptions: a particular
organizational infrastructure, budgetary affluence or constraints, an
organizational culture, fears, barriers, political considerations, economic
factors, technological breakthroughs, resource constraints, etc. When the
assumption(s) change, the plan must be revisited. Furthermore, as goals,
strategies, and objectives are accomplished, the organization must
continuously set new ones if it is to grow and remain dynamic. Without
these updates, the organization will become stagnant. This is why
strategic management is an iterative process.
How long does The length of time depends on how much progress was made in achiev-
revisiting the ing the goals, how long its been since the last planning session, and the
plan take? quality of the strategic plan developed during that session. Additional
factors include:
4 The expectations of the senior leader
4 Analyzing focus group and customer feedback from the interview

process
4 The extent of change required to the plan
4 Incorporating strategic measurement development
4 Incorporating new deployment and implementation strategies

based on lessons learned and new ideas

Modify strategic planning process to accommodate the
more mature organization
Should we It depends on the senior leaders expectations for revisiting the plan. If
use the same the senior leader thinks that there have been significant changes in exter-
strategic nal and internal factors, the vision or mission may need to be adjusted.
planning Guiding principles should change less drastically and less often. The
process as senior leadership team may need to revisit just the goals, strategies, and
before? objectives based on measurement feedback and what has been accom-
plished.
The process may also change by altering how the senior leadership team
develops the strategic plan. The tools that the strategic planning facilita-
tor usesinterviews, brainstorming, affinity diagrams, the ground rules,
consensus decision making, etc.will again be used in some form. For
organizations that have had many revisits, it may be helpful for them to
create new brainstorming exercises.
Following are recommendations on how revisiting the process can differ

from the initial process:
In the pre-planning phase:
4 Create interview questions based on the senior leaders expecta-

tions and maturity of the organization
4 Conduct focus groups to gather manager and employee input
4 Conduct customer interviews
4 Analyze recent survey results, both internal (employee climate)

and external
4 Understand results of measurement analysis
4 Evaluate implementation status based on tracking information
4 Individual senior leadership team members meet with their em-

ployees to gather input

In the planning phase:
4 Vary the brainstorming methods to explore possibilities
4 Ensure that strategic measurement plan development is incorpo-

rated
4 Focus on new deployment and implementation ideas based on

lessons learned
Organizations whose senior leadership team has been regularly review-

ing implementation progress at monthly meetings, briefing goal status at
regular staff meetings, and regularly communicating the plans status and
accomplishments to their employees have found that revisiting the plan
annually is a natural part of doing business.
Caution: Revisiting a strategic plan that has been

shelfware for a long time is viewed as a chore and may
not be taken seriously.
What should The senior leadership team and focus group interview questions should
the interview address:
questions
address? 4 Validation of and modifications to the vision, mission, and guid-
ing principles
4 External drivers and their potential impact (opportunities and

threats)
4 Internal issues (strengths and weaknesses)
4 How to close the performance gap between existing conditions

and the desired vision
4 Strategic goal review to determine continuing relevance
4 Reorganization/downsizing concerns (if applicable)
4 Measurement

The customer interview questions should address:
4 Their perspective of the organizations vision and mission
4 Strategic issues they are facing that the organization should

address
4 Their perception of the organizations strengths and weaknesses
4 Their expectations of the organization
4 How they measure the organization in meeting those expectations
Should Customer participation is gained through the interview process. By

customers be involving the key customers in the interview process, their input is gath-
invited to ered and can be used throughout the process.
participate
this time?
How does the It is the responsibility of the corporate organization to communicate to the
revision affect suborganizations the changes to the plan and how those changes affect
suborganizations? them.
Incorporate new leaders into the strategic planning

process
Our senior The new senior leader should be a part of the revision process. Timing is
leader is important. Coming on board, a new leader is faced with absorbing a
leaving; does tremendous amount of information to become familiar with the new
that impact organization: how it operates, who the customers and suppliers are, what
when and how the products and services are, the organizations culture, and the
we revisit the organizations strategic planning process.
plan?

Advice: Wait to revisit the strategic plan until the new
leader:
4 Assesses the strategic plan and its impact
4 Understands what changes the organization has

been through
4 Understands the process of strategic planning
4 Talks with employees
4 Talks with customers
4 Has a sense of major internal issues
4 Has a sense of external drivers
4 Is well enough informed about the organization to

make strategic decisions
After the senior leader has assessed the organization and the strategic
plan, he or she needs to decide when to revisit the plan.
What about When members leave and others join the team, have the new member(s)
other senior involved in the revisiting process. If possible, interview both the outgoing
leadership team and the incoming members to incorporate the wisdom and experience of
members the outgoing members and to bring the new members into the planning
transitioning? process. New members benefit from this involvement by being exposed
to the organizations strategic management process. They also get an
opportunity to provide new and fresh ideas. By having the new members
participate as soon as possible, they will feel more a part of the plan and
will more fully understand the planning process.

Advice: Senior members should have attended the DON
Senior Leaders Seminar (SLS), which will provide them with
a common understanding of process management, lan-
guage, structure, and the need for strategic direction.
Integrate measurement with strategic planning
How do we When revisiting a strategic plan that has not had strategic measurements,
more effectively it is important to include their development in this iteration of the process.
integrate When revisiting a strategic plan that has measurements, the senior lead-
measurement ership team must validate those measurements. Do they indicate progress
with our toward the vision? Have they led to other measures that may be used for
strategic identification of root causes of problems? If, as a result of revisiting this
planning plan, there is a significant change to the strategic direction of the organi-
process? zation, then strategic measurements must be updated as well. For ex-
ample, if the organization is taking on a new product line, strategic
measurements may need to be developed to indicate performance in that
new area.
Advice: Measurement is often thought of as too hard to

do and is therefore put off. It is the senior leaders re-
sponsibility to make strategic measurement a primary,
priority part of the process.
How do we use If an organization has already been measuring its strategic goals, the
measurement results or output of that measurement effort should become input into the
results? next iteration of the strategic planning process. This feedback to the
senior leaders becomes either positive (to reinforce the behavior) or
negative feedback (to change the behavior) of the strategic management

system. The information can be provided to the senior leadership team as
part of their next pre-planning phase or during the environmental scan.
Use experienced strategic planning facilitators
Should we try Use strategic planning facilitators to assist with the revisiting process.
revisiting the They will help focus the review and can help leaders use their time more
plan on our efficiently. Because of their external perspective of the organization and
own, or should the issues that it is trying to address, external strategic planning facilita-
we use strategic tors are better positioned to assist the senior leadership team with its
planning strategic deliberations.
facilitators?
Advice: External can mean outside of the individual
organization, but not necessarily outside of the entire De-
partment of the Navy. The advantage of external facilitators
is that they can advise candidly because they are not subject
to internal supervisory controls. A good external strategic
planning facilitator has different strategic management
experiences that can enrich the revision process and provide
lessons learned to the senior leadership team.
So the strategic Yes. If, as Haines said, . . . planning is the primary function of man-
management agement, then strategic management is the primary function of leader-
process can be ship. Think about Dr. W. Edwards Demings Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA)
even more cycle. Strategic management is the way that the Department of the Navy
challenging operationalizes his teachings about PDSA. P considers both the pre-
the second planning and strategic planning processes; D encompasses both the
time around? deployment and implementation of the plan; S tracks progress, mea-
sures results and outcomes, and evaluates all three. A feeds the evalu-
ation back to the system and either adjusts or standardizes the system
based upon that feedback.

Section II:
Case Studies

Case Studies:
Strategic Plans at Work
The best plan is only a plan, that is, good intentions,

unless it degenerates into work. The distinction that marks a plan
capable of producing results is the commitment of key people
to work on specific tasks. The test of a plan is whether
management actually commits resources to actions
which will produce results in the future.
Unless such a commitment is made,
there are only promises and hopes, but no plan.
(Drucker, 1986)
This handbook has provided guidance based on extensive work with

client organizations in developing, deploying, and implementing strategic
plans. This information has been supplemented by research that included
interviews with DON and other government leaders who have led strate-
gic management efforts within their organizations.
Every organization handles its strategic management effort differently.

Leadership style, maturity of the organization, structure, moraleall of
these factors influence how an organization will approach its strategic
management efforts. Section I of this handbook has offered guidance.
To provide real examples of this guidance in action, four case studies
follow. Each case study offers a different perspective on strategic man-
agement initiatives.
The case studies are not intended to be hallmarks of how strategic man-
agement should be implemented, but rather how leaders applied their
knowledge and best efforts toward creating a better organization.
The cases are structured according to the processes of strategic manage-

ment: planning, completing the plan, communicating the plan, imple-
menting the plan, and measurement and evaluation. In addition, lessons

learned are provided to help other organizations make choices about
their own plans. Keep in mind that what works for one organization will
not necessarily be successful for another. To be most successful, balance
these case studies with the guidance provided by this handbook and your
own organizational culture.
Each of the organizations profiled offers a different strength. Naval Air

Station, Barbers Point, which is scheduled for closure, undertook strategic
planning to help its people deal with issues related to closure, reduction
in size, and transitioning. Naval Air Facility Washington has a mature
process for utilizing teams for implementation efforts. U.S. Military
Entrance Processing Command used their formal policy deployment
system to outline detailed implementation plans, including roles and
responsibilities. Center for Veterinary Medicine employed a unique
approach for communicating their strategic plan to the workforce.
Within each case study are quotes taken from interviews with the senior
leaders and strategic planning coordinators. These insightful comments
provide a taste of their experiences, thoughts, and feelingsin their own
words. Our intent is not to judge their efforts, but to learn from them.

Case Study:
Naval Air Station, Barbers Point
Background The Naval Air Station Barbers Point (NASBP) has been placed on the
Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) list. The senior leadership of the
command undertook strategic planning to help its people deal with
BRAC-related issues. They needed to include closure in their mission,
reducing their size and transitioning much of their remaining activity to
Marine Corps Base Hawaii at Kaneohe Bay.
Our closure date is July 99. Were moving all the operational
units and a lot of the air station assets and personnel over to
Kaneohe Bay, just across the island. The strategic plan helped
focus attention on that and we are well on our way in working
toward the move because of it.
Their goals and objectives reflect their desire to become a model for
maintaining the quality and continuity of their service to the operating
forces and supporting and improving the quality of life for their personnel
while transitioning to closure.
In a 3-day offsite in December 1994, the senior leadership of NASBP

Strategic
developed its mission, vision, guiding principles, and broad goal areas
Planning
using the DON strategic planning model and guided by a strategic
Process
planning facilitation team from the TQL Training Team Pacific. The
participants, numbering about 20, were the department heads and
special assistantsall people with a stake in operating and, ultimately,
closing the base.
The 3-day offsite really got us together as a team and focused

our common efforts on what was significant for our organiza-
tiontransitioning to closure.
Following the initial strategic planning offsite, the Base Transition Steering
Committee (BTSC) was formed as an Executive Steering Committee to
oversee completion and implementation of the plan. There was a delay

in completing the strategic plan and no structured activity on deploying
the plan for a number of months.
The transition process for the base had not yet been determined.
We didnt know what was happening with the operational units,
whether the air station would close up, whether we would move,
or what the time line was. So a strategic plan to carry us through
for who knows how long or for what goalswe figured that wed
better wait to finish it until we got the word on what was happen-
ing.
The mission, vision, and guiding principles below were provided by the
TQL Coordinator from the unpublished NAS Barbers Point strategic plan:
Mission
Close NAS Barbers Point consistent with public law.

Maintain quality service to the operating forces.
Tailor support infrastructure.
Continue quality of life support.
Vision
A good neighbor
Environmental steward
Model for transition to a successfully integrated community
Guiding Principles
To inspire an attitude of excellence we will:
Encourage and embrace innovation and change.

Work together with mutual respect, trust, and
accountability for our actions.
Keep people informed at all levels and maintain strong
community relationships.
Allow all personnel to provide input to the transition
process while being sensitive to their personal needs and
professional growth.

Phase I Work on the plan resumed after the unanswered questions about the
Deployment: BRAC were resolved.
Completing the
We got the word about our realignment and transition from the
Strategic Plan Commander-in-Chief, Pacific Fleet, in October 95 and we started
picking up again where we left off on the strategic plan.
Early efforts to use QMBs to further develop the goals were not very
successful.
We really didnt get anywhere because the QMBs generally

didnt have time to meet. They were so cross-functional that they
almost got in the way of the daily routine.
One of the principle mission areas is tailoring the infrastructure (the

numbers of people and facilities needed to support the fleet). The process
owners developed their own POA&Ms for tailoring their infrastructure.
These were reviewed by the BTSC and merged into a common POA&M
for the base.
The senior leaders decided to give the draft plan to the mid-level manag-
ersthe chief petty officers (CPOs)to review and validate. The chiefs
met in January 1995 in a facilitated, closed-door session. The Command
Master Chief, who is a member of the BTSC, acted as a downlink. This
Chiefs Round Table made positive contributions to the completion and
further deployment of the strategic plan.
The chiefs took the goals and came up with some great objectives
and elements. They really put more action into the plan.
4 The chiefs reviewed, validated, and augmented the strategic plan.
4 The chiefs buy-in to the plan was obtained.
4 The chiefs contributed a work-oriented perspective to the plan.
4 The session resulted in team-building within the mid-level manage-

ment group.
4 The chiefs were exposed to TQL processes.

Up until then, wed had a lot of resistance from the chiefs about
taking formal TQL training. But they got some training from the
facilitator, and they used it, and it was effective. We actually got
some converts, guys who said, I guess this TQL stuff works.
The BTSC met and completed the plan based on the inputs from the
Chiefs Round Table and subsequent BTSC meetings.
Phase II At the Chiefs Round Table, the draft plan was presented to the mid-level
Deployment: management group by the Command Master Chief in an environment
Communicating where they could make unreserved inputs without negative consequences.
the Strategic The reason why [the Commanding Officer] didnt present the
Plan plan was that he didnt want the chiefs to get the impression that
this was his plan, that if they changed it, they were changing the
skippers plan. He didnt want any intimidation.
The plan has been communicated to the workforce via the department
heads or division officers.
We feel its important to have it come down from the bosses.
That way people know that the boss thinks its important.
Now that the strategic plan has been completed, plans for communicat-
ing it both internally and externally are being developed:
4 Department heads will hold formal briefings on the plan for their
people.
4 The plan will be covered in the commands General Military

Training sessions.
4 The Public Affairs Office communication plan will be implemented

to disseminate information to station personnel, residents, the
chain-of-command, and the community using face-to-face presen-
tations and print and electronic media.
The completed strategic plan is being shared with the base that NASBP is
transitioning to at Kaneohe Bay.

The mission, vision, and guiding principles have been published and
communicated to the next level up in the chain-of-command.
The goals were recently communicated up the chain-of-command in

response to a request for the commands goals for 1996. Using its
strategic plan as the baseline, the BTSC synthesized a list of goals from
the plan.
They were able to do that because we have been using our

strategic plan as our roadmap to the future. We have our
POA&Ms all laid out. Putting together the goals for 96 was just a
cakewalk for us.
Implementing One of the major processes we need to complete within the next
couple of years is closing down the base and transitioning all the
the Strategic operational activities to the Marine Corps Base Hawaii at
Plan Kaneohe Bay.
A combined relocation team has been established at the senior leader-

ship level. It will meet every week to work through the base closure and
transition process.
NASBP senior leadership sat in on the Marine Corps strategic planning

sessions and is working to coordinate the NASBP plan with the Marine
Corps plan.
A BRAC Office was opened to get started on the new mission of closing
the base.
The BRAC Office was instrumental in coordinating a number of

actions that came out of the strategic plan and that were in the
command POA&M. In fact, it was one of the people from the
BRAC office who took the individual department POA&Ms and
merged them into the command one.
Tailoring the infrastructure has resulted in a reduction in military end-

strength requirements by 200, or almost one-third of the enlisted
workforce.

The process owners all accomplished a lot moving us toward
tailoring our infrastructure. We wanted to know what we could
downsize to and still support the fleet.
The principal strategy used for end-strength reduction has been elimina-
tion of redundant functions.
Can we partner with the local weapons magazine to reduce the

number of ordnance men we have on station? Can we partner
with local supply centers to reduce the number of supply personnel
we have on board? If you restructure your aircraft intermediate
maintenance department, how many people do you really need?
Strategies were implemented to reduce the impact on the civilian

workforce of tailoring the infrastructure. For example, the new partner-
ship with the local supply center made it possible to eliminate 18 (almost
a third) of the civilian positions in the supply department. The workers
were placed in other jobs made available by attrition or offered early
retirement with a bonus.
We were able to do that because we developed a plan on how

to do it, planned well out into the future, and got everybody
working by the plan.
Without having the strategic plan fully implemented, work on the goals
has stayed mostly at the department head level.
Each individual member of the BTSC was expected to talk to the

various people in his or her area of responsibility and, in the
interim, work toward the basic goals.
The strategic plan directs the chartering of QMBs for initiating and moni-
toring implementation in the areas of personnel and readiness, base
realignment and closure, and quality of life. Membership is currently
being defined and identified.
We are having the various functional areas review their pro-
cesses and identify where their products and services impact the
strategic goals. The BTSC will come back together, collate the
inputs, and identify members for the various QMBs.

Significant accomplishments and the major items being worked on are
briefed to the BTSC quarterly. The BTSC periodically reviews the
POA&Ms and discusses modifications.
Every department has had a lot of accomplishments, substantive

ones that show were doing things more efficiently, with fewer
people, doing things that were right for closure and for operating
the base at the same time.
The BTSC periodically reviews accomplishments. While they are not

specifically tying metrics to the plan, they see results.
I havent got any measurements on hand that will tell you that our
backlogs in maintenance have been reduced. But, even though
were reducing our maintenance personnel significantly, our
backlogs have never been lower. That, I think, is just a result of
good plans and good management.
Evidence that the guiding principles are having an impact:
Innovation is welcome because of the possibilities for improve-

ment. There is a realization that changes are going to be made
and now is the time to look over everything with a view to innova-
tion.
People are looking at how we can do things better as we rebuild

over at the Marine Corps Base at Kaneohe.
The department heads work with each other, looking at the

process, trying to come up with better ways of doing things, rather
than just individually trying to fix a problem or put out a fire.
Since the Round Table, the department heads are working more
with the CPOs.
There seems to be a good flow of interdepartmental communica-

tion.
Our legal problems on base have dropped over the past year.
The command is holding a quality of life conference.

The commands Ohana (Hawaiian for family) Quality of Life Confer-
ence is tied in with the guiding principles as well as one of the mission
areas: continuing quality of life support even though the base is moving.
Were going to review all the concerns about quality of life,

prioritize what people think are the most important issues for
quality of life, and then develop an action plan.
Participants will be delegates from the air station and from all of the
tenant commands who are customers.
The delegates will be coming up with the most important quality

of life issues. Everybody has a chance to suggest ideas and offer
solutions. They are all part of the process. Its not just a bunch of
Captains or Morale Welfare and Recreation Directors saying how
we improved quality of life around here; its the deckplate level.
The delegates will separate into focus groups and meet to review inputs
received from the extended naval communitythe military personnel,
their family members, retirees, and civilian workers.
This process goes to the deckplate level to find out what they
really want, what the families want, what the customers want. Its
not just a town meeting where people are throwing up their
individual agenda items; its a way for this group to come to
consensus on the five highest priority quality of life issues.
Each focus group will brief the five items most needing improvement in
their topic area to the Commander of the Naval Base and the installation
commanders. Issues that are Navy-wide will get forwarded to the Chief
of Naval Operations Quality of Life Panel, but most are expected to be
installation-specific.
When you talk about enhancing quality of life, that is the pro-
cess. Its a TQL process. Its a strategic process. Its everything
rolled into one, and it really works.

Lessons You need to include people at all levels throughout the command
so they feel that theyve been part of the process and have a stake
Learned in the plan; so they will support the plan.
We senior leaders are only comfortable getting to the goals in an

offsite. We provide the leadership and guidance. Were mission,
vision, and goals people. The CPOs, the mid-level managers
they are the doers. Theyre the ones to develop the objectives and
elements.
As you get further down through the tasks and elements develop-
ing action plans, its important to get input and participation from
the people who are going to be implementing the plans. They are
the ones who best know their jobs and whats needed.
The Commanding Officer needs to ensure that people are aware

that leadership backs the plan and expects people to conduct
business in accordance with the plan.
Having the mid-level managers (the CPOs) validate our strategic

plan and then fully develop the objectives was a powerful process.
It helped them gel as a team. It helped them get on board and
buy into the mission, vision, and goals.
The plan wont go anywhere unless the process owners are on

board with the goals and working as a team to accomplish them.
Their leadership is needed to guide the people beneath them.
Thats why we call it TQL.
The key to success is the linkage between the strategic plan and
the existing processesnot having two different organizations, or
two ways of managing things, but linking them. For instance, the
facilities and environment QMB is linked to the Facilities Planning
Board. Its an existing process that is tailored to accomplish the
goals of the plan. If you dont have that linkage, you may not get
buy-in.
The quality of life conference is a powerful tool. This is the way

to go when youre figuring out prioritizing what customers want
for quality of life.
Dont try to force feed the strategic plan. Take it slow and make
sure that the right people are in the right place.

When everybody in the room feels good about the other guys
achievementstheyre not competing with each other, but proud
of their performance as a groupthen the teamwork just keeps
going.
When the strategic plan is put on paper, people may treat it as

just another flyer. The mission, vision, and goals statements mean
a lot to the people who developed them, but may not mean a lot
to the people who are reading it. The department heads who
communicate on a daily basis with the troops are the ones who
will take the strategic plan and make it part of their lives.
The reality is, if you dont have an input into a process, you dont
focus on it. Thats why having the workforce make inputs to the
Ohana Quality of Life Conference is so important. Youre getting
down to the stuff that really matters to the troops.
Implementing the plan would go smoother if more people had a

better background in what a strategic plan is all about and why
we need to go in that direction.
The skipper has emphasized that if we dont make this plan work
for us, weve wasted all the effort we put into it. Its not just to
make us look good.
You need to ensure that people at all levels who are going to be
working the plan have a feedback mechanism to change the plan,
if necessary, to make it better.
We found it crucial to have a trained strategic planning facilita-

tor assist with the strategic planning process. The facilitator
provided training in strategic planning, process management, and
team skills in addition to guiding the attendees towards comple-
tion of a draft plan. Any other command just starting the strategic
planning process is strongly advised to use a trained facilitator.

Case Study:
Naval Air Facility Washington
Background Naval Air Facility Washington (NAF Washington) is a tenant command

at Andrews Air Force Base, Maryland. It employs nearly 600 military
and civilian personnel in 10 departments. The organization had done
some strategic planning and had been attempting to implement TQL with
little success for about a year and a half when a new Commanding
Officer came on board. He found that the work of the QMBs was not
coordinated and had mostly come to a standstill. There was no real plan
for implementing the goals that the organization had established. And
there was little buy-in to the strategic plan.
Strategic Fortunately, the NAFs senior leadership recognized the problems and
Planning accepted an invitation to participate in the DON Strategic Planning
Process Facilitator Development Program in the Fall of 1993. The key members
of the command18 senior leaders, including the department heads, the
Commanding Officer, and his special assistantsparticipated in a 3-day
offsite retreat. They completed the mission, vision, guiding principles,
and goals, leaving the strategies and objectives to be completed follow-
ing the offsite. Because their strategic plan has been revisited periodi-
cally, the goals referred to in this case study are from the 19 April 1995
iteration of the plan.
The strategic planning retreat breathed new life into TQL in our
organization.
The following mission, vision, and guiding principles are quoted from the
pocket-sized cards given by NAF Washington to all new personnel and
other interested parties.

Mission
The mission of [NAF Washington] is to optimize

Total Force readiness by providing:
Logistics and maintenance support to local squadrons . . . and distin-

guished visitors.
Training and training support for reserve augment units and tenant com-
mands.
A wide range of materiel, facilities, and support services to reserve units

and active duty personnel of the National Capitol Region.
Specialized and responsive fleet support.
Vision
We are Naval Air Facility Washington.
We are the premier Naval Reserve command providing a model

community in partnership with our customers in pursuit of quality.
We cultivate an innovative, proactive, process-oriented organization that

makes us the customers provider of choice.
We leverage our joint location at Andrews to maximize capabilities for

our customers benefit.
We capitalize on our demographics to complement our growth potential.
We employ emerging technology to provide flexible, timely, and cost

effective training to meet the changing needs of our customers.
We pursue opportunities to provide specialized and responsive fleet

support.
We ensure optimal resource utilization through dynamic planning and

systems management.

Guiding Principles
In pursuit of continuously improving quality, we are committed to:
Honesty, integrity, professionalism, and the highest standards of conduct.
Safely accomplishing our mission through teamwork and dedication.
Being good citizens.
Treating people with trust . . . equality, and respect, providing opportuni-

ties . . . to excel.
Acknowledging personal efforts and team contributions.
Being good stewards of taxpayer dollars.
Promoting process ownership by involving workers and supervisors in

decision making.
Providing quality customer service through communication and feedback.
Safeguarding people, resources, and the environment.
Empowering personnel by delegating authority and responsibility . . .
Being innovative in meeting present and future requirements.
Providing professional training [and] equal opportunity, and encouraging

personal development and growth.
Relying on data, knowledge, and communication to make informed

decisions and measure progress.
Phase I Following the strategic planning offsite, the Commanding Officer formed
Deployment: a new Executive Steering Committee (ESC), selecting the six people from
Completing the the planning group who control most of the money and personnel re-
Strategic Plan sources. This group completed the plan.
I wanted an ESC that was small enough to make decisions and

still provide a broad input. I knew the work was going to be time-
consuming, and I didnt want to tie up 18 people. I also knew that
the more people I had, the more time-consuming it was going to
be.

While completing the NAF strategic plan, the ESC checked it against the
strategic plan of its immediate supervisor, the Commander, Naval Air
Reserve Force, to see how they aligned.
The planning team was not disbanded. Once the objectives and tasks
were developed, the ESC cross-briefed the plan to the planning team.
The ESC meets with the full team two or three times a year.
The ESC meets for 4 hours each week. It has evolved into a board of
directors, working on decisions, such as mid-year reviews, policy deci-
sions for the organization, and budget planning for the next year. Half
of each meeting is devoted to training for the ESC.
The ESC developed a timeline for the tasks, indicating when each would
be completed and how each would support goal attainment.
Phase II In the command indoctrination session, everyone is introduced to the

Deployment: goals and given a TQL handbook containing the mission, vision, and
Communicating guiding principles.
the Strategic We have a one-day introductory course for people newly check-
Plan ing on board. People know up front that were a TQL organiza-
tion when they get their sponsor package.
Laminated, pocket-sized cards printed with the mission, vision, and

guiding principles are handed out to each person who joins the com-
mand and to other interested parties.
After we published the plan, we developed these handy little ID

versions of it, which we give out all the time.
The strategic goals are displayed on posters throughout the command.
I framed about 50 of them and put them around the spaces, so

the people see them all the time.
Articles about strategic plan activities have appeared in the station

newspaper.

The Commanding Officer addresses the strategic plan at the Captains
Call, which is held once a month with different groups, and discusses
strategic plan activity at Quarters on a fairly regular basis.
When we do something that ties into one of our strategic goals,

Ill mention that at Quarters.
The strategic plan was sent to Commander, Naval Air Reserve Force.
Implementing As part of the implementation plan, the ESC identified when dollars
the Strategic would be required to go against tasks, but not the amount, since that was
Plan unknown.
The ESC established a timeline for accomplishing the goals, objectives,

and tasks.
The ESC establishes teams to work on the tasks and provides them with a
charter.
The Commanding Officer sends letters to team members asking for their
participation, communicating the need for their expertise and commit-
ment, asking them to keep their department heads advised of their sched-
ule and assignments, and thanking them for their help.
The charters were written in accordance with the following guidance. A

sample charter also follows.

Guidance for Chartering Teams
Charter: A mission statement given to a team that effectively identifies a process
for improvement based upon the organizations strategic plan. The charter tells the
team why it has come together and what it is to accomplish. The charter should:
4 Identify the process/systems selected for improvement

4 Provide background information on why the process has been selected
4 Set boundaries and limitations
4 Provide a clear idea of where to begin
4 Tell the team exactly what is expected of it
4 Provide guidance on reporting criteria to the chartering team
4 Define limits of authority
4 Identify team members
Questions to ask before releasing the charter to the team, and the questions the
team should ask itself:
4 Is the teams charter clear (i.e., do you know what management expects
you to do?)
4 Does the tasking cover the entire process or only part of it?
4 Where does the team fit in?
4 Where does our process start and end?
4 What are the specific boundaries?
4 What will be outside our jurisdiction?
4 What improvement goals have been set and are they realistic?
4 What resources (inside and outside the department) will be needed?
4 Has management committed these resources to the team?
4 Do we have the right people on the team to analyze the process and
accomplish our objective?
4 What people not on the team are critical to our success?
4 Who can we expect to support the teams efforts, and who may be op-
posed?
4 What are the potential roadblocks to this process improvement?
4 What strategies can we use to minimize opposition to the teams efforts?
4 Can countermeasures to these roadblocks be identified?

While these questions are not exhaustive, they provide a starting point for
the team to gain an understanding into the process they have been char-
tered to improve. It is very important that the downward linking-pin be
present at the first few meetings to ensure the team has a firm grasp of
the process.
Sample of a Charter for a Process Action Team
1. Purpose: The purpose of this team is to identify all training and education
resources for professional growth and personal development that may be avail-
able to members assigned to NAF Washington. This data will be used to conduct
an analysis of opportunities versus needs/desires as compiled by a survey of
personnel assigned to NAF Washington.
2. Background: The Executive Steering Committee is working on implementing

the NAF Strategic Plan. One of the goals specifically deals with Professional
Growth and Personal Development (see enclosure 1: Strategic Plan [not in-
cluded]). There is a requirement to compile what training and education re-
sources are available. This compilation should include all types of training and
education that will assist a member in growing professionally and developing
personally.
3. Guidance:
a. For purposes of this team, enclosure (2) [not included] is a list of

customers and stakeholders.
b. The final list must contain type of training, availability, cost per stu-
dent, and how it applies to the member, i.e., professional growth toward
NEC for rating . . . or personal development in what regard.
c. This information will be applied against the needs/wants data gath-
ered from the military and civilian members assigned to NAF Washing-
ton. The survey is provided as enclosure (3) [not included].
d. The team will have the latitude to seek outside expertise.
e. The information will be in such a format as to allow easy comparison
to the data from the survey with respect to satisfaction of wants and
needs.
f. This information will be presented to the ESC by 4 April 1996.
g. This team may be dissolved upon completion and acceptance of the
information by the ESC.
Downward Linking Pin: ____________________________

Quality Advisor: ____________________________
Membership: ____________________________

Implementation progress is monitored through team reports to the ESC.
The ESC establishes time lines for accomplishing tasks and reviews them
every 90 days.
We ask ourselves, have we been too ambitious? Have we been

overly cautious? Are we going to meet the milestones that weve
set? If not, by consensus, we will adjust the time frame.
Implementation In trying to decide where they would spend money, where they
would put resources, the ESC has committed to doing it in a way
Results that will support the strategic plan.
NAF Washington has a goal to administer a survey dealing with profes-

sional development and personal growth. The survey was given out to
every person, both civilian and military, at work on the base on the day
of the survey. Two-thirds (433) of the commands personnel responded.
The ESC intends to prioritize resources against the educational wants and
needs expressed in the survey responses.
Were into gap analysis. Now the workforce is waiting to see

how we act on the information they gave us.
The commands training process has been expanded to educate people

about the strategic plan and how to implement it using TQL.
The ESC decided to use the Systems Approach to Process Improvement

model as the approach for implementing its strategic plan using TQL
methods.
Just-in-time training in team skills and in use of the tools is provided to

teams before they work on their assignments.
That seems to work fairly well because the team members get the
training together. They have already gotten accustomed to work-
ing together before they actually attack the problem.
To implement their goal of cultivating a culture founded in TQL, the NAF

undertook an intensive period of workforce training using the DON

Teams Skills and Fundamentals of TQL courses. Approximately 80 per-
cent of the organization was trained.
An Introduction to TQL class is held once a month for personnel who

either missed the earlier training or are newly assigned.
After they complete the course, a letter stating that they attended
a one-day introductory TQL course is sent to the personnel depart-
ment for their training records.
Another goal states NAFs commitment to maximizing its contribution to

the Total Force by identifying new missions and exploring products,
services, and ideas to serve customers better. As part of the budgeting
process, money was allocated for additional ADP technological capabil-
ity. As a result, the NAF is now the data site for two initiatives:
4 A local area network was instituted in the field.
4 Work on multi technology reader cards with the Office of the

Secretary of Defense.
We went from very little ADP capability to a lot. I dont think we
could have done those things if we hadnt implemented such a
strong program to purchase computer hardware and software.
4 A computer training lab, with an instructor available to all the

commands people, civilian and military, is being established.
In pursuit of partnering with other organizations to seek joint opportuni-

ties and reduce duplication of effort, the NAF developed a memorandum
of understanding with the Air Force to consolidate security forces on
Andrews Air Force Base.
One part of our strategic plan was to look for ways to stop
duplication with the Air Force. We came up with the idea of
blending our security forces in with theirs.
The ESC has encouraged departments to do planning, establish goals,

and work more closely with other departments that are their customers
and suppliers.

Lessons The plan has enabled us to coordinate efforts and focus like a
laser on certain processes that are critical to the NAFs opera-
Learned tion.
In implementing the strategic plan, take a long view of things, try
not to get bogged down in the weeds, and avoid flash-in-the-pan
successes.
Publicizing your goals and getting people involved to build a

critical mass are very important. You cant underestimate the
value of lots of publicity.
Each organization has to find out for itself the ideal number of
key players. You may have ten people who are very important,
but you probably can get by with only six on your ESC as long as
you cover the spectrum of services performed by your organiza-
tion.
When you have a large ESC, you may never come to consensus,
or you may have false consensus. You may have one person who
is just waiting to ambush you.
The process of getting to consensus can be tedious. But you have

to go through it.
You have to be very careful about groupthink in your team.

That causes some problems to go unmentioned.
To make the strategic plan and TQL work, the senior leaders
have to make it evident that they believe this is not just an optional
way to do business, but the only way. Not only do they have to
support it, they have to embrace it enthusiastically and sincerely.
If people are given any way to go around the system, or to

continue doing things the way they did in the past, the process
wont change. When that option is removed, and they are told
from the top that this is how we do business, then TQL works
wonders.
Its a long process to get to the measurement part of how youre

doing. It has taken us well into our second year before were
ready to start measuring our initial moves.

To allay fear and alleviate peoples concerns about privacy,
surveys have to be administered in a very deliberate manner. Its
a balancing act between how specific the information will be and
giving people the feeling that they cant be picked out, that there
arent going to be any repercussions.
When you form teams its got to be a top-down approach.

People need to know that they have the full support of the Com-
manding Officer, that everyone is behind it, that their jobs wont
suffer because theyre serving on a team. They need to know that
supporting the strategic plan is part of their everyday work.
When chartering a team, set a reasonable period of time for it to

complete its task. When the task is over, the team is over.
Training people before they have an opportunity to use what

theyve learned is a waste. They forget what they learned and
they get frustrated because theres no way to practice it.

Case Study:
United States Military
Entrance Processing Command
Background USMEPCOM, the United States Military Entrance Processing Command, is

headquartered in North Chicago, Illinois, where it employs approxi-
mately 280 civilian and military personnel. Reporting to the headquar-
ters are two sector commands, each with approximately 25 personnel,
who oversee 65 Military Entrance Processing Stations (MEPS) having 24
to 54 personnel each.
The impetus behind USMEPCOMs strategic planning and management

efforts is twofold. First, according to USMEPCOMs Strategic Planning
for the 21st CenturyEnsuring the Quality of the Force, the Corporate
Information Management Initiative requires all DoD managers to identify
and implement process improvements in their functional areas of respon-
sibility. Since all process redesign begins with mission and action plans,
each organization must have a clear mission statement and a strategic
plan that lays out goals and objectives. Functional Process Improvement
is a key component of defense policy that is guiding the restructuring and
reorganization of the DoD. Second, the Government Performance and
Results Act requires all Federal agencies to do strategic planning and
performance measurement. The strategic plan developed by the
commands senior leadership will cause USMEPCOM to identify and
implement functional process improvements and performance measure-
ments. It will expand USMEPCOMs presence throughout the Federal
Government and put it on a course that transforms the organization into
a higher performing system.

Strategic USMEPCOM hired a consultant who used the DON Strategic Planning
Planning Model to guide them through the process. The pre-planning and organi-
Process zational assessment phases were completed and, in July 1995, the 12-
person senior leadership group met for a 3-day session at which they
crafted the mission, vision, guiding principles, strategic goals, strategies,
and draft objectives. Their mission, vision, and guiding principles follow.
The process that [the consultant] brought allowed us to brain-

storm problems . . . and whittle them down into something work-
able.
A lot of what we are doing is based on consensus. That is the

most impressive thing about the process.
Mission
(We) qualify applicants and ship recruits who meet service stan-
dards, and . . . conduct the DoD student testing program.
We are a partner in the success of the recruiting, qualifying, and
training triad during peacetime and mobilization.
Vision
USMEPCOM is a major partner in the accession process,
ensuring the Quality of the Force into the 21st Century.
We are a unique, innovative accession command and the . . . model
for entry-level qualification into the federal system . . .
We excel at providing accurate, timely, cost-effective evaluation of
applicants . . . We are the nucleus for managing information
pertinent to accession processing.
Guiding Principles
Our whole existence depends on customer trust and our
competence. We must remain independent and impartial
in the accession process.
We constantly evaluate and improve how we do business by

optimizing resources, being . . . innovative, promoting teamwork,
and working in partnership with our customers.
We respect each other and have the moral courage to be open and
honest. We conduct ourselves with pride and hold ourselves
accountable in the performance of our mission.

Phase I The action planning, time-phasing, and resource estimation is the
hard part. Coming up with the goals for the strategic plan and
Deployment: then the strategies and objectives to support those goals went
Completing the pretty well.
Strategic Plan
Following the initial strategic planning session, the Commander held an
all-hands meeting to talk about strategic planning and describe the draft
plan. Informal feedback was received.
We did a good job telling the workforce that we were working
on a strategic plan. Initially that was met with a great deal of
skepticism, given the commands past failure to come up with a
workable strategic plan.
A month later the senior leadership group met again, considered the
informal feedback, and finalized the objectives.
Directorate heads briefed the draft plan to their mid-level managers and
invited them to a feedback session the following month.
A one-day feedback session was held for approximately 70 mid-level

managers. The senior leadership team briefly clarified the vision, mis-
sion, and guiding principles. Then the mid-level managers were assigned
to randomly selected groups of about 20 that met in turn with each of the
goal groups in separate rooms. In these facilitated goal group sessions,
detailed feedback on the goals, strategies, and objectives was gathered.
One day was not enough for the mid-level managers feedback
session. If it hadnt been facilitated, it would have turned into a
big gripe session and very little would have come out of it.
The goal groups affinitized the mid-level managers feedback, decided

which items to incorporate in the draft plan, and compiled the feedback
with annotations: whether incorporated, where, and if not incorporated,
why not.
The feedback session was valuable because it gave the mid-level

managers the feeling that they were involved. They contributed
some good ideas that we were able to incorporate in the plan.
The benefits far outweighed the cost.

The plan was updated and distributed, with the annotated feedback, to
the senior leadership.
Then the Commander met with feedback session participants and distrib-
uted the draft plan and the annotated feedback.
Feedback was more positive than it has ever been. People were
saying, They are serious this time. We have a plan, a written
plan, and while it is not perfect, its more than weve ever had
before.
The senior leadership team met again to finalize the plan and develop its
deployment and implementation strategies.
There is a tendency to feel a little tired and burned out and

frustrated. It is important for the group to get together again to
reinforce the importance of the plan, where it is, and the ability to
get there.
Phase II The Commander briefed the plan to everyone at headquarters in a

Deployment: second all-hands meeting. At the same time, the sector commanders and
Communicating MEPS commanders presented the plan to their personnel at locations
the Strategic across the country.
Plan The strategic plan was published as USMEPCOM Order 96-1 on 31

October 1995.
I think the fact that we stayed on course and published a strate-

gic plan on the target date of 31 Oct 95 impressed the workforce.
They were impressed by what they saw.
Following publication, a personalized copy of the strategic plan was

given to each employee at headquarters.
The Messenger, the command magazine that goes to every individual in

the command, dedicated an issue to the strategic plan, explaining
progress in executing the goals. In addition, the command plans to
dedicate the January/February 1997 issue exclusively to the strategic
plan.

To deploy the plan outside the command, copies were mailed to the chain
-of-command; personally handed to the Commanders boss; and mailed
to the commands customers and partners, the recruiting commands, the
MEPS, and the training centers.
Future deployment initiatives are to:
4 Review successes in meeting the strategic plan at command-wide

meetings.
4 Establish a column addressing the strategic plan that will appear

in every issue of The Messenger.
4 Use e-mail and award ceremonies as vehicles to keep the idea

fresh in everyones mind that the organizations successes are
almost always tied in some way to the accomplishment of the
strategic plan.
We need to keep the plan in front of the workforce.
4 Obtain the strategic plans of partners and customers, primarily the

recruiting services, to study them and attempt to bring theirs and
USMEPCOMs closer.
Implementing Shown below are responsibilities of senior leadership and management

the Strategic for implementation as outlined in USMEPCOM Order 96-01.
Plan
Strategic 4 Remains intact

Planning Team 4 Chartered to oversee implementation of strategic plan
4 Meets formally every 2 months to:
review status of implementation activities
discuss and reach consensus on implementation needs
4 Provides leadership and guidance to the Command
4 Meets annually or as needed to formally revise the strategic plan

Goal Groups 4 Remain intact
4 Oversee implementation of goal area
4 Meet formally at least every 2 months with objective leaders to
review progress and provide guidance
Goal Group 4 Convene goal group meetings

Leaders 4 Work with USMEPCOM facilitator assigned to goal group to
establish meeting agendas, etc.
4 Keep record of goal area implementation activity
4 Brief status of goal area implementation to planning group at
monthly Staff Call
4 Provide guidance and leadership to objective leaders
Objective 4 Convene objective implementation teams

Leaders 4 Keep record of objective implementation activity
4 Brief status of objective implementation to goal group and also to
planning group as required
4 Work with facilitator to establish meeting agendas, etc.
4 Lead objective implementation
Objective 4 Chartered by goal groups (they develop their own charters that
Implementation are approved by goal group)
Teams 4 Develop and implement implementation plans for objectives
(tasks, responsibilities, time lines, resources required)
Deputy 4 Oversees plan implementation activity

Commander/ 4 Retains tasking authority for all facets of the strategic plan
Chief of Staff
4 Coordinates implementation issues requiring immediate attention
with the Commander
4 Requires updated Officer Evaluation Report (OER) support forms
and civilian support forms from planning group members that
reflect strategic plan implementation responsibilities

4 Requires training plans from planning group members that reflect
receiving training in areas associated with strategic plan imple-
mentation
4 Briefs new members of the staff on the strategic plan
Commander 4 Provides overall leadership and guidance to Command regarding

strategic plan implementation
4 Convenes planning group meetings
4 Works with facilitator to establish agendas, etc.
4 Shares guidance from higher echelons with planning group mem-
bers and ensures that guidance is reflected in the strategic plan as
appropriate
4 Champions the strategic plan to stakeholders and customers
4 Holds all-hands meetings to share plan implementation progress
with Command
4 Briefs new Commander regarding the strategic plan
Director, 4 Provides advice to Commander through the Program Budget

Resource Advisory Committee (PBAC) process for the strategic plan
Management 4 Provides for facilitation support
Director, 4 Maintains strategic plan documentation as the central point of

Program Analysis contact
and Evaluation 4 Updates the strategic plan documentation as appropriate
4 Provides Goal Group support
Individual 4 Participate fully in strategic plan development and implementation

Planning Group as planning group and goal group members
Members 4 Champion the strategic plan within own areas of responsibilities
4 Develop job standards that include strategic plan responsibilities
and amend OERs
4 Develop training plans to address training in the areas of the
strategic plan

Each goal group met with its objective leaders to outline their responsi-
bilities, select objective implementation teams, discuss charter and imple-
mentation plan development, and establish a timeline for goal group
review.
Its difficult to come up with implementation plans and timelines,

and allocate resources, when you are trying to look 5 to 15 years
ahead.
Implementation is managed at the goal level. The goal group

leaders are responsible for keeping the senior leadership in-
formed on the status of the strategies and objectives that support
the goals.
The strategies and objectives are listed in action plan format, and the
goal group leaders or objective leaders report their status to the deputy
commander.
On a monthly basis, we are requiring them to give a subjective

evaluation of the impact of the accomplishments they are mak-
ing.
At weekly command-wide meetings, the Commander informally shares

the status of strategic plan efforts.
You cant do this without command-wide involvement, but you

also need involvement of the senior leader in major areas.
The action plans for the objectives submitted by the goal groups have
been reviewed and approved or disapproved.
On some of them weve said, Well, this sounds good, we can do
it. Lets proceed two steps at a time. On some others weve said,
Well, it was a great idea but we cant do it and heres why.
Every 2 months, the senior leadership team meets for a facilitated half-
day session to do a detailed review of plan implementation, modify the
plan if necessary, and obtain consensus when needed.
The process we are using enables us to refine the strategic plan

as we go along. We will not give up on the plan and call it a

failure, but refine it to something that remains manageable and
workable.
Implementation One of the MEPS commanders tied all of her major accomplish-
Results ments to the four goals of the strategic plan when she submitted
input for her annual evaluation report. If we can make that the
standard, we can really start to institutionalize the strategic plan.
Some mid-level managers are requiring their civilian employees to tie

what they are doing to the strategic plan.
If you say, Were going to start measuring processes, and your
employees say, Why? Weve never done that before, you can
say, Because this is one of the steps involved in accomplishing the
goals in the strategic plan.
Theres been some change in behaviorpeople working together, trying

to solve problems, trying to make sure that they look after each other and
that everybody is credible.
The camaraderie and morale are better because theres a pub-

lished strategic plan that people can look at and say, I can iden-
tify with this. But we need to be farther down the road before we
can say people really believe in the guiding principles and prac-
tice them every day.
The civilian award system is being reevaluated and that is attributable to

the strategic plan.
As you implement the strategic plan, you are institutionalizing the
guiding principles, vision, and the accomplishment of the goals.
Strategic One of the goals of the plan is to establish quantifiable performance

Measurement measures that are tied to accomplishing objectives.
Were still struggling with the measurement part.

Goal group leaders track progress on objectives using action plans to
check off objectives which are accomplished.
Feedback from customers on whether service is better is gathered, both

orally and by letter.
How do you measure whether you are giving good customer

service? I dont know any other way but talking to the people you
are serving and going by what they say.
Lessons We may be trying to do too much too fast. It looks like we are
trying to do everything at once because we have short timelines
Learned with early start times.
Resource managers or budget managers have to be part of the

planning team. As you make the strategic plan more forward-
lookingwhen you start looking at undertaking new areas of
business or giving up areas of business or taking on new pro-
gramsyou have to program money or it will never happen.
The strategic plan has to be linked to the budget process because

you only get so many dollars. If you are looking to do improve-
mentswhich of course we all areyouve got to tie that to
dollars.
It is very difficult to think strategically 10 to 15 years out if you

have a lot of near-term things that need to be fixed firstthings
like cultural problems, the evaluation system, customer relations,
and performance improvement measurements.
It is difficult to replace subjective evaluations with quantifiable

performance measurements. The goals that deal with changing
the command culture and improving customer relationships and
satisfaction are a bit hard to measure.
You dont get rid of mistrust overnight. Following the plan makes
people believe that the leadership is serious, that it is a real
plan, that we can adjust it, but basically this is our guidance for
the future.

Successful implementation requires commitment to the plan. If
somebody says, Lets go off and do this, you can say, Show me
how that supports the strategic plan. You have to continue to
focus on the plan, although occasionally you may have to step
outside of it.
Communication is absolutely essential to successful implementa-

tion. As long as we continue to emphasize the plan and commu-
nicate what were accomplishing, people continue to believe we
are serious. Keeping the plan visible to the leadership and the
workforce, using whatever resources you have available, is prob-
ably the key to implementation success.
We need to go back periodically and recapture the closeness that

we had after we finished our initial strategic planning session. It
just takes stepping outside of the day-to-day environment from
time to time, sitting back, rehashing, talking to each other, reaf-
firming our teamwork principle.

Case Study:
Center for Veterinary Medicine
Background The Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM), part of the Food and Drug
Administration, is an organization of approximately 250 people with
facilities in Rockville and Beltsville, Maryland. CVM initiated the strategic
planning process in response to demands for speeding up the review and
approval of new animal drugs while increasing vigilance in protecting the
public against unsafe and fraudulent products. Workload was increasing
in a period of declining resources. They saw the need to shift from focus-
ing solely on protecting the public from unsafe animal products and fraud
to ensuring that safe and effective drugs needed for use in animals could
gain access to the market in a timely manner.
We needed to rethink what we actually did in terms of the service

we provide to the taxpayers. Thats what started us out in our
strategic planning process.
Strategic The CVM hired a consultant to guide them through the strategic planning
Planning process. She assessed the organization by interviewing the 30-member
Process senior leadership team that formed the planning group as well as focus
groups of employees. The resulting data package was used as the basis
for the strategic planning undertaken at a 3-day offsite in November
1994. The senior leadership team developed the mission, vision, and
guiding principles, and affinitized the issues into five broad goal catego-
ries.
It was a very long three days. We worked from 8 in the morning
to almost midnight every night.
CVMs mission, vision, and guiding principles follow:

Mission
[CVM] is a public health organization that enables the marketing of effec-
tive animal drugs, food additives, feed ingredients, and animal devices that
are safe to animals, humans, and the environment. We, in partnership with
Federal and state agencies and other Center customers, ensure animal
health and the safety of food derived from animals. We . . . take regula-
tory actions . . . perform research, monitor product safety and efficacy, and
continually strive to improve the quality of our processes.
Vision
We are an internationally recognized public health organization respon-
sible for the evaluation, approval and/or surveillance of animal drugs, food
additives, feed ingredients, and animal devices. We are proactive in our
efforts to increase the availability and diversity of safe and effective prod-
ucts that relieve animal pain and suffering, sustain their health, improve
animal productivity, and do not compromise public health. We . . . [use]
state of the art science and technologies to . . . accomplish our mission.
People . . . work cooperatively as an integrated team. We foster open and
collegial partnerships with our constituencies . . . We all live by, and our
managers exemplify, the Centers guiding principles . . .
Guiding Principles
Health Protection: We honor our role in protecting the health of man and
other animals, and value the principles . . . of the supporting laws and
regulations.
Integrity: We conduct ourselves with honesty. . . recognizing that uphold-
ing the public trust requires the highest standards of moral and ethical
conduct.
Quality: We achieve excellence through continuous. . .improvement in all
our processes . . . we recognize the value . . . of science in reaching regu-
latory decisions.
Teamwork: Everyones contribution is important. Working together, we
place the mission of the Center first and align our contributions . . . toward
that end.
Communication: We communicate information, ideas, and decisions, both
internally and externally, in a candid, timely, and comprehensible manner.
Equity: We treat our customers and each other with fairness, courtesy,
respect, and compassion while fostering an atmosphere of mutual trust.
Diversity: We promote cultural and gender diversity in the workforce to
strengthen and enrich the Center.
Innovation: We apply new concepts, ideas, and creative approaches to
improve current operations and meet the challenges of the future.

Phase I In response to the interest that had been generated after the first offsite,
Deployment: the senior leadership decided to include a broader representation of the
Completing the workforce in the strategic planning process. Consequently, a lottery was
Strategic Plan held in December 1994, and 20 additional people were chosen for the
planning team, including scientific and technical staff, clerical employees,
and managers.
[We] felt that the plan should really be coming from the organi-
zation, rather than being dictated down from management. We
were talking about restructuring the processes by which we do
work, and the people who know how to do that are the people
who actually do the work.
At a second facilitated offsite, the now 50-person planning team formed

goal groups; finalized the goals and presented them to the planning team
for consensus; and developed the strategies and objectives for reaching
those goals. Each goal group was made responsible for prioritizing the
strategies and objectives for its goal.
With 50 people on the planning team, driving for consensus is

very hard work. But we think that including more employees
encourages ownership of the plan throughout the Center and
produces a lot of good ideas. Our plan will be better because we
brought in as many people as possible.
After the second offsite, a copy of the draft plan was sent to every em-
ployee in the Center with a request for comments.
The mission, vision, guiding principles, goals, strategies, and

objectiveseverything we had was put in front of the employees.
At an all-hands meeting for everyone in the Center, each of the five goal
groups gave a 20-minute briefing on what its goal was all about and
what that goal was intended to accomplish.
The draft plan was made available on e-mail and a special e-mail ac-
count was set up just to collect comments.
Boxes were placed at three different locations to collect anonymous

comments.

About 15 percent of the employees commented in some manner.
A third facilitated offsite produced time frames and milestones covering a

5-year period. The issue of resources was left to executive action.
Phase II The Center staged an innovative kick-off event for the published strategic
Deployment: plan.
Communicating
In the late morning of September 20, 1995, the Center Director gathered
the Strategic the employees from both facilities and told them that he was closing the
Plan whole Center for the rest of the day. He gave each employee a copy of
the new strategic plan and told them to go away for two hours to think
about how theyd like to fit into the organization envisioned in the plan
and become involved in attaining the vision.
When the employees came back, the Center Director described his vision
of the new Center and how the strategic plan was going to be imple-
mented. Then he invited all of the employees to come back into the
building and take the rest of the day to meet the goal groups and find out
more about the plan.
While the employees were gone, the goal groups had set up booths with
posters to explain their goals, and balloons and snacks to attract atten-
tion. As the employees visited each booth, they were invited to work on
the objectives.
To encourage the employees to learn about all of the goals, each person
was given a ticket to get punched by each goal group visited. Tickets
punched by all five goal groups were put in a hat for a drawing for
about 20 small prizes.
All of this made a nice, fair-like atmosphere. People had a good

time while they were learning about the strategic plan and how it
was going to be implemented.
There was also a photo contest and the pictures were displayed for about
3 months so that people could vote on them. Winners were announced
in six categories.

We had a lot of participation, a lot of pictures that we displayed.
We kept interest up that way. We kept it in front of people.
The Center publishes a newsletter about strategic planning activities every

other month.
A version of the plan was tailored for external distribution without the
time frames, names, and some other details. This was distributed, with a
letter asking for comments, to the Centers customers, stakeholders, and
various offices in FDA. Verbal feedback was received, but no written
comments.
We specifically asked these groups for their comments so they

would feel they were part of the process, but we didnt get a lot of
feedback.
The plan was addressed in speeches and written up in the trade journals.
FDA management gave approval to go ahead with the plan.
Implementing We now have a roadmap for becoming the organization that we
say we want to become in our vision statement.
the Strategic
Plan An executive board was created to manage implementation actions and
monitor implementation progress. One of its first acts was to take the
priorities of the individual goal groups and make a master priority list of
things that needed to be accomplished.
The executive board is a subset of the strategic planning team consisting

of 16 members: each of the five goal group leaders, the Deputy Center
Director, the directors of each of the four offices, and a nonmanagement
member from each of the goal groups.
At its monthly meetings, the first order of business is for the goal groups
to report what theyve been doing and tie this to the milestone chart. If
they are not able to complete a specific objective by the date designated
in the plan, they must formally request an extension from the executive
board.

The executive board reviews goal group reports and makes recommen-
dations to the Center Director.
A six-member planning staff supports the executive board and is charged

with monitoring progress in relation to the time horizon of 5 years,
tracking the percentage of the goals that have been accomplished, and
making sure that milestones are met. The head of this staff is the perma-
nent secretary to the executive board and sees that anything that needs to
be done gets on the boards agenda.
To develop the plans for implementing the specific strategies and objec-
tives under those goals, strategic implementation groups (SIGs), were
formed. Planning team members may or may not be members of SIGs.
Anybody in the organization can volunteer and sign up to par-

ticipate in any one of the SIGs. Thats how we actually get the
work done.
A schedule of when the various goal groups and SIGs are meeting is
published every week and this is displayed in the hallway.
Advertisements for people to participate in the SIGs are published when

work on objectives is about to be initiated according to the schedule.
Once a quarter, the normal work of the Center is shut down for two
days, and activities are dedicated totally to the strategic plan. The execu-
tive board meets to make sure that strategic planning activities are on
track and that things arent being allowed to slide. Employees who are
involved in a goal group or SIG put aside their regular work and dedi-
cate their time to strategic planning activities. Those who elect not to be
part of these activities are expected to do their normal work.
The fact that we shut down all normal work for those periods of
time is a reminder to everybody that the plan is alive and theres
activity on it.
When a goal group comes to the executive board saying they want to
implement an objective, the executive board passes that request on to the
Center Director. Then the Center Director sends it to whatever office is
going to be in charge of doing the implementation asking whether re-

sources are available. Based on the response, the Director makes a
decision on whether those resources should be used to accomplish that
specific objective.
I [the Center Director] say, Here is what is proposed for your

organization to do. You do the cost analysis, and tell me whether
or not you can afford to do this; if not, why not; if not now,
when? Then I make the decision.
Implementation People have more ownership in the organization because theyre

participating in the plan. Its their plan. Its not the Center
Results Directors plan. Its not managements plan. Its the
organizations plan. They own it.
The plan has had an impact on behavior. The employees want to have
input into the direction of the Center, the work activities, and other as-
pects of work at the Center.
Before the plan, people were only concerned with what they were
doing and what was happening in their own particular area.
Now theyre looking more at the big picture.
The senior staff is now stopping to think before they take an action to
make sure that it fits with the plan.
Management asks, How does it fit in with the strategic plan? Is it

in accord with the guiding principles? Does it help us reach the
vision? Does it support the mission?
Teamwork as a way to conduct activities is one of the guiding principles.

In recognition that everyones contribution is important, membership on
teams is open to everyone interested in serving.
Teamwork is also a goal. Training on how to use teams has been con-
ducted. People have been trained to facilitate teams and their services
are made available to all teams.
Communication of information and decisions, both inside and outside

CVM, in a candid and timely manner is one of the guiding principles.

Results indicating that this principle is becoming part of the culture in-
clude:
4 A guidance policy has been developed concerning written docu-

mentation of all substantive internal and external communication
that relates to regulated products.
4 Significant efforts are being made to communicate to customers

the need for improving the quality of drug approval submissions
to speed up the review process.
4 The end-of-week significant events report, which is prepared by

each of the four offices, is now available to everybody, rather
than to only a few.
Training announcements, advertisements for SIG participants, and other

announcements are now available to everybody on e-mail.
People are certainly informed, and some people are even com-
plaining about too much e-mail!
Schedules of team meetings are posted in the hallways.
When people walk by, they can immediately see when and
where these groups are scheduled. They can see that the goals
and objectives are being worked on.
Day-to-day business is combined with work on the plan.
The Director has said that we could slip deadlines and put off up
to 20 percent of the day-to-day work in order to meet the strategic
plan milestones.
About 10 of the 170 objectives in the plan have been completed and an
additional 3 process improvements have cleared the approval process
and are about to be implemented.
The strategic plan will be revisited in the summer of 1996.
I think that the initial plan was the first cut. Now were going to
fine-tune it and focus it.

Strategic We really havent grappled with how to measure the impact.
That will be one part of the revisit to the plan.
Measurement
Lessons You have no way of knowing in advance what kind of resources

its going to take to do the things you want to do. You have to
Learned constantly adjust to maintain a proper balance between the strate-
gic planning process and the actual day-to-day output of what
your organization is supposed to be doing.
Understandably, the managers say that they need more resources

to do something, or weve got to slow implementation down, or
we have to make some adjustments in the plan.
We need to go back and revisit the plan.
The strategic plan didnt deal with all the strategic issues of the
Center. We dont want to throw away anything thats in the plan;
what we need to do is add some things. All the things that are
currently in the plan are important to getting to the vision. Its just
that some pieces were left out.
Its important to include mid-level managers in the planning

process, to get their alignment and support.
We probably didnt prioritize to the extent that we should have

and sometimes we feel overwhelmed. Some of the problems
were having arise from the fact that we just have too much on our
plates.
The strategic plan needs to be an integral part of the budget

development and resource allocation process.
There are things that come up that have to do with the plan that
no one wants to fund.
Everybody has to recognize that there is no turning back. It takes

as many people as possible to be behind it pushing it, not just the
senior leadership.
We constantly reaffirm the message that there is no Plan B.

Were going forward with this. We say, Make it as good as you
can because this is the way we plan to move into the future.

Make sure that strategic plan work is highly visible, that people
are talking about it every day. You cant really be very successful
in implementing the strategic plan unless you get a majority of the
employees involved in it.
Throwing the spotlight on a few successful efforts usually goes a

long way toward getting buy-in, commitment, and everybody
pushing the plan.

Section III:
Appendix
Strategic Management for Senior Leaders: A Handbook for Implementation A-1

A-2 Strategic Management for Senior Leaders: A Handbook for Implementation
Glossary
The following terminology is defined in the context of strategic management.
Baseline: Current performance level of performance indicators.
Charter: A written document that describes the boundaries, expected

results, and resources to be used by a quality improvement team.
Consensus: A decision by a group that is acceptable to them, but is not

unanimous nor arrived at by a vote. All members support the decision,
even without universal agreement.
Cross-briefing: A process used by a working group to report their progress

to the decision making team.
Cross-functional team: A team whose membership includes those from

more than one organizational function and who have responsibility for
some portion of an identified process.
Customer: The person or group who establishes the requirements of a

process and receives or uses the output of that process.
Data collection plan: A plan that provides guidance for gathering infor-
mation. It establishes the why, who, what, how, where, and when of data
collection.
Deployment: The introduction and communication of the strategic plan to

the members of the organization. It has two phases. In Phase I, the plan is
completed and published. In Phase II, the plan is communicated to all
members of the organization.
Environmental scan: The act of monitoring internal and external conditions

of the organization. The information is typically classified as internal
strengths and weaknesses and external opportunities and threats.
Feedback: Communicating information about a system or process to the

system or process owner. If the feedback is negative, it is intended to cor-
rect behavior of the system. If the feedback is positive, it is intended to
reinforce behavior of the system.

Focus group: A group gathered to provide input on specific issues.
May include suppliers, customers, process owners, etc.
Gap analysis: The difference between what an organization is doing

today to accomplish its mission and what needs to change to achieve its
vision.
Goal group: A cross-functional team made up of senior leadership

group members that develops the strategies and objectives for accom-
plishing a goal. This team also can be used to oversee implementation of
strategic goals.
Guiding principles : The values and philosophy of an organization that

guide the behavior of its members.
Implementation: Taking the necessary actions to accomplish the goals,

strategies, objectives, and action plans.
Input: Materials or information used to produce a product or service.
Input measure: Describes the resources used by the organization.

These measures include funding, time, and staffing.
Measurement: A criterion, basis, or standard for comparison.
Measurement feedback system: A coordinated set of processes that

include action plan tracking, results analysis and communication, and
rewards. It is designed to provide information to the participants and
owner of the system.
Mission: An enduring statement of purpose. Describes what the organi-

zation does, who it does it for, and how it does it.
Objectives : Specific, measurable, short-term and mid-term performance

targets necessary for achieving long-term goals; describes who will do
what by when.
Operational definition: Agreed upon meanings of terms and concepts

stated so they can be specifically measured.

Outcome: Something that follows as a result or consequence [Merriam-
Webster, Inc., 1983].
Outcome measure: Indicator of how well the product or service satisfied

end-users needs.
Outcome measurement: An assessment of the results of a program

compared to its intended purpose.
Output: The products or services produced by a process.
Output measure: Describes the goods and services that are produced.
These measures could include product units or hours of service provided.
Performance indicator: The key evidence with which to measure perfor-

mance.
Plan of action and milestones (POA&M): A tool used to provide a

clear focus on the tasks that need to be accomplished; shows responsibil-
ity and resource requirements, includes measures; provides a method for
tracking the status of actions.
Process measures: Measure the amount of control there is over the

internal processes by detailing how well the process is functioning.
Quality advisor: A TQL support position within a DON organization.

This person assists QMBs and PATs in data collection, analysis, and
interpretation. The advisor also trains these teams in the use of methods
and tools for process improvement.
Stakeholders: The groups and individuals inside or outside the organi-

zation who affect and are affected by the achievement of the
organizations vision, mission, goals, and strategies.
Strategic goal: A long-range change target that guides an

organizations efforts in moving toward a desired future state.

Strategic management: A systems approach to identifying and making
the necessary changes and measuring the organizations performance as
it moves towards its vision. It has been defined as a . . . management . .
. .system . . . that links strategic planning and decision making with the
day-to-day business of operational management [Gluck, Kaufman, and
Walleck, 1982].
Strategic measurement: The identification, development, communica-

tion, collection, and assessment of selected outcome measures that are
directly linked to the organizations performance of its mission and
attainment of its vision.
Strategic measures: Operational definitions of the outcomes of mission

effectiveness now and into the future.
Strategic planning: The process by which the guiding members of an

organization envision its future and develop the necessary procedures
and operations to achieve that future [Goodstein, Nolan, and Pfeiffer,
1992].
Strategic planning facilitator: An individual who can enhance the

quality of strategic planning meetings by providing strategic planning
guidance and facilitation support to the team leader and team members.
Strategy: A means for achieving a long-range strategic goal; explains

how the goal will be attained.
Supplier: The person or group who provides an input to a process [cf.

Moen et al., 1991].
Surrogate measure (or proxy measure): Measurement of a related

variable rather than of the target variable [Thor, 1994].
Total quality: An extension of the quality concept to include improve-

ment of all of the quality characteristics that influence customer-perceived
quality. This includes sources of variation from incoming supplies, all of
the significant processes within an organization, and all those that can
influence customer satisfaction, needs, or expectations when the product
or service has left the organization.

Total Quality Leadership (TQL): The application of quantitative methods
and the knowledge of people to assess and improve: materials and
services supplied to the organization; all significant processes within the
organization; and meeting the needs of the end-user, now and in the
future [Department of the Navy, 1991].
TQL coordinator: A person selected by the commanding officer to assist

in the implementation of process management.
Vision: An idealized view of a desirable and potentially achievable

future state.

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About the Author
Denise Lindsey Wells
Denise Lindsey Wells is the Director of the Executive Support Division of

the Total Quality Leadership Office, Office of the Under Secretary of the
Navy. Her primary responsibility is supporting Navy and Marine Corps
leadership in implementing Total Quality Leadership (TQL), principally
through strategic planning and strategic management.
Ms. Wells is a native of Pennsylvania who spent most of her life in South
Carolina. After graduating as valedictorian from Beaufort High School in
1965, she graduated from Winthrop University in 1968 with a Bachelor
of Arts in English. She began her career with the Air Force, spending
almost four years in Industrial Engineering before retiring to become
the mother of two children, Dana and Michael.
She re-entered government service in 1978 at Charleston Naval Ship-

yard, working first in production engineering and later on the staff of the
Shipyard Commander. In that position, she managed the first Model
Installation Program within a naval shipyard, thereby establishing the
prototype for others. Relocating to Washington, DC, in 1987, Ms. Wells
spent eighteen months at the Naval Sea Systems Command and a year
with the Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Shipbuilding and Logistics).
She accepted her current position in the Office of the Under Secretary in
May 1990 and received a Superior Civilian Service Award in 1993. She
has completed several courses toward a Master of Science in Administra-
tive Science, specializing in Organizational Management. Ms. Wells is
the author of A Handbook for Strategic Planning and an editor of Voices:
A Collection of Readings from TQLeader. She is a 1995-1996 Fellow in
the Council for Excellence in Government and a member of Vice Presi-
dent Gores National Performance Review consortium study on Customer-
Driven Strategic Planning. She resides in Falls Church, Virginia.

TQLO Publication Number 96-03
Department of the Navy

Total Quality Leadership Office
2611 Jefferson Davis Highway
Suite 2000
Arlington, Virginia 22202-4016

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Strategic Management

for Senior Leaders:

Denise Lindsey Wells

The TQL Office has responsibilities in six key areas:

Strategic Management for Senior Leaders: A Handbook for Implementa-

Strategic Management for Senior Leaders: A Handbook for Implementation i

The principal research for Strategic Management for Senior Leaders: A

Linda M. Doherty, Ph.D.

 ii Strategic Management for Senior Leaders: A Handbook for Implementation

Acknowledgments ................................................................. vii

How to Use this Handbook..................................................... xi

An Introduction to Strategic Management ............................ 3

Phase I Deployment: Completing the Strategic Plan ............... 9

Assign roles and responsibilities ..........................................10

Phase II Deployment: Communicating the Strategic Plan ..... 27

Assign roles and responsibilities ..........................................28

Strategic Management for Senior Leaders: A Handbook for Implementation iii

Assign roles and responsibilities ..........................................41

Strategic Measurement .................................................... 63

Assign roles and responsibilities ..........................................65

 iv Strategic Management for Senior Leaders: A Handbook for Implementation

Assign roles and responsibilities ..........................................86

Section II: Case Studies ........................................................ 95

Naval Air Station, Barbers Point ............................................... 99

Section III: Appendix .......................................................... A-1

Glossary ............................................................................... A-3

Bibliography ......................................................................... A-9

About the Author................................................................. A-15

Strategic Management for Senior Leaders: A Handbook for Implementation v

I want to thank the following people and organizations who contributed

Department of AEGIS Training Center, Dahlgren, VA

Strategic Management for Senior Leaders: A Handbook for Implementation  vii

 viii Strategic Management for Senior Leaders: A Handbook for Implementation

Department Deputy Secretary of Defense, Personnel Support, Family, and Education,

Strategic Management for Senior Leaders: A Handbook for Implementation ix 

There is no great tradition or heritage for strategic thinking

(Tregoe, Zimmerman, Smith, and Tobia, 1989)

This handbook has been organized in three main sections. Section I

The Keys to Success and Facts of Failure provide an overview of each

Strategic Management for Senior Leaders: A Handbook for Implementation xi 

Section II presents case studies from four of the organizations interviewed

Section III contains a glossary of terms used in this handbook, a bibliog-

 xii Strategic Management for Senior Leaders: A Handbook for Implementation

Strategic Management for Senior Leaders: A Handbook for Implementation 1

What we think, know, or believe in is, in the end,

... the process by which the guiding members of an organization

(Goodstein, Nolan, and Pfeiffer, 1992)

The concept of strategic management builds on this definition of strategic

Strategic Management for Senior Leaders: A Handbook for Implementation 3

 . . . management . . . system . . . that links strategic planning and decision

(Gluck, Kaufman, and Walleck, 1982)

The following model depicts the five processes of strategic management

The Strategic Management Model

 4 Strategic Management for Senior Leaders: A Handbook for Implementation

What is the It is the responsibility of senior leadership to strategically manage the

To be the most successful, leaders need to be facilitators, coaches, con-

What are the When an organization is practicing strategic management, thinking

Strategic Management for Senior Leaders: A Handbook for Implementation 5

4 A focus on optimizing organizational performance and process

4 A move toward an organizational culture that adapts easily to

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There is no great tradition or heritage for strategic thinking

Strategic Management for Senior Leaders: A Handbook for Implementation xi

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What we think, know, or believe in is, in the end,

... the process by which the guiding members of an organization

Strategic Management for Senior Leaders: A Handbook for Implementation 3

. . . management . . . system . . . that links strategic planning and decision

4 Strategic Management for Senior Leaders: A Handbook for Implementation

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4 Organizations readiness for change

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A comprehensive, long-term, horizontally- and vertically-linked strategy

Involve mid-level management Plan in a vacuumfunctional focus

Think it throughdecide how No overall strategy to implement

Make careful choices about Not being thoroughglossing

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