Table of endocrine glands and secreted hormones This is a table of the glands of the endocrine system, and their

secreted hormones. [edit] Hypothalamus

Secreted hormone

Abbreviation

From cells

Effect

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone

TRH

Parvocellular neurosecretory neurons

Release thyroid-stimulating hormone from anterior pituitary (primarily) Stimulate prolactin release from anterior pituitary.

Gonadotropin-releasing GnRH hormone

Neuroendocine cells of the Preoptic area

Release of FSH and LH from anterior pituitary.

Growth hormonereleasing hormone

GHRH

Neuroendocrine neurons Release GH from anterior pituitary of the Arcuate nucleus

Corticotropin-releasing CRH hormone

Parvocellular neurosecretory neurons

Release ACTH from anterior pituitary

Contraction of cervix and vagina Oxytocin Magnocellular neurosecretory cells Involved in orgasm, trust between people.[5] and circadian homeostasis (body temperature, activity level, wakefulness).[6] release breast milk Increases permeability of distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct to water in the nephrons of the kidney, thus increasing water reabsorbtion. Inhibit release of GH and TSH from anterior pituitary

Vasopressin

ADH or AVP

Parvocellular neurosecretory neurons Neuroendocrine cells of the Periventricular nucleus

Somatostatin, also growth hormone-inhibiting SS or GHIH hormone Prolactin inhibiting hormone or Dopamine Prolactin-releasing hormone PIH or DA PRH

Dopamine neurons of the Inhibit release of prolactin and TSH from anterior arcuate nucleus pituitary Release prolactin from anterior pituitary

[edit] Pineal body (epiphysis)

Secreted hormone

From cells

Effect

Melatonin (Primarily)

Pinealocytes

antioxidant and causes drowsiness

[edit] Pituitary gland (hypophysis) [edit] Anterior pituitary lobe (adenohypophysis)

Secreted hormone

Abbreviation

From cells

Effect

Growth hormone

GH

Somatotropes

stimulates growth and cell reproduction Release Insulin-like growth factor 1 from liver

Prolactin

PRL

Lactotropes Corticotropes Corticotropes Thyrotropes

milk production in mammary glands sexual gratification after sexual acts synthesis of corticosteroids (glucocorticoids and androgens) in adrenocortical cells lipolysis and steroidogenesis, stimulates melanocytes to produce melanin stimulates thyroid gland to secrete thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) In female: stimulates maturation of Graafian follicles in ovary.

Adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH or corticotropin Lipotropin Thyroid-stimulating hormone TSH or thyrotropin

Follicle-stimulating hormone FSH

Gonadotropes In male: spermatogenesis, enhances production of androgen-binding protein by the Sertoli cells of the testes In female: ovulation

Luteinizing hormone

LH

Gonadotropes In male: stimulates Leydig cell production of testosterone

[edit] Posterior pituitary lobe (neurohypophysis)

Secreted hormone

Abbreviation

From cells

Effect

Contraction of cervix and vagina Oxytocin Magnocellular neurosecretory cells Involved in orgasm, trust between people.[5] and circadian homeostasis (body temperature, activity level, wakefulness). [6] release breast milk retention of water in kidneys moderate vasoconstriction

Vasopressin or antidiuretic hormone

Magnocellular AVP or ADH neurosecretory cells

Oxytocin and anti-diuretic hormone are not secreted in the posterior lobe, merely stored. [edit] Intermediate pituitary lobe (pars intermedia)

Secreted hormone

Abbreviation

From cells

Effect

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone MSH

Melanotroph melanogenesis by melanocytes in skin and hair.

[edit] Thyroid

Secreted hormone

Abbreviation

From cells

Effect

Triiodothyronine

T3

potent form of thyroid hormone: increase the basal Thyroid epithelial metabolic rate & sensitivity to catecholamines, cell affect protein synthesis less active form of thyroid hormone: increase the basal Thyroid epithelial metabolic rate & sensitivity to catecholamines, cells affect protein synthesis, often functions as a prohormone Construct bone Parafollicular cells reduce blood Ca2+

Thyroxine or tetraiodothyronine

T4

Calcitonin

[edit] Parathyroid

Secreted hormone Abbreviation

From cells

Effect

increase blood Ca2+:

Parathyroid hormone

PTH

Parathyroid chief cell

indirectly stimulate osteoclasts Ca2+ reabsorption in kidney activate vitamin D

(Slightly) decrease blood phosphate:

decreased reuptake in kidney but increased uptake from bones activate vitamin D

[edit] Heart

Secreted hormone

Abbreviation

From cells

Effect

Atrial-natriuretic peptide

ANP

Cardiac myocytes

Reduce blood pressure by: reducing systemic vascular resistance, reducing blood water, sodium and fats

(To a lesser degree than ANP) reduce blood pressure by: Brain natriuretic peptide BNP Cardiac myocytes reducing systemic vascular resistance, reducing blood water, sodium and fats

[edit] Striated muscle

Secreted hormone

From cells

Effect

Thrombopoietin

Myocytes

stimulates megakaryocytes to produce platelets[7]

[edit] Skin

Secreted hormone

From cells

Effect

Calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3)

Inactive form of Vitamin D3

[edit] Adipose tissue

Secreted hormone

From cells

Effect

Leptin (Primarily)

Adipocytes

decrease of appetite and increase of metabolism.

Estrogens[8] (mainly Estrone)

Adipocytes

[edit] Stomach

Secreted hormone

Abbreviation

From cells

Effect

Gastrin (Primarily)

G cells Secretion of gastric acid by parietal cells

Ghrelin Neuropeptide Y NPY Secretin

P/D1 cells

Stimulate appetite, secretion of growth hormone from anterior pituitary gland increased food intake and decreased physical activity

S cells

Secretion of bicarbonate from liver, pancreas and duodenal Brunner's glands

Enhances effects of cholecystokinin Stops production of gastric juice Suppress release of gastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK), secretin, motilin, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), enteroglucagon Lowers rate of gastric emptying Reduces smooth muscle contractions and blood flow within the intestine.[9] Histamine Endothelin [edit] Duodenum ECL cells stimulate gastric acid secretion

Somatostatin

D cells

X cells Smooth muscle contraction of stomach[10]

Secreted hormone

From cells

Effect

Cholecystokinin

I cells

Release of digestive enzymes from pancreas Release of bile from gallbladder hunger suppressant

[edit] Liver

Secreted hormone

Abbreviation From cells

Effect

Insulin-like growth factor (or somatomedin) IGF (Primarily)

Hepatocytes

insulin-like effects regulate cell growth and development vasoconstriction

Angiotensinogen and angiotensin

Hepatocytes

release of aldosterone from adrenal cortex dipsogen. stimulates megakaryocytes to produce platelets[7]

Thrombopoietin [edit] Pancreas

Hepatocytes

Secreted hormone

From cells

Effect

Insulin (Primarily)

Islet cells

Intake of glucose, glycogenesis and glycolysis in liver and muscle from blood intake of lipids and synthesis of triglycerides in adipocytes Other anabolic effects

Glucagon (Also Primarily)

glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in liver Islet cells increases blood glucose level

Inhibit release of insulin[11] Somatostatin Pancreatic polypeptide [edit] Kidney Islet cells Inhibit release of glucagon[11] Suppress the exocrine secretory action of pancreas. PP cells Unknown

Secreted hormone

From cells

Effect

Renin (Primarily)

Juxtaglomerular cells

Activates the renin-angiotensin system by producing angiotensin I of angiotensinogen

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Extraglomerular mesangial cells

Stimulate erythrocyte production

Calcitriol (1,25dihydroxyvitamin D3) Thrombopoietin [edit] Adrenal glands [edit] Adrenal cortex

Active form of vitamin D3 Increase absorption of calcium and phosphate from gastrointestinal tract and kidneys inhibit release of PTH stimulates megakaryocytes to produce platelets[7]

Secreted hormone

From cells

Effect

Stimulation of gluconeogenesis Glucocorticoids (chiefly zona fasciculata and cortisol) zona reticularis cells Inhibition of glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue Mobilization of amino acids from extrahepatic tissues Stimulation of fat breakdown in adipose tissue anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive Mineralocorticoids (chiefly aldosterone) Zona glomerulosa cells Increase blood volume by reabsorption of sodium in kidneys (primarily) Potassium and H+ secretion in kidney. Androgens (including Zona fasciculata and Virilization, anabolic DHEA and testosterone) Zona reticularis cells [edit] Adrenal medulla

Secreted hormone

From cells

Effect

Fight-or-flight response: Adrenaline (epinephrine) (Primarily)

Chromaffin cells

Boost the supply of oxygen and glucose to the brain and muscles (by increasing heart rate and stroke volume, vasodilation, increasing catalysis of glycogen in liver, breakdown of lipids in fat cells) Dilate the pupils Suppress non-emergency bodily processes (e.g., digestion) Suppress immune system

Fight-or-flight response: Noradrenaline (norepinephrine) Chromaffin cells

Boost the supply of oxygen and glucose to the brain and muscles (by increasing heart rate and stroke volume, vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure, breakdown of lipids in fat cells) Increase skeletal muscle readiness.

Dopamine Enkephalin [edit] Testes

Chromaffin cells Chromaffin cells

Increase heart rate and blood pressure Regulate pain

Secreted hormone

From cells

Effect

Androgens (chiefly testosterone)

Leydig cells

Anabolic: growth of muscle mass and strength, increased bone density, growth and strength, Virilizing: maturation of sex organs, formation of scrotum, deepening of voice, growth of beard and axillary hair.

Estradiol Inhibin [edit] Ovary

Sertoli cells Sertoli cells

Prevent apoptosis of germ cells[12] Inhibit production of FSH

These originate either from the ovarian follicle or the corpus luteum.

Secreted hormone

From cells

Effect

Progesterone

Granulosa cells, theca cells

Support pregnancy[13]:

Convert endometrium to secretory stage Make cervical mucus permeable to sperm. Inhibit immune response, e.g., towards the human embryo

Decrease uterine smooth muscle contractility[13] Inhibit lactation Inhibit onset of labor.

Other:

Raise epidermal growth factor-1 levels Increase core temperature during ovulation[14] Reduce spasm and relax smooth muscle (widen bronchi and regulate mucus)

Anti-inflammatory

Reduce gall-bladder activity[15] Normalize blood clotting and vascular tone, zinc and copper levels, cell oxygen levels, and use of fat stores for energy Assist in thyroid function and bone growth by osteoblasts Increase resilience in bone, teeth, gums, joint, tendon, ligament, and skin Promote healing by regulating collagen Provide nerve function and healing by regulating myelin Prevent endometrial cancer by regulating effects of estrogen

Androstenedione Estrogens (mainly estradiol)

Theca cells Granulosa cells

Substrate for estrogen Structural:

Promote formation of female secondary sex characteristics Accelerate height growth Accelerate metabolism (burn fat) Reduce muscle mass Stimulate endometrial growth Increase uterine growth Maintain blood vessels and skin Reduce bone resorption, increase bone formation

Protein synthesis:

Increase hepatic production of binding proteins

Coagulation:

Increase circulating level of factors 2, 7, 9, 10, antithrombin III, plasminogen Increase platelet adhesiveness Increase HDL, triglyceride, height growth Decrease LDL, fat deposition

Fluid balance:

Regulate salt (sodium) and water retention Increase growth hormone Increase cortisol, SHBG

Gastrointestinal tract:

Reduce bowel motility Increase cholesterol in bile

Melanin:

Increase pheomelanin, reduce eumelanin

Cancer:

Support hormone-sensitive breast cancers [16] (Suppression of production in the body of estrogen is a treatment for these cancers.)

Lung function:

Promote lung function by supporting alveoli.[17]

Inhibin

Granulosa cells

Inhibit production of FSH from anterior pituitary

[edit] Placenta (when pregnant)

Secreted hormone

Abbreviation

From cells

Effect

Support pregnancy[13]:

Progesterone (Primarily)

Inhibit immune response, towards the fetus. Decrease uterine smooth muscle contractility[13] Inhibit lactation Inhibit onset of labor. Support fetal production of adrenal mineralo- and glucosteroids.

Other effects on mother similar to ovarian follicleprogesterone Estrogens (mainly Estriol) (Also Primarily) Human chorionic gonadotropin Effects on mother similar to ovarian follicle estrogen promote maintenance of corpus luteum during beginning of pregnancy HCG Syncytiotrophoblast Inhibit immune response, towards the human embryo. increase production of insulin and IGF-1 Human placental lactogen Inhibin [edit] Uterus (when pregnant) HPL Syncytiotrophoblast Fetal Trophoblasts increase insulin resistance and carbohydrate intolerance suppress FSH

Secreted hormone

Abbreviation

From cells

Effect

Prolactin

PRL

Decidual cells

milk production in mammary glands

Relaxin

Decidual cells

Unclear in humans and animals