EN1995 (EC5) Design of Timber Structures: Table 2.1 Load-Duration Classes

EN1995 (EC5) Design of Timber Structures
EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures General Common Rules and

Rules for Buildings

Limit state design

Timber Properties IS-EN338: 2003 Table 1. Values are fifth percentile
characteristic values derived from tests of five minutes duration. Values for
tension and bending relate to sections of depth 150 mm.

W
y
, W
z
: Elastic modulus

Table 2.1 Load-duration classes
Permanent (> 10 years) self weight
Long-term (6 months 10 years) storage loading
Medium-term (1 week 6 months) imposed floor loading
Short-term (< 1 week) snow; maintenance
Instantaneous wind

Clause 2.3.1.3 Service Classes
mc rh
1 Internal < 12% < 65%
2 Cold roofs, external walls 12% - 20% < 85%
3 External (fully exposed) > 20%

Table 2.3
M
= 1.3 (partial factor of safety for a material property for solid
timber)

Table 3.1 k
mod
(solid timber)
Service
class
Permanent Long-
term
Medium-
term
Short-
term
Instantaneous
1 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.1
2 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.1
k
mod
: Modification factor for load duration and moisture content
When loads are, for example, a combination of Permanent and Medium
term, use k
mod
for Medium term. However, depending on magnitude of loads,
it may be necessary to consider Permanent load alone with k
mod
for
Permanent. (3.1.3 (2))

Table 3.2
k
def
: deformation factor
k
def
= 0.6 (Service class 1); k
def
= 0.8 (Service class 2)

Clause 2.4.1(1) X
d
= k
mod
(X
k
/
M
)
X
d
: characteristic value of strength property
X
k
:

design value of strength property

Clause 2.4.3(1) R
d
= k
mod
(R
k
/
M
)
R
d
: characteristic value of resistance (load carrying capacity)
R
k
:

design value of resistance (load carrying capacity)

f: strength property : applied stress
3.2 (3): Depth factor
k
h
= min {(150/h)
0.2
, 1.3} when h < 150 mm. k
h
is applied to f
m,k
and f
t,0,k

Clause 6.6 k
sys
= 1.1 (load sharing)

2.2.3 Serviceability limit states
(2) Mean values of moduli
(5) u
fin,G
= u
inst,G
(1+k
def
) u
fin,Q
= u
inst,Q
(1+
2,1
k
def
)
2,1
: EC0 Table NA2 (= 0.3 for residential, office)
k
def
makes an allowance for creep.
(u: deformation)

Clause 6.1.5 Compression perpendicular to the grain
c,90,d
k
c,90
f
c,90,d
c,90,d
= F
c,90,d
/A
ef

(Effective bearing length = actual bearing length + max. 30 mm on both
sides)
Clause 6.1.5 (4) k
c,90
= 1.5 (solid timber)

Clause 6.1.6 Bending about one axis
m,y,d
f
m,y,d
(= f
m,y,k
* k
mod
* k
sys
* k
crit
* k
h
/
M
) Eq 6.11 when
m,z,d
= 0
k
m
: factor that makes allowance for re-distribution of bending stresses in a
section (= 0.7 for solid timber)

Clause 6.1.7 (1) Shear
d
f
v,d
(= f
y,k
* k
mod
* k
sys
/
M
)
(2) b
ef
= k
cr
* b
k
cr
= 0.67 for solid timber (to account for cracking of flexural members)
Concentrated shear force within depth of member from face of support can
be ignored.
6.5.2 (2) Member with notch vertical notch at edge of support; solid timber
d
= 1.5V/bh
ef
k
v
f
v,d

k
v
= Min.
( )
|
|
\
|
+
|
|
\
|
+
2
5 . 1
1
8 , 0 1
1 . 1
1

h
x
h
h
i
k
n
, 1.0
Vertical notch at edge of support; solid timber
For 50 mm deep notch in 225 mm joist (length = 50 mm): k
v
= 0.593
For 25 mm deep notch in 225 mm joist (length = 50 mm): k
v
= 0.799
BS values: k = 0.78, 0.89

Table 7.2 Limiting deflection (w
inst
: l/300 - l/500) (w
fin
: l/150 - l/300)
(w
net,fin
: l/250 - l/350)

6.3.3 (5) Lateral stability: k
crit
= 1.0 when compression edge is held in place
and torsional rotation at supports is prevented.

6.2.3 Combined bending and axial tension

6.2.4 Combined bending and axial compression
1
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
2
, 0 ,
, 0 ,
+ +
|
|
\
|
d z m
d z m
m
d y m
d y m
d c
d c
f
k
f f

6.19

1
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
2
, 0 ,
, 0 ,
+ +
|
|
\
|
d z m
d z m
d y m
d y m
m
d c
d c
f f
k
f

6.20

1
, ,
, ,
2
, 0 ,
, 0 ,
+
|
|
\
|
d y m
d y m
d c
d c
f f

when
m,z,d
= 0
k
m
= 0.7 for solid timber of rectangular section

6.3 Stability of members

6.3.2 Columns subjected to either compression or combined
compression and bending
05 . 0
, 0 ,
,
E
f
k c y
y rel
=
05 . 0
, 0 ,
,
E
f
k c
z
z rel
= 6.21, 6.22

If
rel,y
and
rel,z
0.3, stability is not an issue; Eqs 6.19 and 6.20 to be
satisfied.

1
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, 0 , ,
, 0 ,
+ +
d z m
d z m
m
d y m
d y m
d c y c
d c
f
k
f f k

6.23
1
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, 0 , ,
, 0 ,
+ +
d z m
d z m
d y m
d y m
m
d c z c
d c
f f
k
f k

6.24

2
,
2
,
1
y rel y y
y c
k k
k
+
= 6.25
2
,
2
,
1
z rel z z
z c
k k
k
+
= 6.26
) ) 3 . 0 ( 1 ( 5 . 0
2
, , y rel y rel c y
k + + = 6.27

) ) 3 . 0 ( 1 ( 5 . 0
2
, , z rel z rel c z
k + + = 6.28

For stud bending about yy axis:
1
, ,
, ,
, 0 , ,
, 0 ,
+
d y m
d y m
d c y c
d c
f f k

1
, ,
, ,
, 0 , ,
, 0 ,
+
d y m
d y m
m
d c z c
d c
f
k
f k

6.3.3 Beams subjected to either bending or combined bending and
compression and bending

05 . 0
2
05 . 0 05 . 0 ,
,
78 . 0
E
hl
b
W l
I G I E
W
M
ef y ef
tor z
y
crit y
crit m
= = =
6.31, 6.32
1
, 0 , ,
,
2
,
,
+
|
|
\
|
d c z c
d c
d m crit
d m
f k f k

6.35
crit m
k m
m rel
f
,
,
,
= 6.30
k
crit
: 1 (
rel,m
0.75) 1.56 0.75
rel,m
(0.75 <
rel,m
1.4) 1/
rel,m
2
(
rel,m
> 1.4) 6.34

7.3 Vibrations
(3) Modal damping ratio (zeta) = 0.01 ( 0.02)
Effect of vibrations depends on human sensitivity.
If f < 8 Hz; more detailed analysis required vibration acceleration is
critical in terms of human sensitivity.
If f > 8 Hz; vibration velocity is critical in terms of human sensitivity.
Assessment therefore requires consideration of:
Natural frequency
Deflection due to a vertical static load (1 kN)
Velocity due to unit impulse (1 Ns)

7.3.3 Residential floors
(2) Fundamental frequency > 8 Hz
m
EI
l
f
l
) (
2
2
1
= 7.5

w/F a mm/kN 7.3

UK National Annex:-
w
inst,Q
= (Fl
3
/48EI
l
)(k
dist
* k
amp
) F = 1 kN
k
amp
= 1.05 for simply supported timber joists (to account for shear
deflection)
k
dist
= max (0.3, k
strut
* (0.38 0.08 * ln (14 * EI
b
/s
4
)) (to account for load
sharing)
k
strut
= .97 when strutting provided; otherwise 1

) 1 (
1

f
b v m/(Ns
2
) 7.4
( )
( )
25 . 0
4
2
1
40
1
40
\
|
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
=
b
l
EI
EI
l
b
f
n 7.7
200
) 6 . 0 4 . 0 ( 4
40
+
+
=
mbl
n
v 7.6
(a, b: Figure 7.2)
UK NA Table 5:
a = 1.8 mm (l < 4000 mm); 16500/l
1.1
mm

(l > 4000 mm)
b = 180 60a (a 1); 160 40a (a > 1)

Section 8 Connections with metal fasteners
Clause 8.2 Lateral load-carrying capacity of metal dowel-type fasteners
8.3 Nailed connections spacings, characteristic values etc.
8.5 Bolted connections - spacings, characteristic values etc.

Design tables provided in Manual for the design of timber building
structures to Eurocode 5 (TRADA, IStructE)
This manual also provides useful information on Initial Design

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EN1995 (EC5) Design of Timber Structures

EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures General Common Rules and

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