Natural convection ow along the vertical wavy cone in case of uniform surface heat

ux where viscosity is an exponential function of temperature

Azad Rahman
a,
, M.M. Molla
b
, M.M.A. Sarker
c
a
Department of Natural Science, Stamford University Bangladesh, Siddeswari Road, Dhaka-1217 Dhaka, Bangladesh
b
Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada R3T 5V6
c
Department of Mathematics, Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology (BUET), Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f o
Available online 11 April 2011
Keywords:
Natural convection
Wavy cone
Variable viscosity
Finite difference method
The effect of temperature dependent viscosity (T), on steady two dimensional natural convection ow along
a vertical wavy cone with uniform surface heat ux has been investigated. Viscosity is taken to be an
exponential function of temperature. Using the appropriate variables the basic equations are transformed to
non-dimensional boundary layer equations and then solved numerically employing implicit nite difference
method. The effects of viscosity variation parameter on the velocity prole, temperature prole, velocity
vector eld, skin friction, average Nusselt number, streamlines and isotherm have been discussed. The results
have been shown graphically by utilizing the visualizing software Techplot.
2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Roughened surfaces are encountered in several heat transfer devices
suchas at platesolar collectors andat platecondensers inrefrigerators.
Larger scale surface non-uniformities are encountered, for example, in
cavity wall insulating systems and grain storage containers, roomheater
etc. If the surface is wavy, the ow is disturbed by the surface and this
alters the rate of heat transfer.
The only papers todate that study the effects of suchnon-uniformities
on the vertical convective boundary layer ow of a Newtonian uid are
those of Yao [1], andMoulic andYao[2,3]. The problemof free convection
owfromawavyvertical surfaceinthepresenceof atransversemagnetic
eld was studied by Alam et al. [4]. Natural convection over a vertical
wavy cone and frustum of a cone has been studied by Pop and Na [5,6].
Cheng [7] has investigated natural convection heat and mass transfer
near a vertical wavy cone with constant wall temperature and
concentration in a porous medium. Hossain et al. [810] have studied
the problem of natural convection ow along a vertical wavy cone and
wavy surface with uniform surface temperature in the presence of
temperature dependent viscosity and thermal conductivity. Wang and
Chen [11], have studied mixed convection boundary layer ow on
inclined wavy plates including the magnetic eld effect. Yao [12] has
studied natural convection along a vertical complex wavy surface. Molla
et al. [13] have studied natural convection ow along a vertical complex
wavy surface withuniformheat ux where the uid viscosity is constant.
Mutthy et al. [14] have studied natural convection heat transfer from a
horizontal wavy surface in a porous enclosure. While Kumar [15] has
investigated free convectioninducedby a vertical wavy surface withheat
ux in a porous enclosure.
Inall of the above mentionedstudies except Hossainet al. [810], the
authors considered that the viscosities of the uids are constant in the
ow regime. The physical properties of uid may change signicantly
with temperature. For instance, the viscosity of water decreases about
240% when the temperature increases from 10 C to 50 C. Also the
viscosities of air are 0.692410
5
kg/ms, 1.3289 kg/ms, 2.286 kg/ms
and 3.625 kg/ms at temperatures of 1000 K, 2000 K, 4000 K and 8000 K
respectively [16].
To predict accurately the ow behaviors, it is necessary to take the
viscosity into account. Gray et al. [17], and Mehta and Sood [18] found
that the ow characteristics substantially changed when the effect of
temperature dependent viscosity is considered. Ling andDybbs [19] have
considered the viscosity to vary inversely to the temperature which is
appropriate for the uid having large Prandtl number. Onthe other hand,
Chrraudeau [20] has proposed a formula assuming the viscosity of the
uid to be proportional to a linear function of temperature. Following
Chrraudeau [20], Molla et al. [21] investigated the natural convection
owpast a permeable wedge with temperature dependent viscosity and
thermal conductivity. The thermal convectionina uidwhose viscosity is
strongly temperature dependent is of great interest in geophysical
problems as well as in various engineering applications. Numerous
investigations have focused on theoretical and experimental aspects of
this problem, such as, Torerrance and Turcotte [22], Booker [23], Richter
et al. [24] and Bottaro and Metzener [25]. Thermal convection in a uid
with viscosity which is a strong function of temperature may be directly
applicable to the earth's mantle. From Torerrance and Turcotte [22], it is
known that the viscosity of the earth mantle can be formulated as the
exponential function of temperature.
International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 38 (2011) 774780
Communicated by W.J. Minkowycz.
Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: [email protected] (A. Rahman),
[email protected] (M.M. Molla), [email protected] (M.M.A. Sarker).
0735-1933/$ see front matter 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2011.03.021
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer
j our nal homepage: www. el sevi er. com/ l ocat e/ i chmt
In many applications of practical importance, the surface temper-
ature is non-uniform. The case of uniform surface heat ux has great
importance in engineering applications. Very few of the aforemen-
tioned authors have studied natural convection ow for a surface
which exhibits the uniform surface heat ux.
In the present study, the natural convection boundary layer ow
along a vertical wavy cone with uniform heat ux has been considered.
In addition the viscosity of the uid is considered to be an exponential
function of temperature. The formula proposed by Torerrance and
Turcotte [22] is used to dene the relationship between viscosity and
temperature. The current problem is solved numerically by using
marchingorder implicit nite difference method. Solutions are obtained
for the uid having Prandtl number Pr=0.7 (air) and with the different
values of viscosity variation parameter.
2. Formulation of the problem
The boundary layer analysis outlined belowallows the shape of the
wavy surface, x to be arbitrary, but our detailed numerical work
will assume that the surface exhibits sinusoidal deformations. Thus
the wavy surface of the cone is described by
y
w
= x = a sin x = L 1
where 2L is the fundamental wavelength associated with wavy
surface and a

is the amplitude of the waviness.

The physical model of the problem and the two-dimensional
coordinate system are shown in Fig. 1, where is the half angle of the
at surface of the cone and r x is the local radius of the at surface of
the cone which is dened by
r = x sin : 2
Under the Boussinesq approximation, we consider the ow to be
governed by the following equations:
r

_ _
x

+
r

_ _
y

= 0 3
u

+ v

=
1

+
1

: u

_ _
+ g TT

cos 4
u

+ v

=
1

+
1

: v

_ _
g TT

sin 5
u

T
x

+ v

T
y

=
k
C
p

2
T 6
where x

; y

_ _
are the dimensional coordinates and u

; v

_ _
are the
velocity components parallel to x

; y

_ _
. Also k is the thermal
y
) ( r
w
q
L
a

T
) ( y
w
=
0
g

Fig. 1. Physical model and the coordinate system.

Nomenclature
a amplitude wavelength ratio
C
f
SKIN friction coefcient
Gr Grashof number
k Thermal conductivity
n unit vector normal to the surface
Nu
m
average Nusselt number
p dimensionless pressure function
Pr Prandtl number
q
w
uniform heat ux at the surface
r x
_ _
local radius of the cone
r, R dimensionless radius of the cone
T temperature in the boundary layer
T

temperature of the ambient uid

T
w
temperature at the surface
(u, v) dimensionless velocity component
Greek symbols
volumetric coefcient of thermal expansion
viscosity variation parameter
, dimensionless temperature function
viscosity of the uid

dynamic viscosity of the ambient uid

reference kinematic viscosity

density of the uid
(x) non-dimensional surface prole

w
shearing stress
the half angle of the cone
stream function
Subscript
m average condition
ambient condition
x differentiation with respect to x
Table 1
Comparison of surface temperature.
Pr Equivalent terms of surface temperature
Lin [26] results
(20/9)
1/5
(0)
Pullepu et al. [27] results
T(0)
Present results
(5)
1/5
(0)
0.72 1.7864 1.7796 1.78649
1 1.6327 1.6263 1.63277
2 1.3633 1.3578 1.36336
4 1.1508 1.1463 1.15086
6 1.0464 1.0421 1.04645
8 0.9796 0.9754 0.97961
10 0.9314 0.9272 0.93140
100 0.5675 0.5604 0.56755
775 A. Rahman et al. / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 38 (2011) 774780
conductivity, C
p
is the specic heat at constant pressure and is the
temperature dependent viscosity of the uid which is dened as an
exponential function of temperature.
=

exp TT

7
where

is the viscosity of ambient uid outside the boundary layer

and is a constant.
The boundary condition for the present problem is
u

= 0; v

= 0; q
w
= k n

: T

_ _
at y

= y

w
= x

_ _
8a
u

= 0; T = T

as y

8b
where q
w
is the uniform heat ux and n

is the unit vector normal to

the wavy surface.
Now the following non-dimensional variables are introduced to
obtain a set of non-dimensional governing equation:
x =
x

L
; y =
y

_ _
L
Gr
1=5
; r =
r

L
; a =
a

L
; x =
x

_ _
L
;

x
=
d

d x

=
d
dx
; p =
L
2

Gr
4= 5
p

; u =
L

Gr
2=5
u

;
v =
L

Gr
1=5
v

x
u

_ _
; =
TT

q
w
L = k
Gr
1=5
; Gr =
gq
w
cos
k
2

L
4
9
where is the dimensionless temperature function and

/
is the kinematic viscosity. Here the new coordinate system (x, y) is
not orthogonal, but a regular rectangular computational grid can be
easily tted in the transformed coordinate. On introducing the
above dimensionless dependent and independent variables into
Eqs. (3)(6) the following dimensionless form of the governing
equations is obtained at leading order in the Grashof number,
Gr :
ru
x
+
rv
y
= 0 10
u
u
x
+ v
u
y
=
p
x
+
x
Gr
1= 5
p
y
+ exp f g 1 +
2
x
_ _

y
u
y
+ exp f g 1 +
2
x
_ _

2
u
y
2
+
11

x
u
u
x
+ v
u
y
_ _
+
xx
u
2
= Gr
1=5
p
y
+ exp f g
x
1 +
2
x
_ _

2
u
y
2
+ exp f g
x
1 +
2
x
_ _

y
u
y
tan
12
u

x
+ v

y
=
1
Pr
1 +
2
x
_ _

y
2
13
where
Pr =

C
p
k
; =

exp and =
q
w
L
k
Gr
1= 5
: 14
It can easily be seen that the convection induced by the wavy
surface is described by Eqs. (10)(13). Eq. (12) represents that the
pressure gradient along the x direction is in the order of Gr
1/5
. In the
present problem this pressure gradient is zero because, no externally
induced free stream exists. The elimination of p/y from Eqs. (11)
and (12) leads to
u
u
x
+ v
u
y
= exp f g 1 +
2
x
_ _

2
u
y
2
+ exp f g 1 +
2
x
_ _

y
u
y

xx
1 +
2
x
u
2
+
1
x
tan
1 +
2
x
:
15
The corresponding boundary conditions for the present problem
then turn into
u = 0; v = 0; = y = 1
=

1 +
2
x
_
at y = 0
u = 0; = 0 as y:
16
3. Numerical methods
Investigating the present problem we have employed the march-
ing order implicit nite difference method, which is described below.
Firstly we introduce the following transformations to reduce the
governing equation to a convenient form:
X = x; Y = y
=
5x
1=5
_ _
; R = r; U X; Y = u= 5x
3=5
_ _
; 17a
V X; Y = 5x
1= 5
v; X; Y =
=
5x
1=5
_ _
: 17b
Introducing the transformations given in Eqs. (17a) and (17b) into
Eqs. (10), (15) and (13) we have,
8U + 5X
U
X
Y
U
Y
+
V
Y
= 0 18
5X U
U
X
+ VYU
U
Y
+ 3 +

x

xx
1 +
2
x
5X
_ _
U
2
= exp 5X
1=5

_ _
1 +
2
x
_ _

2
U
Y
2
+ exp 5X
1=5

_ _
1 +
2
x
_ _
5X
1=5

Y
U
Y
+
1
x
tan
1 +
2
x

19
5X U

X
+ VYU

Y
+ U =
1
Pr
1 +
2
x
_ _

Y
2
: 20
The boundary conditions (Eq. (16)) now take the following form:
U = 0; V = 0;

Y
= 1
=

1 +
2
x
_
at Y = 0
U = 0; = 0 as Y:
21
Solutions of the non-dimensional partial differential system
given by Eqs. (18)(20) and subject to the boundary conditions
(Eq. (21)) are obtained by using the straightforward nite
difference method developed by L.S. Yao [1,2,12]. In this method
Eqs. (18)(20) subject to the boundary conditions (Eq. (21)) are
discretized for numerical scheme using central difference for the
diffusion term and backward difference for the convection terms.
Finally we get a system of tri-diagonal algebraic equations which
was solved by Gaussian elimination method. In computation, we
start with the energy equation to determine and then use
momentum equation to calculate U. Finally the continuity equation
776 A. Rahman et al. / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 38 (2011) 774780
is directly solved for the normal velocity V by the following
discretization:
V
i; j
= V
i; j1
+
Y
j
+ Y
j1
2
_ _
U
i; j
U
i; j1
_ _
4 Y U
i; j
+ U
i; j1
_ _
+ 2:5X
i
Y
X
_ _
U
i; j
+ U
i; j1
U
i1; j
U
i1; j1
_ _
:
22
The computation is started at X=0.0, and then marches up to the
point X=8.0. Here x=0.005 and y=0.01 are used for the X and
Y grids respectively.
However, once we knowthe values of the functions U, V and and
their derivatives, it is important to calculate the values of the average
Nusselt number, Nu
m
fromthe following relation which is obtained by
using the set of transformations:
Nu
m
5=Gr
1= 5
=
X
1=5

X
0

1 +
2
x
_
dX

X
0

1 +
2
x
_
X
1=5
X; 0 dX
: 23
Also the skin friction coefcients are dened as
C
f
x
Gr
1=5
=
2 5X
2=5
_ _
= exp 5X
1=5

_ _

1 +
2
x
_
U
Y
_
Y =0
: 24
The stream function for the wavy cone is dened as
u =
1
r

y
and v =
1
r

x
: 25
For calculating the stream function , we have integrated the uid
velocity over the whole boundary layer, which may be dened as
=
Y
0
R 5X
3=5
U dY; where R = X sin : 26
4. Results and discussion
In this paper, the effect of temperature dependent viscosity on a
steady two-dimensional natural convection laminar ow of viscous
incompressible uid along a vertical wavy cone has been investigated
by using very efcient nite difference method. It is seen that the
solutions are affected by the viscosity variation parameter as well as
the amplitude and the angle of the cone. We focus our attention only
on the effect of on the average Nusselt number Nu
m
(5/Gr)
1/5
, skin
friction C
fx
as well as velocity and temperature distribution. We also
show the graphical representation of velocity vectors, stream lines
and isotherms of the ow eld.
In order to validate the present numerical results, the skin
friction coefcient and the surface temperature have been
compared with those of Lin [26] and Pullepu et al. [27]. The only
paper that was found on literature dealing with uniform heat ux
case in vertical wavy cone is from Pop and Na [6] where they have
considered a vertical wavy frustum of a cone. That case is different
from the present case with respect to the surface prole and
boundary condition. The present comparison is done for the at
vertical cone case. Lin [26] has studied the free convection from a
vertical cone with uniform surface heat ux case. On the other
hand, Pullepu et al. [27] have studied unsteady laminar free
convection from a vertical cone with uniform heat ux case. To
compare the results with Lin [26], the amplitude and the viscosity
variation parameter were set to zero for the present case. The case
of Pullepu et al. [27], in steady state, was also considered for
comparison. Lin [26] has expressed the non-dimensional surface
temperature as
T
w
x T

q
0
x = k
Gr

x
cos
_ _
1=5
=
20
9
_ _
1=5
0 27
where Gr
x
*=g q
0
x
4
/(k
2
) is the Grashof number based on x, is the
half angle of the cone, q
0
is the uniform heat ux and L is the
characteristic length.
y
0.00
0.03
0.06
0.09
0.12
0.15
0.18
u
a
0 2 4 6
y
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
v
b
0 2 4 6
= 0.0
= 0.2
= 0.5
= 0.7
= 0.9
= 1.0
= 0.0
= 0.2
= 0.5
= 0.7
= 0.9
= 1.0
Fig. 2. (a) Tangential velocity distribution and (b) normal velocity distribution at
X=1.0 for Prandtl number Pr =0.7, a=0.3 and =30.
Table 2
Comparison of surface shear stress.
Pr Equivalent terms of Surface shear stress
Lin [26] results
(20/9)
2/5
f(0)
Pullepu et al. [27] results

X
Present results
(5)
2/5
[U/Y]
Y=0
0.72 1.22396 1.2154 1.22391
1 1.07966 1.0721 1.07962
2 0.82926 0.8235 0.82921
4 0.63733 0.6328 0.63728
6 0.54623 0.5423 0.54618
8 0.48947 0.4859 0.48941
10 0.44944 0.4460 0.44938
100 0.18403 0.1813 0.18397
777 A. Rahman et al. / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 38 (2011) 774780
In the present case, non-dimensional surface temperature is given
by
T
w
T

q
w
x

= k
Gr
1=5
x
= 5
1=5
0 28
where Gr
x
= g q
w
x

4
= k
2
_ _
_ _
cos, is the Grashof number based
on x

and q
w
is the uniform heat ux. In order to compare the non-
dimensional surfacetemperature, wecomparetheterm(20/9)
1/5
[ (0)]
of Lin [26] with (5)
1/5
(0) of the present study. Pullepu et al. [27] have
shown that the non-dimensional temperature function T presented by
themis equivalent to the term(20/9)
1/5
[ (0)] presented by Lin [26]. In
the present comparison, the results presented by Pullepu et al. [27] have
also been included. The comparative results were summarized in Table 1.
The comparisons show that the present results have a very good
agreement with the similar results.
The shear stress term presented by Lin [26] is as follows:

w
x = Gr

cos
_ _
3=5

2
= L
2
_ _
x=L
2=5
20=9
2=5
f

0 : 29
On the other hand in the current study, the surface shear stress for a
at cone with uniform viscosity is dened as

w
x = Gr
3=5

L
2
x

L
_ _
2= 5
5
2=5
U
Y
_
Y =0
: 30
Now the term (20/9)
2/5
f(0) presented by Lin [26] is comparable to
the term (5)
2/5
[U/Y]
Y=0
of the present case when the surface shear
stress is concerned. The result presented by Pullepu et al. [27] has also
been considered for comparison where they have compared the term
(20/9)
2/5
f(0) of Lin [26] with their non-dimensional term
X
. Table 2
summarized the comparison which shows the justication of the
numerical results of the present study.
Thenumerical results arepresentedfor thedifferent values of viscosity
variation parameter for a suitable uid having Prandtl number Pr=0.7.
To examine the effect of we have considered that a=0.3 and =30
remain constant.
Fig. 2 (a) and (b) represents the non-dimensional tangential and
normal velocity distribution for different values of . Fromthe gure it is
evident that increases of , decrease the tangential velocity inside the
boundary layer. As viscosity is an exponential function of temperature,
the increasing value of causes the rapid change of viscosity towards
upstream. That leads to a reduced uid velocity. It was also found from
the gure that, the velocity attained to its maximum value away from
the wavy surface when increases. Fig. 2 (b) shows that the normal
velocity enhances signicantly when increases.
Fluid temperature distribution at a xed point X=1.0 and surface
temperature distribution for different values of have been shown in
Fig. 3 (a) and (b) respectively. From the gure it is clear that, the
temperature inside the boundary layer at any xed point enhanced
with . On the other hand, wall temperature increases signicantly
due to the increasing value of . This is very obvious as we consider
x
0
1
2
3
4
5
S
k
i
n

f
r
i
c
t
i
o
n

c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
= 0.0
= 0.2
= 0.5
= 0.7
= 0.9
= 1.0
0
0 2 4 6 8
2 4 6 8
0.3
0.6
0.9
1.2
1.5
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

r
a
t
e
o
f

H
e
a
t

T
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
= 0.0
= 0.2
= 0.5
= 0.7
= 0.9
= 1.0
b
a
x
Fig. 4. (a) Skin friction coefcient and (b) average rate of heat transfer for Pr=0.7,
a=0.3 and =30.
0 1 2 3 4
y
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
S
u
r
f
a
c
e

T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
a
0 2 4 6 8
x
1
2
3
4
5
b
= 0.0
= 0.2
= 0.5
= 0.7
= 0.9
= 1.0
= 0.0
= 0.2
= 0.5
= 0.7
= 0.9
= 1.0
Fig. 3. (a) Fluid temperature distribution at X=1.0 and (b) surface temperature
distribution for Pr=0.7, a=0.3 and =30.
778 A. Rahman et al. / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 38 (2011) 774780
uniform heat ux case and high viscosity variation with temperature.
Also it is found that the increasing value of leads the surface
temperature to exhibit sinusoidal behavior with larger amplitude.
The effect of on the surface shear stress in terms of skin friction
coefcient and on the average rate of heat transfer in terms of average
Nusselt number is given in Fig. 4 (a) and (b) respectively. The skin
friction increases vary rapidly when viscosity variation parameter
increases. Since the viscosity is an exponential function of tempera-
ture, a small change in temperature causes huge change in viscosity as
well as the skin friction. Average rate of heat transfer was found to
decrease swiftly along the surface for higher value of .
The velocity vectors for three different values of are shown in Fig. 5,
where the lengths of the vectors are taken relative to their magnitudes.
Velocityvectors showimmensedisturbancewhenthevalueof increases.
0 8 10
y
0
2
4
6
8
x
= 0.0
8 10
y
0
2
4
6
8
x
= 0.5
2 4 6 0 2 4 6
0 2 4 6 8 10
y
0
2
4
6
8
x
= 1.0
b
c a
Fig. 6. Streamlines for a) =0.0, b) =0.5 and c) =1.0 with a=0.3, =30 and Pr =0.7.
x
0
4
8
12
16
y
= 0.0
Ref.vector
magnitude
5 units
0
4
8
12
16
y
b
= 0.5
Ref.vector
magnitude
5 units
0 2 4 6 8
0 2 4 6 8
x
0 2 4 6 8
0
4
8
12
16
y
c
= 1.0
Ref.vector
magnitude
5 units
a
x
Fig. 5. Velocity vectors for a) =0.0, b) =0.5 and c) =1.0.
779 A. Rahman et al. / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 38 (2011) 774780
Since the viscosity is the exponential function of temperature, it causes
very high variation over viscosity with temperature. As the wall
temperature increases hugely with increases of , it leads to increase
uid velocity signicantly away from the vertex.
Fig. 6 illustrates the effect of on the streamline. These gures show
the similar results as we have found in velocity vector distribution with
the change of . The effects of on the isotherms are illustrated in Fig. 7.
These gures indicate that the increases of affect the isothermand the
thickness of thermal boundary layer becomes almost double when
viscosity variation parameter varies from 0.0 to 1.0.
5. Conclusions
The effect of temperature dependent viscosity, on the natural con-
vection boundary layer ow along a vertical wavy surface with uniform
heat ux, has been studied numerically. New variables transform the
complex geometry into a simple shape where a very efcient marching
order implicit nite difference method was used to solve the non-
dimensional boundary layer equations. From the present investigation
the result can be summarized as follows:
The skin friction increases vastly throughout a computational
domain for the increasing value of viscosity variation parameter .
For a wavy cone at every crest and trough, skin friction increases
with the increases of .
The average rate of heat transfer decreases very rapidly along the
surface for higher value of viscosity variation parameter.
Tangential velocity reduces with the increasing value of viscosity
variation parameter. Also with the increasing value of , the
tangential velocity attains to its maximum values distant from the
wavy surface.
Velocity vectors are found to demonstrate immense disturbance for
increases of .
Fluid temperature and surface temperature are found to increase
signicantly with the increases of .
One important nding is that, the thickness of thermal boundary
layer increased almost twice when viscosity variation parameter
increases from 0.0 to 1.0.
The results have demonstrated that without calculating viscous
effect may introduce sever error in the prediction of the surface rate
of heat transfer and skin friction coefcient.
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0 5 10 15
y
0
2
4
6
8
x
=0.0
0 5 10 15
y
0
2
4
6
8
x
=0.5
0 5 10 15
y
0
2
4
6
8
x
=1.0
b c a
Fig. 7. Isotherm for a) =0.0, b) =0.5 and c) =1.0 with a=0.3, =30 and Pr =0.7.
780 A. Rahman et al. / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 38 (2011) 774780