Nonlinear Finite Element Modeling and Simulation Week 1: Dhafer Marzougui Pradeep Mohan

1
Nonlinear Finite Element Modeling

and Simulation
CE 264
Dhafer Marzougui
Pradeep Mohan
Week 1
General FEA Process
LS-DYNA Background
History
LS-DYNA Input Format
Keyword Format
Structural Format
History
Capabilities
Application
FEM Analysis Procedures
Pre-process : Model Setup
Solution-procedure: Solver
Post-process - Analysis
Example of an Input Deck
Computer Session
Depart ment of Civil and Environment al Engineering The George Washingt on University
Post process Analysis
General FEA Process
Model Development - Pre-processing
Discretize Geometry: Nodes/Elements
Geometry properties: Thickness/Cross-section
Material properties
Loading conditions
Constraints
Boundary conditions
Solver - Solution processing
Numerical solution of equations of motion
General FEA Process
Post-processing: Results Analysis
Deformed geometry
Displacements, velocities, accelerations
Stress and strain
Reaction forces
Energies
FE Model Improvement
Update Model based on the analysis results
Iterative process until objectives achieved
2
General FEA Process
Model Development - Pre-processing
LS-INGRID, FEM-B
I-DEAS, True-Grid, EasiCrash , ,
PATRAN, HyperMesh
Solver - Solution processing
LS-DYNA, PamCrash, RADIOSS
NASTRAN, ANSYS, Algor
Results Analysis - Post-processing
Results Analysis Post processing
LS-TAURUS, LS-POST
HyperMesh
Background and History of LS-DYNA
1976
DYNA3D developed at Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory by John Hallquist
Low velocity impact of heavy, solid structures, military
applications
1979
DYNA3D ported on Cray-1
Improved sliding interface
Order of magnitude faster
Order of magnitude faster
1981
New material models - Explosive-structure, Soil-structure
Impacts of penetration projectiles
1986
Beams, Shells, Rigid Bodies
Single Surface Contact Single Surface Contact
Support for Multiple Computer Platforms
1988
Automotive Applications Support
LS-DYNA
1989
1989
Full Commercial Version
LSTC
1993
Keyword Format
Automatic Single Surface Contact
1st International LS-DYNA User Conference
1995
Training Lab Established at West Coast - LSTC
1997
Training Class Started at East Coast - NCAC/GWU
Today
Release of Version LS970, Many New Features
3
General Capabilities
Transient dynamics
Quasi-static simulations
Flexible and rigid bodies Flexible and rigid bodies
Nonlinear material behavior
More than 80 constitutive relationships
More than 40 element formulation
Finite strain and finite rotation
General contact algorithm
General contact algorithm
Thermal Analysis
Explicit and implicit analyses
General Capabilities
Pre-stress and Post-stress (LS-NIKE3D)
Interactive graphics
Preprocessor - LS-INGRID
Third party interfaces
Postprocessor - LS-Taurus, LS-Post
Other rigid body program coupling
CAD d t i t f
CAD data interface
Applications
Automotive, train, ship, and aerospace crashworthiness
Sheet and bulk forming process simulation
Engine blade containment and bird strike analysis
Seismic safety simulation
Weapons design and explosive detonation simulation
Biomechanics simulation
Industrial accidents simulation
Drop and impact analysis of consumer product
Roadside Hardware Analysis
Virtual proving ground simulation
LS-DYNA Input File Format
Structured Input Format
Original Format
Organized by Entities
Fixed Format
Keyword Input Format
Started 1993
More Flexible
Easy to Modify Input Deck
4
Keyword Format
Keyword format input file
List of Keyword options
Examples
Keyword Format Input File
Sections
Control, Material, Equation of State, Element, Parts, etc.
The * followed by keyword indicate beginning of
ti bl k a section block.
The $ used for Comment Cards
Data blocks begin with keyword followed by data
pertaining to the keyword
Multiple Blocks with the same keyword are
permissible
Material and Contact types are defined by name
Keywords are alphabetically organized in manual
*KEYWORD
*TITLE
SAMPLE INPUT FILE
*CONTROL_TERMINATION
*NODE
1 0.000000000E+00 0.000000000E+00 0.000000000E+00
2 7.000000000E+00 0.000000000E+00 0.000000000E+00
3 0.000000000E+00 7.000000000E+00 0.000000000E+00
0.1000000 0 0.0000000 0 0.0000000
*DATABASE_BINARY_D3PLOT
1.00000-3 0
*DATABASE_BINARY_D3THDT
1.00000-3
*MAT_ELASTIC
1 7.89000-9 2.00000+5 0.3000000
*SECTION_SOLID
1 0
*SECTION_SHELL
1 2
4 7.000000000E+00 7.000000000E+00 0.000000000E+00
5 0.000000000E+00 0.000000000E+00 7.000000000E+00
6 7.000000000E+00 0.000000000E+00 7.000000000E+00
7 0.000000000E+00 7.000000000E+00 7.000000000E+00
8 7.000000000E+00 7.000000000E+00 7.000000000E+00
*ELEMENT_SOLID
1 1 1 2 4 3 5 6 8 7
*PART
PART NAME 1
2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0
*ELEMENT SHELL
1 2
1.0000000 1.0000000 1.0000000 1.0000000 0.0000000
*PART
PART NAME 1
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
*ELEMENT_SHELL
1 2 1 2 4 3
*END
*NODE NID x y z
*ELEMENT EID PID N1 N2 N3
*PART PID SID MID EOSID HGID
*SECTION_SHELL SID ELFORM SHRF NIP PROPT QR ICOMP
*MAT_ELASTIC MID RO E PR DA DB
*EOS EOSID
*HOURGLASS HGID
5
LS-DYNA Execution
Command Line
Example
ls-dyna i=inputfile
y p
ls940 r=d3dump01 memory=12000000
LS-DYNA Execution
LS-DYNA Output Files
d3hsp
message
d3plot,d3plot01,
d3thdt,d3thdt01,
d3dump01,
runrsf
A ii fil ( l t t d t d f t )
Ascii files (glstat, nodout, deforc, ..etc)
6
Week 2
Detail Capabilities of Keyword Format
Explicit FEM Theory
Computer session
*AIRBAG
$
$$
*AIRBAG_SIMPLE_AIRBAG_MODEL_1
108 1 0 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000
7.17000+8 1.00400+9 300.00000 1 0.7000000 0.0000000 0.1000000 1.2040-12
0
*AIRBAG
Control volumes
Thermodynamic properties for the airbag inflator
models
Tires
Pneumatic dampers
Biomechanic parts
*BOUNDARY
Fixed (SPCs)
Prescribed motion
Thermal
7
*CONSTRAINTED
Constraints within a structure between structural
parts
Nodal rigid bodies
Rivets
Welds
Linear constraints
Tying a shell edge to a shell edge with failure
M i i id b di
Merging rigid bodies
Adding extra nodes to rigid bodies
Rigid body joints
*CONTACT
24 different contact types
Deformable to deformable bodies
Single surface contact in deformable bodies
Deformable body to a rigid body
Tying deformable structures (strain failure)
Modeling rebar in concrete structures
(*CONTACT ID)
(*CONTACT_ID)
*CONTACT_ENTITY
Analytical rigid surface to deformable structure
Metal forming
The punch and die surface geometry can be input as
VDA surfaces which are treated as rigid.
Occupant Modeling
Treat contact between rigid body occupant dummy
hyper ellipsoids and deformable structures such as
airbags and instrument panels
airbags and instrument panels.
Motion governed by rigid body mechanics or
prescribed translation and/or rotation (6 DOF)
*CONTROL
Termination time
Hourglass type
Contact penalty scale factor
Shell element formulation
Numerical damping
8
*DATABASE
Controlling output
ASCII files
Binary files
*DEFINE
Curves
Boxes to limit geometric extent
Local coordinate systems
Vectors
Inputs to other options
*DEFORMABLE_TO_RIGID
Switch materials that are defined as deformable to
rigid at the start of the analysis
Cost effective method for simulating events such
as vehicle rollover
*ELEMENT
Beams
Concentrated masses
Dampers
Seat belts
Shells
Solids
S i
Springs
Thick Shells
9
Basic Elements
Shells
Solids
Beams/Trusses
Di t El t
Discrete Elements
*INCLUDE
Split files into subfiles
Split subfiles into sub-subfiles, and so on
Vehicle System Contact Barrier
Controller
Nodes/Elements Constrains Contacts
*INITIAL
Initial velocities
Detonation and Momentum
Initial stresses
Initial temperatures
*LOAD
Concentrated point loads
Distributed pressures
Body force loads
Variety of thermal loadings
10
*MAT
Constitutive constants for all material models
80+ structural materials
stress-strain relations
8 spring/damping materials
F-d and F-v relationships
1 seat belt material
6 thermal materials
6 thermal materials
*NODE
Nodal point identifiers
x, y, z coordinates
Translational constraint
Rotational constraint
*PART
Relates parts ID between elements, sections,
material and hourglass control
For rigid material rigid body inertia properties For rigid material, rigid body inertia properties
and initial conditions can be specified through the
*PART command
Element 1
Material 4 Material 2 Hourglass 2
Part 1
*RIGIDWALL
Planar
Rectangular prism
Cylindrical prism
Spherical
Stationary or moving
Finite or infinite
M lti l ll b d fi d t d l
Multiple walls can be defined to model
combinations of geometric shapes
Friction
11
*SECTION
Element type dependent
element formulation
integration rule
thickness or cross-section properties
Used in *PART
*SET
Concept of grouping nodes, elements, parts, etc.
Examples
output acceleration, velocity, displacement for a set of
nodes
set of shell elements as slaves for a contact definition
define a cross section with a set of nodes and a set of
shells
single surface contract for all parts specified in a set of
single surface contract for all parts specified in a set of
parts
Other Keywords
*DAMPING
*HOURGLASS
*INTEGRATION
*TITLE
*TRANSLATE
*USER_INTERFACE
Keyword Examples
Control Output
$ Termination Time $ Termination Time
$
*CONTROL_TERMINATION
$...>....1....>....2....>....3....>....4....>....5....>....6....>....7....>....8
$ endtim endcyc dtmin endneg endmas
6.01 0 0.0 0.0 0.0
$
$ Energy Computation
$
*CONTROL_ENERGY
$ i i i i
$ hgen rwen slnten rylen
2 2
2 2
$
$
12
Keyword Examples
Control Output
$
$ Time interval between state dumps (D3PLOT) $ p ( )
$
*DATABASE_BINARY_D3PLOT
$ DT/CYCL LCDT
1.0
$
*DATABASE_EXTENT_BINARY
$ i i i i i i i i
$ neiph neips maxint strflg sigflg epsflg rltflg
$ i i i
$ cmpflg ieverp beamip
1
1
$
$ Time history data interval (D3THDT)
$
*DATABASE_BINARY_D3THDT
$ DT/CYCL LCDT
999999
$
Keyword Examples
Control Output
*DATABASE_RWFORC
$ DT/CYCL
0.1
$
*DATABASE_HISTORY_NODE
$ Define nodes that output into NODOUT
$ id1 id2 id3 id4 id5 id6 id7 id8
$...>....1....>....2....>....3....>....4....>....5....>....6....>....7....>....8
99999 414 486
$
*DATABASE_NODOUT
$ DT/CYCL
0.1
*DATABASE GLSTAT
*DATABASE_GLSTAT
$ DT/CYCL
0.1
*DATABASE_MATSUM
$ DT/CYCL
0.1
*DATABASE_SLEOUT
$ DT/CYCL
0.1
Keyword Examples
Contact Definitions
$
$ Define Contacts - Sliding Interfaces
$
*CONTACT_AUTOMATIC_SINGLE_SURFACE
$...>....1....>....2....>....3....>....4....>....5....>....6....>....7....>....8
$ ssid msid sstyp mstyp sboxid mboxid spr mpr
0
$ Equating ssid to zero means that all segments are included in the contact
$
$ fs fd dc vc vdc penchk bt dt
0.08 0.08
$
$ sfs sfm sst mst sfst sfmt fsf vsf
$ sfs sfm sst mst sfst sfmt fsf vsf
$
Keyword Examples
Material and Parts
$
$ D fi M t i l d P t $ Define Materials and Parts
$
*MAT_PIECEWISE_LINEAR_PLASTICITY
$...>....1....>....2....>....3....>....4....>....5....>....6....>....7....>....8
$ mid ro e pr sigy etan eppf tdel
1 7.830E-06 200.0 0.3 0.207 0.750
$
$ c p lcss lcsr
40 5
$ PLASTIC STRESS/STRAIN CURVES
$ eps1 eps2 eps3 eps4 eps5 eps6 eps7 eps8
$ es1 es2 es3 es4 es5 es6 es7 es8
0.000 0.080 0.160 0.400 0.750
0.207 0.250 0.275 0.290 0.300
$
13
Keyword Examples
Material and Parts
$ PART DEFENITION
$
*PART
$ heading
corner1
$...>....1....>....2....>....3....>....4....>....5....>....6....>....7....>....8
$ pid sid mid eosid hgid igrav adpopt
1 1 1
$
$
$ SHELL ELEMENT CROSS-SECTIONAL PROPERTIES
$
*SECTION SHELL
SECTION_SHELL
$...>....1....>....2....>....3....>....4....>....5....>....6....>....7....>....8
$ sid elform shrf nip propt qr/irid icomp
1 2 3.0000
$ t1 t2 t3 t4 nloc
2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
$
Keyword Examples
Nodes and Elements
$
$ NODAL POINT CARDS
$
*NODE
$
$...>....1....>....2....>....3....>....4....>....5....>....6....>....7....>....8
$ NID X Y Z TC RC
99999 0.0 0.0 274.0 0 0
1 -5.00000000E+01 -4.80000000E+01 0.000000000E+00 0 0
2 -4.16667000E+01 -4.80000000E+01 0.000000000E+00 0 0
715 -5.80000000E+01 -2.40000000E+01 2.724830000E+02 0 0
716 -5.80000000E+01 -3.20000000E+01 2.724830000E+02 0 0
$
$ SHELL ELEMENTS
$
$
*ELEMENT_SHELL
$...>....1....>....2....>....3....>....4....>....5....>....6....>....7....>....8
$ EID PID N1 N2 N3 N4
1 1 1 2 9 8
2 1 2 3 10 9
640 1 710 711 716 715
641 1 711 485 487 716
$
Keyword Examples
Constraints, Boundary, and Initial Conditions
$
$ Define Constraints, Boundary & Initial Conditions
$
$
*BOUNDARY_SPC_NODE
$...>....1....>....2....>....3....>....4....>....5....>....6....>....7....>....8
$ NID CID X Y Z RX RY RZ
1, 0,1,1,1, 1, 1, 1
2, 0,1,1,1, 1, 1, 1
3, 0,1,1,1, 1, 1, 1
252, 0,1,0,0, 0, 1, 1
2 9 0 0 0 0
259, 0,1,0,0, 0, 1, 1
$
Keyword Examples
Rigid Walls
$
$ Define Stone Walls
$
*RIGIDWALL_PLANAR_MOVING_FORCES
$.../....1..../....2..../....3..../....4..../....5..../....6..../....7..../....8
$ nsid nsidex boxid
0 0 0
$
$ xt yt zt xh yh zh fric
0.0 0.0 274.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0
$
$ SW MASS SW VEL
800.000 8.94000
800.000 8.94000
$
$ SOFT SSID NODE1 NODE2 NODE3 NODE4
0 0 99999
$
14
Finite Element Method Basic Theory
Equations of Equilibrium
Time Integration Loop
Element Formulation
Solid
Shell
Beam
Time Integration Schemes
Implicit
Explicit
Nonlinear Problems
i i j ij
x f p p o = +
,
Momentum Equation
j j ,
0 ) (
) ( ) , (
) (
=
=
=
+
i ij ij
i i
i i ij
n
t D t X x
t t n
o o
o
o
Boundary Condition - Traction
Boundary Condition - Displacement
Boundary Condition - Contact
) (
i ij ij
y
Equation of Equilibrium
Implicit Formulation
{ } { } { } ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [
external
F x K x C x M = + +
Explicit Formulation
{ } { } { } ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [
external
{ } ] [ ] [ ] [
int ernal external
F F x M =
Internal forces include the damping, stiffness, contact
forces, ..etc.
15
Time Integration Loop
Write output databases
Update nodal velocities,
displacements, and coordinates
Update displacements and
nodal coordinates
Apply force
boundary conditions
Process brick, beam, shell,
and thick shell elements
Apply kinematic
boundary conditions
Compute kinematic based
contact and stone walls
p
nodal coordinates
Process discrete elements
Process penalty based
contact
Update accelerations
Start
Week 3
Initial Conditions
Boundary Conditions
Loads
Rigid Walls
Constraints
Week 3
Assume we have a model with the following defined:
nodes, elements,materials,properties,parts
What can we do to the model? What can we do to the model?
Apply initial conditions, boundaries conditions, loads,
constrains
We need to define: boxes, curves, sets, vectors
What if parts collide or collapse on themselves?
use rigid walls contacts
use rigid walls , contacts
How do we debug and/or analyze the model?
Output files
16
*SET - Nodes
Define a group (set) of nodes
assign a set identification number (SID)
define the nodes to be included (NID)
*SET_NODE_LIST
define the nodes 8 per line
*SET_NODE_COLUMN
define the nodes 1 per line
*DEFINE_BOX
Define a box-shaped volume
everything inside the box can be used as input
Assign a box identification number (BOXID)
Define two extreme corners of the box
Xmin - Xmax
Ymin - Ymax
Zmin - Zmax
*DEFINE_CURVE
Define a (load) curve
Assign a load curve identification number (CLID)
Define the points of curve in pairs
Abscissa (x) - Ordinate (y)
Scaling
Offset
Examples
Examples
Force vs Time
Velocity vs Time
*DEFINE_COORDINATE
Define a local coordinate system
Assign a coordinate system identification number
(CID) (CID)
*DEFINE_COORDINATE_NODES
3 nodes: local origin, along local x-axis, in local x-y plane
*DEFINE_COORDINATE_SYSTEM
x, y, z of three points (same as NODES)
*DEFINE_COORDINATE_VECTOR
2 vectors: local x-axis, local in-plane vector
17
*DEFINE_VECTOR
Define a vector
Assign a vector identification number (VID)
Define tail (xt, yt, zt) and head (xh, yh, zh)
Initial Conditions
Purpose - To set initial conditions
Detonation and momentum
Stresses
Temperature
Velocity
Initial stresses, temperatures and velocities are
equal ZERO by default
Boundary conditions override initial conditions
*INITIAL_DETONATION and
*INITIAL_MOMENTUM
Simulation an impulsive type of loading
Used for solid elements
Detonation - lighting explosive materials (parts)
tau t
e p t p
/
0
) (

=
Momentum - depositing an initial momentum on
an element
Initial Velocity
Assign initial translational and rotational velocities
to nodes and bodies
*INITIAL_VELOCITY
set of nodes
exclude a set of nodes
all nodes within a defined box
*INITIAL_VELOCITY_NODE
individual nodes
18
Initial Velocity
*INITIAL_VELOCITY_GENERATION
for rotating and translating bodies
parts
set of parts
set of nodes
must be mutually exclusive from setting nodal initial
velocities
Boundary Conditions
Purpose - To define imposed motions on
boundary Nodes
Convection, Flux, Radiation, Temperature
Cyclic
Non-reflecting, Sliding, Symmetry with Failure
(Solids)
Prescribed Motion
SPC
SPC
*BOUNDARY_CYCLIC
Cyclic symmetry
Define axis of rotation vector
x, y and z vectors , y
vectors must be global
Define 2 boundary planes
(using node sets)
Solid Elements Only
*BOUNDARY_NON_REFLECTING
stress gradient at boundary equals zero
boundary moves with shock wave
*BOUNDARY_SLIDING_PLANE
constrain a set of nodes to move on an arbitrary
orientated plane or line
*BOUNDARY_SYMMETRY_FAILURE
symmetry plane fails upon defined tensile failure stress
19
*BOUNDARY_PRESCRIBED_MOTION
Impose nodal motion on a node, set of nodes, or a
rigid body
Applicable to one degree-of-freedom
Motion
displacement
velocity
acceleration (nodes only)
Motion prescribed by a curve
*BOUNDARY_SPC
Single Point Constraints
Fix (constrain) one or more degrees-of-freedom of
a node
Individual nodes or a set of nodes
*BOUNDARY_SPC_NODE
*BOUNDARY_SPC_SET
May be defined in a local coordinate system
y y
Loads
Purpose - To Define Applied Forces
Beam
Body
Heat, Temperature
Nodal and Rigid Body
Shell (pressure)
Loads
Avoid single concentrated loads
physically unrealistic
induce hourglass modes
Avoid instantaneous loading
Require a load curve
Loads can be scaled
20
*LOAD_BEAM
Distributed traction load along any local axis (r, s, t)
Beam or a set of beams
Force per unit length
*LOAD_BODY
Body force load due to a prescribed
base acceleration
angular velocity
A single degree-of-freedom: X, Y, Z, RX, RY, RZ
All nodes or a set of parts
*LOAD_NODE and
*LOAD_RIGID_BODY
Apply a load to a node, a set of nodes, or a rigid
body
x, y, or z force
x, y, or z moment
Follower force
force acts normal to a plane
force acts normal to a plane
Global or local coordinate system
Distributed Pressure Load
Apply a distributed pressure to a
segment (*LOAD_SEGMENT)
set of segments (*LOAD_SEGMENT_SET)
shell (*LOAD_SHELL_ELEMENT)
set of shells (*LOAD_SHELL_SET)
Positive pressure acts in the negative normal
direction of the shell/segment
Arrival time of pressure
21
Rigid Walls
Purpose - To Define Rigid Surfaces
Simulate barriers, pendulums, crushers, etc.
Nodes are prevented from penetrating a surface Nodes are prevented from penetrating a surface
Wall energy in GLSTAT
Wall forces in RWFORC
*RIGIDWALL_PLANAR
Finite or infinite
Motion condition
fi d fixed
moving: mass and velocity
Soft wall option
number of cycles to zero velocity
Wall tracking with extra nodes
Ortho
two separate friction coefficients normal to each other
example: rolling object - higher friction in transverse direction
*RIGIDWALL_GEOMETRIC
Multiple geometric walls
can be defined to model can be defined to model
combinations of
available geometric
shapes
Constraints
Purpose - Constrain Degree-of-Freedom Between
Parts
rivets and welts rivets and welts
tying shells to shells
tying shells to solids
various rigid body constraints (will discuss later)
Nodes must have mass
Nodes cannot be subjected to multiple
Nodes cannot be subjected to multiple,
independent, and possible conflicting constraints
SPCs cannot conflict with constraints
22
*CONSTRAINED_RIVET
Two-node rivet
Rigid massless truss
Acts similar to a pair of ball and socket joints
Nodes can not be coincident
*CONSTRAINED_SPOTWELD
Two-node spotweld
Rigid massless beam g
No normal rotational stiffness transmitted from
shells
Nodes can not be coincident
Failure criteria
S = normal force at failure f = normal interface force
S
n
= normal force at failure f
n
= normal interface force
S
s
= shear force at failure f
s
= shear interface force
*CONSTRAINED_GENERALIZED_WELD
Options: SPOT, FILLET, BUTT
Nodes may be coincident
Output can be specified in a local coordinate
system
Failure criteria
Spotweld
Nodal ordering and
orientation of the
local coordinate
system is important
for determining
spotweld failure
23
Fillet Weld
Nodal ordering and
orientation of the
local coordinate
system is shown for
fillet weld
Butt Weld
Orientation of the local coordinate system
and nodal ordering is shown
Weld Failure
Failure time
automatic failure at a specified time
Ductile failure
due to plastic strain
effective nodal plastic strain > c
fail
p
Brittle failure
spotweld
fillet
Part Joining
*CONSTRAINED_NODE_SET
translation constraints for 2 or more nodes
x, y, z, or any combination , y, , y
*CONSTRAINT_NODE_SET *CONSTRAINT_NODAL_RIGID_BODY
*CONSTRAIN_SPOTWELD
24
Part Joining
*CONSTRAINED_SHELL_TO_SOLID
define a tie between a shell edges and solid elements
shell nodes can be constrained to stay on fiber vector y
node rigid bodies can perform the same function
Fracturing Elements
*CONSTRAINED_TIE-BREAK
shell edge to shell edge interface
releases locally as a function of plastic strin
*CONSTRAINED_TIED_NODES_FAILURE
tie nodes set (nodes must be coincident)
multiple nodes allowed (I.e., shells)
thin shells only
failure based on plastic strain
Other Part Joining Techniques
Coincident Nodes (merging Nodes)
distorts geometry
no failure criteria
can not easily separate parts (e.g., for manipulation, re-
meshing)
contact thickness violated
Beams
l d fi i i
more complex definition
effects time step calculation
Other Part Joining Techniques
Nodal Rigid Bodies (more later)
motion governed by equations of dynamics
no failure criteria
rotations are allowed
Contacts (more later)
tied (surface to surface, nodes to surface)
tiebreak (surface to surface, nodes to surface)
25
Week 4
Time Integration, Time Step
Computer Session
Execution Time Control
For simple problems (mostly academic exercises)
time control is relatively unimportant. For
simulations that take hours or more, time step
control become a significant factor
Explicit and Implicit Integration
Time Step Calculation
Execution Time
C t lli Ti St d E ti
Controlling Time Step and Execution
Explicit and Implicit Integration
A simple example: Spring-mass system
Equation of motion
ma(t) + kx(t) = F(t)
v(t) = dx(t)/dt
a(t) = dv(t)/dt = d
2
x(t)/dt
Numerical integration discretizes the differential equation into a
step-by-step solution procedure
at time t
n
known: x
n
, v
n
, and F
n
find: x
n+1
Step forward: once values at t
n+1
are known, calculate
n 1
x
n+2
and so on
26
Explicit Integration
Ma
n
= P
n
- F
n
+ H
n
M= diagonal mass matrix
P t l l d + b d f P = external loads + body force
F = internal force (stress divergence vector)
H = hourglass resistance
a
n
= M
-1
(P
n
- F
n
+ H
n
)
v
n+1/2
=v
n-1/2
+ a
n
At
n
At = (At + At )/2
At
n+1/2
= (At
n
+ At
n+1
)/2
x
n+1
=x
n
+ v
n+1/2
At
n+1/2
Explicit vs Implicit
Time Integration Method Explicit Implicit
Matrix Inversion No Yes
Computation CPU Bound I/O Bound
Convergence Criteria Energy + Deformation Residual Convergence Criteria Energy + Deformation Residual
Time Integration Central Difference Newmark | Method
Time Step Size Small (1E-6 s) Larger (1E-3 s)
Duration Millisecond Second
Mass Matrix Diagonal
Numerical Stability Very Good Problem Dependent
Material Non-linearity Linear to Highly NL Linear to Moderate NL
Strain Rate High (1E-1 to 1E+6) Low (0 to 1E+1)
Rotation / Time Step Wave Propagation Vibration
Rotation / Time Step Wave Propagation
Quasi-Static
Vibration
Static
Filtering No Remove High Frequency
Mesh Uniform Arbitrary
Beam and Truss
p
E
c
c
x
t
c
=
A
= A
Spring
( )
2 1
2 1
2
2
M M k
M M
t
c
+
= A
Shell
Solid
) 1 (
2
v p
=
A
= A
E
c
c
x
t
c
( )
2 1
M M k +
( )
p p c
c
+ =
+ +
A
= A
p G
c
c Q Q
x
t
c
0
2 2
2
4
Material Wave Speed
MEDIUM Meters/Second
Steel
Aluminum
Titanium
Plexiglass
Water
Air
5240
5328
5220
2598
1478
331
Air 331
27
Characteristic Length
Ax for solid element
volume/area
max-side
Ax for shell element
area/length
max-edge
(default)
area/length
diagonal
area/length
min-side
Ax for beam element
length
Discrete spring
Independent of distance
Time step scale factor
The above is based on linear analysis, for nonlinear
analysis, we build in a factor of safety
0.9 (default)
0.67 (high velocity)
Execution Time
Execution time primarily depends on:
material properties
mesh size
number of elements
contacts contacts
speed of computer
CPU estimation
Time step At = minimum Ax/c
number of cycles = termination time / At
CPU time = (# cycles)(# elements)(time per zone cycle)
correction is needed for time step reduction
correction is needed for number and size of contacts
Controlling Execution Time
Avoid bad elements: very small, high stiffness, low density
Increase mesh size to the limits of accuracy required
Monitor d3hsp file for 100 smallest time step elements Monitor d3hsp file for 100 smallest time step elements
Erode elements based on a percentage of initial time step size
Scale density of shell elements to maintain a minimum time step
Stop simulation based on a percentage of the initial time step size
Stop simulation based on a percentage change of energy
Stop simulation based on a percentage change of mass
Alternatively the maximum step threshold may be a function of time
y p y
*CONTROL_TIMESTEP and *CONTROL_TERMINATION and
*CONTROL_GLSTAT
28
Time Scaling
*CONTROL_TIMESTEP
Cut off for time step size (minimum time step)
Element material properties (moduli not masses) are
modified to limit time step size
Applicable to shells and materials 3, 18, 19, 24
A maximum time step can be specified
Example: discrete elements
Scale time step to possibly increase accuracy (<1.0)
Mass Scaling
Quasi-static simulation: metal forming, roof crush
Compressed elements often have less inertia
Provide faster solution
Specify time step size for mass scaling
*CONTROL_TIMESTEP
Time step is controlled by adjusting density
p = C
2
E
p C E
Optionally adjust density on first cycle only
Week 5
Contacts
Algorithms
Types Types
Guidelines
Computer Session
29
Contacts - Sliding interfaces
Contact - General
Purpose: To Prevent Penetration and/or
separation
deformable to deformable bodies
single surface contact in deformable bodies
deformable body to rigid body contact
tying deformable structures (strain failure)
CONTACT - Features
Input options
segment set
shell set
Computes solid exterior
surfaces
St ti d d i
shell set
part
part set
node set
within a defined box
include all
Static and dynamic
coefficients of friction
Small penetrations
Damping
Thickness overrides
Birth and death time
Contacts
Methods
Penalty
Kinematic constraint
Types
Node to surface
Surface to surface Kinematic constraint
Distributed parameter
Surface to surface
Single surface
Tied
Sliding
Rigid body
30
Penalty Method
Normal interface springs between penetrating
node and contact surface
Tends to excite very little mesh hourglassing
Stiffness is prescribed as follows:
Contact Stiffness= (o K A
2
) / V
o is the penalty scale factor
K is the material b lk mod l s
K is the material bulk modulus
A is the segment area
V is the element volume
Contact
Discrete Nodes Impacting a Surface
NODES_TO_SURFACE (5)
AUTOMATIC_NODES_TO_SURFACE (a5)
No segment orientation
ERODING_NODES_TO_SURFACE (16)
Contact is set free if element fail
Contact
Surface to Surface Contact
SURFACE_TO_SURFACE (3)
AUTOMATIC_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE (a3)
ONE_WAY_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE (10)
AUTOMATIC_ONE_WAY_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE
(a10)
ERODING_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE (14)
SINGLE EDGE (22)
SINGLE_EDGE (22)
Contact
Single Surface Contact:
SINGLE_SURFACE (4)
AUTOMATIC_SINGLE_SURFACE (13)
AIRBAG SINGLE SURFACE ( 13) AIRBAG_SINGLE_SURFACE (a13)
ERODING_SINGLE_SURFACE (15)
AUTOMATIC_GENERAL (26)
Type 4 contact requires uniform normal
orientation
Type 13 contact
Type 13 contact
Normal orientation may be random
Tied interfaces are allowed
31
Single Surface Projection
Rigid Body Contact
May be used with deformable bodies
Arbitrary force-deflection curve
Keywords
RIGID_BODY_TWO_WAY_TO_RIGID_BODY (19)
RIGID_NODES_TO_RIGID_BODY (20)
RIGID_BODY_ONE_WAY_TO_RIGID_BODY (21)
Special Case
p
DRAWBEAD (23)
Kinematic Constraint Method
Based on impact and release condition of Hughes
et al, 1976
Momentum conservation is insured
Constraints are placed on the nodal displacements
of the slave nodes
Slave surface should be the fine mesh (to prevent
kinks)
)
Used for tied interfaces
Tied Interfaces
Constraints are imposed on the slave nodes
use coarsely meshed side as master surface
Good for mesh transitions Good for mesh transitions
Good for tying parts together
See also *CONSTRAINED options
32
Tied Surfaces
TIED_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE (2)
tying surfaces with translational degree-of-freedom (DOF)
TIED NODES TO SURFACE (6) TIED_NODES_TO_SURFACE (6)
tying translational DOF of nodes to surface
does not transmit moments
TIED_SHELL_EDGE_TO_SURFACE (7)
tying both translational and rotational DOF
TIEBREAK NODES TO SURFACE (8)
TIEBREAK_NODES_TO_SURFACE (8)
normal and shear failure forces
TIRBREAK_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE (9)
normal and shear failure stress
Surface to Surface Constraint
Algorithm
Taylor and Flanagan constraint algorithm (1989)
interface nodes remain on or very close to the surface
elastic vibrations are insignificant
generally not applicable to rigid bodies
additional nodal constraints cause problems (e.g., spot
welds)
can only subject a surface to this constraint from one
side
side
CONSTRAINT_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE (17)
CONSTRAINT_NODES_TO_SURFACE (18)
Distributed Parameter Method
Distribution of mass and pressure over the contact area
Constraints imposed on slave node acceleration and
l it t i t l th t f velocity to insure movement along the master surface
Used for sliding only
fluid structure
gas to structure
SLIDING_ONLY (1)
SLIDING ONLY PENALTY (p1)
SLIDING_ONLY_PENALTY (p1)
Viscous Contact Damping
Damp oscillations normal to the contact surfaces
Damping as a percentage of critical (2me)
twenty percent damping = 20, not 0.20
m = min{m
slave
, m
master
}
Natural frequency of interface is computed using
the contact stiffness
33
*CONTROL_CONTACT
Change Defaults for Contact Computation
Global scale factor for sliding interface penalties
(Default=0.10)
Scale factor for rigid body with fixed rigid wall interaction
Initial penetration check
Consider shell thickness for
surface to surface and node to surface
Consider shell thickness changes for single surface
Fl b t i i d h ll thi k h
Flag: membrane straining produces shell thickness changes
Penalty stiffness calculation method
Reorient contact segment normals
Contact searching frequency (Default = 10)
Other Contact
*CONTROL_ENERGY
compute sliding interface energy dissipation
*DATABASE_OPTION
ASCII
GLSTAT: global statistics
RCFORC: resultant contact forces
SLEOUT: contact energy
Binary
INTFOR: contact interface data
*CONTACT_ENTITY
Treat contact between deformable bodies &
geometric rigid body
Geometric Entities
cylinder, plane, sphere, toroid, ellipsoid, VDA
Improves performance
closed from contact calculation
Improves accuracy
p y
surface is independent of finite element mesh
refinement
Applications for Contact Entities
Metal Forming: The punch and die surface
geometries can be input as geometric surfaces
which are treated as rigid
Treating contact between rigid body occupant
dummy hyper ellipsoids and deformable structures
such as airbag and instrument panels
Coupling with the rigid body occupant modeling
codes, such as MADYMO and CAL3D
Airbag into steering wheel
34
Contact Guideline I
Contact type 13 is recommended
Perhaps the most efficient and reliable contact
1 large contact zone is not more expensive than several
small ones
Automatic contact input simplifies problem translation
Contact type 5 is simple and 100% reliable if the
master surface is closed surface, the same goes for
t 3 if b th t d l f l d
type 3 if both master and slave surface are closed
advantage: contact forces can be monitored
advantage: individual contacts can be controlled
Contact Guidelines II
Uniform meshes improve results
Make master side with coarser mesh for one way
treatment
Contacts work best when master and slave sides
have similar mesh sizes and material properties
The soft constraint option may be appropriate
for the case of objects with highly different
j g y
properties
Avoid sharp corners
Contact Guidelines III
Avoid initial penetration at all cost!
They may cause stresses that exceed the yield stress and
ill i i i b kli i di l will initiate buckling immediately
Default values are good reference values
Contact normals must point to the opposing surface
except when noted otherwise
Undeformable or very stiff parts, whose kinematics
are determined by contact forces must be modeled
are determined by contact forces, must be modeled
very fine since distribution over many nodes is
important to obtain realistic results
35
Week 6
Element Formulation
Solid
Shell
Beam
Discrete
Hourglass Control
Computer Session
Element Selection Criteria
Structural Geometry
Loading Conditions
Model Assumptions
Economics
*ELEMENT
Define elements using nodes
To organize and specify how elements behave,
elements are assigned to a part
Types
Concentrated masses
Springs
Dampers
Seat belts
Beams
Beams
Shells
Solids
Thick Shells
Elements and Parts
Node 46 Node 47
Element 1
*ELEMENT_SHELL
Node 46
*NODE
Node 47
*NODE
Node 48
*NODE
Node 49
*NODE
Part 1
*PART
Material 4
*MAT_
Section 12
*SECTION_
Hourglass 2
*HOURGLASS
36
*PART
Relates part ID between elements, sections and materials
Organize elements into meaningful groups
*SECTION SECTION
Specify mathematical (element) formulation
Specify integration rule
Specify geometric properties not defined explicitly by the element
*MATERIAL
Specify material behavior (and properties)
Elements that require part IDs
beam discrete, seatbelt, shell, solid, tshell
, , , ,
Elements that do not require part IDs
mass, seatbelt, accessories
*SECTION
Element type dependent
element formulation
integration rule
thickness or cross-section properties
Used in *PART
*ELEMENT_MASS
Assign a lumped mass to a node
Required input
mass element ID (EID)
node ID
mass value
*ELEMENT_DISCRETE
Define springs and dampers
mounts, locks, hinges, simplified components away from
d i l d d li design area, lumped parameter modeling
Massless
Rotations are in radians
Required input
element ID
part ID
part ID
2 nodal IDs (one can be ground)
orientation (N1 to N2 x-direction only, etc.)
scale factor on force
37
Discrete Elements
Force behavior is defined using material options
*MAT_SPRING
El ti tiff f (di l t) Elastic stiffness, f (displacement)
elastic and nonlinear elastic
inelastic
general nonlinear
Maxwell (exponential decay of stiffness)
*MAT_DAMPER
Damping constant, F(velocity)
p g , ( y)
viscous
nonlinear viscous
*SECTION_DISCRETE
Translation or rotation
Dynamic magnification factor
Clearance
Tension/compression deflection limits
*ELEMENT_BEAM
Model long slender objects (10:1 ratios)
steering columns, suspension components, building
frames, rebar
Required input
element ID
part ID
3 nodal point IDs
*SECTION_BEAM
Element Formulation
6 degree-of-freedom
Hughes-Liu (default)
Belytschko-Schwer resultant
Belytschko-Schwer with full integration
Belytschko-Schwer tubular beam
3 degree-of-freedom
truss
cable
Cross Section
rectangular, tubular, I, C, T, Z, arbitrary
areas or inertias (2nd moment and polar)
38
*ELEMENT_SOLID
Model components that are discretized relatively
similar in size in three orthogonal directions
castings forgings radiators belts castings, forgings, radiators, belts
Proper mass and inertia representation
Required input:
element ID
part ID
nodal IDs (4, 6, 8 - tetrahedron, wedge, brick)
T t h d t l H l i b t ti t
Tetrahedrons can control Hourglassing but timestep
becomes more difficult to control
Solid Element Formulation
Constant stress solid (default)
8-node brick 8 node brick
hourglass control with 1 1 1 integration
also valid for wedge and tetrahedron
Fully integrated S/R solid
8-node brick
2 2 2 integration (no hourglassing)
g ( g g)
no locking due to selectively reduced integration
Solid Element Formulation
(continued)
Fully integrated quadric with nodal rotations
8 node brick 8-node brick
14 integration points
rotational degrees of freedom
S/R quadratic tetrahedron with nodal rotations
4-node brick
rotational degrees of freedom
*ELEMENT_SHELL
Model components that are relatively thin in one direction
sheet metal, thin-walled structures, engines blades, cams g
crashworthiness, occupant simulation, sheet metal stamping,
impacts on aircraft, impulsive loading or missiles
Required input:
element ID
part ID
4 nodes for a quad 3 nodes for a tri
4 nodes for a quad, 3 nodes for a tri
override default thickness at each node
39
Element Formulation
1. Hughes-Liu
2. Belytschko-Tsay (default)
3. BCIZ triangular shell
4 C triangular shell (recommended) 4. C
0
triangular shell (recommended)
5. Belytschko-Tsay membrane
6. S/R Hughes-Liu
7. S/R co-rotational Hughes-Liu
8. Belytschko-Leviathan shell
9. Fully integrated Belytschko-Tsay membrane
10. Belytschko-Wong-Chiang
11 F t t ti l H h Li
11. Fast co-rotational Hughes-Liu
16. Fast Fully integrated
Can be set globally or for each part
*CONTROL_SHELL, *SECTION_SHELL
Shell Element Parameters
*SECTION_SHELL
number of through shell thickness integration points (default = 2)
thickness at each node thickness at each node
reference surfaces - top, mid, bottom surface (Hughes-Liu only)
*CONTROL_SHELL
treat degenerated quads as C
0
tris
membrane straining causes thickness change
B-W-C warping stiffness for B-T
element warpage warning
Shell Features
Finite strain are treated
Arbitrary and fixed through thickness integration
Sh ll l hi k d Shell element thickness update
Geometric properties are optionally specified on the
element card for complete generality
Fully vectorized and parallelized for SGI, Cray, HP
Constitutive subroutines are shared by all shell elements
Common local coordinates systems are used
Common local coordinates systems are used
Hourglass control available to control zero energy modes
Shell Technology
Why only three and four-noded shell?
High frequency content in higher order shells drives the
time step size down
Contact algorithm are not set up to run with higher
order surfaces
Mesh generation and post-processing would have to be
further developed
Less robust than simpler elements under large distortion
Less robust than simpler elements under large distortion
40
Shell Technology
Why multiple shell formulation?
Fully integrated for elasticity, metal forming Fully integrated for elasticity, metal forming
applications, airbags, or whenever accuracy is concern
Triangular elements for mesh grading since collapsed
quad are too stiff. Autosorting of tris in LS-DYNA
Belytschko-Tsay for speed!
Membran elements without bending or transverse shear
for very thin sheets
for very thin sheets
Belytschko-Tsay Shell
The B-T shell element was developed by Belytschko
and Tsay in 1981, and improved by Belytschko, Lin
and Tsay in 1984 y
Based on a combined co-rotational and velocity-strain
formulation
Co-rotational portion of the formulation avoids the
complexities of nonlinear mechanics by an embedded
coordinate system in the element
The conjugate stress to velocity strain is the Cauchy
The conjugate stress to velocity strain is the Cauchy
stress
Shell kinematics assumes that nodes are co-planar
Co-Rotational Coordinates
Construction of element coordinate system
This shell was implemented as a computationally
efficient alternative to the Hughes-Liu shell
With 5 integration points the B T shell requires 725 With 5 integration points, the B-T shell requires 725
mathematical operations, whereas the under-integrated
H-L shell requires 4066
Selective reduced (S/R) integration of H-L shell
requires 35,367 mathematical operations
Because of its computational efficiency, the B-T shell
element is usually the element formulation of choice.
y
For this reason, it has become the default 4-node shell
element formulation
41
Lacks of Accuracy
B-T shell is fast but simplifications required for speed affects
accuracy
T bl h ill i h i Two problems that illustrate its shortcomings
hemispherical shell problem with corner forces
twisted beam problem with end load
The B-T shell ignores warpage in geometry
Determining when and if the simplification are important is
nearly impossible unless another shell is available for making
comparisons
comparisons
The B-T shell will eventually be phased out as new shells
gain acceptance
Belytschko-Wong-Chiang Shell
Advantages
improved treatment of transverse shear
more accurate for warped element configurations
Disadvantages
more costly than B-T
does not degenerate into a triangular shell
Alternative: B-W-C warping stiffness for B-T
(*CONTROL_SHELL)
Triangular Shells
Tris are stiffer
Tris are more costly
reduction in time step reduction in time step
increased number of elements
Tris do not hourglass (advantage)
Tris are used for mesh transition regions
Tris are good for eliminating warped quads
Tris are good for curved geometry
Avoid using stiff degenerated quads (use C
0
tris)
Shell Technology Cost Comparisons
Operation counts do not translate directly into
increased cost
Gather-scatter costs are identical for each formulation (30%)
Constitutive models are identical for each formulation (30%)
Considerable overhead in contact, rigid bodies, constraints,
and other elements, results in speed differences on real
problems being typical 15%
Main issue is whether the improved results in some
applications justify the added extra cost
Operation Count - example
Operation Count - example
Relative Cost - example
42
Hourglassing
Zero Energy Modes
Examples
shells shells
solids
Hourglassing
Hourglass modes are a results of rank of deficiency in the
element stiffness matrix caused by insufficient integration
points
Zero Energy Modes Zero Energy Modes
These modes result in mathematical sates that are not
physically possible
Hourglassing can be controlled under certain
circumstances
One point integration is much faster
so we accept the risk
so we accept the risk
but always check energy balances to be safe
general rule: Hourglass Energy < 10% of Internal Energy
Hourglassing Control
Types and Their Limitations
Viscous forms
standard LS DYNA (default) standard LS-DYNA (default)
Flanagan-Belytschko (2)
Flanagan-Belytschko with exact volume integration (3)
Stiffness forms
Flanagan-Belytschko (4)
Flanagan-Belytschko with exact volume integration (5)
Th tiff f lt i tiff
The stiffness form may result in stiff response
Flanagan-Belytschko behaves better for large rotations
Hourglassing Control
Stiffness form
more stable in many applications
preferred for vehicle crash and sheet stamping p p g
Viscous form sometimes works better
If hourglassing occurs in an area where it does not influence the
design area of concern, then it is admissible
Fully integrated elements have no hourglassing
Hourglass modes are orthogonal to the real deformation
Work done by hourglass control does not appear in energy equation
Total energy will reduces slightly
Hourglass energy dissipation appears in GLSTAT and MATSUM
43
Hourglassing - Keywords
*CONTROL_ENERGY
switch to have hourglass energy calculation (10% penalty)
*CONTROL HOURGLASS *CONTROL_HOURGLASS
set hourglass type (default is viscous)
can modify hourglass coefficient
*HOURGLASS
set hourglass type and parameters to use for specific parts
*PART
change global hourglass type and parameters for a specific
part by identifying a specific hourglass ID
Hourglass Prevention
The Flanagan-Belytschko (shape vector) formulation is
preferred since the increased cost is small and the default
base vector formulation interferes with the rigid body g y
modes of an element
Choice between viscous and stiffness force calculation is
not a real issue
stiffness formulation may reinforce the structure and low
coefficient should be used (0.01 to 0.02)
Hourglass modes are better avoided by mesh-refinement
If h fi t d t k it h f l ti
If mesh refinement does not work, switch formulation
rather than tweak hourglass parameters
Week 7
Material Models
Metals
Rubber
Foam
Rigid Bodies
Computer Session
44
Materials
Material Behavior and Properties
Material behavior and properties are possibly the
most difficult portion in developing useful
simulation results
Nonlinear material behavior is constantly being
updated through new research
Nonlinear material properties are not easily
obtained
C t ft d t b d l d ith
Components often need to be modeled with
simplified geometry
Basic Material Behavior
Behavior Hardening Ideal Softening
Stability yes yes no
Uniqueness yes yes yes
Application metals,
concrete
crude steel,
plastics
dense sand,
concrete large def.
Softening
As soon as 1 element reaches yield, all other
elements will unload elastically as the yielding
element proceeds forward (and downward) on the
stress-strain curve
Simple example - LPM with two springs
Elastoplastic Complexities
Failure
minimum time step
plastic strain
failure stain
Unloading/Re-loading
Strain Rate Effects
45
Strain Rate Effects
Strain Rate Effect (dynamic effect) - SRE
quick loading of materials can cause changes in
material properties. Most notable in steels
strain rate = rate at which material deforms
laboratory testing is done quasi-statically, actual
applications are dynamic
SRE is most dominate at low strains (up to 5%) and for
mild steels
Strain Rate Effects
Cowper-Symonds
scale the yield stress by stain rate dependent factor
Johnson-Cook
scale the flow stress by an effective plastic strain rate factor
General
scale the yield stress by a strain rate dependent factor
curve: scale factor versus strain rate
Strain rate dependent plasticity
curve: yield stress versus effective strain rate
Other Materials - Increased
Complexity
Anisotropic
Multi-Layers
Material Types
Composites
Ceramics
F b i Fabric
Foam
Glass
Metal
Plastic
Rubber
Rubber
Soil/Concrete
46
Common Materials
Metals
Rubber
Foam
Metals
1. *MAT_ELASTIC
3 *MAT_PLASTIC_KINEMATIC
24 *MAT_PIECEWISE_LINEAR_PLASTICITY
1. *MAT_ELASTIC
Define liner material
Beams, Shells, Solids, Thick Shells
Input
density
Youngs modulus
Poissons ratio
Axial an bending damping for Bel-Schwer beam
g p g
3. *MAT_PLASTIC_KINEMATIC
Defines a bilinear constitutive law
Beams, Shells, Solids, Thick Shells
Input
density yield stress
Youngs modulus tangent modulus
Poissons ratio hardening
Cowper-Symonds strain rate effect
p y
Element deletion based on failure strain
47
3. *MAT_PLASTIC_KINEMATIC
Hardening
24 *MAT_PIECEWISE_LINEAR_PLASTICITY
Defines a bilinear constitutive law or an arbitrary stress
versus strain curve
Beams Shells Solids Thick Shells Beams, Shells, Solids, Thick Shells
Input
density yield stress
Youngs modulus tangent modulus
Poissons ratio stress-strain curve
Cowper-Symonds SRE or arbitrary strain rate dependency
Element deletion based on plastic strain or minimum time
Element deletion based on plastic strain or minimum time
step
Rubber
Hyperelastic material
Response is path independent
Generally considered to be incompressible since the bulk Generally considered to be incompressible since the bulk
modulus greatly exceeds the shear modulus in magnitude
7 *MAT_BLATZ-KO_RUBBER
27 *MAT_MOONEY-RIVLIN_RUBBER
31 *MAT_FRAZER-NASH_RUBBER
38 *MAT_BLATZ-KO_FOAM
77 *MAT_HYPERELASTIC_RUBBER
77 *MAT_OGDEN_RUBBER
87 *MAT_CELLULAR_RUBBER
7. *MAT_BLATZ-KO_RUBBER
Solids and Shells
Nearly incompressible continuum rubber
Poissons ratio is at 0.463
Input
density
shear modulus
Suitable for polyurethane rubber
S d Pi l Ki h ff hi h i f d
Second Piola-Kirchoff stress which is transformed
to Cauchy stress
48
27. *MAT_MOONEY-RIVLIN_RUBBER
Solid and Shells
Reduction of the Frazer-Nash rubber model
Poissons ratio (> 0.49 recommended) ( )
Two constants: A and B
Strain energy density function
W = A(I-3) + B(II-3) + C(III2-1) + D(III-1)2
I, II, III invariants of right Cauchy-Green tensor
C = 0.5A + B
D = [A(5v - 2)+B(11v - 5)]/2(1 - 2v)
2(A + B) = shear modulus of linear elasticity
( ) y
If A = B = 0.0, then they are calculated using a least square fir from
uniaxial data via a load curve (A and B will be printed in d3hsp file)
31. *MAT_FRAZER-NASH_RUBBER
Solid only
Modified from the hyperelastic constitutive law
described by Kedington (1988) described by Kedington (1988)
Poissons ratio: 0.49 < v <0.50
Strain energy functional
U = C
100
I
1
+ C
200
I
1
2
+ C
300
I
1
3
+ C
400
I
1
4
+C
110
I
1
I
2
+ C
210
I
1
2
I
2
+
C
010
I
2
+ C
020
I
2
2
+ f(J)
I, J stress invariants
Input either constants or force versus change in gauge
Input either constants or force versus change in gauge
length
38. *MAT_BLATZ-KO_FOAM
Solids and Shells
Compressible foam
Poissons ratio is fixed at 0.25
Suitable for rubber like foams of polyurethane
Input
density
shear modulus
shear modulus
77 *MAT_HYPERELASTIC_RUBBER
77. *MAT_OGDEN_RUBBER
Solids only
General hyperelastic rubber combined with linear
i l ti it (O d 1984 Ch i t 1980) viscoelasticity (Ogden 1984, Christensen 1980)
Similar behavior but provide different parameter options
Poissons ratio > 0.49 recommended
Effectively a Maxwell fluid which consists of dampers and
springs in series
Results are nearly identical to Mooney-Rivlin (Mat 27) for
y y ( )
large values of Poissons ratio
49
Crushable Foams
Energy dissipative
Response of these materials are path dependent
Soils and crushable foams represent materials that stiffen p
as they compress or compact
Soil, for example, has a specific stiffness while the empty space
exists between the grains. As the grains bridge in compression, the
stiffness of the material increases. Soils tend to unload linearly.
Soils do not hold tensile loads
Porous forms have similar behavior where the stiffness is
lower until the internal voids are compressed. Foams tend
to unload along the loading path
Crushable Foams
5 *MAT_SOIL_AND_FOAM
14 *MAT_SOIL_AND_FOAM_FAILURE
26 *MAT_HONEYCOMB
53 *MAT_CLOSED_CELL_FOAM
57 *MAT_LOW_DENSITY_FOAM
62 *MAT_VISCOUS_FOAM
63 *MAT_CRUSHABLE_FOAM
75 *MAT BILKHU/DUBOIS FOAM
75 *MAT_BILKHU/DUBOIS_FOAM
Crushable Foams
Foam components are usually very soft compared
to surrounding structure
Consequently, contact forces are likely to cause
hourglass in foam components, especially if they
are modeled coarsely
Therefore, fully integrated brick elements are best
used, eliminating hourglass problems from the
start
Crushable Foams
It is important to check both uni-axial and tri-axial behavior of
the model before using it to represent a certain foam
Some of the more commonly used foams :
26 *MAT_HONEYCOMB
radiators, moving deformable barriers
57 *MAT_LOW_DENSITY_FOAM
seat cushions, padding on side impact dummies
62 *MAT_VISCOUS_FOAM
energy absorbing foam found on certain crash dummies
75 *MAT BILKHU/DUBOIS FOAM
75 MAT_BILKHU/DUBOIS_FOAM
good general isotropic crushable foam
considers uni-axial and tri-axial test data
unloading is elastic (Poissons ratio set to zero)
50
Rigid Bodies
RB has six-degree-of-freedom
RB boundary conditions act on CG
Defining control to the nodes of a RB is risky and
not recommended
nodal constraints
prescribed motion
D3HSP contains mass calculation for RB
RBOUT contains ASCII information
Rigid Bodies
Extensive capabilities to model rigid bodies (RB):
*MAT_RIGID (material 20) can be used to define a RB
from defined shell, solid or beam elements
Two RB can be merged into a single RB
Extra nodes for RB
A RB can be defined by a set of nodes
Joints connect RB
Material can be switched between rigid and deformable
Material can be switched between rigid and deformable
Multiple contact treatments available
Inertial properties and initial conditions can be defined
Rigid Bodies
*MAT_RIGID (material 20) can be used to define a
RB from defined shell, solid or beam elements
i l i d b l i h material properties are used by contact algorithms
center of mass can be constrained (displacement and
rotation)
inertial properties (CG, mass Is, initial velocities) can be
redefined through the *PARTS command
Two RB can be merged into a single RB
*CONSTRAINED_RIGID_BODIES
Rigid Bodies
Extra nodes for RB
*CONSTRAINED_EXTRA_NODES
Nodal Rigid Body
CONSTRAINED_NODAL_RIGID_BODY
a RB can be defined by a set of nodes
inertial properties
computed automatically from nodal masses and coordinates
ifi d CG I i iti l l iti
user specified: CG, mass, Is, initial velocities
51
Joints Connecting RB
6 type of joint definitions
spherical, revolute, universal
l l i l planar, translational
cylindrical
Nodal pairs (1,2), (3,4) and (5,6) should coincide with
the exception of cylindrical and translational joints
Joints only apply to RB
Keywords
Keywords
*CONSTRAINED_JOINT_option
*CONSTRAINED_JOINT_STIFFNESS
Deformable Switching
Materials can be switched between rigid and
deformable
*DEFORMABLE_TO_RIGID
switch deformable materials to rigid at the start
In a Restart file:
*RIGID_DEFORMABLE_R2D
*RIGID_DEFORMABLE_D2R
Rigid Bodies - Contact
Sliding Interfaces
may be used with deformable bodies
bit f d fl ti arbitrary force-deflection curves
19 *CONTACT_RIGID_BODY_TWO_WAY_TO_RIGID_BODY
20 *CONTACT_RIGID_NODES_TO_RIGID_BODY
21*CONTACT_RIGID_BODY_ONE_WAY_TO_RIGID_BODY
Rigidwall
specify penalty for treating rigid wall to rigid body contact in
*CONTACT CONTACT
*CONTACT_CONTACT
Geometric Entities - *CONTACT_ENTITIES
Improve performance and accuracy
52
Week 8
Analysis Tools
Output Options
Quasi-Static Analysis
Dynamic Relaxation
Damping
Restart
Cross-Section Analysis
Cross Section Analysis
Analysis Tools
There are many things that could go wrong within a model
LS-DYNA3D tends to provide results even in cases where
the results are nonphysical
Some errors are simple: incorrect format
Some errors are subtle: duplicate nodes in a small region
Some errors are indirect: slight modification in one option effects
another
Some errors are complex: shooting nodes in contact region
So e e o s a e co p e : s oot g odes co tact eg o
Some errors are frustrating: Floating Point Exception- core dump
It helps to have guidelines and strategies for uncovering
such errors
Analysis Tools
Critical Files: Input file and D3HSP file
Common Errors
Consistent Units
Ctrl+C Sense Switches
Interactive Graphics
The Post Processor
C ll LSTC H tli (925) 449 2500
Colleagues or LSTC Hotline (925)-449-2500
The Input File
Everything wrong must be in the input file!
A brief scan through portions of this file can reveal much
Things to look for include:
********s being written where numbers should be
existence of material properties
incorrect material numbers for various element types
lack of boundary conditions on the node cards
all of the other major input sections
When experiencing a read error on DYNA3D startup the
When experiencing a read error on DYNA3D startup, the
first thing to do is to make sure that the section where the
error occurred as well as the one before are defined
correctly and the appropriate control flags are set
53
D3HSP File
The d3hsp file echoes the input file and is also interesting reading
When something goes wrong, scan through the d3hsp file making
sure that all of the various options are exactly as you expected sure that all of the various options are exactly as you expected
d3hsp file also contains other useful information:
material and system mass properties
latest options that are not yet in the manual
100 smallest time step controlling elements
when an element fails
i i
most error termination statements
CPU usage
When nothing goes wrong, scan through the d3hsp file anyway
Common Errors
Most error terminations provide info on the cause of the problem
input formatted incorrectly
odd inertial properties
initial contact penetration
load curve definitions
massless nodes
Floating Point Exception can be caused by several things
parts with zero density
parts with zero thickness
over-constrained nodes
constrained nodes, contacts and rigid walls all occurring on the same
node at one time
ill-defined load curves
Common Errors
Sometimes runs terminate normally but still have
problems
Units
Material properties
Loads, boundary conditions, and initial conditions
Contact segment normals
Problem time and cycle number may explain a lack of
interesting output
element aspect ratios, angles, and warpage
element aspect ratios, angles, and warpage
Duplicate nodes and elements
Cracks or holes
Material numbers
Consistent Units
Mass Length Time Force
kg m s N
kg mm ms k
ton (1000kg) mm s N
slug ft s lbf
lbf-s
2
/in in s lbf
lbf s /in in s lbf
54
The Sense Switches
Ctrl+C interrupts execution and prompts for a sense
switch
sw1 A restart file is written and LS-DYNA3D terminates
sw2 LS-DYNA3D responds with time and cycle info
sw3 A restart file is written and LS-DYNA3D continues
sw4 A plot state is written and LS-DYNA3D continues
sw5 Interactive graphics
g p
sw6 Stop Sequencing Interactive Graphics
The Sense Switch
The items which are printed include:
Kinetic Energy gy
External Work
Internal Energy
Total Energy
X, Y, and Z Momentum
C lli El N b d T
Controlling Element Number and Type
Current Time Step and Controlling Element
The Sense Switch
If the time step is too small, then the mesh may contain a
disproportionally small elements. And with a minor modification to
the input, it can be eliminated, allowing an order-of-magnitude
increase in time stepp
A rapidly decreasing time step can be the result of a badly applied
load or boundary condition. It can also be the result of mesh pattern
that is unfavorable for the deformation or bad material data. Most of
the remaining causes are signaled by the energy conservation printout
For most of impact problems, simulations are started with an initial
kinetic energy. Normally, no external work is applied. The kinetic
ill d th i t l ill i d th t t l
energy will decrease, the internal energy will increase, and the total
energy should remain constant. If the total energy takes some big
jumps, the model has an error. It is time to recheck everything, but
especially contact and fracture. Use SW4, to output a graphic state
before the problem crashes.
The Sense Switch 2
Another piece of good debug information is the
momentum printout. For impact problems, this tells you
immediately if the projectile is going in the right direction immediately if the projectile is going in the right direction,
Dividing by mass of the moving body tells you if the
object has the correct velocity. The changes in the
momentum vector should be compatible with what is
expected of the system
55
Analysis Tools - Conclusions
You can never be too thorough
When all of the above fails, there is the possibility
of an LS-DYNA3D code error
Mathematics can play marvelous tricks on physics
ASCII Output Files
Obtain specialized output in ASCII format for x-y
plot
Platting can be done in using
LS-TAURUS (phase 3)
LS-POST (ASCII)
Desired output must be specified
*DATABASE option
_ p
Option = desired output type
requires time interval between output
Some options require additional data
ASCII Output Files
Airbag Statistics *DATABASE_ABSTAT
volume
pressure pressure
internal energy
mass flow
density
temperature
output mass flow rate
mass
Boundary Nodal Forces *DATABASE_BNDOUT
boundary condition nodal forces and energies when discrete
forces are applied at a boundary
ASCII Output Files
Discrete Element Data *DATABASE_DEFORC
forces and moments for discrete elements:
springs and dampers springs and dampers
global x,y,z
resultant
Element Data *DATABASE_ELOUT
requires *DATABASE_HISTORY_option
beam or a set of beams
shell or a set of shells
solid or a set of solids
56
ASCII Output Files
Element Data (continued)
beams
axial resultant force
shells
strain axial resultant force
resultant s-shear and t-
shear
resultant s-moment and t-
moment
toroidal resultant
solids (bricks)
global stress
strain
global strain
global shear strains
lower and upper surface strain
stress
global stress
global shear stress
l ti t i
global stress
global shear
effective shear
effective stress
yield function
plastic strain
integration points
ASCII Output Files
Global Statistic *DATABASE_GLSTAT
global energy information
total energy gy
initial energy/total energy
kinetic energy
internal energy
hourglass energy
stonewall energy
spring and damping energy
system damping energy
sliding interface energy
external work
global x, y, z velocity
time step
*CONTROL_ENERGY required to get hourglass, stonewall, sliding
ASCII Output Files
Geometric Contact Entities *DATABASE_GCEOUT
Joint Forces *DATABASE_JNTFORC
global forces and moments global forces and moments
resultant forces and moments
Material Energies *DATABASE_MATSUM
material information for each part
kinetic energy
internal energy
internal energy
hourglass energy
global momentum
global velocity
ASCII Output Files
Nodal Contact Forces *DATABASE_NCFORC
global forces
component analysis
Nodal Forces *DATABASE_NODFOR
global forces
requires *DATABASE_NODAL_FORCE_GROUP
Nodal Point Data *DATABASE_NODOUT
displacements and rotations
p
velocities and angular velocities
acceleration and and angular accelerations
requires *DATABASE_HISTORY_(nodes or a set of nodes)
57
ASCII Output Files
Rigid Body Data *DATABASE_RBDOUT
displacement and rotation
l i d l l i velocity and angular velocity
acceleration and angular acceleration
Resultant Interface Forces *DATABASE_RCFORC
global forces of defined contacts
Rigid Wall Forces *DATABASE_RWFORC
normal forces
normal forces
global forces
Seat Belt Output *DATABASE_SBTOUT
ASCII Output Files
Cross Section Forces *DATABASE_SECFORC
global forces and moments
l f d resultant forces and moments
dimensional center
requires *DATABASE_CROSS_SECTION
specify element to element nodes on the cross section
applies to beams, shells, solids springs and dampers
Sliding Interface Energy *DATABASE SLEOUT
g gy _
ASCII Output Files
SPC Reaction Forces *DATABASE_SPCFORC
global forces and momnets
Spotweld/Rivet Forces *DATABASE_SWFORC
axial force
shear force
applies to all rigid nodal constraints
ASCII Output Files
Specialized output for various post-processing
software
AVS Database *DATABASE_AVSFLT
Deformed Geometry *DATABASE_DEFGEO
this option also creates a Nastran Bulk Data File (NASBDF)
can be read into many pre-processors
MOVIE *DATABASE_MOVIE
MPGS *DATABASE_MPGS
* AVS, MOVIE and MPGS require *DATABASE_EXTENT
specifications
58
Inertial forces are insignificant
Material properties are independent of time
Implicit solvers do not converge for large systems
of equations
Convergence is not an issue with explicit solvers
Possible time duration is inherently small with explicit
solvers
0.001 seconds to 0.100 seconds
Several methods for quasi-static solutions
Dynamic Relaxation
prescribed geometry
Initial loading
Damping
Time Scaling
Mass Scaling
Dynamic Relaxation
Prescribed Geometry
Nodal x, y, z displacements and rotations
Initialization Initialization
Linear analysis
Specify stress initialization file on the excution line
m = sif
File format is I8,6E15
*CONTACT_DYNAMIC_RELAXATION/*CONTROL_DAMPING
dynamic relaxation flag = 2
Dynamic Relaxation Loading
Specify initial loading (*DEFINE_CURVE) p y g ( _ )
Apply load curve to initialization
Apply load curve to initialization and analysis
*CONTACT_DYNAMIC_RELAXATION/*CONTROL_DAMPING
dynamic relaxation flag = 1
59
Dynamic Relaxation
Options
Iterations between convergence check
(default=250) (default=250)
Dynamic relaxiation factor (default = 0.995)
Optional termination time (default = infinity)
Scale factor for computed time step
Convergence tolerance
Dynamic Relaxation
Comments
The computed velocity is multiplied by the
dynamic relaxation factor y
No solution exists when kinetic energy is
prescribed
discounts motion control
allow pressure, force, and thermal loads
Kinetic energy limit
Kinetic energy limit
Papadrakakis automatic control option is based on
critical damping
Damping
System damping or mass damping
a
n
= M
-1
(P
n
- F
n
+ H
n
-F
n
damp
)
equivalent to putting structure in a viscous environment
Raleigh damping or stiffness damping
pulls energy out from within an element
analogy: a structure heating up
Critical damping = 2 * e
min
p g
min
Damping
*CONTROL_DAMPING
*CONTROL_GLOBAL
define mass weighted nodal damping that applies
globally to the nodes of deformable bodies globally to the nodes of deformable bodies
*DAMPING_PART_MASS
mass weighted damping to specified parts
damps all motions including rigid body motions
preferred for low frequencies
*DAMPING PART STIFFNESS
*DAMPING_PART_STIFFNESS
Rayleigh stiffness damping
orthogonal to rigid body motion
preferred for high frequencies
60
Restart
Restart a simulation
Allowable changes:
termination time
output intervals
add nodal boundary conditions
delete contacts, parts, elements
switch from rigid bodies to deformable
switch from deformable bodies to rigid
Restart
The ability to stop and restart a simulation is
extremely useful
reset output intervals reset output intervals
delete contact surfaces
delete elements and parts
change boundary conditions
switch between deformable bodies and rigid bodies
control time step and termination
control time step and termination
change damping options
Restart
The restart LS-DYNA file is similar to the original
input file
ls dyna3d r=d3dump I=restart k ls-dyna3d r=d3dump I=restart.k
ls-dyna3d (ls940) execution command for LS-DYNA
d3dump complete state dump of the simulation at t
he time you want to restart
restart.k keyword format restart deck
For keyword format, some versions of LS-DYNA
require all output to be re-specified (*DATABASE
require all output to be re specified ( DATABASE
commands)
Cross Section Analysis
Define cross sections through various parts of a structure
transmission forces (interface force or section forces)
moments
centroid location
area
All above quantities are functions of time
Overall view of how a structure is performing
Individual components can be analyzed to see how and
when they transmit loads, crush and absorb energy
y , gy
throughout an event
Verify model accuracy
61
Defining Cross Sections
Define cross sections by specifying:
the nodes of the cross section
the element to be used to calculate the forces at those nodes the element to be used to calculate the forces at those nodes
The sign of the forces transmitted are determined by which
side of the nodes the elements lie on
Automatically
*DATABASE_CROSS_SECTION_PLANE
User specified
*DATABASE_CROSS_SECTION_SET
Specify desired output frequency
*DATABASE_SECFORC
Force Calculation
In general, the load is comprised of two components: element
stiffness and mass inertia. The equilibrium equation of a node
on a cross section can be written as Newtons 2nd Law:
F + f = Mass * Acceleration
F = nodal force due to stress in the cross section elements
f = interface forces
This equation is a vector, resulting in global x, y, and z forces
Mass is allocated to ensure equal and opposite forces when
choosing elements on one side of the nodes versus the other side
Accelerations for each node and stresses for each element are
calculated throughout a simulation, thus computing cross section
information is relatively inexpensive

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