23

18. Eq. 23-6 (Gauss law) gives eoF = qenc. (a) The value 8.0 mC. (b) The next (non-zero) value that F takes is

F = -9.0 105 N m 2 /C for small r leads to qcentral = 7.97 10-6 C or roughly

F = +4.0 105 N m 2 /C , which implies

qenc = 3.54 10-6 C. But we have already accounted for some of that charge in part (a), so the
result is

qA = qenc qcentral = 11.5 10-6 C 12 m C .

(c) Finally, the large
-6

value

for

is

F = -2.0 105 N m 2 /C,

which

implies

qtotal enc = -1.77 10 C. Considering what we have already found, then the result is
qtotal enc qA - qcentral = 5.3 mC.
21. (a) Consider a Gaussian surface that is completely within the conductor and surrounds the cavity. Since the electric field is zero everywhere on the surface, the net charge it encloses is zero. The net charge is the sum of the charge q in the cavity and the charge qw on the cavity wall, so q

+ qw = 0 and qw = q = 3.0 106C.

(b) The net charge Q of the conductor is the sum of the charge on the cavity wall and the charge

qs on the outer surface of the conductor, so Q = qw + qs and

qs = Q - qw = 10 10-6 C - -3.0 10-6 C = +1.3 10-5 C.

31. We denote the radius of the thin cylinder as R = 0.015 m. Using Eq. 23-12, the net electric field for r > R is given by

) (

Enet = Ewire + Ecylinder =

-l l + 2pe 0 r 2pe 0 r

where l = 3.6 nC/m is the linear charge density of the wire and l' is the linear charge density of the thin cylinder. We note that the surface and linear charge densities of the thin cylinder are related by

qcylinder = l L = s (2pRL) l = s (2pR ).

Now, Enet outside the cylinder will equal zero, provided that 2pRs = l, or

s=

l 3.6 10-6 C/m = = 3.8 10-8 C/m 2 . 2p R (2p)(0.015 m)

43. We use a Gaussian surface in the form of a box with rectangular sides. The cross section is shown with dashed lines in the diagram below. It is centered at the central plane of the slab, so the left and right faces are each a distance x from the central plane. We take the thickness of the rectangular solid to be a, the same as its length, so the left and right faces are squares. The electric field is normal to the left and right faces and is uniform over them. Since r = 5.80 fC/m3 is positive, it points outward at both faces: toward the left at the left face and toward the right at the right face. Furthermore, the magnitude is the same at both faces. The electric flux through each of these faces is Ea2. The field is parallel to the other faces of the Gaussian surface and the flux through them is zero. The total flux through the Gaussian surface is F = 2 Ea . The volume enclosed by the Gaussian surface is 2a2x and the charge contained within it is
2

q = 2a 2 x r . Gauss law yields

2e0Ea2 = 2a2xr.

We solve for the magnitude of the electric field:

E = r x / e0.

(a) For x =0, E =0. (b) For x = 2.00 mm = 2.00 10-3 m,

E=

r x (5.80 10-15 C/m3 )(2.00 10-3 m) = = 1.3110-6 N/C. -12 2 2 e0 8.85 10 C /N m

(c) For x = d/2 = 4.70 mm = 4.70 10-3 m,

E=

r x (5.80 10-15 C/m3 )(4.70 10-3 m) = = 3.08 10-6 N/C. -12 2 2 e0 8.85 10 C /N m

(d) For x = 26.0 mm = 2.60 10-2 m, we take a Gaussian surface of the same shape and

orientation, but with x > d/2, so the left and right faces are outside the slab. The total flux through the surface is again F = 2Ea yields 2e0Ea2 = a2dr, so
2

but the charge enclosed is now q = a2dr. Gauss law

E=

r d (5.80 10-15 C/m3 )(9.40 10-3 m) = = 3.08 10-6 N/C. -12 2 2 2e 0 2(8.85 10 C /N m )

54. Applying Eq. 23-20, we have

E1 =
Also, outside sphere 2 we have

| q1 | | q1 | R 1 | q1 | r= . = 3 1 4pe 0 R 4pe 0 R 3 2 2 4pe 0 R 2

E2 =

| q2 | | q2 | . = 2 4pe 0 r 4pe 0 (1.50 R ) 2

q2 q1
= 9 8 = 1.125.

Equating these and solving for the ratio of charges, we arrive at

24
7. (a) The work done by the electric field is

r r qs f W = q0 E ds = 0 i 2e 0 = 1.87 10-21 J.

dz =

q0sd (1.60 10-19 C)(5.80 10-12 C/m 2 )(0.0356 m) = 2e 0 2(8.85 10-12 C2 /N m 2 )

(b) Since V V0 = W/q0 = sz/2e0, with V0 set to be zero on the sheet, the electric potential at P is

V =-

sz (5.80 10-12 C/m 2 )(0.0356 m) == -1.17 10-2 V. 2e 0 2(8.85 10-12 C2 /N m 2 )

11. (a) The potential as a function of r is

V ( r ) = V ( 0 ) - E ( r )dr = 0 -
0

r 0

qr 4pe 0 R

dr = 3

qr 2 8pe 0 R 3

=-

(8.99 109 N m 2 C2 )(3.50 10-15 C)(0.0145 m) 2 = -2.68 10-4 V. 2(0.0231 m)3

(b) Since DV = V(0) V(R) = q/8pe0R, we have

V ( R) = -

q 8pe 0 R

=-

(8.99 109 N m 2 C2 )(3.50 10-15 C) = -6.8110-4 V. 2(0.0231 m)

27. Since the charge distribution on the arc is equidistant from the point where V is evaluated, its contribution is identical to that of a point charge at that distance. We assume V 0 as r and apply Eq. 24-27:

V= =

1 +Q1 1 +4Q1 1 -2Q1 1 Q1 + + = 4pe 0 R 4pe o 2 R 4pe 0 R 4pe 0 R (8.99 109 N m 2 C2 )(7.2110-12 C) = 3.24 10-2 V. 2.00 m

40. (a) Consider an infinitesimal segment of the rod from x to x + dx. Its contribution to the potential at point P2 is dV = Thus, 1 (x)dx 1 cx = dx 4 x + y 4 x + y

V = dVP =
rod

c L x c 0 x 2 + y 2 dx = 4pe 0 4pe 0

L2 + y 2 - y

) )

= (8.99 109 N m 2 C2 )(49.9 10-12 C/m 2 ) = 3.16 10-2 V.

(b) The y component of the field there is

(0.100 m) 2 + (0.0356 m) 2 - 0.0356 m

Ey = -

VP c d =y 4pe 0 dy

L2 + y 2 - y =

c y 1 2 4pe 0 L + y2

0.0356 m = (8.99 109 N m 2 C2 )(49.9 10-12 C/m 2 ) 1 (0.100 m) 2 + (0.0356 m) 2 = 0.298 N/C.

(c) We obtained above the value of the potential at any point P strictly on the y-axis. In order to obtain Ex(x, y) we need to first calculate V(x, y). That is, we must find the potential for an arbitrary point located at (x, y). Then Ex(x, y) can be obtained from

Ex ( x, y ) = -V ( x, y ) / x .

67. (a) The magnitude of the electric field is

( 3.0 10-8 C )(8.99 109 N m2 C2 ) = 1.2 104 N C. s q E= = = 2 e 0 4pe 0 R 2 ( 0.15 m )

(b) V = RE = (0.15 m)(1.2 104 N/C) = 1.8 103 V. (c) Let the distance be x. Then V = V(R + x) V(R) = Which means x= (0.15m)(500V) RV = = 5.8 10 m V V 1800V + 500V 1 1 1 = 500V 4 R + x R

25
14. The two 6.0 mF capacitors are in parallel and are consequently equivalent to Ceq = 12 Thus, the total charge stored (before the squeezing) is

mF .

qtotal = CeqV = (12 m F ) (10.0V) = 120 mC.

(a) and (b) As a result of the squeezing, one of the capacitors is now 12 mF (due to the inverse proportionality between C and d in Eq. 25-9) which represents an increase of 6.0 charge increase of

m F and thus a

Dqtotal = DCeqV = ( 6.0 m F ) (10.0V) = 60 mC .

22. Using Equation 25-14, the capacitances are

C1 =

2pe 0 L1 2p (8.85 10-12 C2 /N m 2 )(0.050 m) = = 2.53 pF ln(b1 / a1 ) ln(15 mm/5.0 mm)

2pe 0 L2 2p (8.85 10-12 C2 /N m 2 )(0.090 m) C2 = = = 3.61 pF . ln(b2 / a2 ) ln(10 mm/2.5 mm)

Initially, the total equivalent capacitance is

CC 1 1 1 C1 + C2 (2.53 pF)(3.61 pF) = + = C12 = 1 2 = = 1.49 pF , C12 C1 C2 C1C2 C1 + C2 2.53 pF + 3.61 pF

and the charge on the positive plate of each one is (1.49 pF )(10 V) = 14.9 pC. Next, capacitor 2 is modified as described in the problem, with the effect that

C2 =

2pe 0 L2 2p (8.85 10-12 C2 /N m 2 )(0.090 m) = = 2.17 pF . ln(b2 / a2 ) ln(25 mm/2.5 mm)

The new total equivalent capacitance is

C12 =

C1C2 (2.53 pF)(2.17 pF) = = 1.17 pF C1 + C2 2.53 pF + 2.17 pF

Thus we see

and the new charge on the positive plate of each one is (1.17 pF)(10 V) = 11.7 pC. modification is 14.9 pC 11.7 pC = 3.2 pC. (a) This charge, divided by e gives the number of electrons that pass point P. Thus,

that the charge transferred from the battery (considered in absolute value) as a result of the

N=

3.2 10-12 C = 2.0 107 . 1.6 10-19 C

(b) These electrons move rightwards in the figure (that is, away from the battery) since the positive plates (the ones closest to point P) of the capacitors have suffered a decease in their positive charges. The usual reason for a metal plate to be positive is that it has more protons than electrons. Thus, in this problem some electrons have returned to the positive plates (making them less positive). 35. (a) Let q be the charge on the positive plate. Since the capacitance of a parallel-plate capacitor is given by

e0 A d i ,

the charge is

q = CV = e 0 AVi d i . After the plates are pulled q = e 0 AV f 2d f and

apart, their separation is d f and the potential difference is Vf. Then

Vf =

df

e0 A

q=

d f e0 A d Vi = f Vi . e 0 A di di

With d i = 3.00 10 m ,

-3

Vi = 6.00 V and d f = 8.00 10-3 m , we have V f = 16.0 V .

(b) The initial energy stored in the capacitor is

e 0 AVi 2 (8.85 10-12 C2 /N m 2 )(8.50 10-4 m 2 )(6.00 V) 2 1 2 U i = CVi = = = 4.5110-11 J. -3 2 2d i 2(3.00 10 m)

(c) The final energy stored is
2

d e AV 2 d 1e A 1 e A d U f = 0 V f2 = 0 f Vi = f 0 i = f U i . 2 df 2 d f di di di di
With d f / d i = 8.00 / 3.00 , we have

U f = 1.20 10-10 J.

(d) The work done to pull the plates apart is the difference in the energy:

W = Uf Ui = 7.52 10-11 J.
48. The capacitor can be viewed as two capacitors C1 and C2 in parallel, each with surface area

A/2 and plate separation d, filled with dielectric materials with dielectric constants k1 and k2,
respectively. Thus, (in SI units),

C = C1 + C2 = =

e 0 ( A / 2)k1
d

e 0 ( A / 2)k 2
d

(8.85 10-12 C2 /N m 2 )(5.56 10-4 5.56 10-3 m

d 2 m 2 ) 7.00 + 12.00 -12 = 8.41 10 F. 2

e 0 A k1 + k 2

53. (a) According to Eq. 25-17 the capacitance of an air-filled spherical capacitor is given by

ab C0 = 4pe 0 . b-a
When the dielectric is inserted between the plates the capacitance is greater by a factor of the dielectric constant k. Consequently, the new capacitance is

23.5 (0.0120 m)(0.0170 m) ab C = 4pke 0 = 0.107 nF. = 9 2 2 b - a 8.99 10 N m C 0.0170 m - 0.0120 m

(b) The charge on the positive plate is q = CV = (0.107 nF)(73.0 V) = 7.79 nC. (c) Let the charge on the inner conductor be q. Immediately adjacent to it is the induced charge

q'. Since the electric field is less by a factor 1/k than the field when no dielectric is present, then q + q' = q/k. Thus,

q =

k -1 ab 23.5 - 1.00 q = 4p (k - 1) e 0 V = (7.79 nC) = 7.45 nC. k b-a 23.5

26
2. Suppose the charge on the sphere increases by Dq in time Dt. Then, in that time its potential increases by V = q , 4 r

where r is the radius of the sphere. This means q = 4 rV. Now, Dq = (iin iout) Dt, where iin is the current entering the sphere and iout is the current leaving. Thus,

Dt =

( 0.10 m )(1000 V ) 4pe 0 r DV Dq = = 9 iin - iout iin - iout (8.99 10 F/m ) (1.0000020 A - 1.0000000 A )

= 5.6 10-3 s.
9. We use vd = J/ne = i/Ane. Thus,
-14 2 28 3 -19 L L LAne ( 0.85m ) ( 0.21 10 m ) ( 8.47 10 / m ) (1.60 10 C ) t= = = = vd i / Ane i 300A

= 8.1 102 s = 13min .

30. We use J = s E = (n+ + n)evd, which combines Eq. 26-13 and Eq. 26-7. (a) The magnitude of the current density is

J = s E = (2.70 1014 / Wm) (120 V/m) = 3.24 1012 A/m2.

(b) The drift velocity is

vd =

sE

( n+ + n- ) e

( 2.70 10

-14

W m ) (120 V m )

( 620 + 550 ) cm3 (1.60 10-19 C )

= 1.73 cm s.

46. The mass of the water over the length is

m = r AL = (1000 kg/m3 )(15 10-5 m 2 )(0.12 m) = 0.018 kg ,

and the energy required to vaporize the water is

Q = Lm = (2256 kJ / kg)(0.018 kg) = 4.06 104 J .

The thermal energy is supplied by Joule heating of the resistor:

Q = PDt = I 2 RDt .
Since the resistance over the length of water is

R=

rw L
A

(150 W m )( 0.120 m ) = 1.2 105 W ,

15 10-5 m 2

the average current required to vaporize water is

I=

Q 4.06 104 J = = 13.0 A . RDt (1.2 105 W)(2.0 10-3 s)

51. (a) Assuming a 31-day month, the monthly cost is (100 W)(24 h/day)(31day/month) (6 cents/kW h) = 446 cents = US$4.46 . (b) R = V 2/P = (120 V)2/100 W = 144 W. (c) i = P/V = 100 W/120 V = 0.833 A.