William Stallings Data and Computer Communications 7 Edition Multiplexing

William Stallings Data and Computer Communications 7th Edition
Chapter 8 Multiplexing
Multiplexing
Frequency Division Multiplexing

FDM Useful bandwidth of medium exceeds required bandwidth of channel Each signal is modulated to a different carrier frequency Carrier frequencies separated so signals do not overlap (guard bands) e.g. broadcast radio Channel allocated even if no data
Frequency Division Multiplexing Diagram
FDM System
FDM of Three Voiceband Signals
Analog Carrier Systems

AT&T (USA) Hierarchy of FDM schemes Group
12 voice channels (4kHz each) = 48kHz Range 60kHz to 108kHz
Wavelength Division Multiplexing

Multiple beams of light at different frequency Carried by optical fiber A form of FDM Each color of light (wavelength) carries separate data channel 1997 Bell Labs
100 beams Each at 10 Gbps Giving 1 terabit per second (Tbps)
Supergroup
60 channel FDM of 5 group signals on carriers between 420kHz and 612 kHz
Mastergroup
10 supergroups
Commercial systems of 160 channels of 10 Gbps now available Lab systems (Alcatel) 256 channels at 39.8 Gbps each
10.1 Tbps Over 100km
WDM Operation
Same general architecture as other FDM Number of sources generating laser beams at different frequencies Multiplexer consolidates sources for transmission over single fiber Optical amplifiers amplify all wavelengths
Typically tens of km apart
Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing

DWDM No official or standard definition Implies more channels more closely spaced that WDM 200GHz or less
Demux separates channels at the destination Mostly 1550nm wavelength range Was 200MHz per channel Now 50GHz
Synchronous Time Division Multiplexing

Data rate of medium exceeds data rate of digital signal to be transmitted Multiple digital signals interleaved in time May be at bit level of blocks Time slots preassigned to sources and fixed Time slots allocated even if no data Time slots do not have to be evenly distributed amongst sources
Time Division Multiplexing
TDM System
TDM Link Control

No headers and trailers Data link control protocols not needed Flow control
Data rate of multiplexed line is fixed If one channel receiver can not receive data, the others must carry on The corresponding source must be quenched This leaves empty slots
Error control
Errors are detected and handled by individual channel systems
Data Link Control on TDM
Framing
No flag or SYNC characters bracketing TDM frames Must provide synchronizing mechanism Added digit framing
One control bit added to each TDM frame
Looks like another channel - control channel
Identifiable bit pattern used on control channel e.g. alternating 01010101unlikely on a data channel Can compare incoming bit patterns on each channel with sync pattern
Pulse Stuffing
Problem - Synchronizing data sources Clocks in different sources drifting Data rates from different sources not related by simple rational number Solution - Pulse Stuffing
Outgoing data rate (excluding framing bits) higher than sum of incoming rates Stuff extra dummy bits or pulses into each incoming signal until it matches local clock Stuffed pulses inserted at fixed locations in frame and removed at demultiplexer
TDM of Analog and Digital Sources
Digital Carrier Systems

Hierarchy of TDM USA/Canada/Japan use one system ITU-T use a similar (but different) system US system based on DS-1 format Multiplexes 24 channels Each frame has 8 bits per channel plus one framing bit 193 bits per frame
Digital Carrier Systems (2)

For voice each channel contains one word of digitized data (PCM, 8000 samples per sec)
Data rate 8000x193 = 1.544Mbps Five out of six frames have 8 bit PCM samples Sixth frame is 7 bit PCM word plus signaling bit Signaling bits form stream for each channel containing control and routing info
Same format for digital data

23 channels of data
7 bits per frame plus indicator bit for data or systems control
24th channel is sync
Mixed Data
DS-1 can carry mixed voice and data signals 24 channels used No sync byte Can also interleave DS-1 channels
Ds-2 is four DS-1 giving 6.312Mbps
DS-1 Transmission Format
SONET/SDH
Synchronous Optical Network (ANSI) Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (ITU-T) Compatible Signal Hierarchy
Synchronous Transport Signal level 1 (STS-1) or Optical Carrier level 1 (OC-1) 51.84Mbps Carry DS-3 or group of lower rate signals (DS1 DS1C DS2) plus ITU-T rates (e.g. 2.048Mbps) Multiple STS-1 combined into STS-N signal ITU-T lowest rate is 155.52Mbps (STM-1)
SONET Frame Format
SONET STS-1 Overhead Octets
Statistical TDM
In Synchronous TDM many slots are wasted Statistical TDM allocates time slots dynamically based on demand Multiplexer scans input lines and collects data until frame full Data rate on line lower than aggregate rates of input lines
Statistical TDM Frame Formats
Performance
Output data rate less than aggregate input rates May cause problems during peak periods
Buffer inputs Keep buffer size to minimum to reduce delay
Buffer Size and Delay
Cable Modem Outline

Two channels from cable TV provider dedicated to data transfer
One in each direction
Each channel shared by number of subscribers

Scheme needed to allocate capacity Statistical TDM
Cable Modem Operation

Downstream
Cable scheduler delivers data in small packets If more than one subscriber active, each gets fraction of downstream capacity
May get 500kbps to 1.5Mbps
Cable Modem Scheme
Also used to allocate upstream time slots to subscribers
Upstream
User requests timeslots on shared upstream channel
Dedicated slots for this
Headend scheduler sends back assignment of future tme slots to subscriber
Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line

ADSL Link between subscriber and network
Local loop
ADSL Design
Asymmetric
Greater capacity downstream than upstream
Frequency division multiplexing

Lowest 25kHz for voice
Plain old telephone service (POTS)
Uses currently installed twisted pair cable

Can carry broader spectrum 1 MHz or more
Use echo cancellation or FDM to give two bands Use FDM within bands
Range 5.5km
ADSL Channel Configuration
Discrete Multitone
DMT Multiple carrier signals at different frequencies Some bits on each channel 4kHz subchannels Send test signal and use subchannels with better signal to noise ratio 256 downstream subchannels at 4kHz (60kbps)
15.36MHz Impairments bring this down to 1.5Mbps to 9Mbps
DTM Bits Per Channel Allocation
DMT Transmitter
xDSL
High data rate DSL Single line DSL Very high data rate DSL
Required Reading
Stallings chapter 8 Web sites on
ADSL SONET

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William Stallings Data and Computer Communications 7th Edition

Frequency Division Multiplexing

Frequency Division Multiplexing Diagram

FDM of Three Voiceband Signals

Analog Carrier Systems

Wavelength Division Multiplexing

Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing

Synchronous Time Division Multiplexing

Time Division Multiplexing

TDM Link Control

Data Link Control on TDM

TDM of Analog and Digital Sources

Digital Carrier Systems

Digital Carrier Systems (2)

Same format for digital data

24th channel is sync

DS-1 Transmission Format

SONET Frame Format

SONET STS-1 Overhead Octets

Statistical TDM Frame Formats

Buffer Size and Delay

Cable Modem Outline

Each channel shared by number of subscribers

Cable Modem Operation

Cable Modem Scheme

Also used to allocate upstream time slots to subscribers

Headend scheduler sends back assignment of future tme slots to subscriber

Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line

Frequency division multiplexing

Uses currently installed twisted pair cable

ADSL Channel Configuration

DTM Bits Per Channel Allocation

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