Prerequisites

Requirements
There are no specific prerequisites for this document.

Components Used
This document is not restricted to specific software and hardware versions.

Additional Information
If definitions are helpful to you, use these vocabulary terms to get you started:

AddressThe unique number ID assigned to one host or interface in a network. SubnetA portion of a network sharing a particular subnet address. Subnet maskA 32-bit combination used to describe which portion of an address refers to the subnet and which part refers to the host. InterfaceA network connection.

If you have already received your legitimate address(es) from the Internet Network Information Center (InterNIC), you are ready to begin. If you do not plan to connect to the Internet, Cisco strongly suggests that you use reserved addresses from RFC 1918 .

Conventions
Refer to Cisco Technical Tips Conventions for more information on document conventions.

Understanding IP Addresses
An IP address is an address used to uniquely identify a device on an IP network. The address is made up of 32 binary bits which can be divisible into a network portion and host portion with the help of a subnet mask. The 32 binary bits are broken into four octets (1 octet = 8 bits). Each octet is converted to decimal and separated by a period (dot). For this reason, an IP address is said to be expressed in dotted decimal format (for example, 172.16.81.100). The value in each octet ranges from 0 to 255 decimal, or 00000000 - 11111111 binary. Here is how binary octets convert to decimal: The right most bit, or least significant bit, of an octet holds a value of 20. The bit just to the left of that holds a value of 21. This continues until the leftmost bit, or most significant bit, which holds a value of 27. So if all binary bits are a one, the decimal equivalent would be 255 as shown here:
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 (128+64+32+16+8+4+2+1=255)

Here is a sample octet conversion when not all of the bits are set to 1.
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 64 0 0 0 0 0 1 (0+64+0+0+0+0+0+1=65)

And this is sample shows an IP address represented in both binary and decimal.
10. 1. 23. 19 (decimal) 00001010.00000001.00010111.00010011 (binary)

These octets are broken down to provide an addressing scheme that can accommodate large and small networks. There are five different classes of networks, A to E. This document focuses on addressing classes A to C, since classes D and E are reserved and discussion of them is beyond the scope of this document. Note: Also note that the terms "Class A, Class B" and so on are used in this document to help facilitate the understanding of IP addressing and subnetting. These terms are rarely used in the industry anymore because of the introduction of classless interdomain routing (CIDR). Given an IP address, its class can be determined from the three high-order bits. Figure 1 shows the significance in the three high order bits and the range of addresses that fall into each class. For informational purposes, Class D and Class E addresses are also shown. Figure 1

In a Class A address, the first octet is the network portion, so the Class A example in Figure 1 has a major network address of 1.0.0.0 - 127.255.255.255. Octets 2, 3, and 4 (the next 24 bits) are for the network manager to divide into subnets and hosts as he/she sees fit. Class A addresses are used for networks that have more than 65,536 hosts (actually, up to 16777214 hosts!). In a Class B address, the first two octets are the network portion, so the Class B example in Figure 1 has a major network address of 128.0.0.0 - 191.255.255.255. Octets 3 and 4 (16 bits) are for local subnets and hosts. Class B addresses are used for networks that have between 256 and 65534 hosts. In a Class C address, the first three octets are the network portion. The Class C example in Figure 1 has a major network address of 192.0.0.0 - 233.255.255.255. Octet 4 (8 bits) is for local subnets and hosts - perfect for networks with less than 254 hosts.

Network Masks
A network mask helps you know which portion of the address identifies the network and which portion of the address identifies the node. Class A, B, and C networks have default masks, also known as natural masks, as shown here:
Class A: 255.0.0.0 Class B: 255.255.0.0 Class C: 255.255.255.0

An IP address on a Class A network that has not been subnetted would have an address/mask pair similar to: 8.20.15.1 255.0.0.0. To see how the mask helps you identify the network and node parts of the address, convert the address and mask to binary numbers.
8.20.15.1 = 00001000.00010100.00001111.00000001 255.0.0.0 = 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000

Once you have the address and the mask represented in binary, then identifying the network and host ID is easier. Any address bits which have corresponding mask bits set to 1 represent the network ID. Any address bits that have corresponding mask bits set to 0 represent the node ID.
8.20.15.1 = 00001000.00010100.00001111.00000001 255.0.0.0 = 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000 ----------------------------------net id | host id netid = 00001000 = 8 hostid = 00010100.00001111.00000001 = 20.15.1

Understanding Subnetting
Subnetting allows you to create multiple logical networks that exist within a single Class A, B, or C network. If you do not subnet, you are only able to use one network from your Class A, B, or C network, which is unrealistic. Each data link on a network must have a unique network ID, with every node on that link being a member of the same network. If you break a major network (Class A, B, or C) into smaller subnetworks, it allows you to create a network of interconnecting subnetworks. Each data link on this network would then have a unique network/subnetwork ID. Any device, or gateway, connecting n networks/subnetworks has n distinct IP addresses, one for each network / subnetwork that it interconnects. In order to subnet a network, extend the natural mask using some of the bits from the host ID portion of the address to create a subnetwork ID. For example, given a Class C network of 204.17.5.0 which has a natural mask of 255.255.255.0, you can create subnets in this manner:
204.17.5.0 11001100.00010001.00000101.00000000 255.255.255.224 - 11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000 --------------------------|sub|----

By extending the mask to be 255.255.255.224, you have taken three bits (indicated by "sub") from the original host portion of the address and used them to make subnets. With these three bits, it is possible to create eight subnets. With the remaining five host ID bits, each subnet can have up to 32 host addresses, 30 of which can actually be assigned to a device since host ids of all zeros or all ones are not allowed (it is very important to remember this). So, with this in mind, these subnets have been created.
204.17.5.0 255.255.255.224 host address range 1 to 30

204.17.5.32 255.255.255.224 204.17.5.64 255.255.255.224 204.17.5.96 255.255.255.224 204.17.5.128 255.255.255.224 204.17.5.160 255.255.255.224 204.17.5.192 255.255.255.224 204.17.5.224 255.255.255.224

host host host host host host host

address address address address address address address

range range range range range range range

33 to 62 65 to 94 97 to 126 129 to 158 161 to 190 193 to 222 225 to 254

Note: There are two ways to denote these masks. First, since you are using three bits more than the "natural" Class C mask, you can denote these addresses as having a 3-bit subnet mask. Or, secondly, the mask of 255.255.255.224 can also be denoted as /27 as there are 27 bits that are set in the mask. This second method is used with CIDR. Using this method, one of these networks can be described with the notation prefix/length. For example, 204.17.5.32/27 denotes the network 204.17.5.32 255.255.255.224. When appropriate the prefix/length notation is used to denote the mask throughout the rest of this document. The network subnetting scheme in this section allows for eight subnets, and the network might appear as: Figure 2

Notice that each of the routers in Figure 2 is attached to four subnetworks, one subnetwork is common to both routers. Also, each router has an IP address for each subnetwork to which it is attached. Each subnetwork could potentially support up to 30 host addresses. This brings up an interesting point. The more host bits you use for a subnet mask, the more subnets you have available. However, the more subnets available, the less host addresses available per subnet. For example, a Class C network of 204.17.5.0 and a mask of 255.255.255.224 (/27) allows you to have eight subnets, each with 32 host addresses (30 of which could be assigned to devices). If you use a mask of 255.255.255.240 (/28), the break down is:
204.17.5.0 11001100.00010001.00000101.00000000 255.255.255.240 - 11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000 --------------------------|sub |---

Since you now have four bits to make subnets with, you only have four bits left for host addresses. So in this case you can have up to 16 subnets, each of which can have up to 16 host addresses (14 of which can be assigned to devices). Take a look at how a Class B network might be subnetted. If you have network 172.16.0.0 ,then you know that its natural mask is 255.255.0.0 or 172.16.0.0/16. Extending the mask to anything beyond 255.255.0.0 means you are subnetting. You can quickly see that you have the ability to create a lot more subnets than with the Class C network. If you use a mask of 255.255.248.0 (/21), how many subnets and hosts per subnet does this allow for?
172.16.0.0 10101100.00010000.00000000.00000000 255.255.248.0 - 11111111.11111111.11111000.00000000 -----------------| sub |-----------

You are using five bits from the original host bits for subnets. This allows you to have 32 subnets (25). After using the five bits for subnetting, you are left with 11 bits for host addresses. This allows each subnet so have 2048 host addresses (211), 2046 of which could be assigned to devices. Note: In the past, there were limitations to the use of a subnet 0 (all subnet bits are set to zero) and all ones subnet (all subnet bits set to one). Some devices would not allow the use of these subnets. Cisco Systems devices allow the use of these subnets when theip subnet zero command is configured.

Examples
Sample Exercise 1
Now that you have an understanding of subnetting, put this knowledge to use. In this example, you are given two address / mask combinations, written with the prefix/length notation, which have been assigned to two devices. Your task is to determine if these devices are on the same subnet or different subnets. You can do this by using the address and mask of each device to determine to which subnet each address belongs.
DeviceA: 172.16.17.30/20 DeviceB: 172.16.28.15/20

Determining the Subnet for DeviceA:

172.16.17.30 255.255.240.0 subnet = 10101100.00010000.00010001.00011110 11111111.11111111.11110000.00000000 -----------------| sub|-----------10101100.00010000.00010000.00000000 = 172.16.16.0

Looking at the address bits that have a corresponding mask bit set to one, and setting all the other address bits to zero (this is equivalent to performing a logical "AND" between the mask and address), shows you to which subnet this address belongs. In this case, DeviceA belongs to subnet 172.16.16.0.

Determining the Subnet for DeviceB:

172.16.28.15 255.255.240.0 subnet = 10101100.00010000.00011100.00001111 11111111.11111111.11110000.00000000 -----------------| sub|-----------10101100.00010000.00010000.00000000 = 172.16.16.0

From these determinations, DeviceA and DeviceB have addresses that are part of the same subnet.

Sample Exercise 2
Given the Class C network of 204.15.5.0/24, subnet the network in order to create the network in Figure 3 with the host requirements shown. Figure 3

Looking at the network shown in Figure 3, you can see that you are required to create five subnets. The largest subnet must support 28 host addresses. Is this possible with a Class C network? and if so, then how? You can start by looking at the subnet requirement. In order to create the five needed subnets you would need to use three bits from the Class C host bits. Two bits would only allow you four subnets (22). Since you need three subnet bits, that leaves you with five bits for the host portion of the address. How many hosts does this support? 25 = 32 (30 usable). This meets the requirement. Therefore you have determined that it is possible to create this network with a Class C network. An example of how you might assign the subnetworks is:
netA: netB: netC: netD: netE: 204.15.5.0/27 204.15.5.32/27 204.15.5.64/27 204.15.5.96/27 204.15.5.128/27 host host host host host address address address address address range range range range range 1 to 30 33 to 62 65 to 94 97 to 126 129 to 158

VLSM Example

In all of the previous examples of subnetting, notice that the same subnet mask was applied for all the subnets. This means that each subnet has the same number of available host addresses. You can need this in some cases, but, in most cases, having the same subnet mask for all subnets ends up wasting address space. For example, in the Sample Exercise 2 section, a class C network was split into eight equal-size subnets; however, each subnet did not utilize all available host addresses, which results in wasted address space. Figure 4 illustrates this wasted address space. Figure 4

Figure 4 illustrates that of the subnets that are being used, NetA, NetC, and NetD have a lot of unused host address space. It is possible that this was a deliberate design accounting for future growth, but in many cases this is just wasted address space due to the fact that the same subnet mask is being used for all the subnets. Variable Length Subnet Masks (VLSM) allows you to use different masks for each subnet, thereby using address space efficiently.

VLSM Example

Given the same network and requirements as in Sample Exercise 2 develop a subnetting scheme with the use of VLSM, given:
netA: netB: netC: netD: netE: must must must must must support support support support support 14 hosts 28 hosts 2 hosts 7 hosts 28 host

Determine what mask allows the required number of hosts.

netA: requires a /28 (255.255.255.240) mask to support 14 hosts netB: requires a /27 (255.255.255.224) mask to support 28 hosts netC: requires a /30 (255.255.255.252) mask to support 2 hosts netD*: requires a /28 (255.255.255.240) mask to support 7 hosts netE: requires a /27 (255.255.255.224) mask to support 28 hosts * a /29 (255.255.255.248) would only allow 6 usable host addresses therefore netD requires a /28 mask.

The easiest way to assign the subnets is to assign the largest first. For example, you can assign in this manner:
netB: netE: netA: netD: netC: 204.15.5.0/27 204.15.5.32/27 204.15.5.64/28 204.15.5.80/28 204.15.5.96/30 host host host host host address address address address address range range range range range 1 to 30 33 to 62 65 to 78 81 to 94 97 to 98

This can be graphically represented as shown in Figure 5: Figure 5

Figure 5 illustrates how using VLSM helped save more than half of the address space.

CIDR
Classless Interdomain Routing (CIDR) was introduced to improve both address space utilization and routing scalability in the Internet. It was needed because of the rapid growth of the Internet and growth of the IP routing tables held in the Internet routers. CIDR moves way from the traditional IP classes (Class A, Class B, Class C, and so on). In CIDR , an IP network is represented by a prefix, which is an IP address and some indication of the length of the mask. Length means the number of left-most contiguous mask bits that are set to one. So network 172.16.0.0 255.255.0.0 can be represented as 172.16.0.0/16. CIDR also depicts a more hierarchical Internet architecture, where each domain takes its IP addresses from a higher level. This allows for the summarization of the domains to be done at the higher level. For example, if an ISP owns network 172.16.0.0/16, then the ISP can offer 172.16.1.0/24, 172.16.2.0/24, and so on to customers. Yet, when advertising to other providers, the ISP only needs to advertise 172.16.0.0/16. For more information on CIDR, see RFC 1518 and RFC 1519 .

Appendix

Sample Config
Routers A and B are connected via serial interface. Router A
hostname routera ! ip routing ! int e 0 ip address 172.16.50.1 255.255.255.0 !(subnet 50) int e 1 ip address 172.16.55.1 255.255.255.0 !(subnet 55) int t 0 ip address 172.16.60.1 255.255.255.0 !(subnet 60) int s 0 ip address 172.16.65.1 255.255.255.0 (subnet 65) !S 0 connects to router B router rip network 172.16.0.0

Router B
hostname routerb ! ip routing ! int e 0 ip address 192.1.10.200 255.255.255.240 !(subnet 192) int e 1 ip address 192.1.10.66 255.255.255.240 !(subnet 64) int s 0 ip address 172.16.65.2 (same subnet as router A's s 0) !Int s 0 connects to router A router rip network 192.1.10.0 network 172.16.0.0

Host/Subnet Quantities Table

Class B # bits ------1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Mask --------------255.255.128.0 255.255.192.0 255.255.224.0 255.255.240.0 255.255.248.0 255.255.252.0 255.255.254.0 255.255.255.0 Effective Subnets --------2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 Effective Hosts --------32766 16382 8190 4094 2046 1022 510 254

9 10 11 12 13 14 Class C # bits ------1 2 3 4 5 6

255.255.255.128 255.255.255.192 255.255.255.224 255.255.255.240 255.255.255.248 255.255.255.252 Mask --------------255.255.255.128 255.255.255.192 255.255.255.224 255.255.255.240 255.255.255.248 255.255.255.252

512 1024 2048 4096 8192 16384 Effective Subnets --------2 4 8 16 32 64

126 62 30 14 6 2 Effective Hosts --------126 62 30 14 6 2

*Subnet all zeroes and all ones included. These might not be supported on some legacy systems. *Host all zeroes and all ones excluded.

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Checklist for designing a new ip...stevenerie4 Replies6 days, 10 hours ago /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; msotstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-styleparent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-marginbottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidilanguage:#0400;} /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; msotstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-styleparent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-marginbottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidilanguage:#0400;} Hello,

I am working with a relatively small organization that still has all of its network devices running on vlan1. There are currently less than 1000 network devices, but they are using an ip structure with a /17 mask (255.255.128.0), so they have one unnecessarily large subnet. I would like to move them onto some /24 (255.255.255.0) subnets so they dont continue to have an immense broadcast domain. The organization is doing all its routing on a Cisco 4503. The closet switches are all L2 HP ProCurve 2108s. All but a few devices are getting their IPs via DHCP. Ive never done this before, so I wanted to ask if there is a how-to resource out there or a checklist so I can feel somewhat confident that I havent overlooked a step in this transition. In a perfect world I could implement this one new vlan at a time and move the devices over with little to no downtime. I would appreciate any suggestions or links to resources! Thanks! -Steve Subscribe
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Re: Checklist for designing a new ip...jon.marshall6 days, 14 hours ago Steve Couple of things to note 1) use /24 or /25 for your subnets/vlans. Personally i always used /25's but /24's work just as well 2) Always leave space in any subnet/vlan so you can easily add additional users. 3) Allocate separate vlans for users ( you will need multiple vlans here), servers, network management eg. you would typically use a different vlan for switch IP addresses. 4) Get rid of vlan 1.... Reply

Re: Checklist for designing a new ip...stevenerie6 days, 11 hours ago <!--[if gte mso 10]>...

Reply

Re: Checklist for designing a new ip...vmiller6 days, 10 hours ago Depending on how you have defined your current address space on the router, Its generally easier to migrate to a new address blockvlan id. If you have solid evidence that the unused range you mention is truly unused, slicing up pieces of that is a bit more work. One thing to keep in mind is the end state of the IP address space. Neatness does count. Reply

Re: Checklist for designing a new ip...jon.marshall6 days, 10 hours ago stevenerie wrote: That is VERY helpful information. Thanks for taking the time to respond Jon! I am really showing my lack of understanding here, but if I want to create new, smaller vlans and begin moving devices over, can I use ips that are in the current range? For instance, their current vlan1 is... Reply

IP Addressing / Subnetting for AP's...danedevalcourt3 Replies3 years, 7 months ago Is there a pro/con, or best practice regarding the ip addressing for your AP's when having them connected to wireless controllers? Basically I am trying to decide if the AP's should just use the same VLAN and subnet as what the wireless clients will use, or something different? I know that part of the LWAPPs process for finding controllers depends on it grabbing a DHCP address which if you configure the switch port right for the AP according to the deployment guide you are setting the access vlan to that which your wireless clients will use. So the AP will grab DHCP from the client scope then broadcast out on that subnet looking for a controller.

So far all seems fine and good, and I know you can change the IP address of the AP if you want once it is homed into the controller. But I simply don't know if there is a best practice regarding this. Leave the APs IP on same subnet/vlan as the wireless clients or move the AP's to a new one. Maybe I am over thinking this, and it really doesn't matter? I have two controllers at two main locations, each going to support about 15 AP's. Same SSID at each location and using PEAP. Thinking about basically allocating two class c's one for each location for the wireless clients and just do some reservations from each class c scope for the AP's. What would be the negatives of doing things this way? Any suggestions or pros/cons would be appreciated. Subscribe
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Re: IP Addressing / Subnetting for AP's...d-berlinski3 years, 7 months ago Best practice is to keep your wireless clients on their own vlan. Reply

Re: IP Addressing / Subnetting for AP's...jim_pliss3 years, 7 months ago We setup a seperate VLAN. This best pratice is the way to go. Reply

Re: IP Addressing / Subnetting for AP's...danedevalcourt3 years, 7 months ago Ok so it seems from replies here and in other forums that the wireless clients should be on their own vlan, seperate from the AP's and controllers. Which leads me to another question, should the AP's and Controllers be on the same, not be on the same or doesn't matter? One pro of being on the same vlan and subnet is the AP's can easily home in to the controller since it will broadcast out to its subnet looking for a... Reply

IP SubnettingKeith_Sparks_2000_at_yahoo.com11 Replies9 months, 1 day ago

I'm a beginner when in comes to IP subnetting. I have a class A ip address using 20.20.20.0. How do I go about subnetting this ip address??? Subscribe
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Re: IP Subnettingmillerv8 years, 9 months ago its already subnetted. Its a Class A subnetted as a Class C. Unless you can change octets 2 & 3 Reply

Re: IP [email protected] years, 9 months ago What about subnetting an IP address using 164.111.117.0? Reply

Re: IP Subnettingmillerv8 years, 9 months ago Same issue. You have a class B (164.111) used as a class C (164.111.117.0) heres some references: http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/701/8.html http://www.cisco.com/warp/customer/701/3.html Reply

Re: IP Subnettingmmoscoso8 years, 9 months ago After you read all the info about subnetting you can use a very useful software like IP Subnet Calculator. To calculate your subnets and masks. www.wildpackets.com Reply

Re: IP Subnettingfbreeze8 years, 9 months ago A very good resource for understanding subnetting can be found at www.learntosubnet.com

Great series of slides with an audio tutorial Best regards... Frank Reply

Re: IP Subnettingbsivasub8 years, 9 months ago how about CISCO's sub-net calculator ;) http://www.cisco.com/techtools/ip_addr.html Reply

Re: IP [email protected] years, 9 months ago You can download the IP calculator from www.download.com . Type in IP calculator and click search. You will have more understanding of how the subnetting go about. Reply

Re: IP Subnettingdaniel.bowen8 years, 9 months ago Subnet calculators are very good but they do not teach you how to subnet an address space, and subnetting is a very good way of understanding exactly how IP works. I will mail you a document on how to subnet step by step that I wrote a few months back. Daniel, Reply

Re: IP Subnettingdaniel.bowen8 years, 9 months ago Keith, cannot seem to deliver this to your yahoo mail account (says it is over quota) can you supply another mail address? Daniel, Reply

Re: IP Subnettinglandon197920109 months, 1 day ago Daniel,

Could you mail me a document on how to subnet step by step that you wrote. I am taking a CCNA class and would like to learn this before starting. My email is [email protected] Thanks for your help Reply

More Replies IP Subnettinglandon197920101 Reply9 months, 1 day ago

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Does anyone have step by step instructions on learning subnetting? I would really appreciate the help.. Subscribe
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Re: IP Subnettingleolaohoo9 months, 1 day ago IP Addressing and Subnetting for New Users http://www.cisco.com/en/US/tech/tk365/technologies_tech_note09186a00800a67f5 .shtml IP Subnet Calculator Reply

IP subnetting with RIP2netview695 Replies3 years, 2 months ago Now we are using class C ip addressing at head off & branches. All Branches are connected throught Lease Line with Head off. All Routers are using RIP1 for dynamic routing. Now host is going to increase more then 254 so we wants to change with Class C ip addressing scheme with Class B. We will use RIP2 for new setup. I am attaching the file for Class B IP Addressing, pls guide me. It will work properly na. what we need to reconfigure in router??? Waiting for urs reply. Regds Attachments:
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nw.xls Reply

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Re: IP subnetting with RIP2ohassairi3 years, 2 months ago

note1:if users will increase only in HO, just change the IPs in HO. note2:keep the serial interfaces IPs. the ones you suggest are in conflict with HO IPs. so the config will be like this in HO: interface f0 ip add 172.16.0.1 255.255.252.0 interface s0/0/0 ip add 192.168.100.5 255.255.255.252 router rip version 2 network 172.16.0.0 network 192.168.100.4 no... Reply

Re: IP subnetting with RIP2netview693 years, 2 months ago yes only at head off users will increase so how to give plan for head off LAN IP's OR if we wants to change hole ip scheme of network pls make one excel sheet & brief me. you said that serial ip will conflict??? one more thing customer wants dynamic routing. Reply

Re: IP subnetting with RIP2ohassairi3 years, 2 months ago i suggest you just change IPs in HO. keep all the remaining as it is.

when configuring rip in HO don't forget to add the new network 172.16..... Attachments:

nw.xls

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Re: IP subnetting with RIP2netview693 years, 2 months ago Hi ohassairi, Thanks for urs prompt responce. But their is 3 branches which hv lack of IP's so any how i have to go for class B for hole network. I hv confusion abt serial ip's for all branch router as well as for head off. we areplanning to use RIP2. pls make one excel sheet for ip address scheme & post it. waiting for urs reply. regds Reply

Re: IP subnetting with RIP2ohassairi3 years, 2 months ago the subnet that you choose for lan in HO is from 172.16.0.1 --> 172.16.3.254 so all these Ip must be used by hosts in internal LAN. however, we note you choose the IP 172.16.0.2 for one serial interface. this ip belongs to 172.16.0.1 --> 172.16.3.254 and cannot be used by an other network in your diagram. look for rule nbr4 in this link Attachments:

nnw.xls

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Classless IP Addressingmahmoodmkl5 Replies1 year, 6 months ago Hi Guys, Can someone please explain me the concept of classless IP Adressing...i m confused about this term. I am good at subnetting etc but i am not able to understand what is the reason behind this addressing scheme. Any in depth explanation with a example will be helpful. Thanks Mahmood Subscribe
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Re: Classless IP Addressinggiuslar1 year, 6 months ago Hello Mahmood, classless ip addressing means that you don't use the old major network classifications in Class A,B,C based the value of the most significant octet. a classful vision sees an ip address as made of three parts: major network portion based on Class A,B,C classification subnet portion: the difference between the major network prefix length (8,16,24) and the actual prefix length host portion:... Reply

Re: Classless IP Addressingmahmoodmkl1 year, 6 months ago Hi Giuseppe, thanks for the reply. i didnt get you point i.e subnet portion: the difference between the major network prefix length (8,16,24) and the actual prefix length

and prefix lenght tells the subnet portion u mean to say that the prefix length tells the network portion..? What i understand from the above is that now we need to avoid doing the addressing on class basis. To be... Reply

Re: Classless IP Addressinggiuslar1 year, 6 months ago Hello Mahmood, let's take an example 172.18.60.0/24 classful vision: major network: Class B 172.18.0.0/16 subnet portion: third byte 60 host portion: last byte classless vision: prefix portion: 172.18.60/24 host portion: last byte Hope to help Giuseppe Reply

Re: Classless IP Addressingmahmoodmkl1 year, 6 months ago Hi

By the example above u mean to say that now there is no division of the address space in terms of classes..? Now we need to consider everything in terms of prefix portion and host portion..? Thanks Mahmood Reply
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Re: Classless IP Addressingjosephdoherty1 year, 6 months ago The reasoning behind classful addressing was to save 4 bytes per IPv4 address. IPv4 32-bit addresses contain two addresses, the network address and the host address. The network address is some number of bits of the first portion of the IPv4 address, the host address the remaining bits. The problem, though, is how do we "know" where the one address ends and the other begins? On hosts, to distinguish between the two... Reply

ip addressing help please.. Thanksocporbust9 Replies1 year, 10 months ago 192.168.136.15 192.168.136.31 192.168.136.63 192.168.136.127 what is the brodcast address of this interface if the show int fa0/0 shows internet address 192.168.136.200.23 / 28 can anyone explain pls Thanks Subscribe Reply

Re: ip addressing help please.. Thanksgiuslar1 year, 11 months ago Hello Octorbust /28 means 4 bits host part a maximum of 14 hosts in the subnet the broadcast is 1 less the next /28 subnet the base address is made of all zeros the addresses in the middle are for the hosts base address 192.168.136.192 brodcast 192.168.136.207 for 192.168.136.200 usable addresses: 192.168.136.193 -192.168.136.206 base address 192.168.136.16 broadcast 192.168.136.31... Reply

Re: ip addressing help please.. Thanksocporbust1 year, 11 months ago Giuseppe Thanks for the info now i know that /28 is x.x.x .1.1.1.1.0.0.0.0 and the number of host is 2^4 - 2 = 14 now how do you come up w/ 192.168.136.207 the only option to chouse from are 192.168.136.15 192.168.136.31 192.168.136.63

192.168.136.127 Reply

Re: ip addressing help please.. Thanksrburts1 year, 11 months ago Giuseppe was confused by your question asking about an address with 5 octets. He condidered the address as 192.168.136.200. Obviously the question really meant to ask about 192.168.136.23. HTH Rick Reply

Re: ip addressing help please.. Thankspthiagas1 year, 11 months ago You can use some online calculators for easy use, just in case: http://www.tech-faq.com/calculate-broadcast-address.shtml But to learn more about it, I would suggest you read the Jeoff Doyle Vol 1 or any relevant ciscopress books, may be CCNA ! Reply

Re: ip addressing help please.. Thanksrburts1 year, 11 months ago I believe that the question has a mistake in it since the question asks about an address that has 5 octets: 192.168.136.200.23 / 28 Giuseppe gives an answer that is correct if you consider just the first 4 octets. Looking at the context of the question I wonder if the 200 was inserted by error and the question meant to ask about address 192.168.136.23 / 28 in which case the broadcast address would be... Reply

Re: ip addressing help please.. Thankskisakyamaria1 year, 10 months ago

I would like to help me with subnetting class b and A. Reply

Re: ip addressing help please.. Thanksviyuan7001 year, 10 months ago Can you post ur problem. Reply

Re: ip addressing help please.. Thankskhomitchr1 year, 10 months ago Here is a subnet chart you can use that I created for myself. Feel free to use it. I recommend printing it out and you might need to zoom in a little to see the numbers better. Enjoy ~Roman Attachments:

SUBNET_CHART.tif

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Re: ip addressing help please.. Thanksgagamboy151 year, 10 months ago 192.168.136.23 /28 base address = 192.168.136.16 host = 192.168.136.17 to .30 Broadcast = 192.168.136.31 Hope it helps. Cheers! Reply

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IP ADDRESSING TRANSITIONdialondemand2 Replies4 years, 5 months ago Hi Fellows; I have been pondering on this solution since morning but I now want to share with you the brain storming. We have a client that has proposed a change of ip addressing. The routing protocol in that is running on the router is EIGRP. With that in consideration, there is one AS already defined on the routers. As there is need to be smooth with the transition, I have been thinking that the best way would be to define new EIGRP AS for the new ip addressing which I will define as secondary ip address. This is because one the end users node a change routing can still take place, is it possible for this to work? For example for the network interfaces; 192.168... Primary 10.0...... Secondary Thanks for your efforts, Subscribe
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Re: IP ADDRESSING TRANSITIONdevang_etcom4 years, 5 months ago hi, may this will help... i think you can do this by also influancing Administrative distance of routing protocol. you can assign new ip addresses as secondary IP and then publish that ip address in the routing protocol with influated AD. rate the post if it helps. regards Devang Reply

Re: IP ADDRESSING TRANSITIONtdrais4 years, 5 months ago There is a restiction using EIGRP and secondary addresses. If I remember correctly it is related to the eigrp multicast's always being generated with the primary as the

source address. This would mean your second AS's wound never see each other on the addresses they were looking for. As the above post suggests you are propable better off atempting to adjust the metric within a single EIGRP AS. Reply

Ip subnettingdasadino20037 Replies3 years, 7 months ago Hi all, I am currently trying to create 3 subnets with a class A ip address (10.14.227.0 / 24).Unfortunately, my knowledge for subnetting is close to non existence and i would appreciate if someone could help me with it thanks. Subscribe
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Re: Ip subnettingavmabe3 years, 7 months ago This should help! http://www.subnet-calculator.com/ Reply

Re: Ip subnettingdasadino20033 years, 7 months ago I have tried the subnetting calcualtor but its seems not to help, please can u help me subnet the ip address 10.14.227.0/24 and give my the host range in each of the 3 subnets .thanks Reply

Re: Ip subnettingsundar.palaniappan3 years, 7 months ago Adedayo, I don't know if your question was intended for learning subnetting or just looking for a solution. Assuming you are looking for a solution you can break the /24 into 3 subnets the following way. Instead, if you are trying to learn subnetting there are plenty of free tools available online or let us know. 10.14.227.0/26 - 10.14.227.1 - 10.14.227.62 are usable addresses. . 63 is the broadcast address for this...

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Re: Ip subnettingmedan3 years, 7 months ago Hi, I think you are trying to equally subnet 10.14.227.0/24 to 3 subnets. That won't happen. However, you can create four equal subnets out of it; 10.14.227.0/26 that is 10.14.227.1 to 10.14.227.62 (max 62 hosts) 10.14.227.64/26 that is 10.14.227.65 to 10.14.227.126 (max 62 hosts) 10.14.227.128/26 that is 10.14.227.129 to 10.14.227.190 (max 62 hosts) 10.14.227.192/26 that is 10.14.227.193 to... Reply

Re: Ip subnettingjamesd0583 years, 7 months ago If you use the last subnet with a broadcast address of 10.14.227.255, and a broadcast is sent, would this broadcast not get dilevered to ALL hosts on all 4 subnets of the 10.14.227.0 network? Could this not create unnecessary congestion for hosts on the first 3 subnets? I'm also curious as to why the private 10.0.0.0 network was carved into 10.14.227.0. This leaves only 6 bits for hosts and 18 bits for subnets. Unless it is for... Reply

Re: Ip subnettingbmbreer3 years, 7 months ago "If you use the last subnet with a broadcast address of 10.14.227.255, and a broadcast is sent, would this broadcast not get dilevered to ALL hosts on all 4 subnets of the 10.14.227.0 network?" Hopefully for security reasons you have IP directed broadcasts disabled so this won't be an issue.

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Re: Ip subnettingalbert.remo3 years, 7 months ago Hi! Good Day. Please see my summary about subnetting. Hope this helps! Regards, Albert Attachments:

Subnetting.xls

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IP addressingmike.newell2 Replies7 years, 7 months ago