A

Selected Answers

Chapter 2 Answers

2.5 a) .r # I. h) all .x, c) .r # -1, -2, d) all 1.

2.8 u) ? = 2.1~ + 3, h) y = -3x,
c) y = 4x - 3,
e) y = A + I, f) J = (-7/2)x + 3.

d) 4 = -21 + 2,

2.9 u) additional revenue from the (q + l)st output, that is, marginal revenue.
d) increase in consumption when national income goes up I unit.
2.1 I ii) -21.1~.
c) -(Y,>)i~-.
c) 6.r - Y + (14/5).r zi - (3,2).r+.
,T) 4~~ + 9.8~ + 6.~ - 3. i) 2/(x + I), k) 7(.x ~ 3,~)~(S~r -- 6s)
ni) (or + Z.zQ(4.r + 5)(44.? + 45.~ + 40.x + 30).
2.12 u) F = 6.~ 9.

h) v = (I /Y)~r + Q/9).

2.16 u) continuous and differentiable at .v = 0.

h) not continuous ilt .I~ = 0,
1,) continuous, not differentiable at ~1~ = I.
d) continuous and differentiable at A = I.
2 . 2 0 ii) -42.1~. <I (45/4X.
6) 6
(52/2S).r *j +
,q) 12~~ + 1X.r + 6. i) -4/(.r + I)>.

(3/4)YJ

2.22 86. XX.

2.23

increases

30.78

dollars.

2.25 <I) 7h. h) 9.9992s. C) 100.150.

Chapter 3 Answers
3.3 4. 1,). ii) concilvc down for .v < 0 and concave up for .,~ > 0,
h) cncave up for I i 0 and .Y > 4. concave down f<,r 0 < .I < 4;
0) conawe down for .r # 0.

900

SELECTED ANSWERS [A61

3.9 a) no global max or min on D,, max at 1 and min at 2 on Dz,

b) no max or min on D, , min at 0 and max at 1 on D2,
c) min at -4, max at -2 on DI, min at + I, no max on Dz,
d) min at 0, max at 10 on D,, min at 0, no max on Dz.
3.10 (x - 5)(15 -x), x* = 10.
3.11 q = 20 x, n = (20 -x)(x - 5), I* = 12.50.
3.16 No positive output maximizes profit.
3.19 Elasticity equals -r for all prices.
3.22 q = a/2(1 + kb), p = a(1 + 2kb)/[b(2

+ 2kb)l.

Chapter 4 Answers
4.1 a) (8 0 h)(z) = (5i - I)2 + 4, (h 0 g)(x) = 512 + 19.
b) (g o h)(z) = (z - l)+ + l), (h o g ) ( s ) = (x 1)(x + I).
c). d) (8 0 h)(z) = z, (h 0 g)(l) = 1.
4.2 a) inside ) = 3.~~ + 1, outside z = ?.I
h) inside y = l/x, outside z = y* + 5y + 4,
c) inside y = 2.x - 7, outside z = COSJ.
4.3 a) (g 0 h)(l) = 2(Sz - I)5 = 50: - 10,
(h 0 y)(\.) = 5 2x = 10x,
b) (g o h)(z) = 3[(; ~ I)(z + 1)]*(2z) = 6z(z - I)+ + l),
(h o g)(r) = 2 x 3x2 = 6.x5.
4.4 a) i(3.G + 1)-/I 6x = 3r/qFG
b) [2(1/x) + 51 (p I/.?).
4 . 5 0) cos(P) 4x1, b) cos(I/x) (-l/,?)
c:) cos\/(2fi). d ) (cosJ;)/2,,&.

4 . 9 0) C.f-)(.f(l)) = l/3, I/f(l) = l/3.

b) cfm)(1/2) = ~4, l/f(l) = --(I + I) = -4
Chapter 5 Answers
5.1 a) 8 b) l/8

c) 2 d)4 e) l/4

f) 1 g) l/32

h) 125

5.4 a) 1 h) ~3 c) 9 d) 3 e) 2 f) -1 8) 2 h) l/2
5 . 5 a) (In9)/6 b ) 0 c) 5/ln2
5.6 i = (In 3)/r-

i) 0

d) 2 + (In5/In2) e) 2 f ) 5

5.7 3.65 years

5.8 0)
b)
c)
d)

f(.V) = G + 3.x$
f(.,~) = (& + ++:+2
f(x) = 8r3/(x + 2)
f(.r) = (I ~ ~r)/e~

i ) l/3125

f(\)
y(.r)
f(.V)
f(x)

=
=
=
=

6$ + 9x3
(4~T + 12.x + 1 l)cJz+3~-?
(48.G XP)/(r4 + 2 )
(.I - 2)/2

IA61 SELECTED ANSWERS

e) f(x) = & - y&p

901

f(x) = &j7 - &?

f) jq.x) = (I - lnx)/x~
5.10 dy / d \ = l/(x In IO)

.f(r) = (2 In .I~ - 3)/x!

5.11 c
5.12 a) $1870.62 b) $4754.17
5.13 48.05 years
5.14 f = l/(4?)
5.15 f = 3.393
5.16 a) y = 3s/(x~ + l)(x* + 4)
h) yj = 2X(lll(.Y? + I)(.ry
Chapter 6 Answers

6.1 Net contribution cost = $5956.

6 . 2 C = 6070 . S = 2875 . F = 36 . 422 .
6 . 3 i , = 0 . 5 . ~ + 0 . 5 . ~~ + I, ~x2 = Or , + 0 . 25 , ~~ + 3 : . x , = 6 . 1~ = 4 .

6 . 4 .K, = 0.5x, + 0.S.u2 + 1, .x2 = 0.875~~ + 0.25.~~ + 3; no positive solution.

6.5 8.82 percent and 18.28 percent, respectively.

6.6 I .95 percent for white females.
Chapter 7 Answers
7.1 m and P.

7 . 2u ) . r =S . y=6 . . =2 .
7 . 3o ) . r ~=17 / 3 . ?= - 13 / 3 ;
7 . 6 u) Y = h l " /(sh

b )r = . - = l . J= - ? .
~~ ) . 1=1 , ~= - 1 , ~= - 2 .

- am) . I = m l " / (sh + on>);

b , i .) both decrease as s

increases.

7.12 M = -1, .r = I. J = 2. : = 3

7 . 1 4 I = (S/4) - (5/4)1. y = (3/Z) (3/2)z.

7.15 k = I infinitely many solutions: k # - 1. one solution: x = I, .x2 = 0.
7.16 u)~.xybasic: zfree: M = il2/11)-(3/11):,.x = -(4/11)+(l/lI).-,
y = (7 / l I) + (12/l I):: h) WI basic, y,: free: w = 0.6 - 2.2.1 + 0.6;.
x = 0 . 6 + 0 . 8~ - 0 . 4 . ; c) all variables basic; d) on l y me variable basic.

902

SELECTED ANSWERS IA61

7.17 a) General solution is .Y = I + (5/4)z, y = 12 - (9/4)z. To get an integer

solution, take 2 = 4, then .Y = 6 and y = 3. b) Just change the right hand

side in the system in part a and apply the same analysis.
7.18 a = -8.
7.19 a) one,

b) q = 0, p = -I.

7.20 a) I, b) 2, c) 3, e) 3.
7.21 a) Only the zero solution for i, iii and iv; infinitely many other solutions

for the other two. b) Unique solution for every RHS for i and iv; infinitely
many solutions for every RHS for ii; .?ero or infinitely many solutions depending ou the RHS for I:; zero or one solution depending on the RHS
for iii.
7.23 Only c.
7.25 i) : a) 2, b) z and 1 of the other 3, c) : = l/4, x = (3/4) + M - 2~.
7.26 C = 0.05956 P, S = 0.04702. P. F = 0.35737 P
7.29 a) : and any two of the other 3 can be endogenous;

b) if y is chosen as
exogenous and set to 0, M = 0.6, I = 0.6, z = 0, c) if z is the only
exogenous variable and set equal to 0, the corresponding system has infinitely many solutions.

7.30 No, the 3 X 4 coefficient matrix has rank 2; no submatrix can have
rank 3.
Chapter 8 Answers

u)A+R=(;

-; ~),A~nundetined,38=(,~ -; -;),

Dc=(;:,.BJ=(py -$4JCJ= (f Ip
,.,,.I,,=(;

;).Dc=(;

;)

8 . 5 u)AR = (-; -;) =BA.

8

(-:

(I; ;)(I; ;)=(I; ;).

2)(-f

-i)=(-:

-;)

8.9 number of ways of permuting II objects = II!,

8.10

a) (; a) + (A ;) = (; ;). nuf

a permutation matrix; so not

closed under addition. h) yes. closed under multiplication.

8.15 Carry out the multiplication.

[A61

SELECTED ANSWERS

8.18 Carry out the multiplication.

8.19 a) ( -:
4 (

-i), h) ( $2

-5/2
3/2
l/3

0
0
l/3

-1
l/2
l/3

l/3 -T/3
f) ( -l/42
9/2
3/4

-$), d singular,

-6
3/2
) ,e) ( 13 -3
5/3 -l/3

IO/3 -x/3
-15/2 -1 11/2 3/4
i

8.20 a) (-::)(;\ = (;;

h) ( -6
I3
5/2

-y;

-1
2
l/3

,i)(+(-i),

-g l,p li)(-;)=(li)
(
8.21 A n x n and AB defined implies B has n rows.
A n x n and BA defined implies B has n cohmms
Cl

8.22A4=(;;

;:),A3=(h
0

...

:)X2=(-;

-;).

-t), a symmetric matrix.

8.40A-, = A;,U+Ad~
Ad,)
( - C +Az,A,
where
8.41 a) A,,
h) Ai!
L.) AZ2

PA;,A~~C~
c-1

C = A?? - A>,A;,A,2.
and A>> nonsin&~
and A,, - &A,~A?~ nonsingular.
invertible and pTA, p nonzero.

d) Es-l).

8.42 a) E,~(31,
h) &-I).E,4(2) .E,2(-3).
L.) EdI). E,A3). E12(-2).
Ez(l)~E,&2).

En-3)

903

904

8.43

SELECTED ANSWERS [A61

0) (-; ;)(; -;)

determinants = I

LAbI

SELECTED ANSWERS

905

c) One row echelon form is

h) One row echelon form is

9.9 All nonsingular since det # 0.

1
0
I
0

3
6
2
5

9.14 ~)detA = pl.drtB = -l,detAB = +l.det(A+B) = -4.

hj detA = 24: detB = IX; det AR = 432; det(A + B) = S6.
<,) det.4 = ud ~ hf.. detB = rh -t&, d e t A B = (ud hc)(rh ,f),
det(A + B) = det,4 + detB + uh - hg + de ~ cf.
Chapter 10 Answers
1

0)(2.-l) h)(-2.-1)

i.)(2.l) d)(3.0)

ej(1.2.4) f)(2,y2.3).

10.5 u) (I, 3) h) (~4. 12) I.) undefined d) (0.3.3) P) (0.2)

,f)
10.10 u)

(1.4)

x)(1,1)

h)(3.7.l)

i)(p2,~4,0)

j)undefined

5 h) 3 c,) ,I? d) 3& c) fi f, ,/ii g) 2 /I),/%

10.11 a) 5 h) IO c)4

d) &i f) 6

i) 3

906 SELECTED ANSWERS [A61

10.12 a) acute, 45" b) right, 90

e) acute, 63 . 4"
10.13 a) (;a;) b) Cl,01

c) acute, 30

d) obtuse, 106.8

d($&) ")(j+&j$)

10.14 a) C-32-4) b) C-5,0) c) ($$$) d) (&j+> j&)

10.15(u-v)~(u-v)=u~u-2u~v+v~v.
10.16 b) Iw + luzl + '.' + Iu.1; max{lu~l,lu~l....,lu,l~.
10.19 42.03"
10.24 expand determinant along top row
10.25 a) (-l,O, 1) b) C-7,3,5)
10.26 b) 3.64
10 . 28 ( I ) (3 + 2 t , O) ; (4 , O)

10.29 no
10.30 a)xz = -3x1 + 15

b) (1 - r,t) ; (;, 1)

c) (1 + I,[, 1 - 1) ; (;, $1 ;)

b)xz = -XI + 8 c) x2 = 5

C)X(fo=(;)+(;)t
10.32 no
10.33 dx(f)=(;)+l(j) ; x2 = 2x ,
b) x(f) = ( ; ) + t (;) ; 12 = 3x , - 2
cMf)=(;)+f(-;

):

x* = -+x , 14

10.34 a)x(f)=(-t)+(i),; b,x(r,=(;)+(-;)r

~)~(~,~)=(8)+(-a,~+(-~)~

d)~~~,~)=(a)+(I4)~+(-s)~
10 . 35 a) y = - i x + ;; b) y = ; + 1 ;
c ) - 7x+2y+z= - 3 ;
d ) y=4

IA61 SELECTED ANSWERS

907

10.38 0) yes; h) no.

10.39 a) .r, - 12 =

-1

10.40 (ll/3.-11/3.1)
10.41 (;)=(-;)+(-gr or +G=?
10.42 If I increases, so does Y and r*. If MS increases, Y increases and r*
decreases. If co increases, so does Y and r*.
Chapter 11 Answers
11.2 a) independent b) dependent c) independent d) independent
11.3 a) independent h) dependent

11.12 n) no /I) yes c) no d) yes

II.14 N) no b) no c.1 no d) yes P) no
Chapter 12 Answers
1 2 . 1

<I) II h) I/n C) 2mzm1m

d) (-1r-(+)

r) (-I) S) (II + 1)/n ,q) 7i to II decimal places

ir) the 11th digit after the decimal point in T
12.2 n) out of order. I?? B ,ii
h) iinite set
(1 second element not in original sequence
12.21 0) neither. h) closed. c) closed. d) open, P) closed.
12.31 None are bounded.
Chapter 13 Answers

908

SELECTED ANSWERS [A61

13.13 sinx, I 1x1, CC, for example.

13.23
Domain
Range
I - I
f (.r)
3x - 7
R
R
yes
a)
2 -1
R
[-l,E)
no
b)
&
R
C)
(0. Xl
Yes
d)
x3 - x
R
R
no
.X/(X + I)
R
Iq,;]
0
;;
\.3
R
R
Yes
I /.Y
yes
9)
R-i2
RWJI
h)
Jx-1
[I>=)
IO> Xl
Yes
R
xe *
(-=. l / e ] no
0
13.24 a) f(x) = logx; g(x) = x2 + 1
c) f(x) = (cosx, shy); g(x) = x3

f- (4)
onto
f(y + 7) yes
0
In(y)
no
Yes
no
).I/3
Yes
l/y
no
4.2 + 1
no
0

b) f(x) = I; g(x) = sinv

d) f(l) = x3 + x; g(s) = xy

Chapter 14 Answers
14.1 a) fy = 8xy - 3y3 + 6
b) f\ = Y
c) fs = y2

fv = 4x2 9xy2
fv = x

fv = 2xy
fv = 3$+%
e) f* = -2v/(s - ?.)I fl = 2.r/(x - ?.)I
f) fy = 6xy - 7$
f>~ = 3.~ - (71/2$)
uI-Ii:,
3
14.2 4 z = kal.~, 2 a~,~> = ka2Tyllqlrl
h) +
,/I , = ~,,hk,~l~~~(c,.l-, + c,.y;)-:-,
z = c2hk.v;m(c,.l-,
+ (:.x2 I) :
d) f> = 2&r 3?

14.4 a) 5400 b) 5392.8, 5412.5

c) 5392.798, 5412.471 d) AL = 60
14.5 a) own price elasticity = u,,
b) cross price elasticity = oIz
c) income elasticity = b,
1 4 . 6 a ) 4 . 5 b) p.75 r) -.I5
d) Qt> = 3.75. Qh = 3.806: Q< = 4.35. Q<, = 4.356
14.7 a) 240 bj238.046

c) 238.032

d) 241.843, 241.837

14.X u) ll,692.76 b) 6037 (.I 3.04097

14.10 6.5075
14.11 a) t$ = (3~ + 2)(-6r) + (6.y)(l2r + I); I = -3r and y = 4$ + f
b) $ = - Il52r 4321 36r 121
14.12

7.25

14.13 -3/x
14.14

-148.000

[A61 SELECTED ANSWERS

909

14.15 (6,5,6)

141, . c=-
c(I
d.S
a

=+2
31
i ,~

14.18 (3/J% l/&6)

14.19 (9/&F 2/Jm
14.20 52/J%
14.21

aq,/ar
dqz/c+

427.5
a/Jr =
~400/3
aq2/at 1
(

19.5
~20/3

14.22 DF(G(1, I)) = (; ;)

Chapter 15 Answers
15.3 2.9X

15.4 1.8607: 1.9913

15.5 ?(.v) = I in both cures.
15.6 a) ? = ~3 h) yes ~1 -4/9, 2/9 d) ~3~

15.8 u) no h) no c) yes, -0.9449. 0.4961.

15.9 u) 23/24 h) 23/24
15.15 u) JY/dM > 0. rlY/r?T < 0. &/;cM~ < 0 , & /rSr < 0 ;
h) c?Y/ilM > 0. iiY/ Z < 0 ; i),-/riM < 0 , &l-/JT < 0
15.16 .I = 1.03. y = 1.9174
15.18 No. the system is underdetermined.
L5.19 yes: +/a.,~ = 0. +/ill. = -I /3. a:/a.r = ~ I /3. aday = -2/9
15.20 yes: it = 1.1.
15.21 a) .r = 3.

I = -.73.

? = 1.X:

h) the matrix of lint derivatives is singular.

15.22 <I): ~1. .I endogenous and r exogenous: or ?. : endogenous and .c exogen o u s : h ) : i) .r = 1.75. y = 1 . ii) y = I. I = . 75

910

SELECTED ANSWERS [A61

1 5 . 2 5 a ) endogenous

variables = {Y, C, I, I-}; exogenous var. = {G, T, MS}

b) yes.
1 5 . 3 3 .Y = f( J n z + h 2 + a), y z = f ( m

a) with xy the same sign

as b.
1 5 . 3 6 detDF(.r,y) = det ( -$
1 5.3 9

;) = I + ,rm~r > 0.

f( x ) is never negative.

C h a p t e r 1 6 A n s w e rs
1 6 . 1 a) positive definite b) indefinite c) negative definite
d) positive semidefinite e) indefinite f ) negative semidefinite

g) indefinite
1 6 . 4 (1) = &
1 6 . 6 a) negative definite b) positive definite c) positive definite

d) positive definite e) indefinite

C h a p t e r 1 7 A n s w e rs
1 7 . 1 a) (O,O), saddle point; (0, I), saddle point; (1.0). saddle point; (- I, 0).

saddle point; (l/&. 2/5) local min: (- I /fi. 2/5) local max.
b) (13/7. 16/7). saddle point:
L.) (O,O), saddle point; (I, I), local min (p I, I), local min:
d) (0,O). cannot tell: (l/2, -l/2). local min; (-l/2. -l/2), local min
17.2 a) (~369/137, ~14/137,29/137), saddle point:
b) (0.0, O), local min: (I, O,O), saddle point; (- I, 0, O), saddle point:
(0. I, 0), saddle point: (0, I, 0), saddle point: (0.0. I). local max:
(0.0. ~ I), local max.
1 7 . 3 a ) local max = (p I /Js, 2/5), not global max; local min = (I /&. 2/S)
not global min:
b) no local max or min:
r) global min at (I, 1) and (- 1, - 1) since the function is convex for the
open sets U = {(x, y)l.r > I /&} and Il- = {(,I~, J)I.v i -I /&};
d) no local mins or maxs.
1 7 . 4 (I /256, I /256)
1 7 . 5 J = paQ/n., y = pbQ/r-, u, h E (0. 1): p, !,.I > 0

17.6 Charge business travellers 37/3: charge pleasure travelers 2X/3.

1 7.7 Q = 4, 11 = 2 2 .
1 7 . 8 y = (3 5/5 9).r+

(YO/5Yl

[A61 SELECTED ANSWERS

911

Chapter 18 Answers
18.2 +(l, 1) are local minima; it,/?, -4) are local maxima.
18.3 approximately (1.165,1.357)

18.4 (II, xd = @/PI, (1 - ~Y/Pz)

18.5 (2, -f, -1)
18.6 max at (l/2,0,&/2)

and (l/2,0, -d/2); min at (-1,O.O)

18.7 max at 1-(3fi, l/a, I/&)

18.10 (0,2)
18.11 (0, I)
18.14 max at (1/3p,,1/3~>,1/3p,)
18.15 max at (5, 15).
18.17 x = 0,y = 1,~ = -2.
Chapter 19 Answers
19.2 1.05, 1.05.
19.3 a) x = 16.~ = 64;

b) AQ = -25,600; c) AQ = -25,360.T

19.4 1.8
19.5 8.4
19.12 max = 2.569, min = 1.438.
19.13 1.025
19.14 For exercise 18.2, at (x,)., h) = (&, -&, 2) and (-&,J?,2), detH
= 24 > 0; maxima. At (1,1,2/3) and (-I, -1,2/3), detH = -24 <
0; minima. For exercise 18.3, at (x,y, h) = (1.165, 1.357, -.714),
0
-2x1
det -21 2 + 2h 0
= - 11.43 < 0; minimum.
2 )
( 1
19.18 The Jacobian of system (11) in Chapter 18 at (x1,x2, p) = (1, 1, S) is
-4
2 , whose determinant is 48 > 0.
(-$
1s
-O)
0
19.21 18.10: 3.4, 5; 18.11: 3; 18.12: 3.
Chapter 20 Answers
20.1 a) yes, degree 6 b) no c) yes, degree 0 d) yes, degree 1, e) no
f) yes. degree 0
20.8 a) yes. b) y In(.r/~), c) 5~, d) (x:/q) + (x;/x:,, e) (x; + x$/x?.

912

SELECTED ANSVVERS

IA61

20.9 a) 3xy + 2, 13uy + 2 = 5}, {3.ry + 2 = 14); (xy), {(.ry)? = l},

{(ry) = 16); (14.) + (x4.). {(x?.)~ + (.vy) = 2); {(.A+ + (xy) = 68).
r?, @ = c), {&X = @}; In(\-J), {In(q) =
0). {ln(ay) =
ln(4)).
2 0.1 1 Z J + 21, y e s;

14 - z?, n o ;

2 0.1 2 a ) y e s, 72 + 2 ;

z/( z + I), y e s; J?, y e s; p c l , y e s

h) y e s, Inz + I;

(.) n o ;

d) yes, zj.

2 0.1 4 n o
2 0 . 1 7 a ) y e s h) y e s c) y e s d) no P) yes.
2 0 . 1 8 a ) y e s h) y e s c) y e s d) no e) yes f) no .
C h a p t e r 2 1 A n s w e rs

21.2 a) convex

b) concave c) convex d) neither.

2 1 . 4 Every such function is of the form kP with ka(a ~ l),Y*as second

derivative.
2 1 . 9 For example, all C2 positive concave functions on R.
2 1 . 1 8 u) both b) both c) both

d)neither

P) neither f) quasiconvex

g) both h) neither.
2 1 . 2 3 a ) neither b) quasiconcave c,) both d) quasiconvex

e) quasiconcave f) quasiconcave
i) quasiconvex
C h a p t e r 2 2 A n s w e rs

C h a p t e r 2 3 A n s w e rs

,q) neither h) quasiconcave

[Ah] SELECTED ANSWERS

23.7a)P=(;

$=(a

;);

913

914

SELECTED ANSWERS [A61

2 3 . 1 5 a ) l , - 0 . 2 ; b)0.2; c) -1,2,-l, d)0,3,3.

=.,(_:

;).

b)(;

15) c)(-;

A).

23.17 a) (~2 + nq21)( 4 + .,2( ;),

b)(co(-3)D+nct(-3)-)(:)+ct(-3)(d:).

b) (c,2O + nc22-

23.26

a) (p

; ji),

+ Fc,~~*

b)

(-1:

i 8),

d)

(;

8 9).

23.28a)~[(clcosnO-~2sin,iDj(-J)-(c2cosnR+c:sin,rB)(~)]
where cos 8 = 2/Ji7;

23.30a)c:(;)+c>(0.2)-;);

(c, cos(nn/2) - q sin(nr/2))

b,,,(:)+.1(0.51~(~i).

(c, cos(7mr/4) - ~2 sin(7nr/4))

- (c2 cos(7nn/4) + c, sin(7n71/4))

23.31 white males: I .4 percent: black males: 3.8 percent.
23.34 Average price of Stock A = 8$, Average price of Stock B = 7;

C-3

[A61

SELECTED

ANSWERS

23.40 A = A- ==+ detA = l/detA ===s (d&A) = 1

Chapter 24 Answers
24.4 Initial position and initial velocity.
24.5 a) 4 = 5 + ke-, k = -4~; b) y = kern + f - 1, k = e;
d) y = tt/Jl+kr2,
c:) ; = ke + f + 2r + 2, k = -4/p;
24.9 h) y =

h + ((cd):)

24.10 a) ? = e;

k = 0.

b)c

b) y = 2~ + e3.

24.13 a) x = feF:

h) y = em/ + (3/2)~~.

24.14 <I) ? = e [2cos3t + sin3rl;

24.16 n) y = (2/5)r + (3/~!)eQ~;
(.) y = $12 - (i/&J/?.

b) y = 2cos3t + (1/3)sin3t.
b) .v = e~(cost + sint);

24.17 y = c,,cJ + rze- + c$,

24.25 (1. h) Equilibria at y = 0 (asympt. stable) and at y = 2 (unstable);
c) equilibria at ? = 0,2 (unstable) and at y = I (asympt. stable).
24.26 a. b) Equilibria at y = 0 (unstable) and at ?; = k (asympt. stable);
0 equilibria at y = 0, k (asympt. stable) and at y = ko (unstable).
24.27 n) Equilibria at y = 0 (asympt. stable) and at y = I (unstable);
h) equilibria at y = (2n + 1)~ (asympt. stable) and at : = 2nrr
(unstable) for all integers n.
2 4 . 2 8 p(p:c/.y) = [?.I+ + $$&J(q* - pn+)]?
Micr-oemmmi~~

See Hal Varian.

A~~luis, 3rd ed. New York: W.W. Norton, 1992.

p. 128.
Chapter 25 Answers
25.1 u) (1;:) = (.,PJ ( -;) + c,e~~~ ( -1):
b,(:)=~,(:)+(2~(~~).

915

25.2 j = 18, ij = -a~.

25.3 j = v, ij = -(a/m)>,

- gsiny.

25.6 a) yI = c~P-~~ + c2e2', y2 = -4qem3 + ~8, c, = 0.2,~ = 0.8.

h) yI = e-" [(3cl - c2)cosf - (c, + 3c2)sint],
y2 = e -*[2c, cos f 2~ sin t], c, = 0, c? = -I.
25.1 ), =
(a,h* - LQCl)/(h,h>
coexistence steady state.

- c,(.& y2 =

(a+ - a,c*)/(h,hz - ClC2),

25.8 (0, O), (C/D,A/B).

25.9 a) (-2,0), (2,2), C-1. -1);
25.12 all unstable.

b) (0.0);

cl a I). (2,O).

25.13 Trace DF(xn) < 0 and det DF(x,) > 0 implies that x0 is locally asymptotically stable.
25.16 The eigenvalues
of Jacobian at (C/D,A/B) are the pure imaginary
numbers ii&??
25.17 u) asymptotically stable,

b. c. d, e,.f) unstable.

25.20 a) All orbits in interior converge to (I, 3); h) All orbits in interior
converge to (0.6): (.) All orbits in interior converge to (3.0).
25.24 F = ?,i~ + .ri = .rx - .r: = 0.
c/v?
0
is positive definite in
A/y-4
(0
the interior of the orthant, F is convex and its critical point (C/D.A/B)
is a global min.

25.28 Since the Hessian of F in (28).

Chapter 26 Answers
26.1 n) I.

/xc) 0. d) 16.

26.7 u) n!; h) II! II ~ I.

26.13 i) -6. ii) 8. iii) -456, h) all.
2 6 . 1 4 n)L~ = - 1 . 1 : b)k = 1.~2.
2 6 . 1 8 a) A = A =I I/detA = drtA =i (drtA) = 13
det(pA) = detA.
b) detA~ = detA and II odd =!
detA = 0 .
26.21 e) 2X.
26.23

I /5Y
PI/S9
6/59

-63/59
4/s)
3S/SY

54/5Y
5/S')
-X)/59

S o . detA =

[A61 SELECTED ANSWERS

26.25 a) (- ; - i ) .

- l / IO
27/80

9/40
- l /5
-3/40

3/X0
3/10

-7/20
l /5

-l/80

-I]/20

l/20

l/IO

-3/20

-l/80
El

-3/2
5/4
0

h, c) not invertible, d)

917

l /4
- l /2
l /4

2/5 i

26.27 a)~, = -13/ (-13) = I, x2 = 52/ (-13) = -4;

b) I, = -12/12 = -1, x2 = 12/12 = I, x1 = 24/12 = 2.

26.29 a) Since the leading principal minors are 1. -6, and 28, the pivots are
I, -6/ l = -6, and 28/(-6) = -14/3.
Chapter 27 Answers
27.1 a) yes.
c) ves.

h) no; not closed under addition ( 1,O) + (1.0) = (2,O) @ set,

d) no; not closed under addition ( 1, 1) + (1, - I ) = (2,O) @ set,

e) ,o; 2(0, I) = (2.0) 6! set ,

f) yes.

27 . 4 Basis for 1/e in Example 27.5:

27 . 6 11

I
0 I
I

2)

cannot be determined.

3)

(-3

4) not a subspace, 5) see Exercise 27.4, 6)

918

SELECTED ANSWERS [A61

27.14 a) has a solution for h t Cal(a),

h) has solutions for every h,
L.) has unique solutions for every II
d) has a solution for every h.
27.19 a) yes, h) yes. c) no, d) yes, e) no.
Chapter 28 Answers
28.3 a) 45 X IO!,

h) $l(n I) x II!.

28.4 (123) represents (12)(23)(13);

(132) represents (12)(32)(13);
(213) represents (21)(23)(13):
(312) represents (12)(32)(31):
(231) represents (21)(23)(31);
(321) represents (21)(32)(31).
l(l23). I .(23lL I(312) represents (12)(23)(31);
I (321). 1 (132). I (213) represents (21)(32)(13).
Chapter 29 Answers
29.1 a) no, h) yes, <,I no, il) yes.
e) yes. f) yes. ,g) yes; /I) yes.
I.u.h.s: h) I, d) I. P) I, f,2. ,T)
29.11 a) not open_ closed,
h) not open, closed,
c) not open. closed.
d) no t open. not

29.12 a) yes. yes. no, no. yes:

1.) no. yes. no. yes. yes.
Chapter 30 Answers

si. 1119.

not comp~t, connected.

compact. connected.
not compact; connected.
closed. or compact. not connected
h) no. no. yes. no. yes:

[A61 SELECTED ANSWERS

919

JiY 4 1.1; JiT = 1.095; JE = 1.0955; Jr2 = 1.095445

Jz = 1.5; Jz = 1.375; & = 1.4375; Jz = 1.414214.
b) y = Inx
y w ,,; y e ,, - f,,;

y z /., - ;h2 + f,$

Inl.2=0.2;
Inl.2=0.18;
Inl.2=0.182666...;
In 1.2 = 0.18232..
I n 2 = I; I n 2 = 0 . 5 ; In2 = 0.8333...: In2 = 0.693147...

30.11 a)F(2,2) = 2, P2(2,2) = 2,

b) F(1.5,2)

= 1.86121, Pi(1.5.2)

= 1.86816.

30.12 a) hl;

hl - h,h2; h, - h,hz + h,h;,

b) P, = 1 + h,, P2 = P, + 21
lh* + 22
lh*
Pj = Pz + ;h: + ;h,hz,

c) PI = I + ;hl + fh2 + $13,

P2 = PI - Ah: + $hlhz + +h,h,

- ;h; + $h2h3 - Ah:.

P3 = Pz + &h: + kh; f &h; - &h:hz - &h:h3 - $h,h:

- &h;h3 - &h,h: - &hzh: + &h,hzh3,
d) P, = k i akh, + bkhz,

Pz = P , + +(a - 1)k + abk + ;b(b - l)k,

Pj = P2 + @I - I)@ - 2)k + +(a - l)bk + fab(b - l)k

+ ;b(b - I)(b - 2)k.
Appendix Al Answers

Al.1 CUA={2,4,6,8,10}=C-B, CnB={1,3.5,7,9},

AnD=A.
Al.2 a)glb =I, no lub; b.d,e.f) glb =O, lub =I; c) glb = -I, lub =l.
Al.6 (I, = I/2, a~ = 2/3, a,, = n/(n + 1).
Al.7 n < 2 and (n + 1)/n < 2 implies (n + 1) < 2+.
Appendix A2 Answers

AZ.4 a) sin 120 = sin60 = a/2, cm 1 2 0 = ~0~60 = -l/2,

rancos45
120 = -J-j&
- 3 b )ta,15
sm I
= sin45 =
l/J% ~0~135 =
= -1; f)sin240 = -sin60 =
&, cos 240 = 1 cm 60 = -I /2, tan 240 = 4,

A2.5 a) cot30" = cm 30" /sin 30 = 6, set 30 = 2/&, csc 30 = 2,

b) cothO

AZ.6 cos(a/2)

= I/&, ~60 = 2, csc60 = 2/,/%.

= k&5(1 + cosa), sin(a/2) = Z&5(1 - cosa)

AZ.7 a) sin 15 = sin(hO - 45) = 2-*(& - I),

d) ~0~22.5 = cos(; 4 5 ) = 2T39,/3 + 1f2.

AZ.10 a) (tanx)' = (sinq'cosx)' = (cos*x + sin2x)/cos2x = l/cos2x =

sec2 x.

920

SELECTED ANSWERS IAbl

AZ.11 cos f = I - $ (a) + $ (f) = 0.707429, which compares well to

I/& = 0.707107.
Appendix A3 Answers
A3.2a)5+i,

h)l-4i,

c)IS-i.

A3.3 h -i&.
A3.7 a) I, (-1 + i&)/2, (~1 - i&)/2.
A3.8 a) e(cos 1 + i sin l),

h) i.

A3.11 h) I,, = k,(Z + 3i) + kj(2 3;) = (c, + rzi)~(cosnB + isind)

(c, - c2i),h?(cosn0 - isinn0) = 13(2q cosn0 - 2c~sinnB) il3(2c, cos n0 + 2~ sin n@, where tan 0 = 3/2.
Appendix A4 Answers
A4.1 a) 7*x7 - 4Lx4 , h ) 4.1s~
e) $2 + 2.7 + 4y.
A4.2 a) fxZIns ~ ax,
A4.3

49 +

h) +(;x

6~~ - Ina.

c) +,

ix + a).

2.47.

A4.4 a) 14/3.
A4.5 30.
A4.6 [,fe

I; a.~fyr)

dr,

Appendix A5 Answers
AS.2 a) 3.5, h) $7.
AS.3 EV = 7. Var = 35/6. EV = 535/1X.
A5.4 a) 0.1(900)1
c,) = $10.32.

+ 0.9(1000)1

= 9.965;

h) 9901 = 9.967.