September, 2002

Vol. 19, No. 9 U.S.A. $3.50

September 2002

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ABOUT

RCSD

/C Soaring Digest (RCSD) is a readerwritten monthly publication for the R/C sailplane enthusiast and has been published since January, 1984. It is dedicated to sharing technical and educational information. All material contributed must be exclusive and original and not infringe upon the copyrights of others. It is the policy of RCSD to provide accurate information. Please let us know of any error that significantly affects the meaning of a story. Because we encourage new ideas, the content of all articles, model designs, press & news releases, etc., are the opinion of the author and may not necessarily reflect those of RCSD. We encourage anyone who wishes to obtain additional information to contact the author. RCSD was founded by Jim Gray, lecturer and technical consultant. RCSD should not be considered to endorse any advertised products or messages pertaining hereto. An advertising rate card is available for businesses, and clubs. R/C Soaring Digest 556 Funston Drive Santa Rosa, CA 95407 phone: (707) 578-7871 e-mail: [email protected] http://www.b2streamlines.com/RCSD.html RCSD Staff Jerry Slates - Editor/Technical Editor Judy Slates - Managing Editor, Subscriptions Lee Murray - RCSD Index/Database (available on-line) Bill & Bunny Kuhlman - RCSD Web Masters PayPal Coordinators Feature Columnists Bill & Bunny Kuhlman (B2), Lee Murray, Tom Nagel, Mark Nankivil, Dave Register, Steve Savoie, Jerry Slates, Greg Smith, Gordy Stahl Artwork Gene Zika is the graphic artist who designs the unique ZIKA clip art. 16 13 9 3 13 8 19 19 19 19 19 19

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Monthly Feature Photography & Web Version of the Printed Article (where appropriate) Highlights & Mailing Status of the Current Issue About RCSD ..................................................................................... Subscription Information ................................................... Advertising Rate Card (Adobe Acrobat PDF format) ............................................. RCSD Feature Columnists, Reporters, and Editors ....................... (E-mail/web addresses, plus general information about their areas of interest) "Getting Started in RC Soaring" ........ Getting started guide - Adobe Acrobat PDF format Links to Organizations, Special Interest Groups & Clubs On-Line Articles - Great articles originally written for the printed version of RCSD. ........................................ "Trimming Your Sailplane for Optimum Performance" by Brian Agnew .................................................................................................. "Flys Faster" by Dr. Michael Selig .............................. "The Square-Cube Law and Scaling for RC Sailplanes" by Dr. Michael Selig .................................. "Modifying & Building the MB Raven (Parts 1-4)" by Bill & Bunny Kuhlman ............................................................. "Butterfly and Moth Airbrushing Tutorial" by Joedy Drulia Bookshelf Listings - A listing of recently published books of interest to aeromodelers. Complete RCSD Index, 1984-2001

R/C Soaring Digest

The Soaring Site

September 2002

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Vectors Mass, length, pressure and time can be defined by single real numbers. The length of a spar for a two meter sailplane, as an example, may be 39 inches. As there is a unit of measurement, inches in this case, the spar length is a scalar quantity. The number which provides the magnitude, 39, is [email protected] considered a scalar. http://www.b2streamlines.com Force, on the other hand, has both a magnitude and a direction, and is therefore classified as a vector quanTwist Distributions for tity. A five pound brick resting on a Swept Wings, Part 3 table in a gravitational field may be represented as shown in Figure 3A and In Part 1 we defined and provided ex3B. If another five pound brick is amples of lift distributions. Part 2 examined stalling patterns of various planforms placed on the first brick, the situation and introduced the notion that sweep angle and coefficient of lift can affect the angle of attack of outboard wing segments. Three consistent themes have been underlying Tip the discussion thus far: (1) achieve and hopefully surpass the low induced drag exemplified by the elliptical lift distribuDirection of flight Direction of ight tion without creating untoward stall characteristics, (2) reduce adverse yaw created by aileron deflection without adversely affecting the aircraft in pitch, and (3) maintain an acceptable weight to strength ratio. In Part 3 we will describe a method of achieving the second goal.

can be depicted as in Figure 3C. Note that the arrowhead always indicates the direction of the force, while the length of the line indicates the magnitude of the force. Figure 4 provides an illustration of the vectors involved in sustained, constant velocity flight. The upper illustration depicts a powered aircraft in straight and level flight. The weight of the aircraft, W, is counteracted by the generated lift, L. The drag, D, is counteracted by the generated thrust, T. There is a single vector, R1, which can represent the combined lift and drag forces, and a single vector R2 which can represent the combined thrust and weight vectors.

Right semi-span

Sweep and twist

, sweep angle Root

Figure 1. Movement of the stagnation point along the span Figure 1. Movement of the stagnation point along the span of a swept back wing, exaggerated. of a swept back wing, exaggerated.

igure 1 (reprint of Figure 8, Part 2) shows the increasing upwash which affects outboard segments of a swept untwisted wing as it produces lift. Although exaggerated in the diagram, the overall tendency is clear and does appear in practice. While there are several ways of reducing the tendency for the wing tip to stall, like careful consideration of airfoils or addition of wing fences, there are advantages to imparting some twist to the wing in the form of washout (leading edge down). Figure 2 illustrates the case where the wing is twisted such that each wing segment has the same angle of attack as related to the oncoming air flow. Since the increasing upwash ahead of the wing is directly proportional to the amount of lift produced by inboard wing segments, this illustration is obviously accurate for only one aircraft velocity and attitude. The general concept is, however, very important.
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Tip

Direction of flight ight

Right semi-span

, sweep angle Root

Figure 2. Alignment of wing sections to local flow Figure 2. Alignment of wing sections to local ow by means of geometric twist, exaggerated. by means of geometric twist, exaggerated. R/C Soaring Digest

brick, five pounds brick, ve pounds

A

These two resultant vectors are calculated by constructing a parallelogram using the two known vectors. R1 and R2 are of equal magnitude and opposite direction in this case, and the aircraft is therefore flying at a constant velocity. If thrust is increased, as shown in Figure 4B, the T vector length increases, indicating increased thrust, thus changing the shape of the parallelogram. R2 becomes longer and rotates forward. The drag force D then increases as the aircraft velocity increases. Once drag and thrust are equal, the aircraft velocity will once again be constant. The lower illustrations in Figure 4 depict the case of a powerless aircraft of the same design. It is in gliding flight. In Figure 4C the aircraft is moving forward at a constant velocity and slight downward angle. There is no engine to generate thrust so the weight W alone forms R2. Now consider the flight path and note that the lift vector is ninety degrees to the air flow and the drag vector is parallel to the air flow. (This is the same as seen in the previously described powered example.) The resultant vector, R1, is of exactly the same magnitude as R2 and in the opposite direction, so the aircraft is flying at constant velocity. If the nose of the glider is pointed more downward, as in Figure 4D, the flight path rotates in relation to the weight vector. The lift and drag vectors continue being perpendicular and parallel to the air flow, respectively, and so they rotate as well. R1, the resultant of the lift and drag vectors, rotates forward as one would intuitively expect. There is now an induced thrust, Ti, which will accelerate the aircraft until the drag force increases to exactly counter it. When R1 equals the weight (R2), the aircraft will once again be traveling at a constant velocity. Induced thrust
D

Figure 3. Examples of vector quantities.

L R1

D L R1

A R2 W T D B

L R1

R2

D R1 C R2 ( = W only) L Ti

R2 ( = W only)

Figure Force vectors on powered and unpowered aircraft Figure 4.4. Force vectors on powered and unpowered aircraft which are otherwise identical. which are otherwise identical.

Weve used the term induced thrust in the previous paragraph, and there are some readers who may not believe that such a thing exists, despite having a knowledge of induced drag. Perhaps one of the best examples of induced thrust is the action of a winglet. A very large number of aerodynamics texts describe winglets in detail, so we will not do so here. What we want to bring into focus is the production of induced thrust by the winglet.
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September 2002

The upper illustration of Figure 5 shows a wing from the rear, with the winglet structure defined by phantom lines. The air flow is shown traveling outboard along the bottom surface of the wing and inboard across the upper surface. The velocity of this movement is generally greater near the wing tip as shown by the lengths of the lines. The air flow outboard of the wing tip is very close to circular, but remember, the free stream velocity is added to this circular motion, so the resultant air flow meets the winglet at an angle. The lift and drag vectors are shown in the lower illustration. Note the now familiar rotation of the resultant in reference to the winglet MAC/4 axis. (MAC/4 is the 25% chord point of the mean aerodynamic chord and is the origin for the winglet lift and drag vectors, just as for any wing segment. The MAC/4 axis and the yaw axis are in parallel planes in the presented examples.) The vector Ti is the induced thrust generated by the winglet. We can extend the notion of induced thrust from a winglet to the outer segment of a lifting swept wing. Consider Figure 6A. In this case, an airfoil is generating some lift while the air flow is precisely horizontal. This is a situation identical to that when an airfoil with a zero lift angle of some negative value is set in a wind tunnel at zero degrees angle of incidence to the air flow. Note that the lift vector is vertical (ninety degrees to the air flow) and the drag vector is parallel to the air flow. The resultant is rotated at an angle behind the vertical quarter chord axis. In the wind tunnel, as the airfoil angle of attack is increased, the lift vector remains perpendicular to the air flow, the drag vector remains parallel to air flow, and the axis remains vertical, perpendicular to the air flow. In Figure 6B, the air flow is coming from below at an angle of five degrees. The lift and drag vectors have rotated to match the air flow, and the resultant coincides with the vertical MAC/4 axis. Figure 6C shows the case where the air flow is coming up at an angle of ten degrees. The lift and drag vectors (and the resultant, of course) have rotated forward of the axis. Figure 6D shows two situations which take place at an air flow angle of 15 degrees. Weve shown a single lift
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Air ow L winglet MAC/4 R Ti D

Figure 5. Induced thrust, , generated by winglet. Figure 5. Induced thr st, TTi,generated by winglet. u i

D Neutral aileron L R
Direction of Direction of flight ight

D Down aileron

R D Up aileron

Figure 7. Generalized representation of the direction and strength of forces Figure 7. Generalized representation of the direction and strength of f orces when the outboard aileron of a twisted swept wing is deflected. when the outboard aileron of a twisted wept wing is deected. s

R/C Soaring Digest

L R

axis. This induced thrust actually pushes the wing forward. When the aileron is deflected upward, the lift vector decreases in magnitude, reducing the induced thrust. (If the aileron deflection is large enough, the lift vector changes direction.) The resultant of the lift and drag vectors rotates behind the axis, pulling the wing backward. In an aileron induced turn, adverse yaw in a swept wing planform can be reduced or eliminated entirely by means of manipulating the lift and drag vectors of the outer portion of the wing through appropriate wing twist. When the wing tips are lifting downward, aileron deflection acts to reduce adverse yaw. This case can be envisioned by inverting the vector diagram for a (normal) upward lifting wing. Weve done the inverting and placed the results in Figure 8. Reducing adverse yaw
D1 D2

D A. R L D B. D R1 R2 L R

C.

Direction of ight Direction of flight

R D.

D E.
Figure 6. Rotation of lift vector caused by upwash, and Figure 6. Rotation of lift vector caused by upwash, and a single case of the effect of twist on that rotation. a single case of the effect of twist on that rotation.

Figure 9 examines the case of the unswept wing with an elliptical lift distribution with aileron deflection for a left turn. (This diagram is a reprint of Figure 5 from Part 1.) The aileron deflection increases the drag of the wing semi-span having the downward deflected aileron and decreases the drag of the wing semi-span having the aileron deflected upward. This causes a roll to the left and a yaw to the right. This adverse yaw requires a compensating rudder deflection. Figure 9 also examines the case of the swept wing which utilizes a lift distribution which is not elliptical but which does allow for coordinated turns by eliminating adverse yaw through induced thrust. The wing semi-span with the upward deflected aileron generates more drag than the wing semi-span with the downward deflected aileron. The wing rolls and yaws to the left. In this case no compensating rudder deflection is required.

vector and two drag vectors. If the drag is low, the resultant (R1) remains well ahead of the axis. If the drag is excessive, however, the resultant (R2) rotates behind the axis. This is an important concept to keep in mind. The case of the outer segment of a twisted swept wing is shown in Figure 6E. The air flow is coming up at an angle of ten degrees and the airfoil is set at an angle of incidence of minus five degrees. As the wing section sees an angle of attack of five degrees, the lift is of the same magnitude as in Case 6B, but the resultant is rotated to a direction nearly identical to that of Case 6C.
September 2002

portion of a swept back wing to be a flattened winglet, as the effects of the two are essentially identical. Induced thrust and aileron deflection And now the part youve been waiting for... Take a look at Figure 7. This illustration is of the outer segment of a twisted swept back wing with aileron installed.

It may be helpful to consider the outer

Swept wings without a vertical surface, like many of the Horten designs, can use wing twist in conjunction with sweep to produce coordinated turns, particularly at low speed (high CL), as when thermalling. There may be some When the aileron is deflected downward, the lift is increased substantially. disadvantages to this methodology The resultant is rotated forward of the when flying at high speed (low CL), When the aileron is in neutral position, the resultant vector is directly over the projected yaw axis.
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but the detrimental effects can be controlled by careful design of the ailerons, including their location, size, and deflection angles. Coming in Part 4 The next installment will devote some space to the relationships between aileron configurations, wing lift distributions, and adverse and proverse yaw. And now that we have a method of reducing or eliminating adverse yaw, we can back up a bit and take a look at what wing sweep, increased upwash and wing twist can do for the first of those three points we keep mentioning, our quest to reduce induced drag. _______________ Ideas for future columns are always welcome. RCSD readers can contact us by mail at P.O. Box 975, Olalla WA 98359-0975, or by e-mail at <[email protected]>. References: Bowers, Al. Correspondence within <www.nurflugel.com> e-mail list, early 2002. Gal, Ferdinando. Tailless tale. B2Streamlines, Olalla Washington USA, 1991.
L

D Neutral aileron R

D Up Aileron

L L R

ight Direction of flight

D Down aileron

Figure 8. Generalized representation of the direction and strength of forces Generalized representation of the direction and strength of forces when the outboard aileron of a downward lifting wing segment is deected. aileron of a downward lifting wing segment is deflected.

A MONTHLY LOOK INTO THE WORLD OF SAILPLANE ENTHUSIASTS EVERYWHERE

R/C Soaring Digest (RCSD) is a reader-written monthly publication for the R/C sailplane enthusiast. Published since 1984, RCSD is dedicated to the sharing of technical and educational information related to R/C soaring. RCSD encourages new ideas, thereby creating a forum where modelers can exchange concepts and share findings, from theory to practical application. Article topics include design and construction of RC sailplanes, kit reviews, airfoil data, sources of hard to find items, and discussions of various flying techniques, to name just a few. Photos and illustrations are always in abundance. There are RCSD subscribers worldwide.
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Gullberg, Jan. Mathematics: from the birth of numbers. W.W. Norton & Co., New York, 1997. Hoerner, Dr.-Ing. S.F. and H.V. Borst. Fluid-dynamic lift. Hoerner fluid dynamics, Vancouver Washington USA, 1985. Horten, Dr. Reimar. Lift distribution on flying wing aircraft. Soaring June 1981, pp. 40-42. Jones, Bradley. Elements of Practical Aerodynamics, third edition. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1942. Jones, Robert T. Wing theory. Princeton University Press, Princeton New Jersey USA, 1990. Kermode, A.C. Mechanics of flight. Pitman, London, 1980. Masters, Norm. Correspondence within <www.nurflugel.com> e-mail list, early 2002. McCormick, Barnes W. Aerodynamics, aeronautics, and flight mechanics. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1979. Nickel, Karl, and Michael Wohlfahrt. Tailless aircraft in theory and practice. American Institute of Aerodynamics and Astronautics, Washington D.C., 1994. Shevell, Richard S. Fundamentals of flight. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs New Jersey USA, 1983. Simons, Martin. Model aircraft aerodynamics. Argus Books, Hemel Hempstead Great Britain, 1994. Smith, H.C. Skip. The illustrated guide to aerodynamics, second edition. TAB Books, Blue Ridge Summit Pennsylvania USA, 1992. The White Sheet, Spring 1986, No. 36. Sean Walbank editor. White Sheet Radio Flying Club, Dorset/Somerset Great Britain.

roll to left

yaw yaw to right to right

roll to left

yaw to left

Figure 9. Lift and drag profiles for an untwisted rectangular wing with Figure 9. Lift and dr aileron deflection for ag proles for an untwisted rectangular a twisted left bank, no differential (upper), and for wing with aileron deection f r left bank, no diff o erential (upper), and or a twisted f swept wing with washout, no differential (lower). swept wing with washout, no diff erential (lo wer).

September 2002

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HAVE SAILPLANE, WILL TRAVEL!

erewith another tale of woe and intrigue as the Heath-Nagel clan reports back from its travels to scenic and exotic Iowa. Thats right HSWT fans: after all ten of the participating Heath-Nagel clan honchos put their heads together, using the latest 21st century technology and the magic of the internet, the best we could come up with for the 2002 Mass Migration was Iowa. And you know what? It wasnt so bad. I even got to fly, for about 15 seconds, more or less. By Tom H. Nagel 904 Neil Ave. Columbus, OH 43215 [email protected] This was a bittersweet reunion, the first clan gathering since the passing of our patriarch William T. Heath. Last summers trip to Ludington was his last vacation, and I think that the morning he and I spent flying a Zagi THL over the dunes at Manistee State Park was just about his last outing; he was hospitalized shortly after we returned from vacation and died in

The U-2 begins its plummet from the M Mound.

early September. It has taken me a while to start writing again.

Brother-in-law Mike Heath found the place: McGregor Iowa, a tiny Victorian river town, right across the Mississippi from Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin, and just a little south of the Minnesota state line. And Greg Smith of slopeflyer.com clued me in on one of the two flying sites I visited on this trip. We had four folks traveling from Ohio, and ten clan members, eight boats, and five cars in all when we assembled in southern Wisconsin for the final assault on McGregor, Iowa. It looked a lot like The Beverly Hillbillies Go Kayaking as we rolled across the mile long bridge and causeway, over the upper Mississippi and into McGregor. As it turns out, that was pretty much appropriate. McGregor Iowa looks a
M slope in Platteville, Wisconsin.

As Close To Normal As Ive Ever Been or Roiling on the River

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R/C Soaring Digest

National Wildlife and Fish Refuge, a 260 mile long network of natural areas in Wisconsin, Illinois, Iowa and Minnesota. The first soaring connection came when we checked into the Little Switzerland Bed and Breakfast. The host gave us a copy of the official State of Iowa Transportation Map, which has a picture on the cover of Carl Bates of nearby Clear Lake, Iowa, who, in 1898 at age 14, built and flew the first man-carrying glider in Iowa. The regions checkered aviation history also includes the crash and death of Buddy Holley and the Big Bopper. And now I was in town with an RC sailplane.

Vista from the top of the M Mound in Platteville.

thoughtfully built a large triangular concrete observation deck that juts out over the heavily wooded gorge, looking east over the valley. It was late afternoon. Winds were out of the east at 15 to 20 mph. American Bald Eagles were sloping up and down the river along the bluffs. There wasnt a park ranger in sight. And my sailplane and transmitter were back in town. I settled for watching eagles and wishing I was flying with them. However, it was clear that this overlook has great sloping potential. Landing, however, would be something else. Because of logistic considerations on this trip, the only plane I had brought

We had arrived under a clearing sky, as a day long drizzle ended. As soon as we got checked in at lot like West Virginia, as if someone the B&B, Mike and the kids decided to had poured a few million dollars into the New River Gorge and yuppified it, take canoes and kayaks out on the river. It felt a little late and a little adding B&Bs, boutiques and antique windy to me, so after we set the stores. Lots of people had canoes and voyageurs on their way, I collected the kayaks on their cars. Others were wife and grandma, and we drove up to hauling power boats of every descripPikes Peak State Park for a look at the tion. The only thing missing was valley, and the next soaring connecwhitewater. Instead there were two broad navigation channels and a maze tion. Pikes Peak State Park is named after Lt. Zebulon Pike, who came up of bayous and small channels. the river in 1805 to survey the Mississippi, and suggested a fort be located Steep limestone bluffs line both sides there. He later named some hilltop in of the valley. The railroad runs Colorado, too, I think. But anyway, the through the middle of town, houses spot he picked in Iowa is the highest are crowded together between the bluffs and the river, and the not-so-big bluff overlooking the Mississippi, a muddy is convoluted with oxbows and good 500+ feet above the junction of the Wisconsin River with the Father of back waters and wetlands that make the Waters. The Iowa DNR has up the Upper Mississippi River
September 2002

One of the many unique shops in downtown McGregor Iowa: River Junction, a store entirely devoted to clothing and supplies for Civil War re-enacters. Upstairs is the McGregor branch of the well known law firm Dewey, Cheatam & Howe.

Commemorative plaque at the base of the M Mound in Platteville, Wisconsin.

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along was my trusty RPVI U2, a chunky all EPP six footer with a fast RG-15 airfoil. It breaks down and travels well, almost indestructible in a bundle not too much bigger than a loaf of French bread. I looked at the Pikes Peak overlook a couple of more times during the week. There was plenty of wind, and the U-2 would have undoubtedly flown well in the same lift being used by the eagles, hawks and buzzards. But landing the heavy and fast flying U-2 in tight quarters among a flock of tourists just looked too risky. A Zagi, MOG or Red Herring, or anything that could be landed softly in the bushes would do just fine. Id brought the wrong plane.

View of the Mississippi from the overlook at Pikes Peak State Park, Iowa. Flying here is easy. Landing is hard.

Nancy rides the carp at Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin.

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During the week we found a nice bar and restaurant called Mulligans, across the river in Prairie du Chien. That town is the oldest one in Wisconsin, and was founded in 1673 by Pere Heres a couple of interesting things Jacques Marquette and Lois Jolliet who about Pikes Peak State Park: it is the came down the Wisconsin River and only place I know where you can see became the first Europeans to see the one of the smallest bird in North Mississippi River. (I think they were America, the Ruby Throated Humprobably lost, on their way home from mingbird, within about 50 yards of one Ludington, but Im not sure about of the biggest, the American Bald that.) Marquette, with his typical Gallic Eagle. Pikes Peak hosts flocks of both sense of humor, named the town after hummingbirds and eagles. And bats Fox Indian chief whose name transboxes of little brown bat, and bathlated into French as dog. The town rooms full of bats, too. The bats have became known as Prairie of the Dog, or taken over the eaves of the parks Prairie du Chien. Today the town hosts bathrooms. There is lots of flying going the mid-summer Prairie Dog Blues on at Pikes Peak, day and night. Just Festival. Other attractions include the not me. site of the Battle of Prairie du Chien from the war of 1812, the only battle Also at Pikes Peak is an RV campfought in Wisconsin, an immense ground and a very nice short loop trail Cabelas Outlet Store (good source for that features dozens of Indian mounds, monofilament winch line), and the including a couple of unusual effigy annual Carparee, a sort of Carp Rodeo. mounds in the shape of bears and The town also boasts the worlds birds. largest hand carved wooden carp,

his column is dedicated to soaring vacations. If you have a favorite sailplane saga, consider writing it down for RCSD. If you are planning a vacation that includes your plane and transmitter, consider making notes as you go, and working up an article later. Take photos. Collect maps. And send your story to Tom Nagel at [email protected] for gentle editing and suggestions. Tom R/C Soaring Digest

right outside a shop that sells Fresh Smoked Carp. Sounds like an oxymoron to me. We spent the week in the usual HeathNagel manner, kayaking and boating and hiking and sampling the local brews, of which Lake Louie Lager is a definite keeper. And most importantly we spent it not flying. I was getting serious sailplane withdrawal symptoms, a classic case of GPS. But I had a backup plan! Greg Smith had sent me information about the Platteville Mound, a mile long geological oddity planted in the middle of Wisconsin cow country. It was right on our route home. So as the Heath-Nagel clan made its way back toward Monroe, Wisconsin, the Nagel branch of the clan diverted off into suburban Platteville to check out the mound. The Platteville Mound is not hard to find. You can see it from 15 miles away on a clear day, a long wooded ridge running north and south, and standing a couple of hundred feet above the rolling farmland of southern Wisconsin. The south end is cleared of trees, and has cell phone towers on the top. A giant white M is emblazoned upon the cleared slope. You cant miss it, as they say. Greg told me that there is an access road up to the top, running between the house and out buildings on a local farm. I figured that the farmer might not be ready for The Beverly Hillbillies Go Kayaking, so we drove around to the little park at the base of the giant M instead. There is a loooong set of wooden stairs to the top of the slope, and a marker explaining that this is the worlds largest capital M, created out of white washed rocks in the 1930s by engineering students at the University of Wisconsin. What the marker doesnt explain (but is painfully evident) is that the Wisconsin engineering students were holding the blueprint upside down when they laid out the giant letter. We hiked up the wooden steps, stopping to rest and gasp from time to time, and found there was a light west wind blowing. The slope faces west, and it was time to break out the U-2 again. Rew heaved the plane for me, and it became immediately clear that the winds were way too light for the U-2, which (to paraphrase Monty
September 2002

Python) did no soar so much as it plummeted. It dove and stalled and wobbled down the face of the giant M, glided across the road, over or under the phone lines (not sure which) and across the front lawn of the house across the street, where it disappeared under the lilac bushes with a thump. We hurried down the stairs again to apologize to the home owners. No one was home. Rew called out to me: Hey Dad, the U-2 has done what it does best. It had bounced, popped off both wings, and wound up unharmed under the bushes. No harm, no foul, no flying: a typical HSWT saga. If you pass through Platteville, Wisconsin, and west or southwest wind is blowing, check out the M Mound. Also take a look at the local mining museum, and of course the Lake Louie Lager. Directions to the Giant M Mound can be found on Greg Smiths slope locator site, www.slopeflyer.com or you can look just east of Platteville, Wisconsin on www.topozone.com. It was time to head home. We headed down through Illinois, listening to a

great little jazz and blues station owned by the Illinois State University, WGLT. We stopped to eat at a Cracker Barrel just off the interstate. It turned out we were in the twin cities of Bloomington and Normal Illinois. Under close questioning the waitress admitted that we were actually just inside Bloomington city limits, and that Normal was two streets over. And that, dear reader, is as close to Normal as anyone in my family has ever been. Travel well, fly safely, and write if you get lift.

ZIKA

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BMFA F3J News

Uncle Sydneys Gossip Column 16 by SydneyLenssen, England [email protected] Dateline: 15 August 2002 FINNISH YEAR OF THE SPEAR

pilot would be killed outright and the glider severely damaged, if not written off. How to make the winning margins bigger is the problem taxing F3J, and in particular FAI jury members Sandy Pimenoff, Tomas Bartovsky and Nick Neve. Wider point differences are needed because todays timekeepers need to time flights to two decimal places of a second to get a result. The arithmetic and percentages are easy enough to calculate. The reality is that we are basing results on margins, which are less than any normal timekeepers ability to start his stopwatch exactly as the glider leaves the towline. For many flyers, the essential attraction of F3J is simplicity: launch, thermal away, then land with precision, time and place. Easy! But with World and Euro champs, and increasingly at Eurotour events, the competition becomes launch and landing getting off the line quick, never mind the height, and land with a prod milliseconds before the beep. Thermalling for the top flyers is taken as read, hardly surprising when Alex Hoekstra reckons his Twisters can do 10 minutes in still air with a good launch. Joe Wurts and at least a dozen others seem to find lift or enough shifting air to maintain height whatever the conditions. At Lappeenranta more than 90% of flights flew out slots. Some top pilots are happy with evertighter contests. Karl Hinsch reckons that summer Eurotour events have gone that way, and he enjoys competition with no margin for error. Hes not alone amongst Europes top pilots, Jan Kohout and Michel Wagner think the same.

time. If its grotty, force everyone to scratch for fifteen. That approach could sort out the men from the boys. It puts an onus on the CD, and its interesting to speculate on its effect. But its unlikely to command wide enough support to get CIAM to change rules. Best solution to date, which would upgrade thermal skills the missing ingredient - is to force pilots to leave any thermal lift they have found part way through the slot and find some more. One method would be to set up sight lines as in F3B, 300 to 500 metres from either end of the launch corridor, with judges sighting along two planes at 90 degrees to the launch line. In the first half of the slot, pilots would be required to cross one sight line, left or right, and in the second half of the slot, cross the other. The reward could be say 250 points for crossing both. Such an additional task would require more helpers and perhaps a larger flying site. How to identify each glider has not been solved yet. But it would bring new spice. Any other ideas? For F3J WC 2002, the stake (or nonstake) was forgotten. Admittedly at Lappeenranta airport, it was easy to ensure that the anchor pin was rock solid, so much so that the change in the direction of the flight line was a major operation. But it was done a couple of times, thanks to Czech pressure, for they had had a horrible accident with cross wind launching.

inlands World F3J Championship in Lappeenranta was the spearing champs. If you missed the 100 landing and/or didnt fly 9.50 plus each round, then no fly-off for you. The margin between top qualifier Juraj Adamek from Slovakia at 7,994.65 nine flights, one dropped - and 12th equal place of Canadas Graeme Clark and Germanys Reinhard Vallant at 7,962.33 is the equivalent of dropping 22 seconds over eight rounds, less if you lose any landing points. The fly-off was even tighter. New World Champion Arend Borst beat 1998s WC Joe Wurts into second place by 0.7 points out of 3,000 four rounds with one dropped. That is as near as you can get to 0.7 seconds in the 15 minute fly-offs! And how he did it. For instance, Arend from Canada tied with Australias Carl Strautins in the fourth slot, each with 14 minutes 56.2 seconds plus 100 spot landing. Zoom off halfway up the launch line, or youre gone! Despite such tiny margins, F3J WC 2002 was exciting and unpredictable with victims and heroes each round. What made it a spearing contest was the ground at Lappeenrantas airport, hard bituminous gravel and rock lumps with little protective soil or grass, presumably scrapings from each years frosted runway. Anything other than spearing the nose risked a random slide out of the metre circle. During the Wild Mans Trophy before the champs began, both Joe and Arend landed on the actual spot itself, made of ply, and as a result slid into the 95s. To prevent that, the Canadian team to acclaim replaced all spots with softer material which the nose could pierce. But its a sad outcome of such tight winning margins that todays F3J models must be built to take dunked arrivals, some of them fast. Scaled up to full size equivalent, each and every
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The only rule spat was over reflights. It is impossible for the contest director or his deputy on the line to witness every interference with flight, so it is often left to the timekeeper. One pilot claimed his zoom was impeded when one of his towers almost tripped over a stake left in the ground. His spotter and team manager claimed a reflight Change discussions on and off the field immediately, but that was denied by centered on shorter towlines, down to the timekeeper, one of a band of say 100 or 75 metres. That is no anexcellent volunteers who did a great swer, it just means developing ever job most of the time. So the flyer faster launches, lighter, maybe smaller relaunched. models. It will not take a year to match current launch heights. The contest director ruled out a subsequent claim for a reflight, beThe Japanese suggested that the cause the flyer had gone on. So the contest director should set the slot time team appealed to the jury, who then at six, ten or fifteen minutes at the start deliberated for a long time before of each round, according to the preruling that a reflight should have been vailing conditions. If the air makes for given. They had taken so long that the easy thermalling, then set the shorter reflight came at the end of the next
R/C Soaring Digest

round. That yielded more appeals from other teams who have lost out in similar events.

the No.1 spot.

ranked still higher. Neil kept his cool and was least unnerved. One evening waiting for a late slot around 8:00 pm, the air turned chilly and Neil jogged off to keep himself and more importantly his fingers warm. As newcomer to international events, Neil thrived best. Mike had the very worst of luck in practice before the champs, piling into the taxiway and destroying his Starlight on launch, still on the line. I say his but it wasnt. It was Dave Easts Starlight, Mikes reserve, which made it even more of a loss. Then to cap it all, his first contest round was poor with less than 600, sure to be the throwaway. All very demoralising, and Mike did well to recover reasonable scores in most - not all - of the remaining rounds. So by Monday night, in my mind we had one out, but two still in with a chance. Simon started well with a 987 and his first Finnish 1000, then a 990 and tragedy in the 4th slot - a bummer. So Tuesday, again to my mind, gave us two down, one to go. Lets put this in context: my presumption was that if the UK team all got 9 minutes 50 plus, and 100 or perhaps 95 landing points, then they should reach the flyoff. On that basis, Neil was still in. But by Wednesday, feeling more relaxed and with time to spare, study of the scores showed that I was kidding myself. Some slots had flyers scoring 9 minutes 50 plus spot landing and coming sixth. My one down and two to go was rubbish. Reality was that all three UK flyers were out of the flyoff by the end of the first day, barring catastrophes by lots of others. Plenty of well known favourites Philip Kolb, Alex Hoekstra, Jan Kohout amongst them made the odd error landing 10 seconds early or making 65 points on landing, and they were out. In my opinion, this years UK team performed as well if not better than any over the past four years, and we had the luxury of six keen and fit towmen. Anticipating the start became second nature with the standard recorded countdown, soon to be
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His mother, holidaying about 100 km away, stayed away from Lappeenranta In its wisdom the jury produced a during the week, frightened that she matrix of what constitutes grounds for would increase the tension. But she a reflight. They should not have tried, was there to share Saturdays last two for that produced even more confusion flyoff rounds. He could not be beaten and highlighted conflicts in the current after the third round of the flyoffs, rules. when he flew out in the first and only slot that morning in mostly dead still My bet is that CIAM will eventually air. Even so, with spotter Philip Kolb, not allow reflights, full stop, during he found enough buoyancy to keep his launch or in the slot. If flyers choose to Sharon up for the full 15 minutes, a fly close and are impeded, then that is true champ winning performance. a risk they have chosen to take. Bad luck to those who gamble and fail. Hand it to the German Junior team, That will discourage flocking in the winners again, for the third time. same tight patch of lift. It will mean Which country can wrest that title more launch risk if you zoom close to a away? With more than 30 juniors less experienced pilot. flying regularly in the German League, some of them filling the top slots in the Juries should take heed: dont try to senior league, F3J has an assured clarify the rulebook during the event - future there. a sure recipe for trouble. Be the high and mighty gods who rule without One bet that I did lose was with fear or favour! Australian correspondent Ian Roach who objected to my low expectations +++ for Australia. I bet him subsequently Let me not crow, but Julys gossip that UKs Simon Jackson would beat column gave Arend Borst as hot tip to his favourite, Carl Strautins, and I now win F3J WC 2002. Behold, he did owe him. Mind you, Carl had both only just. A popular winner, modest in mum and dad loyally supporting the nicest way, he is always ready to prowess in Lappeenranta, and they share his experiences and tips. Everyenjoyed themselves. one was pleased for Canada, hosts for the 2004 world champs just outside +++ Calgary. The team performed well above everybodys expectation in The UK team performance? My view second place. With two in the flyoff, of events: eight of us flew in the Wild Canada matched the might of the Mans Trophy on the Saturday, which Swedes, German and Czech teams. gave lessons on where to go behind Well done. the hanger dodging the pines if you missed the main lift. The site had I am confident they will do equally thermals galore most of the week, with well in organising F3J WC 2004 as the only the odd early and late slot providbest of all champs so far, so start ing challenges. But the hanger proved saving for that transatlantic voyage. valid most of the week. My long odds bet, Denmarks Jesper Jensen, footed the flyoff table after placing 7th in the preliminary rounds, a worthy performance, as indeed it was for anyone to reach the finals. Finlands neighbour Sweden did well with Pasi Vaisanen in 3rd place and Soren Svantesson in 12th place. Happiest two guys on the airfield were the Lammleins, Tobias the new junior world champ and his father Stephan, German junior team manager. Toby has been on the winners rostrum three times before, and desperately wanted
September 2002

British results look modest on paper and again disappointing, to no one more than the three flyers themselves and their helpers. They hide especially the bitter personal disappointments and disillusion for Mike Raybone and Simon Jackson plus Phil. Of the three, Neil Jones did best and to his delight he crept into the top 30! In all fairness, he did not have a slot where he couldnt catch the bunch with the lift, not that that is always easy! If he could have nailed a few more 100s in landing he would have

adopted here. On the buzzer the helper seemed to work well and was a delight simply launches. Landings were not to watch. up to 95 or 100. The Japanese team came with hlgs If pressed to point a weakness, its a again, as in Corfu, still the simple reluctance to hack it in light shifting rudder/elevator, light balsa/foam lift which cost dear in a few slots, and wing, carbon kevlar fuselage, but this thats not surprising for such weather time SALing. What heights they could patterns in England are rare. Top pilots reach, followed either by super tight just circle gently and slowly at times thermalling or a display of amazing when all is almost still, waiting pastunts before coming back to hand. If tiently, not going up or down, until a Shuhei Okamoto who manufactures wisp of lift gradually builds. Few UK them for Craft Room in Japan would flyers see it that way. They want and sell these in UK, he would have a look for stronger lift. Leave the pack, winner. Even Joe Wurts was imand chances are they are doomed and pressed. down. British F3J standards have gone up. Snag is that standards in several Alex Wunschheim, the German team other countries have gone up more. manager who is also Eurotours F3K coordinator, had his hlg too, also The UK team held together in spirit. impressive but far higher tech. The We had a great time, spent too much Japanese took out his complete tail in a money not all at local nightclub Doris collision when the two launched or McDonalds - and shared in the together too closely, Philip Kolb delights of a closely contested champi- having warned that it could happen onship set in a very different holiday seconds before. town. +++ I enjoyed Larry Jollys electric ornithopter, which looked for all the Memories of F3J WC 2002: world like a real bird of prey. It flew here are a few. for 7/8 minutes, could climb to good heights, hover and land in the hand irst, best thanks to CD Erkki Arima just like a falcon. Hope to get more and his team. He cut most of the details of that soon. crap and got on with it, not always easy with lots of languages and an Joe Wurts is normally a most modest operational airport. His scoring and guy, and another delightful chatterbox. computer team was superb. From time to time he shows off. During the main contest, he limited Other organisational matters went that to spins or distance laps on the adrift. Where was the WC landing approach when space allowed. Programme? The final banquet was a disaster, even prize-winning teams did But during the Wild Mans trophy, he not get in. At the prize-giving certhermalled most of one slot inverted. emony, wrong anthems were played. In another round, he put his transmitMany competitors felt they were ter down on the ground and lay down overcharged for what they got. behind his spotter, not touching the sticks for all of two minutes. When the model needed a Thanks to all the Turks who helped correction, he used UK team again and again. his toe. What made it memorable was Smallest junior competitor was Jouni that in the second Lauren from Finland, and he was flyoff round, he lost unusual in that his spotter was also a his landing bonus junior. (Maybe CIAM should think of and top prize when making that a rule, by the way!) They the model slid and had a delightful way of working hit his foot. together, so simple and I have never seen it before. If the spotter advised But theres a moving left, he tapped the left shoulpurpose to this tale. der; similarly for right. If he wanted My lesson from a you to come nearer, the tapped the middle of the back, forward he tapped week of fantastic flying is that the the back of the head. The system

best flyers models seem to fly themselves for long periods, a minute or more is not unusual. Then the pilot spends his time looking round the skies and reading the air. It takes me all my time to make sure I dont lose sight of the thing. One more tale, not from Finland but Interglide, the weekend before. My group was short and we had the good fortune to be joined by Australians Carl Strautins and team manager Daniel Haskell. Both Carl and ex-UK junior Andrew Taylor made the flyoff. At the end of the two days, both Aussies taught me ways of saying cheers. The Aussies found it remarkable that so many people in Kent were drinking beers between slots. Alcohol and model flying are not mixed downunder. Now that could explain why we dont take the top places these days. I wont be rooting for an early Australian F3J WC! End of gossip.

ZIKA

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R/C Soaring Digest

Jer's Workbench

Jerry Slates 556 Funston Drive No, we were not there while he was Santa Rosa, CA 95407 writing his book, but weve seen him [email protected] work creating presentations, drawing

provide in the validation of sailplanes designed and built between the years 1945-1965.

Sailplanes 1945-1965 Written by Martin Simons

A Book Review

ost of you are probably well aware of Martin Simons works, as hes been involved in gliding, both full size and R/C for more than 50 years. Over the years he has piloted about 150 different types of sailplanes and earned a well deserved Gold C Badge and two Diamonds. He is a first class, accomplished R/C sailplane designer, builder and flier. Martin has authored many books over the years including Sailplanes 19201945, Sailplanes by Schweizer, and Model Aircraft Aerodynamics, three of my favorites. And, in his spare time, hes written many magazine articles for all of us, many of which appeared in past years as a series in RCSD. Martins newest book, recently released, is Sailplanes 1945-1965. And, for me, its not a book best left laying on a coffee table, even though its beautifully bound, numbering 272 pages. Nope, this is a book destined to be read cover to cover, and more than once. The detailing on the 3-view drawings is absolutely amazing, and is accompanied with B&W or full-color photography and accurate historical tidbits and facts. Before I provide a bit more detail on the book, itself, I guess I should explain insight gained over the years where Martins writings are concerned. I feel I need to convey exactly why Martins 3-view drawings are amazing and whats so important about having accurate tidbits and facts. Martin carefully researched, and validated the accuracy on each and every plane in this book. He traveled to many countries searching for plans and any information that could be found buried in archives, corresponding with anyone who could assist or
September 2002

3-views from scratch using a professional graphics design program, following up on leads or modifications for two books, editing, and the like. Boy, is he a stickler for accuracy. (Any student fortunate enough to attend his classes at Adelaide, in Australia, must surely have been suitably impressed!) You may be wondering why I felt it important to tell you a bit about Martin. Its simple. This is supposed to be a book review, but how does one do a review on something where theres nothing to compare and all the history and findings took painstaking research obtained over many years from sources, some of which can no longer be found? Simply said, Im pleased to have the opportunity to read Martins new release first hand and personally thank him through the pages of RCSD for all hes done for not only us RCSD readers, but for the history hes managed to preserve for all soaring enthusiasts! And back to the book... I traveled from Argentina to Yugoslawien, the first section being about The Old Tradition, in alphabetical order. I was captivated by stories covering sailplanes like the ever popular Grunau Baby-4 and Schweizer SGs 2-22. Unusual sailplanes rarely heard of include the Scnneider ES 526 Longwing Kookaburra and the PIK 5 Cumulus.

The next section, Part 2, focused on laminar flow, smooth skin. In this section, I read that in 1948, no American designer had produced a sailplane with a glide ratio better than 30:1. However, Dick Johnson and Harland Ross wanted something better. So, using their RJ-5, they spent thousands of hours re-working the RJ-5 and, by 1952, achieved a glide ratio of 40:1. Part 3 takes us to the subject of glass ships, new materials and new problems. Since glass-reinforced (GRP) structures are relatively new, much had to be learned. These new materials were strong in tension and compression, but were highly elastic; in time, these problems were worked out. Some of the first GRP sailplanes include the Hirth Hi-25 Kria, Braunschweig SB-6, and Glasflugel BS1. Well, I found some great information for building my next scale model and, if any of you are looking for this kind of information, Sailplanes 1945-1965 is available in the U.S.A. from: Raul Blacksten P.O. Box 307 Maywood, CA 90270 [email protected] Additional ordering information can be found on page 18 of the May 2002 issue of RCSD. The cost is $64.95 plus $4 p&h, U.S.A. For those of you outside the U.S.A., the book is available in German and English versions from Equip Publishers in Knigswinter, Germany; or, Aviation Bookshop in London, VGC Sales Department, Midland County Publications.

ZIKA

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By Greg Smith of slopeflyer.com [email protected] http://www.slopeflyer.com

The Slopers Resource

Prodij 60-inch Racer from Aeromod

seam. Some guys may want to take some time to smooth the fuse and repaint it. It does not bother me so I did not waste time on it. The tail is a sandwich of balsa, fiberglass and balsa with the glass acting as the hinge. Simple, but strong and effective.

we were going, but it was fast for sure. Several people thought the plane must have been destroyed. As it turns out just a small hole was punched in the nose cone and the tail boom cracked; easy enough repair and it is stronger now.

very sloper needs the proper tools to take advantage of the slope experience and while almost any sailplane will fly at the slope, purpose built planes make the experience much better. Having a diverse arsenal at your disposal helps even more as specific planes are better suited to certain conditions than others. I plan to review slope planes from time to time and there is no better time than the present to get to it. So, without further ado, I bring you the Prodij 60-inch slope racer from Aeromod in France. The Prodij is a sailplane intended for high performance slope flight, racing in the 60 class and for use with the catapults or bungee launch systems. Its small size makes it very handy without conceding too much performance. It is manufactured in France by Aeromod and is available in the US from F3x.com. The wing is very strong and is made from carbon and glass. The top surface is formed in a mold and the bottom is bagged. It is not quite as pretty as a fully molded wing, but it is much more durable. Ive whacked several saplings at one local slope with a postage stamp for an LZ and the Prodij bounces back for more. The ailerons go all the way to the tip and are 30 % of the chord allowing the pilot to significantly alter the airfoil through the use of the ailerons as flaps. The wing sits on top of a small pylon. This lets the ailerons meet in the middle with no interference from the fuse and is important because all the servos are inside the fuse. This setup gives the Prodij a very clean design and allows for effective use of the wing over a wide variety of conditions. The fuse is a lighter lay-up than some slope ships I have but it is reasonably durable, even more so after a bit of crash damage repair. (Around here we fly at some spots with questionable landing spots or we dont fly!) The slip on nose cone also adds some strength up front. The fuse has fairly prominent

I had the Prodij DSing in South Dakota on a recent Slopin Safari and it kicks butt. I noticed in previous flights that it handles like a larger plane and the same holds true in the DS circuit, especially The servos mount to a ply palette and with the ballast. It covers lots of ground the palette is in turn screwed to the and really retains energy well. I was side of the fuse. I mounted mine on the getting 400-500 foot punchouts after left side of the fuse and there is enough building up the speed! room on the right to Shoo-Goo a 12 inch long piece of 1/2-inch diameter The Prodij flies a bit differently than PVC electrical conduit for use as a most other planes. You can fly it like a ballast tube. I can get about 12 oz. with conventional 60-inch racer and it will a steel bar and more with lead, alalready be as quick or quicker than though I have not cast the lead piece most. But if you really want to extract yet. On this plane 12 oz. is pretty good. the most performance make sure you The thing is already fast because of the set up your radio to use the left thin airfoil and the clean wing so the (throttle) stick to work the trailing edge weight helps it really cook. as flaps. To get the plane to fly in lighter lift and really haul in heavier condiA building note tions, you have to be able to add camber or reflex proportionally. I have the flap The recommended silicone hinges for set at neutral when the left stick is in the the ailerons are cool, but watch out for middle and am constantly using the left a reaction between the silicone you use stick to change the wing to maximize and the tape that holds the ailerons in what I am doing. This is the way the place while the silicone is drying. My designer intended the plane to be flown combo of GE Silicone II and 3M blue and a significant performance gain can painters masking tape was not the hot be realized by taking the time to learn setup so I had to redo it. There was the slightly unorthodox style. some reaction between the adhesive on the tape and the silicone. Lay a bead The best part about the plane, besides on the proposed masking tape and how well it flies and the durability, has wait a day to see if the silicone cures to be the price. $215 last time I checked. properly. (This tip applies to any plane If you are interested in one, call or eusing silicone hinges). mail Tom at F3x.com. I used this plane for the Unlimited Class at the Midwest Slope Challenge in 2001 and was very impressed with how fast it was in the light conditions. Several people commented on how quickly it accelerated when the nose was pushed down. In fact the acceleration helped me win one of the heats as we both dove for the finish line. Ive mentioned this before but the underwhelming response prompted me to mention it again, I am looking for slope stories from your experiences, from years past or days past. We want to know about your homebrew slope planes, construction techniques or thoughts on your new foamie. Especially if you are planning on producing a new slope plane or product for sale! The durability of the plane was also We all want to know about it. RCSD is a tested at the MWSC in a race where the super resource and in all likelihood the wind had come up allowing some only pure R/C soaring magazine left in good height to be gained before the existence. Contributing an article from start and as my competition and I dove time to time will only strengthen an for the starting line, holding until the already great magazine. If you are last possible second to pull through, interested send a note to about 2 feet off the deck, he bounced [email protected]. off the top of my Prodij slamming me into the ground. I am not sure how fast Until next time...
R/C Soaring Digest

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Classified ads are free of charge to subscribers provided the ad is personal in nature and does not refer to a business enterprise. Classified ads that refer to a business enterprise are charged $5.00/ month and are limited to a maximum of 40 words. RCSD has neither the facilities or the staff to investigate advertising claims. However, please notify RCSD if any misrepresentation occurs. Personal ads are run for one month and are then deleted automatically. If you have items that might be hard to sell, you may run the ad for 2-3 months. PARACHUTES: $12.50 (includes S&H U.S.A.) Send check or money order to Dale King, 1111 Highridge Drive, Wylie, TX 75098; (972) 475-8093. Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data - Volume 3 is really two volumes in one book. Michael Selig and his students couldnt complete the book on series 3 before series 4 was well along, so decided to combine the two series in a single volume of 444 pages. This issue contains much that is new and interesting. The wind tunnel has been improved significantly and pitching moment measurement was added to its capability. 37 airfoils were tested. Many had multiple tests with flaps or turbulation of various configurations. All now have the tested pitching moment data included. Vol 3 is available for $35. Shipping in the USA add $6 for the postage and packaging costs. The international postal surcharge is $8 for surface mail to anywhere, air mail to Europe $20, Asia/Africa $25, and the Pacific Rim $27. Volumes 1 (1995) and 2 (1996) are also available, as are computer disks containing the tabulated data from each test series. For more information contact: SoarTech, Herk Stokely, 1504 N. Horseshoe Circle, Virginia Beach, VA 23451 U.S.A., phone (757) 428-8064, e-mail <[email protected]>. Internet soaring mailing listserve linking hundreds of soaring pilots worldwide. Send msg. containing the word "subscribe" to [email protected]. The "digestified" version that combines all msgs. each day into one msg. is recommended for dial-up users on the Internet, AOL, CIS, etc. Subscribe using [email protected]. Post msgs. to [email protected]. For more info., contact Michael Lachowski at [email protected]. BBS/Internet Reference Material For Sale - Business

Classified Advertising Policy

T.W.I.T.T. is a non-profit organization whose membership seeks to promote the research and development of flying wings and other tailless aircraft by providing a forum for the exchange of ideas and experiences on an international basis. T.W.I.T.T. is affiliated with The Hunsaker Foundation which is dedicated to furthering education and research in a variety of disciplines. Full information package including one back issue of newsletter is $2.50 US ($3.00 foreign). Subscription rates are $20.00 (US) or $30.00 (Foreign) per year for 12 issues. T.W.I.T.T., P.O. Box 20430 El Cajon, CA 92021

T.W.I.T.T. (The Wing Is The Thing)

The League of Silent Flight (LSF) is an international fraternity of RC Soaring pilots who have earned the right to become members by achieving specific goals in soaring flight. There are no dues. Once you qualify for membership you are in for life. The LSF program consists of five Achievement Levels. These levels contain specific soaring tasks to be completed prior to advancement to the next level. Send for your aspirant form, today: League of Silent Flight c/o AMA P.O. Box 3028 Muncie, IN 47302-1028 U.S.A. http://www.silentflight.org

Sailplane Homebuilders Association (SHA) A Division of the Soaring Society of America The purpose of the Sailplane Homebuilders Association is to stimulate interest in full-size sailplane design and construction by homebuilders. To establish classes, standards, categories, where applicable. To desiminate information relating to construction techniques, materials, theory and related topics. To give recognition for noteworthy designs and accomplishments. SHA publishes the bi-monthly Sailplane Builder newsletter. Membership cost: $15 U.S. Student (3rd Class Mail), $21 U.S. Regular Membership (3rd Class Mail), $30 U.S. Regular Membership (1st Class Mail), $29 for All Other Countries (Surface Mail). Sailplane Homebuilders Association Dan Armstrong, Sec./Treas. 21100 Angel Street Tehachapi, CA 93561 U.S.A.

International Scale Soaring Association

There is a growing interest in scale soaring in the U.S. We are dedicated to all aspects of scale soaring. Scale soaring festivals and competitions all year. Source for information on plans, kits, accessories and other people interested in scale. For more information: web site: www.soaringissa.org The Eastern Soaring League (ESL) is a confederation of Soaring Clubs, spread across the MidAtlantic and New England areas, committed to high-quality R/C Soaring competition. AMA Sanctioned soaring competitions provide the basis for ESL contests. Further guidelines are continuously developed and applied in a drive to achieve the highest quality competitions possible. Typical ESL competition weekends feature 7, or more, rounds per day with separate contests on Saturday and Sunday. Year-end champions are crowned in a two-class pilot skill structure providing competition opportunities for a large spectrum of pilots. Additionally, the ESL offers a Rookie Of The Year program for introduction of new flyers to the joys of R/C Soaring competition. Continuing with the 20+ year tradition of extremely enjoyable flying, the 1999 season will include 14 weekend competitions in HLG, 2-M, F3J, F3B, and Unlimited soaring events. Come on out and try the ESL, make some new friends and enjoy camaraderie that can only be found amongst R/C Soaring enthusiasts! ESL Web Site: http://www.e-s-l.org ESL President (99-00): Tom Kiesling (814) 255-7418 or [email protected]

Books by Martin Simons: "World's Vintage Sailplanes, 1908-45", "Slingsby Sailplanes", "German Air Attach", "Sailplanes by Schweizer". Send inquiries to: Raul Blacksten, P.O. Box 307, Maywood, CA 90270, <[email protected]>. To view summary of book info.: http://home.earthlink.net/~raulb

September 2002

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