Aust Odonata

Identification Guide to the Australian Odonata
Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW
National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication data Theischinger, G. (Gunther), 1940 Identification Guide to the Australian Odonata 1. Odonata Australia. 2. Odonata Australia Identification. I. Endersby I. (Ian), 1941- . II. Department of Environment and Climate Change NSW
2009 Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW Front cover: Petalura gigantea, male (photo R. Tuft)
Prepared by: Gunther Theischinger, Waters and Catchments Science, Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW and Ian Endersby, 56 Looker Road, Montmorency, Victoria 3094
Published by: Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW 5961 Goulburn Street Sydney PO Box A290 Sydney South 1232 Phone: (02) 9995 5000 (switchboard) Phone: 131555 (information & publication requests) Fax: (02) 9995 5999 Email: [email protected] Website: www.environment.nsw.gov.au The Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW is pleased to allow this material to be reproduced in whole or in part, provided the meaning is unchanged and its source, publisher and authorship are acknowledged.
ISBN 978 1 74232 475 3 DECCW 2009/730 December 2009 Printed using environmentally sustainable paper.
Contents
About this guide 1 2 3 4 5 Introduction Systematics Checklist of species Illustrated glossary of terms and abbreviations Keys to the adults
Key to suborders and families
iv 1 2 4 12 18
18
Keys to the larvae

128
128
7 8
Distribution maps Species of conservation concern

Hemiphlebia mirabilis Selys, 1869 Acanthaeschna victoria Martin, 1901 Petalura gigantea Leach, 1815 and Petalura litorea Theischinger, 1999 Petalura pulcherrima Tillyard, 1913 Archaeophya adamsi Fraser, 1959 Austrocordulia leonardi Theischinger, 1973
187 242
242 244 248 249 251 252
9 10 11
Acknowledgements References Index to families, genera and species
254 255 261 278
Appendix 1 Photos
About this guide

Identification Guide to the Australian Odonata (dragonflies) includes 325 described species in 110 recognised genera. This publication provides keys to the identification of the adults of all Australian species and to the larvae as far as known and diagnosable. In order to facilitate identifications, and to increase confidence, particularly in the identification of some larvae, detailed distribution maps of all species are included. Finally, profiles are given for species of serious conservation concern.
How to use this guide

Run the key, couplet by couplet, until you end up with a species name. If you come to a family group name (mostly) go to the key of that family and continue until you get to a species name. For identifying some species it is essential to consult the distribution maps; in other cases it is beneficial to consult them in order to increase the confidence in the result. The keys to the larvae are based on characters of late instars. Some characters may vary with growth of the larvae and with the geographical, ecological and possibly other situations of their habitat. Even final instar larvae of some species, and even a few genera, cannot be distinguished. Therefore in some cases the best result may be to identify a family, a genus or a complex of more than one species. Particularly when larvae of closely related species are identified, or species similar to species whose larvae remain undescribed, all their distribution maps should be consulted. In order to facilitate this, the maps are arranged in alphabetical order of genus and species names.
Abbreviations
pers. comm. TSC Act personal communication Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995
iv
Introduction
The dragonfly now known as Neurothemis stigmatizans was the first species described from Australia. Fabricius (1775) named it from specimens in the Banks Collection that were gathered at the Endeavour River on Cape York Peninsula. Four more species were described in the 18th century, and 97 in the 19th century, mainly by European odonatists, particularly Burmeister, Rambur, Brauer, Kirby, Martin, Sjstedt and most notably Selys. Their work continued into the 20th century but was overshadowed by R.J. Tillyard, Australias first resident odonatist who, between 1906 and 1926, named approximately 110 species. After Tillyard, only Lieftinck (between 1933 and 1952) and Fraser (between 1948 and 1960) made significant contributions. Their work was followed by J.A.L. Watson (between 1958 and 1993) and G. Theischinger (from 1974 and current) who, often in cooperation with each other and sometimes with A.F. OFarrell and a few others, described more than 90 species. This has taken the number of Australian dragonfly species to the presently recognised total of 325. However, there was no attempt to key the adults of all known Australian species until Fraser (1960). Watson et al. (1991) presented an updated and more elaborate version of Frasers key, but this guide was out of print before 2000. The first reasonably comprehensive key to the larvae of Australian dragonflies came from Hawking & Theischinger (1999) even if only for the New South Wales fauna. Theischinger (1999, 2000b, 2001a, 2002) covered the known larvae of the Epiproctophora, now Epiprocta (Anisoptera), for all of Australia. The comprehensive field guide of Theischinger & Hawking (2006) included keys for both adults and larvae of the Australian dragonflies but only for identification to generic level. Since about 2006 (when the Theischinger & Hawking field guide was published) there has been growing demand for specific identification of Australian dragonflies. This increase in demand is possibly due to the publication of the 2006 guide, the rise of digital photography (for which dragonfly adults have become attractive objects) and university studies on global warming and climate change in which dragonfly species and their changing distributions are used as indicators. Biodiversity projects, conservation issues and river health programs have also increased the demand for specific identifications of both adults and, particularly, larvae. These uses highlight the difficulty of distinguishing the larvae of several Australian odonate genera, the fact that the larvae of a considerable number of species cannot be identified at present, and that collecting of some adults may have to complement the collection of larvae in future. This publication fulfils the need for updated, specific keys to the adults of all known Australian dragonfly species and to the species of larvae as far as known. The keys are made more useful by also presenting, for the first time, detailed distribution maps of all species accompanied by information on their wetland habitats. Finally, some information is presented on Australian species of particular conservation concern.
Systematics
Up until the early 1980s dragonfly phylogeny and systematics were rather strictly based on the assumed strength of morphological characters. From then onwards a few authors such as Carle (1982) began to determine character weights based on character polarity determined from outgroups similar to the phylogenetic systematic methods of Hennig (1966, 1969). Only since 2002 when molecular studies have been used and often combined with morphological analyses and based on increasingly more reliable approaches have study results become more accepted as having basically resolved the phylogeny of the order Odonata. The following suggested changes to the system accepted and used by Theischinger & Hawking (2006), largely following Bechly (1996), are significant for the Australian odonata: 1) to combine (under Austropetaliidae) Austropetaliidae and Archipetaliidae (Carle 1996) 2) to combine (under Synlestidae) Synlestidae and Chorismagrionidae (Carle 2007 pers. comm., Bybee et al. 2008) 3) to combine (under Lestoideidae) Lestoideidae and Diphlebiidae (Carle et al. 2008, Bybee et al. 2008, van Tol 2008 pers. comm.) 4) to include Nososticta (from Protoneuridae) in the subfamily Disparoneurinae of Platycnemididae (Carle et al. 2008) 5) to include Dendroaeschna (from Telephlebiidae) in Brachytronidae (Peters & Theischinger 2007) 6) to return Hemicorduliidae into a restricted Corduliidae (Ware et al. 2007) 7) to return Urothemistidae (as one of possibly eight subfamilies) into a slightly extended Libellulidae (Ware et al. 2007) 8) to integrate (with varying rank and some combining) Synthemistidae, Gomphomacromiidae, Pseudocorduliidae, Cordulephyidae, Austrocorduliidae and Oxygastridae, together with a few non-Australian genera, into a newly established clade GSI, possibly the single and greatly-to-be-extended family Synthemistidae (Ware et al. 2007; Carle, May, and Ware pers. comm.). In this publication we accept the suggestions 1), 4), 5), 6) and 7) and the taxa listed under 3) and 8) as monophyletic groups. However, for the present, and without guarantee of taxonomic stability, we retain the family-level separation of the latter groups except for Oxygastridae whose combination with Austrocorduliidae we support. These are not only morphologically, ecologically and ethologically very distinct, giving them indicator and predictive value, but more importantly, they emerge as monophyletic units in the respective studies, not all their genera have yet been studied, and more in-depth analyses are still in progress.
The family group taxa are treated in the following order: Suborder Zygoptera Lestidae Hemiphlebiidae Chorismagrionidae Synlestidae Megapodagrionidae Chlorocyphidae Calopterygidae Lestoideidae Diphlebiidae Isostictidae Platycnemididae: Disparoneurinae Coenagrionidae Suborder Epiprocta, infraorder Anisoptera Austropetaliidae Aeshnidae Brachytronidae Telephlebiidae Lindeniidae Gomphidae Petaluridae Synthemistidae Gomphomacromiidae Pseudocorduliidae Cordulephyidae Austrocorduliidae Macromiidae Corduliidae Libellulidae The slightly senior name Epiprocta is used for suborder Epiproctophora; all Australian Epiprocta belong in the infraorder Anisoptera.
Checklist of species
Order Odonata Suborder Zygoptera

Family Lestidae Austrolestes aleison Watson & Moulds, 1979 Austrolestes analis (Rambur, 1842) Austrolestes annulosus (Selys, 1862) Austrolestes aridus (Tillyard, 1908) Austrolestes cingulatus (Burmeister, 1839) Austrolestes insularis Tillyard, 1913 Austrolestes io (Selys, 1862) Austrolestes leda (Selys, 1862) Austrolestes minjerriba Watson, 1979 Austrolestes psyche (Hagen, 1862) Indolestes alleni (Tillyard, 1913) Indolestes obiri Watson, 1979 Indolestes tenuissimus (Tillyard, 1906) Lestes concinnus Hagen, 1862 Family Hemiphlebiidae Hemiphlebia mirabilis Selys, 1869 Family Chorismagrionidae Chorismagrion risi Morton, 1914 Family Synlestidae Episynlestes albicauda (Tillyard, 1913) Episynlestes cristatus Watson & Moulds, 1977 Episynlestes intermedius Theischinger & Watson, 1985 Synlestes selysi Tillyard, 1917 Synlestes tropicus Tillyard, 1917 Synlestes weyersii Selys, 1869 Family Megapodagrionidae Archiargiolestes parvulus (Watson, 1977) Archiargiolestes pusillissimus Kennedy, 1925 Archiargiolestes pusillus (Tillyard, 1908) Austroargiolestes alpinus (Tillyard, 1913) Austroargiolestes amabilis (Frster, 1899) Austroargiolestes aureus (Tillyard, 1906) Austroargiolestes brookhousei Theischinger & OFarrell, 1986 Austroargiolestes calcaris (Fraser, 1958) Austroargiolestes christine Theischinger & OFarrell, 1986 Austroargiolestes chrysoides (Tillyard, 1913) Austroargiolestes elke Theischinger & OFarrell, 1986 Austroargiolestes icteromelas (Selys, 1862) Austroargiolestes isabellae Theischinger & OFarrell, 1986 Griseargiolestes albescens (Tillyard, 1913) Griseargiolestes bucki Theischinger, 1998 Griseargiolestes eboracus (Tillyard, 1913) Griseargiolestes fontanus (Tillyard, 1913)
Griseargiolestes griseus (Hagen, 1862) Griseargiolestes intermedius (Tillyard, 1913) Griseargiolestes metallicus (Sjstedt, 1917) Miniargiolestes minimus (Tillyard, 1908) Podopteryx selysi (Frster, 1899) Family Chlorocyphidae Rhinocypha tincta semitincta Selys, 1869 Family Calopterygidae Neurobasis australis Selys, 1897 Family Lestoideidae Lestoidea barbarae Watson, 1967 Lestoidea brevicauda Theischinger, 1996 Lestoidea conjuncta Tillyard, 1913 Lestoidea lewisiana Theischinger, 1996 Family Diphlebiidae Diphlebia coerulescens Tillyard, 1913 Diphlebia euphoeoides Tillyard, 1907 Diphlebia hybridoides Tillyard, 1912 Diphlebia lestoides (Selys, 1853) Diphlebia nymphoides Tillyard, 1912 Family Isostictidae Austrosticta fieldi Tillyard, 1908 Austrosticta frater Theischinger, 1997 Austrosticta soror Sjstedt, 1917 Eurysticta coolawanyah Watson, 1969 Eurysticta coomalie Watson, 1991 Eurysticta kununurra Watson, 1991 Eurysticta reevesi Theischinger, 2001 Labidiosticta vallisi (Fraser, 1955) Lithosticta macra Watson, 1991 Neosticta canescens Tillyard, 1913 Neosticta fraseri Watson, 1991 Neosticta silvarum (Sjstedt, 1917) Oristicta filicicola Tillyard, 1913 Rhadinosticta banksi (Tillyard, 1913) Rhadinosticta simplex (Martin, 1901) Family Platycnemidae: Disparoneurinae Nososticta baroalba Watson & Theischinger, 1984 Nososticta coelestina (Tillyard, 1906) Nososticta fraterna (Lieftinck, 1933) Nososticta kalumburu Watson & Theischinger, 1984 Nososticta koolpinyah Watson & Theischinger, 1984 Nososticta koongarra Watson & Theischinger, 1984 Nososticta liveringa Watson & Theischinger, 1984 Nososticta mouldsi Theischinger, 2000 Nososticta pilbara Watson, 1969 Nososticta solida (Hagen, 1860) Nososticta solitaria (Tillyard, 1906) Nososticta taracumbi Watson & Theischinger, 1984
Family Coenagrionidae Aciagrion fragile (Tillyard, 1906) Agriocnemis argentea Tillyard, 1906 Agriocnemis dobsoni Fraser, 1954 Agriocnemis femina (Brauer, 1868) Agriocnemis kunjina Watson, 1969 Agriocnemis pygmaea (Rambur, 1842) Agriocnemis rubricauda Tillyard, 1913 Agriocnemis thoracalis Sjstedt, 1917 [status uncertain] Archibasis mimetes (Tillyard, 1913) Argiocnemis rubescens Selys, 1877 Austroagrion cyane (Selys, 1876) Austroagrion exclamationis Campion, 1915 Austroagrion pindrina Watson, 1969 Austroagrion watsoni Lieftinck, 1982 Austrocnemis maccullochi (Tillyard, 1926) Austrocnemis obscura Theischinger & Watson, 1991 Austrocnemis splendida (Martin, 1901) Caliagrion billinghursti (Martin, 1901) Ceriagrion aeruginosum (Brauer, 1869) Coenagrion lyelli (Tillyard, 1913) Ischnura aurora (Brauer, 1865) Ischnura heterosticta (Burmeister, 1839) Ischnura pruinescens (Tillyard, 1906) Pseudagrion aureofrons Tillyard, 1906 Pseudagrion cingillum (Brauer, 1869) Pseudagrion ignifer Tillyard, 1906 Pseudagrion jedda Watson & Theischinger, 1991 Pseudagrion lucifer Theischinger, 1997 Pseudagrion microcephalum (Rambur, 1842) Teinobasis rufithorax (Selys, 1877) Xanthagrion erythroneurum (Selys, 1876)
Suborder Epiprocta Infraorder Anisoptera

Family Austropetaliidae Archipetalia auriculata Tillyard, 1917 Austropetalia patricia (Tillyard, 1910) Austropetalia tonyana Theischinger, 1995 Family Aeshnidae Adversaeschna brevistyla (Rambur, 1842) Agyrtacantha dirupta (Karsch, 1889) Anaciaeschna jaspidea (Burmeister, 1839) Anax georgius Selys, 1872 Anax gibbosulus Rambur, 1842 Anax guttatus (Burmeister, 1839) Anax papuensis (Burmeister, 1839) Austrogynacantha heterogena Tillyard, 1908 Gynacantha dobsoni Fraser, 1951 Gynacantha kirbyi Krger, 1898
Gynacantha mocsaryi Frster, 1898 Gynacantha nourlangie Theischinger & Watson, 1991 Gynacantha rosenbergi Kaup, 1867 Family Brachytronidae Dendroaeschna conspersa (Tillyard, 1907) Family Telephlebiidae Acanthaeschna victoria Martin, 1901 Antipodophlebia asthenes (Tillyard, 1916) Austroaeschna (Austroaeschna) anacantha Tillyard, 1908 Austroaeschna(Austroaeschna) atrata Martin, 1901 Austroaeschna (Austroaeschna) christine Theischinger, 1993 Austroaeschna (Austroaeschna) cooloola Theischinger, 1991 Austroaeschna (Austroaeschna) flavomaculata Tillyard, 1916 Austroaeschna (Austroaeschna) hardyi Tillyard 1907 Austroaeschna (Austroaeschna) inermis Martin, 1901 Austroaeschna (Austroaeschna) ingrid, Theischinger, 2008 Austroaeschna (Austroaeschna) multipunctata (Martin, 1901) Austroaeschna (Austroaeschna) obscura Theischinger, 1982 Austroaeschna (Austroaeschna) parvistigma (Selys, 1883) Austroaeschna (Austroaeschna) pinheyi Theischinger, 2001 Austroaeschna (Austroaeschna) sigma Theischinger, 1982 Austroaeschna (Austroaeschna) speciosa Sjstedt, 1917 Austroaeschna (Austroaeschna) subapicalis Theischinger, 1982 Austroaeschna (Austroaeschna) tasmanica Tillyard, 1916 Austroaeschna (Austroaeschna) unicornis (Martin, 1901) Austroaeschna (Pulchaeschna) eungella Theischinger, 1993 Austroaeschna (Pulchaeschna) muelleri Theischinger, 1982 Austroaeschna (Pulchaeschna) pulchra Tillyard, 1909 Austrophlebia costalis (Tillyard, 1907) Austrophlebia subcostalis Theischinger, 1996 Dromaeschna forcipata (Tillyard, 1907) Dromaeschna weiskei (Frster, 1908) Notoaeschna geminata Theischinger, 1982 Notoaeschna sagittata (Martin, 1901) Spinaeschna tripunctata (Martin, 1901) Spinaeschna watsoni Theischinger, 1982 Telephlebia brevicauda Tillyard, 1916 Telephlebia cyclops Tillyard, 1916 Telephlebia godeffroyi Selys, 1883 Telephlebia tillyardi Campion, 1916 Telephlebia tryoni Tillyard, 1917 Telephlebia undia Theischinger, 1985 Family Lindeniidae Ictinogomphus australis (Selys, 1873) Ictinogomphus dobsoni (Watson, 1969) Ictinogomphus paulini Watson, 1991 Family Gomphidae Antipodogomphus acolythus (Martin, 1901) Antipodogomphus dentosus Watson, 1991 Antipodogomphus edentulus Watson, 1991
Antipodogomphus hodgkini Watson, 1969 Antipodogomphus neophytus Fraser, 1958 Antipodogomphus proselythus (Martin, 1901) Armagomphus armiger (Tillyard, 1913) Austroepigomphus (Austroepigomphus) praeruptus (Selys, 1857) Austroepigomphus (Xerogomphus) gordoni (Watson, 1962) Austroepigomphus (Xerogomphus) turneri (Martin, 1901) Austrogomphus (Austrogomphus) angelorum Tillyard, 1913 Austrogomphus (Austrogomphus) arbustorum Tillyard, 1906 Austrogomphus (Austrogomphus) australis Dale, 1854 Austrogomphus (Austrogomphus) collaris Hagen, 1854 Austrogomphus (Austrogomphus) cornutus Watson, 1991 Austrogomphus (Austrogomphus) doddi Tillyard, 1909 Austrogomphus (Austrogomphus) guerini (Rambur, 1842) Austrogomphus (Austrogomphus) mjobergi Sjstedt, 1917 Austrogomphus (Austrogomphus) mouldsorum Theischinger, 1999 Austrogomphus (Austrogomphus) ochraceus (Selys, 1869) Austrogomphus (Austrogomphus) pusillus Sjstedt, 1917 Austrogomphus (Pleiogomphus) amphiclitus (Selys, 1873) Austrogomphus (Pleiogomphus) bifurcatus Tillyard, 1909 Austrogomphus (Pleiogomphus) divaricatus Watson, 1991 Austrogomphus (Pleiogomphus) prasinus Tillyard, 1906 Hemigomphus atratus Watson, 1991 Hemigomphus comitatus (Tillyard, 1909) Hemigomphus cooloola Watson, 1991 Hemigomphus gouldii (Selys, 1854) Hemigomphus heteroclytus Selys, 1854 Hemigomphus magela Watson, 1991 Hemigomphus theischingeri Watson, 1991 Odontogomphus donnellyi Watson, 1991 Zephyrogomphus lateralis (Selys, 1873) Zephyrogomphus longipositor (Watson, 1991) Family Petaluridae Petalura gigantea Leach, 1815 Petalura hesperia Watson, 1958 Petalura ingentissima Tillyard, 1908 Petalura litorea Theischinger, 1999 Petalura pulcherrima Tillyard, 1913 Family Synthemistidae Archaeosynthemis leachii (Selys, 1871) Archaeosynthemis occidentalis (Tillyard, 1910) Archaeosynthemis orientalis (Tillyard, 1910) Archaeosynthemis spiniger (Tillyard, 1913) Austrosynthemiscyanitincta (Tillyard, 1908) Choristhemis flavoterminata (Martin, 1901) Choristhemis olivei (Tillyard, 1909) Eusynthemis aurolineata (Tillyard, 1913) Eusynthemis barbarae (Moulds, 1985) Eusynthemis brevistyla (Selys, 1871) Eusynthemis deniseae Theischinger, 1977 Eusynthemis guttata (Selys, 1871)
Eusynthemis netta Theischinger, 1999 Eusynthemis nigra (Tillyard, 1906) Eusynthemis rentziana Theischinger, 1998 Eusynthemis tenera Theischinger, 1995 Eusynthemis tillyardi Theischinger, 1995 Eusynthemis ursa Theischinger, 1999 Eusynthemis ursula Theischinger, 1998 Eusynthemis virgula (Selys, 1874) Parasynthemis regina (Selys, 1874) Synthemiopsis gomphomacromioides Tillyard, 1917 Synthemis eustalacta (Burmeister, 1839) Synthemis tasmanica Tillyard, 1910 Tonyosynthemis claviculata (Tillyard, 1909) Tonyosynthemis ofarrelli (Theischinger & Watson, 1986) Family Gomphomacromiidae Archaeophya adamsi Fraser, 1959 Archaeophya magnifica Theischinger & Watson, 1978 Family Pseudocorduliidae Pseudocordulia circularis Tillyard, 1909 Pseudocordulia elliptica Tillyard, 1913 Family Cordulephyidae Cordulephya bidens Sjstedt, 1917 Cordulephya divergens Tillyard, 1917 Cordulephya montana Tillyard, 1911 Cordulephya pygmaea Selys, 1870 Family Austrocorduliidae Apocordulia macrops Watson, 1980 Austrocordulia leonardi Theischinger, 1973 Austrocordulia refracta Tillyard, 1909 Austrocordulia territoria Theischinger & Watson, 1978 Austrophya mystica Tillyard, 1909 Hesperocordulia berthoudi Tillyard, 1911 Lathrocordulia garrisoni Theischinger & Watson, 1978 Lathrocordulia metallica Tillyard, 1911 Micromidiaatrifrons (McLachlan, 1883) Micromidia convergens Theischinger & Watson, 1978 Micromidia rodericki Fraser, 1959 Family Macromiidae Macromia tillyardi Martin, 1906 Macromia viridescens Tillyard, 1911 Family Corduliidae Hemicordulia australiae (Rambur, 1842) Hemicordulia continentalis Martin, 1901 Hemicordulia flava Theischinger & Watson, 1991 Hemicordulia intermedia (Selys, 1871) Hemicordulia kalliste Theishinger & Watson, 1991 Hemicordulia koomina Watson, 1969 Hemicordulia novaehollandiae (Selys, 1871) [status uncertain] Hemicordulia superba Tillyardi, 1911
Hemicordulia tau (Selys, 1871) Metaphya tillyardi Ris, 1913 Pentathemis membranulata Karsch, 1890 Procordulia affinis (Selys, 1871) Procordulia jacksoniensis (Rambur, 1842) Family Libellulidae Aethriamanta circumsignata Selys, 1897 Aethriamanta nymphaea Lieftinck, 1949 Agrionoptera insignis allogenes Tillyard, 1908 Agrionoptera longitudinalis biserialis Selys, 1879 Austrothemis nigrescens (Martin, 1901) Brachydiplax denticauda (Brauer, 1867) Brachydiplax duivenbodei (Brauer, 1866) Camacinia othello Tillyard, 1908 Crocothemis nigrifrons (Kirby, 1894) Diplacodes bipunctata (Brauer, 1865) Diplacodes haematodes (Burmeister, 1839) Diplacodes melanopsis (Martin, 1901) Diplacodes nebulosa (Fabricius, 1793) Diplacodes trivialis (Rambur, 1842) Huonia melvillensis Brown & Theischinger, 1998 Hydrobasileus brevistylus (Brauer, 1865) Lathrecista asiatica festa (Selys, 1879) Macrodiplax cora (Kaup, 1867) Nannodiplax rubra Brauer, 1868 Nannophlebia eludens Tillyard, 1908 Nannophlebia injibandi Watson, 1969 Nannophlebia mudginberri Watson & Theischinger, 1991 Nannophlebia risi Tillyard, 1913 Nannophya australis Brauer, 1865 Nannophya dalei (Tillyard, 1908) Nannophya occidentalis (Tillyard, 1908) Nannophya paulsoni Theischinger 2003 Neurothemis oligoneura Brauer, 1867 Neurothemis stigmatizans (Fabricius, 1775) Notolibellula bicolor Theischinger & Watson 1977 Orthetrum balteatum Lieftinck, 1933 Orthetrum boumiera Watson & Arthington, 1978 Orthetrum caledonicum (Brauer, 1865) Orthetrum migratum Lieftinck, 1951 Orthetrum sabina (Drury, 1770) Orthetrum serapia Watson, 1984 Orthetrum villosovittatum (Brauer, 1865) Pantala flavescens (Fabricius, 1798) Potamarcha congener (Rambur, 1842) Raphismia bispina (Hagen, 1867) Rhodothemis lieftincki Fraser, 1954 Rhyothemis braganza Karsch, 1890 Rhyothemis graphiptera (Rambur, 1842) Rhyothemis phyllis (Sulzer, 1776) Rhyothemis princeps Kirby, 1894
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Rhyothemis resplendens Selys, 1878 Tetrathemis irregularis cladophila Tillyard, 1908 Tholymis tillarga (Fabricius, 1798) Tramea eurybia Selys, 1878 Tramea loewii Kaup, 1866 Tramea propinqua Lieftinck, 1942 Tramea stenoloba (Watson, 1962) Urothemis aliena Selys, 1878 Zyxomma elgneri Ris, 1913 Zyxomma multinervorum Carpenter, 1897 Zyxomma petiolatum Rambur, 1842
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4
Term
Illustrated glossary of terms and abbreviations

Figure 4, 5 1, 6A, 6G, 6H 4, 5 6A, 6G, 6H 4 5 4, 5 9 4 4 3A, 3B, 3C 3C 2B 1, 3C 1, 2A-C 5 2B 1 4, 5 2B 1, 3A, 3B 4 5 4, 5 7E 1, 2B, 2C 3C 5 3B, 3C, 3D, 9 2B 4, 5 5 4, 5 6G 7F 4 4 7F 7F 7B, 7C 7E 1, 2A-D 3D, 9 8 8 1 1, 2A-C 2B 3B 6F 6F 8 6F 8, 9 Term hind leg humeral stripe hypertriangle inferior anal appendage inner wing pad intercalated vein intersegmental suture of thorax IR2, IR3 labial palp labium labrum lateral caudal gill lateral ocellus lateral setae lateral (abdominal) spine ligula MA (media anterior) mandible mandibular articulation median caudal gill median cleft median lobe of pronotum median ocellus median space of wing membranule mesanepisternum mesepimeron mesofemur mesokatepisternum mesopleural suture mesothoracic spiracle (mesostigma) metafemur metakatepisternum metanepisternum metapleural suture metascutuma metastigm metathoracic spiracle (metastigma) metepimeron mid-dorsal abdominal spine mid leg movable hook nodus oblique vein occipital triangle occiput ocellus outer distal branch outer wing pad ovipositor palpal setae palpal teeth (= palpal dentations) paraproct pedicel Figure 8 3C 4, 5 1, 6B-E 8 4 3B 4, 5 7B 2B, 2D 1, 2B, 2C 8 2A, 2C 7A, 7B 7E 77A, 7B 4 1, 2B 2B 8 7A 3C 2A, 2C 4, 5 5 3A, 3B 3B 9 3B, 3C 3A, 3B 3A, 3B 9 3B 3B 3B 3A 1 1, 3B, 3C 3B 9 8 7A-D, 7F 4, 5 5 2A 2C, 2D 1 7D 8 6G 7B-D, 7F 7C, 7F 7E 8
1A (anal vein) abdominal segments Ac (anal crossing) anal appendages anal field anal loop anal margin anal pyramid anal triangle anal vein (1A) antealar ridge antealar sinus anteclypeus antehumeral stripe antenna antenodal crossvein anterior frons anterolateral stripes arculus articulation of mandible auricle Ax1, Ax2 bridge crossvein C (costa) cercus clypeus collar costal space coxa crest (of frons) cu-a (cubito-anal crossvein) cubital space CuP (posterior cubitus) dentigerous plate dentition or tooth discoidal cell discoidal field distal margin of labial palp distal palpal setae end hook epiproct eye femur flagellum foreleg forewing frons gena genital fossa genital hamule genital lobe gill filament hamule head
12
Term postclypeus posterior lobe of pronotum posterolateral stripes postgena posthumeral stripes postmentum postnodal crossvein postocciput postocular area postocular lobe poststernum premental setae prementum proepimeron profemur pronotum prothoracic process prothorax pterostigma quadrilateral cell R+M (radius + media) R2, R3, R4 Rs (anterior sector of arculus) Rspl (radial splanate) Sc (subcosta) scape
Figure 2B 3C 1 2B, 2D 1 7A 4 2D 2B, 2C 8 3B 7B 7A 3B, 3C 9 3A, 3C, 8 9 1, 3A 4 4 4, 5 4, 5 4 5 4 8
Term secondary genitalia sectors of arculus segments 110 (of abdomen) setae of movable hook sternite sternum 11 style subalar ridge subcostal space Subnodal space subnodus subtriangle superior anal appendage supplementary transverse carina supra-anal plate synthorax tarsal claw tarsus tergum tibia triangle trochanter valve (of ovipositor) ventral carina vertex vulvar scale
Figure 1 4 1 7D 6G 6D 6G 3B 5 5 4 4, 5 1, 6B-E 3A, 3B 6G 3C 9 3D, 9 3A, 3B 3D, 9 4, 5 9 6G 6H 2A, 2C 6H
1 The adult dragonfly: Aeshnidae sp., male, lateral view. (Modified from Bellmann 1993.)
13
2 The dragonfly head: 2A, Austroaeschna parvistigma, male, dorsal view of head; 2B, Austroaeschna parvistigma, male, lateral view of head; 2C, Synlestes weyersii, male, dorsal view of head; 2D, Austrogomphus amphiclitus, female, rear of head.
3 The dragonfly thorax: 3A, Austroaeschna parvistigma, male, dorsal view of thorax and anterior abdomen; 3B, Austroaeschna parvistigma, male, lateral view of thorax and anterior abdomen. 3C, Austroepigomphus gordoni, male, anterolateral view of synthorax. 3D, Austrogomphus amphiclitus, female, mesothoracic leg.
14
4 The dragonfly wing: Austroargiolestes icteromelas, male, hindwing (top); Austrogomphus australis, male, hindwing (bottom)
5 The dragonfly wing: Diplacodes bipunctata, male, base of forewing (top); base of hindwing (bottom).
15
6 The dragonfly abdomen: 6A, Antipodogomphus hodgkini, male dorsal view of abdomen; 6B, Eurysticta coolawanyah, male, dorsal view of anal appendages; 6C, Eurysticta coolawanyah, male, lateral view of anal appendages; 6D, Nannophlebia injibandi, male, dorsal view of anal appendages; 6E, Nannophlebia injibandi, male, lateral view of anal appendages; 6F, Tramea stenoloba, male, lateral view of secondary genitalia; 6G, Austroaeschna pulchra, female, lateral view of end of abdomen; 6H, Diplacodes bipunctata, female, lateral view of end of abdomen.
16
7 Structures of dragonfly larvae: 7A, Austroaeschna subapicalis, labium, ventral view; 7B, Ischnura heterosticta, labium, dorsal view; 7C, Gynacantha dobsoni, left labial palp, dorsal view; 7D, Austrolestes annulosus, right labial palp, dorsal view; 7E, Tramea loewii, posterior abdominal segments, dorsal view. 7F, Nannophlebia risi, right labial palp, dorsal view
8 The damselfly larva: Griseargiolestes griseus, final instar, dorsal view.
9 The dragonfly larva: Notoaeschna geminata, final instar, dorsal view
17
Keys to the adults

(Genera and species which are the sole representatives of a family in Australia may also key out here.) 1a Discoidal cell a simple quadrilateral, sometimes traversed by crossveins occasionally open at base Suborder Zygoptera (damselflies) 2
Discoidal cell divided into hypertriangle and triangle, often differing in shape in fore and hind wing, and often traversed by crossveins Suborder Epiprocta (dragonflies) 13
2a
Normally two antenodal crossveins, both extending across costal and subcostal spaces 3 Several antenodal crossveins, the extra veins not necessarily extending across both costal and subcostal spaces 11
18
3a
Anal vein vestigial or absent, so that there are no longitudinal veins beyond the discoidal cell 4
Anal vein long, straight or zigzagged, extending well beyond level of subnodus 6 Anterior sector of arculus forking about a third to half of the way from arculus to level of subnodus Lestoideidae: Lestoidea
4a
Anterior sector of arculus forking well beyond half-way from arculus to level of subnodus, sometimes beyond subnodus 5 Black damselflies marked with cream, green, blue or orange; CuP two cells or less long, commonly one cell Platycnemididae: Disparoneurinae: Nososticta Pale brown to dark greenish grey, rarely black damselflies, thorax and abdomen sometimes pruinescent; CuP of variable length, one to several cells long Isostictidae
5a
19
6a
Arculus of forewing incomplete so that discoidal cell is open at base 7 Arculus of forewing complete, discoidal cell closed at base 8
7a
CuP strongly arched forward in first cell after it leaves posterior distal corner of discoidal cell Chorismagrionidae: Chorismagrion risi CuP almost straight in first cell beyond discoidal cell Hemiphlebiidae: Hemiphlebia mirabilis No supplementary longitudinal veins between branches of Rs (R2, IR2, R3, IR3 and R4) in distal portion of wings Coenagrionidae At least one supplementary, intercalated vein several cells long between branches of Rs in distal portion of wings 9
8a
9a
Anterior sector of arculus (Rs) forking less than half-way from arculus to level of subnodus Lestidae
Anterior sector of arculus (Rs) forking well beyond half-way from arculus to level of subnodus 10
20
10a
CuP strongly arched forward in first cell after it leaves posterior corner of discoidal cell Synlestidae
CuP almost straight in first cell beyond discoidal cell Megapodagrionidae
11a
Only the two basal antenodal crossveins extending across both costal and subcostal spaces, the additional crossveins confined to the costal space Diphlebiidae: Diphlebia Numerous antenodal crossveins in both the costal and subcostal spaces 12 Abdomen much longer than wings; pterostigma absent Calopterygidae: Neurobasis australis Abdomen shorter than wings; pterostigma present Chlorocyphidae: Rhinocypha tincta semitincta Eyes widely separated on top of the head 14
12a
13a
Eyes close together on top of the head or, most commonly, narrowly or broadly fused in midline 16
21
14a
Male with broad leaf-like superior anal appendages; female with a complex ovipositor bearing pair of styli near tip which extends to or beyond end of abdominal segment 10 Petaluridae: Petalura
Male superior appendages relatively slender, more or less rounded in section; ovipositor reduced to scalelike structure rarely extending beyond end of abdominal segment 9, and lacking styli 15 Large dragonflies (hind wing longer than 33 mm); triangle of forewing and hind wing traversed by crossveins Lindeniidae: Ictinogomphus
15a
Smaller dragonflies (hind wing shorter than 33 mm); triangle of forewing and, usually of hind wing, free Gomphidae
22
16a
Triangle of forewing elongate along wing axis 17
Triangle of forewing not elongate along wing axis, often elongate across it 19
17a
Anterior portion of both wings marked with series of well-defined, reddish brown spots Austropetaliidae Anterior portion of wings colourless except for pterostigma, or, marked with brown stripe, sometimes subdivided into bands and broad, rounded nodal spots 18 MA unbroken distally and running parallel to, or diverging from, R4; a single row of cells, with or without groups of double cells, between IR3 and Rspl Brachytronidae and Telephlebiidae
18a
MA degenerate distally and converging upon R4; up to three to six rows of cells between IR3 and Rspl Aeshnidae
23
19a
Crossveins present in median space Synthemistidae
No crossveins in median space 20
20a
Basal side of hind wing triangle far beyond arculus, separated from it by a distance equal to or greater than the length of the arculus 21
Basal side of hind wing triangle nearer to arculus, up to approximately half the length of arculus beyond it, often in line with it 23
21a
Large species, hind wing longer than 35 mm Macromiidae: Macromia Small species, hind wing shorter than 35 mm 22 Sectors of arculus separating close to first crossvein beyond arculus; male lacking auricles, hindwing rounded at base Libellulidae (part) Sectors of arculus separating closer to arculus than to first crossvein beyond it; male with auricles and angulated base of hindwing 23
22a
24
23a
Thorax and abdomen dark metallic with distinctive pale markings Cordulephyidae: Cordulephya Thorax and abdomen all dark metallic Pseudocorduliidae: Pseudocordulia Sectors of arculus fused at their origins and forming a short stalk (except in the forewing of some Rhyothemis); wing colouration variable, often with dark general, nodal or distal pigmentation Libellulidae (part) Sectors of arculus diverging from their origins (at least in forewing); wings hyaline or partly suffused yellow or pale orange with or without yellow to reddish brown marks at their bases 25 Basal side of hindwing triangle at or slightly basal to arculus; anal loop generally stocking-shaped, expanded with extra cells at tip Corduliidae Basal side of hindwing triangle beyond arculus; anal loop compact to sausage-shaped, generally not expanded, and without extra cells at tip 26
24a
25a
26a
Anal loop compact Gomphomacromiidae: Archaeophya
Anal loop distinctly but variously elongate Austrocorduliidae
25
Lestidae Key to genera and species of Lestidae 1a Quadrilateral cells of forewing and hind wing similar in size and shape, that of hind wing less than 1.10 times length of forewing quadrilateral Lestes concinnus Quadrilateral cell of hind wing more than 1.15 times, usually 1.31.5 times longer than that of forewing 2
2a
Front of synthorax marked with vertical, metallic green stripe on each side, expanded laterally near centre to form brownish green or green spot; Ac approximately midway between Ax1 and Ax2 in forewing, often nearer to Ax2 Indolestes 3 Front of synthorax unicolorous or striped, the stripe not expanded near centre; Ac generally near Ax1, basal or distal, occasionally almost midway between Ax1 and Ax2 Austrolestes 5 Hind wing of male shorter than 20 mm long, of female shorter than 21 mm Indolestes alleni Hind wing of male 20 mm long or more, of female 21 mm or more 4
3a
26
4a
Abdominal terga 3-6 marked with pale basal ring, blue in mature male, ill-defined in mature female, and with or without ill-defined pale subapical band; metapleural suture marked brown only at upper end; superior appendages of male sinuate, reflexed and broadly contiguous at tips Indolestes tenuissimus Abdominal terga 3-6 with pale basal ring and well-defined subapical band; metapleural suture with dark spot at upper end and narrow dark stripe over much, or all, of its lower course; superior appendages of male convergent at tips, forcipate Indolestes obiri Pterostigma overlying crossveins of adjoining row only near each end; Ac far beyond level of Ax1, generally about midway between Ax1 and Ax2; abdominal tergum 2 marked with dark longitudinal stripe on each side of pale midline, or with ill-defined marks on pale background Austrolestes insularis Central part of pterostigma overlying one or more crossveins of adjoining row; Ac closer to level of Ax1 than of Ax2, sometimes basal to Ax1; abdominal tergum 2 with welldefined light and dark pattern, sometimes like that of dark A. insularis, or substantially dark 6
5a
27
6a
Pale humeral stripe broad, its upper end crossing mesopleural suture on to mesepimeron and subalar ridge almost to segmental junction 7 Pale humeral stripe narrow, with at most a small upper patch extending across mesopleural suture, not meeting subalar ridge 8
7a
Metapleural suture narrowly lined black from subalar ridge to metastigma; abdominal segment 9 of male predominantly pale above Austrolestes aridus
Upper quarter to third of upper metapleural suture marked black; abdominal segment 9 of male predominantly dark above Austrolestes analis
8a
Humeral stripe extending across mesopleural suture 9
Humeral stripe not extending across mesopleural suture 11
28
9a
Abdominal segment 10 of male black; dorsal dark band on abdominal tergum 2 of female relatively narrow, the pale lateral areas clearly visible from above Austrolestes minjerriba Abdominal segment 10 of male pale above; dorsal dark mark on abdominal tergum 2 of female broad, divided by narrow, pale mid-dorsal line, pale lateral areas scarcely visible from above 10 Median lobe of pronotum with pale lateral margin; abdominal tergum 2 of male dark above, with pale, narrow mid-dorsal line over distal third Austrolestes io Median lobe of pronotum dark laterally; abdominal tergum 2 of male dark above with broad, pale middorsal stripe Austrolestes leda Abdominal tergum 2 dark distally, with basal pale semicircular, triangular or pointed half-oval spot; superior appendages of male sinuate, reflexed and broadly contiguous at tips Austrolestes cingulatus Abdominal tergum 2 without pale basal spot; superior appendages of male forcipate, converging at tips 12 Abdominal tergum 2 with pale middorsal stripe over entire length, broad in male, narrow in female Austrolestes leda Abdominal tergum 2 without pale mid-dorsal stripe 13
10a
11a
12a
29
13a
Ac proximal to Ax1 in forewing; abdominal terga 3-7 of male substantially pale, with forward pointing, dark arrow-shaped mark on posterior half Austrolestes annulosus Ac distal to Ax1 in forewing; abdominal terga 3-7 of male substantially dark, with pale basal rings 14
14a
Pale ring at base of abdominal tergum 7 occupying approximately 20% of posterior half Austrolestes minjerriba Pale ring at base of abdominal tergum 7 occupying approximately 10% of length of segment, or less 15
15a
From south-eastern Australia; abdominal tergum 2 of male with dorsal dark mark, slightly constricted at centre Austrolestes psyche From south-western Australia; dorsal mark on abdominal tergum 2 of male strongly constricted at centre, forming narrow stem Austrolestes aleison
Hemiphlebiidae Key to genus and species of Hemiphlebiidae This family contains only the single genus and species Hemiphlebia mirabilis. Chorismagrionidae Key to genus and species of Chorismagrionidae This family contains only the single genus and species Chorismagrion risi.
30
Synlestidae Key to genera and species of Synlestidae 1a Anal appendages in both sexes and at least segment 10 of female substantially white Episynlestes 2 Anal appendages in both sexes and at least segment 10 of female substantially dark Synlestes 7 Male 3 Female 5 Superior anal appendages lacking conspicuous dorsal armature Episynlestes albicauda
2a b 3a
Superior anal appendages with very conspicuous dorsal lobe 4
4a
Inner branch of superior anal appendages with step-like notch on outer side Episynlestes intermedius
Inner branch of superior anal appendages bifid Episynlestes cristatus
5a
Smaller species, hind wing generally shorter than 30 mm; pterostigma 1.5 1.9 mm; north from Paluma area Episynlestes cristatus Larger species, hind wing generally longer than 30 mm; pterostigma 1.8 2.2 mm; south from Eungella area 6
31
6a
From north-eastern New South Wales and south-eastern Queensland, north to the Rockhampton area Episynlestes albicauda From the Eungella area Episynlestes intermedius Pterostigma dark brown to black, less than 2.0 mm long, generally overlying two cells, sometimes three; pronotum pale ochraceus, without black or metallic markings; male inferior anal appendages not reaching inner, basal prong of superior appendages 8 Pterostigma yellowish to brown, longer than 2.0 mm, generally overlying three to five cells; pronotum black or metallic, with yellow anterior and posterior margins; male inferior anal appendages extending slightly beyond inner, basal prong of superiors Synlestes weyersi Proepimeron pale ochraceus with distinct, brownish black or metallic patch on upper surface; male superior anal appendages with inner subapical tooth Synlestes selysi Proepimeron pale ochraceus without dark marks; male superior appendages without inner, subapical tooth Synlestes tropicus
7a
8a
32
Megapodagrionidae Key to genera and species of Megapodagrionidae 1a Large, with abdomen longer than 42 mm; hind wings longer than 40 mm; more than 27 postnodals Podopteryx selysi Smaller, with abdomen shorter than 42 mm, hind wings shorter than 35 mm; fewer than 27 postnodals 2 Generally three or more cells, rarely two in discoidal field between discoidal cell and level of subnodus; male superior anal appendages with ventral spur Austroargiolestes 3 Generally two, sometimes three, cells in discoidal field between discoidal cell and level of subnodus; male superior anal appendage without ventral spur 22 Anterior frons and postclypeus largely pale, yellowish or reddish orange 4 Anterior frons, clypeus and labrum dark greenish brown to black 5 4a Abdominal tergum 2 black with conspicuous white to orange dorsal mark, shaped like a thick-stemmed wineglass Austroargiolestes amabilis Abdominal tergum 2 black without any conspicuous bright dorsal mark Austroargiolestes aureus
2a
3a
5a b
Male 6 Female 14
33
6a
Front of synthorax almost completely pale, yellow to orange, not pruinescent Austroargiolestes chrysoides
Median part to much of front of synthorax dark brown to black with pale to yellowish brown humeral stripe on each side, sometimes pruinescent 7
7a
Humeral stripe constricted near upper end, then broadened at tip 8
Humeral stripe not widened at upper end 9
8a
Basal angle of superior anal appendages almost uniformly rounded; tips of appendages not overlapping if inner edges of basal portion are set parallel Austroargiolestes alpinus Basal angle of superior anal appendages slightly angulated; tips of appendages overlapping if inner edges of basal portion are set parallel Austroargiolestes brookhousei
34
9a
Superior anal appendages with tip of ventral spur visible from above 10
Superior anal appendages with ventral spur not visible from above 12
10a
Distal end of inner marginal ridge of superior appendages ending in sharp point above ventral spur some Austroargiolestes calcaris
Distal end of inner marginal ridge of superior appendages rounded, or continuing into inner ridge of ventral spur 11
11a
Outer face of mandible very dark brown to black; superior anal appendages with basal portion about as long as median or distal portion Austroargiolestes elke
Outer face of mandible largely yellowish white to yellow; superior anal appendages with basal portion markedly shorter than median or distal portion Austroargiolestes isabellae
35
12a
Distal end of inner marginal ridge of superior appendages ending in sharp point above ventral spur some Austroargiolestes calcaris Distal end of inner marginal ridge of superior appendages rounded, or continuing into inner ridge of ventral spur 13
13a
Inferior anal appendages, viewed from below, broad, blunt, rounded apically Austroargiolestes christine
Inferior anal appendages, viewed from below, almost triangular with sharply pointed tips Austroargiolestes icteromelas
14a
Front of synthorax almost completely pale yellow to white Austroargiolestes chrysoides (possibly teneral specimens)
Median part to much of front of synthorax dark brown to black, with pale to red-brown humeral stripe on each side, sometimes pruinescent 15
36
15a
Pale stripe in front of mesopleural suture constricted near upper end, then broadened at tip, not obscured by pruinescence 16 Pale stripe in front of mesopleural suture not widened at tip, its inner margin commonly converging on mesopleural suture, sometimes obscured by pruinescence 17 Posterior lobe of pronotum with corners almost uniformly rounded; tergum 10 with or without pale anteromedian spot Austroargiolestes alpinus Posterior lobe of pronotum with corners slightly angulated; tergum 10 without pale anteromedian spot Austroargiolestes brookhousei Outer face of mandible very dark brown to black Austroargiolestes elke Outer face of mandible largely pale 18
16a
17a
18a
Uppermost point of mesanepisternal part of humeral stripe not at mesopleural suture, so that upper end of stripe appears peaked or truncate; not pruinescent Austroargiolestes chrysoides Uppermost point of mesanepisternal part of humeral stripe at mesopleural suture, the upper part of stripe thus appearing acutely tapered; sometimes obscured by pruinescence 19
37
19a
Black patch on metepimeron extending half-way down segment of metapleural suture above metastigma, its lower end usually truncate or bluntly angled Austroargiolestes isabellae Black patch on metepimeron extending well beyond half-way down upper segment of metapleural suture, or separated from it by long gently tapering white stripe 20
20a
Ratio between length of hind wing and length of metafemur approximately 5.0 (range 4.5 to 5.5); front of synthorax never strongly pruinescent Austroargiolestes icteromelas Ratio between length of hind wing and length of metafemur approximately 4.3 (range 4.0-4.6); mature adults with front of synthorax strongly pruinescent 21 Pterostigma of mature adults brown to black; south-eastern New South Wales (south of Hunter River), Victoria Austroargiolestes calcaris Pterostigma of mature adults black; north-eastern New South Wales (north of Hunter River) Austroargiolestes christine Pale humeral stripe well developed, conspicuous; from eastern Australia Griseargiolestes 23
21a
22a
Pale humeral stripe vestigial or absent; from south-western Australia 29
38
23a
Labium dark brown to black Griseargiolestes fontanus Labium pale 24
24a
Black marking on metepimeron reduced to a small patch, occupying less than one third of length and width of epimeron 25 Black marking on metepimeron much more extensive, occupying approximately half of width and at least one third of length of epimeron 27 Anterior part of metakatepisternum dark brown; non-pruinescent species 26
25a
Metakatepisternum entirely pale yellow; body partly pruinescent in mature individuals Griseargiolestes albescens
26a
Black marking on metepimeron reduced to tiny patch; male superior anal appendages widely arched, inferiors bifid Griseargiolestes metallicus Black marking on metepimeron covering approximately one third of its length and width; male superior anal appendages bent, inferiors simple Griseargiolestes bucki
39
27a
Mesepimeral portion of humeral stripe substantial, much wider than the adjacent part of episternal portion; pale lateral marks on median and posterior lobes of pronotum fused Griseargiolestes griseus Mesepimeral portion of humeral stripe narrow, scarcely wider than the adjacent part of episternal portion; pale marks on sides of median and posterior lobes of pronotum widely separated 28 Yellow patch along the intersegmental suture triangular and the dorsal two-thirds of the adjacent black bar almost parallel-sided; pterostigma generally markedly paler with the posterior side approximately twice as long as the distal or proximal side; pruinescence restricted to the front of the thorax Griseargiolestes eboracus Yellow patch along the intersegmental suture anterodorsally rather evenly curved and the dorsal third of the adjacent black bar distinctly conical; pterostigma generally markedly darker with the posterior side approximately 1.5 times as long as the distal or proximal side; pruinescence occurs over almost the whole insect Griseargiolestes intermedius
28a
40
29a
Line of junction between anterior dark metallic region of synthorax and pale region behind it almost straight, passing diagonally from mesocoxa to base of hind wing; male superior anal appendages with low, ventral subterminal flange Miniargiolestes minimus Line of junction between dark and pale areas of synthorax irregular, with black stripe extending down in front of metapleural suture; male superior anal appendages with mesal tooth ArchiargioIestes 30
30a
Tooth on superior appendages with broad crown, often forming two low, rounded peaks Archiargiolestes pusillus Tooth on superior appendages with single peak 31
31a
Anterior margin of tooth on superior appendages approximately 45 to axis of abdomen; a minor swelling present on anterobasal face of tooth Archiargiolestes pusillissimus Anterior margin of tooth almost transverse to axis of abdomen Archiargiolestes parvulus
41
Chlorocyphidae Key to genus and species of Chlorocyphidae The only species of this family recorded from Australia is Rhinocypha tincta semitincta. Calopterygidae Key to genus and species of Calopterygidae The only species of this family recorded from Australia is Neurobasis australis. Lestoideidae Key to genus and species of Lestoideidae 1a Anal vein free of wing margin from Ac approximately one third or more of distance to crossvein at end of quadrilateral cell; inferior appendage of male almost as long as superior appendage; posterior lobe of female pronotum forming broad flange, not abruptly angulated, about half way to outer comer Lestoidea barbarae Anal vein vestigial, free of wing margin for less than one third distance from Ac to crossvein at end of quadrilateral cell; inferior appendage of male much shorter than superior appendage; posterior lobe of female pronotum abruptly angled about half way to outer corner 2
42
2a
Male superior anal appendages perpendicularly bent ventrad, basal portion slim and with small ventral tooth, apex distinctly truncate; inferior appendages with end-lobe well defined, rather long and slim; female pronotum with medial portion of posterior lobe, narrow, subtriangular to widely rounded, the lateral margins narrow and not markedly upturned Lestoidea conjuncta Male superior anal appendages almost perpendicularly bent ventrad or their basal and apical portion including a moderately wide angle; basal portion stout and with substantial ventral tooth, apex not distinctly truncate; inferior appendages with end-lobe not well defined and shorter; female pronotum with medial portion of posterior lobe wide and widely rounded, the lateral margins broad and markedly upturned 3 Male superior anal appendages almost perpendicularly bent ventrad; inferior appendages with end-lobe short, claw-shaped Lestoidea brevicauda Basal and apical portion of male superior anal appendages including a moderately wide angle; inferior appendages with end-lobe not well defined, longer and not claw-shaped Lestoidea lewisiana
3a
43
Diphlebiidae Key to genus and species of Diphlebiidae 1a b 2a Male 2 Female 6 Terga 4-6 black above, at least in midline 3
Terga 4-6 largely blue or grey above, without broad, mid-dorsal black stripe 5 Terga 4-6 with blue patch on each side, more than half length of tergum Diphlebia nymphoides Terga 4-6 with or without blue basal spot on each side, no more than quarter length of tergum 4
3a
4a
Basal spots on terga 4-6 usually very distinct; south of Paluma-Eungella gap Diphlebia coerulescens Basal spots on terga 4-6 usually very small and indistinct, or absent; north of Paluma-Eungella gap Diphlebia euphoeoides Segment 10 and superior anal appendages black; apical half of wings with brownish black bar c. 10 mm wide, pale brown in tenerals, tip clear Diphlebia hybridoides Segment 10 and superior anal appendages largely blue above; wings with or without white cross bar and darkened tip Diphlebia lestoides
5a
44
6a
Abdominal terga 4-7 without black mid-dorsal line, or with line of darkening confined to dorsal ridge; segments 8-10 entirely black Diphlebia hybridoides Abdominal terga 4-7 with or without black mid-dorsal line; segments 8, 9 black with pale markings 7
7a
Dark mid-dorsal line, if present, of almost uniform width on terga 2-7, except for transverse black bar on supplementary transverse carina, sometimes extending to end of segment Diphlebia lestoides Dark mid-dorsal line on terga 2 and 3 considerably narrower than on terga 47, or missing, distal black dorsal patch on segments 4-6 more or less onionshaped, rounded at sides 8
8a
9a
Mid-dorsal stripe on tergum 3 a very narrow line, or lacking; north of' Paluma-Eungella gap Diphlebia euphoeoides Mid-dorsal stripe on tergum 3 narrow in front, broadening progressively towards swollen spot at end of segment; south of Paluma-Eungella gap 9 Pale lateral stripe on terga 4-7 narrow, sharply downcurved in front, forming L-shape Diphlebia nymphoides Pale lateral stripe on terga 4-7 broad, slightly widened basally Diphlebia coerulescens
45
Isostictidae Key to genera and species of Isostictidae 1a CuP one or two cells long, occasionally none 2 b CuP three or more cells long 14
2a b
Male 3 Female 10
3a
Superior anal appendages shorter than inferiors Rhadinosticta
Superior anal appendages longer than inferiors 5
4a
Distal part of male inferior appendage far more slender than superior appendage; lateral horns on posterior lobe of pronotum short, their length (without hairs) less than a quarter the basal width of posterior lobe Rhadinosticta simplex Distal part of male inferior appendage almost as substantial as superior appendage; prothoracic horns elongate, length more than a quarter the basal width of posterior lobe Rhadinosticta banksi
46
5a
Ac in hind wing at or distal to level of Ax1 Oristicta filicicola Ac in hind wing proximal to level of Ax1 6
6a b 7a
8a
Hind wing longer than 20 mm Labidiosticta vallisi Hind wing shorter than 20 mm Eurysticta 7 Front of synthorax either entirely pale (in many females), or with dark band on either side of dorsal carina, plus shorter, narrow, upright stripe half-way from dorsal carina to mesopleural suture Eurysticta coolawanyah Front of synthorax bearing some bronze-green markings, sometimes substantially bronze; no upright stripe half-way from dorsal carina to mesopleural suture 8 Bronze-green coloration completely restricted to median half of front of synthorax Eurysticta reevesi Bronze-green coloration extending somehow into outer (lateral) portions of front of synthorax 9 Bronze-green band on either side of dorsal carina occupying half the front of synthorax, or less, the outer edges parallel except for short broadening or diagonal, downward-directed lobe near centre Eurysticta kununurra Bronze-green coloration occupying more than half width of front of synthorax, sometimes entire width, its outer edges wavy or scalloped, or set with a row of pale spots in front of mesopleural suture Eurysticta coomalie
9a
47
10a
Ac in hind wing at or distal to level of Ax1 Oristicta filicicola Ac in hind wing proximal to level of Ax1 11
11a
CuP one cell long in forewing, two cells long in hind wing Eurysticta 7
CuP one cell long in forewing and hind wing 12
12a
Labrum black with pale front margin Labidiosticta vallisi
Labrum creamy white, with or without darker markings occupying up to basal half Rhadinosticta 13 Female lacking prothoracic horns; hind margin of proepimeron with two short, blunt, upwardly-directed spines Rhadinosticta simplex
13a
Female with or without prothoracic horns; hind corner of proepimeron bearing low swelling Rhadinosticta banksi
48
14a
Ac in hind wing proximal to Ax1 Lithosticta macra
Ac in hind wing distal to, or aligned with, Ax1 15
15a
Superior anal appendages of male much longer than inferiors; anal appendages of female black Neosticta 16
Superior anal appendages of male shorter than inferiors; anal appendages of female pale Austrosticta 21
16a b
Male 17 Female 19
17a
Upper margin of posterior lobe of pronotum lowest in midline, appearing shallowly V-shaped in frontal view; superior appendages cleaver-shaped Neosticta fraseri Upper margin of posterior lobe of pronotum slightly bowed upwards on each side of midline, then downturned towards lateral horns; superior appendages cleaver-shaped, or forcipate 18
49
18a
Broad, pale antehumeral band over outer, lower half to two-thirds of front of synthorax; superior appendages cleaver-shaped Neosticta canescens
Front of synthorax entirely dark, or with pale, antehumeral stripe over outer, lower quarter to third; superior appendages forcipate with rounded, inner swelling near tip Neosticta silvarum Posterior lobe of pronotum low, its height in midline less than half its width; hind border of proepimeron excavate, cowl-shaped, with dark rim Neosticta fraseri Posterior lobe of pronotum strongly produced and swollen in midline, its height more than half its width 20 Hind margin of proepimeron inflated, black Neosticta canescens Hind margin of proepimeron not inflated, bordered by ridges Neosticta silvarum Synthorax with large black frontal patch and black lateral stripe continuous, or almost so, across base of mesopleural suture Austrosticta frater Synthorax with large black frontal patch and black lateral stripe not continuous across base of mesopleural suture 22
19a
20a
21a
50
22a
Pale lateral areas of male abdominal terga 7-9 visible from above; superior anal appendages of male forcipate, with mesal tooth well beyond midlength Austrosticta fieldi Pale lateral areas of male abdominal terga 7-9 scarcely or not visible from above; superior anal appendages of male forcipate, with mesal tooth slightly beyond midlength Austrosticta soror
Platycnemididae: Disparoneurinae Key to genus and species of Platycnemididae: Disparoneurinae 1a b 2a Male 2 Female 13 Central portion of the wings with brown to black markings 3 b 3a Wing membrane hyaline or yellow 4 Wings with well-defined brownishblack transverse band between levels of about 3rd-4th and 7th-9th postnodal veins Nososticta kalumburu Wings with broader, more diffuse brown patch, from about level of nodus almost to pterostigma Nososticta baroalba Antehumeral stripes bright orange 5 b Antehumeral stripes ochraceus, with whitish, pale green or blue 6 5a Antehumeral stripes broad, occupying much of mesanepisternum Nososticta pilbara Antehumeral stripes narrower, occupying outer half to two-thirds of mesanepisternum Nososticta solida
4a
51
6a
Abdominal terga 5 and 8 with substantial basal green to yellowish marks, that on segment 8 occupying approximately half the tergum Nososticta solitaria Abdominal tergum 5 with at most narrow basal spot or spots occupying 10% or less the length of the tergum, tergum 8 pale only along lateral margin 7 Broad oval greenish to whitish spot beside each lateral ocellus [antehumeral stripes pale green] Nososticta liveringa Small ferruginous spot, or no pale mark, beside each lateral ocellus 8
7a
8a
Postclypeus black, genae substantially to entirely black; antehumeral stripes ochreous to greenish blue, narrow, parallel-sided or slightly widened above, sometimes short, truncate Nososticta fraterna
Postclypeus blue, or blue and black; genae substantially blue; antehumeral stripes each occupying almost half the width of mesanepisternum, or more, narrowing above 9
52
9a
Antehumeral stripes bright blue, occupying most of mesanepisterna, their inner margins straight, separated in midline by much less than half the maximum width of stripe Nososticta koongarra Antehumeral stripes greenish blue or blue, inner margins straight or concave, separated in midline by half or more of the maximum width of stripe 10 Superior anal appendages largely black, slender in profile, with single apex; abdominal terga 3-5 with lateral, whitish basal spots, broadly separated in dorsal midline [antehumeral stripes bright blue] 11 Superior anal appendages blue, broad in profile, their apices shallowly bifid; abdominal terga 3-5 with dorsal yellowish or greenishblue basal spots, entirely or narrowly subdivided in midline, sometimes very small or absent 12
10a
11a
Posterodorsal portion of metepimeron black Nososticta mouldsi
All of metepimeron pale Nososticta taracumbi
53
12a
Pale basal spots on abdominal terga 4-7 often lacking, when present much reduced, divided by narrow black mid-dorsal line Nososticta koolpinyah Pale basal spots on terga 3-7 extending across mid-dorsal line Nososticta coelestina Posterior lobe of pronotum reflexed, scoop-shaped, strongly concave above, uniformly rounded to subtriangular with rounded apex 14
13a
Posterior lobe of pronotum not scoop-shaped; apex, if defined, protuberant from lateral contour of lobe 18
14a
Abdominal tergum 1 pale to dull orange 15
Abdominal tergum 1 dark brown or black above 16
54
15a
Posterior lobe of pronotum shallowly concave, its edges almost straight in profile Nososticta pilbara Posterior lobe deeply concave, its edges strongly bowed in profile Nososticta solida Posterior lobe of pronotum deeply concave, edges strongly bowed in profile, apex broad and rounded, appearing semicircular to truncate from above Nososticta solitaria Posterior lobe shallowly concave, subtriangular, almost equilateral from above, edges almost straight in profile 17 Antehumeral stripes narrow, separated from lower end of dorsal carina by at least twice their width at that level, commonly three times or more Nososticta fraterna Antehumeral stripes broader, separated from lower end of dorsal carina by up to twice their width at that level Nososticta liveringa Posterior lobe of pronotum with welldefined apex, bearing blunt to fingerlike or subtriangular projection 19
16a
17a
18a
Posterior lobe of pronotum without well-defined apex 22
55
19a
Projection of apex of posterior lobe of pronotum subtriangular Nososticta mouldsi Projection of apex of posterior lobe of pronotum blunt to finger-like 20 Gena pale at anterior (upper) mandibular articulation Nososticta taracumbi Black band extending across gena from anterior mandibular articulation to, or almost to, eye, sometimes contiguous with black lower margin of gena 21 Antehumeral stripes narrow, separated from lower end of dorsal carina by approximately three times their width at that level Nososticta baroalba Antehumeral stripes broad, separated from lower end of dorsal carina by approximately their own width at that level Nososticta koongarra Posterior lobe of pronotum a large, upright flap, almost flat, the upper margin variably emarginate in midline Nososticta kalumburu Posterior lobe of pronotum low, comprising two small, widely separated peaks 23 Hind part of posterior lobe of pronotum broad and shelf-like, its lateral tooth partly behind upright triangular flap of anterior part Nososticta coelestina Hind part of posterior lobe of pronotum narrower, scarcely shelflike, its lateral tooth lying behind upright triangular flap of anterior part Nososticta koolpinyah
20a
21a
22a
23a
56
Coenagrionidae Key to genera and species of Coenagrionidae Agriocnemis thoracalis cannot beinterpreted and is omitted from the key. Pseudagrion ingrid is regarded as junior synonym of Archibasis mimetes. 1a Arculus in hind wing situated beyond distal antenodal crossvein by at least the length of subcostal part of antenodal; very small damselflies, hind wing shorter than 14 mm Agriocnemis 2 Damselflies without this combination of characters 14 Male 3 Female 8 Inferior anal appendages much longer than superiors Agriocnemis femina Inferior anal appendages almost the same length as, or shorter than, superiors 4
2a b 3a
4a
Tips of superior appendages converging 5
Tips of superior appendages not converging 6
57
5a
Inferior appendages almost as long as superiors; abdominal terga 7-8 substantially dark brown-black Agriocnemis dobsoni Inferior appendages much shorter than superiors; abdominal terga 7-8 substantially orange-red Agriocnemis rubricauda Black line present along upper half or more of metapleural suture Agriocnemis kunjina
6a
Small black spot at upper end of metapleural suture 7
7a
8a
9a
Upper surface of superior appendage ending in short, stout tooth; mature males covered in white pruinescence Agriocnemis argentea Upper surface of superior appendage uniformly curved; mature males not heavily pruinose Agriocnemis pygmaea Posterior lobe of pronotum reduced to low rim Agriocnemis pygmaea Posterior lobe of pronotum well developed 9 Central part of posterior lobe of pronotum a broad, posterior flap, depressed in midline with, in front of it, a narrower, upright lobe Agriocnemis dobsoni Central part of posterior lobe of pronotum, if differentiated from rest, a single, upright flap, or depressed 10
58
10a
Posterior lobe of pronotum upright, shallowly to deeply depressed in midline 11 Central part of superior lobe of pronotum, if differentiated, a simple or trilobed flap, usually highest in midline 12 Black line present along upper half or more of metapleural suture Agriocnemis kunjina Small dark spot at upper end of metapleural suture Agriocnemis femina Margins of central and lateral portions of posterior lobe of pronotum discontinuous, central portion ending behind lateral portion; from north-western Australia Agriocnemis argentea Margins of central and lateral portions of posterior lobe of pronotum continuous; from eastern and northern Australia 13 Central portion of posterior lobe of pronotum an upright, trilobed flap Agriocnemis rubricauda Central portion of posterior lobe scarcely differentiated from lateral portions Agriocnemis argentea Anal vein leaving wing margin well basal to the level of Ac in both wings, so there is a basal segment of anal vein about the same length as Ac 15 Anal vein leaving wing margin nearer to or beyond level of Ac; basal segment of hind wing anal vein, if present, not more than half length of Ac 35
11a
12a
13a
14a
59
15a b 16a
Hind wing longer than 22 mm 16 Hind wing shorter than 22 mm 28 Abdominal segments 2-4 black and blue or blue-grey above Caliagrion billinghursti (part) Abdominal segments 2-4 bronzeblack above Pseudagrion (part) 17 Male 18 Female 23 Synthorax blue and black 19 Synthorax with extensive brown to yellow areas, sometimes pruinescent 20 Superior anal appendages with deep, V-shaped notch at tip, the lower branch longer than the upper Pseudagrion microcephalum Superior appendages with shallow, wide emargination at tips, the upper branch longer than the lower Pseudagrion cingillum Face dull brown; abdominal segments 8-9 pale bluish grey, pruinescent Pseudagrion jedda Face yellow or orange-yellow; end of abdomen either blackish brown, often pruinescent, or bright blue on much of segments 8-9 21 Front of synthorax black or brown 22 Front of synthorax yellow Pseudagrion aureofrons
17a b 18a b
19a
20a
21a b
60
22a
Face of mature individuals orange to red; caudal face of male superior anal appendages more than twice as long as wide Pseudagrion ignifer Face of mature individuals pale to bright yellow; caudal face of male superior anal appendages markedly less than twice as long as wide Pseudagrion lucifer Abdominal segments 3-5 brownish black above except for narrow, pale band at extreme base; lateral margin of dark upper surface almost straight 24 Dark pigmentation on abdominal segments 3-5 less extensive, tapered to rounded in front, narrowing to back, abruptly expanded distally, so that lateral pale areas are clearly visible from above, and lateral margin is sinuate 26 12-15 postnodal crossveins 25 16-19 postnodal crossveins Pseudagrion jedda From New South Wales and from Queensland, except Cape York Peninsula Pseudagrion ignifer From Kimberley region in Western Australia, from Northern Territory and from Cape York Peninasula Pseudagrion lucifer Length of forwardly-directed, fingerlike process on each side of posterior lobe of pronotum less than height of anterior lobe at point of attachment Pseudagrion cingillum Finger-like processes much longer than height of anterior lobe at point of attachment 27
23a
24a b 25a
26a
61
27a
Transverse ridge above mesothoracic spiracle meeting ridge flanking its inner margin at a sharp angle, equal to or less than a right angle Pseudagrion aureofrons Transverse ridge curving progressively into inner ridge Pseudagrion microcephalum Central part of posterior lobe of pronotum low, rounded, not produced into prominent tongue 29 Central part of posterior lobe of pronotum produced into prominent tongue 32 Abdominal segment 3-5 of male extensively blue above, with black tips; female lacking ventral spine on apex of abdominal segment 8 Coenagrion lyelIi (part)
28a
29a
Abdominal segment 3-5 of male either dark brown to black or orangered above; female with ventral spine on apex of abdominal segment 8 lschnura 30 No pale markings on rear of head, behind eyes, although postocular area is usually pruinose in males Ischnura pruinescens Postocular spots present 31
30a
31a
Hind wing less than 14 mm long; male abdomen substantially red, marked blue and black distally Ischnura aurora Hind wing more than 14 mm long; male substantially blue and black, the abdomen not red Ischnura heterosticta
62
32a
Reddish to black damselflies, hind wing longer than 14 mm Argiocnemis rubescens Small bronze damselflies, hind wing shorter than 14 mm Austrocnemis 33 Abdominal segment 9 substantially or entirely blue above Austrocnemis splendida Abdominal segment 9 bronze-black above, with or without small blue spot 34
33a
34a
Male metanepisternum black, often covered by pruinescence; posterior lobe of female pronotum an upright, rounded flap Austrocnemis maccullochi Pale blue stripe extending diagonally across lower metanepisternum of male, on to metepimeron; posterior lobe of female pronotum a concave, inverted subtriangular flap Austrocnemis obscura Orange-red to yellowish green damselflies without dark thoracic markings 36 Damselflies with dark brown or black markings on pale background (reddish, yellow, green, blue, pale brown), or substantially dark, the dark areas in either case often with metallic sheen 37
35a
63
36a
Anal vein leaving wing margin at or very close to level of Ac Ceriagrion aeruginosum
Anal vein leaving wing margin beyond Ac by at least the length of Ac Teinobasis rufithorax
37a
Pterostigma of forewing markedly larger than that of hind wing; female with ventral spine on apex of abdominal segment 8 Aciagrion fragile Pterostigma of forewing similar in size to that of hind wing; female lacking ventral spine on abdominal segment 8 38
38a
Pterostigma very small, almost as long as wide Archibasis mimetes
Pterostigma markedly longer than wide 39
39a b 40a
Male 40 Female 48 Extensive dull orange to red markings on head, thorax and anterior abdomen Xanthagrion erythroneurum No such markings on thorax or abdomen 41
64
41a
Synthorax with extensive brown or yellow areas, sometimes pruinescent Pseudagrion (part) 18 Synthorax blue and black 42 Antealar sinus partially to substantially blue 43 Antealar sinus black 44 Ac of hind wing aligned, or almost aligned, with basal antenodal crossvein CaIiagrion billinghursti (part) Ac of hind wing beyond alignment of basal antenodal crossvein Pseudagrion (part) 18 Abdominal segment 4 and 5 more than half blue above Coenagrion lyelli (part) Abdominal segment 4 and 5 more than half black above Austroagrion 45 Abdominal segment 8 entirely blue; posterior part of segment 7 usually blue; segment 9 blue, occasionally with small, distal mid-dorsal black mark Austroagrion cyane Abdominal segment 7 black; segment 8 blue, usually with small to large distal, mid-dorsal black mark; segment 9 blue with generally large, distal, mid-dorsal black mark 46 Superior and inferior anal appendages almost equal in length Austroagrion exclamationis Superior appendages much longer than inferiors 47
b 42a
b 43a
44a
45a
46a
65
47a
Black marks on abdominal segments 8 and 9 extending full length of segment Austroagrion pindrina Black marks on abdominal segments 8 and 9 occupying approximately half length of segment or less Austroagrion watsoni Posterior lobe of pronotum with forwardly directed, finger-like process on each side 49 Posterior lobe of pronotum without forwardly directed, finger-like process on each side 50 Ac of hind wing aligned with basal antenodal crossvein Caliagrion billinghursti (part) Ac of hind wing beyond alignment with basal antenodal crossvein Pseudagrion (part) 23
48a
49a
50a
Posterior half of upper surface of abdominal tergum 1, excluding membrane, blue; anal vein leaving wing margin basal to Ac, forming short stalk Coenagrion lyelli (part) Upper surface of abdominal segment 1 brown to black, with or without orange-brown dorsal and lateral marks; anal vein leaving wing margin at Ac 51
66
51a
Synthoracic terga, between wing bases, pale orange; abdominal tergum 1 with triangular bronze dorsal mark partly divided by anterior, orange mid-dorsal line Xanthagrion erythroneurum Synthoracic terga partially dark brown to black; abdominal tergum 1 with triangular to parallel-sided dark brown to black dorsal mark lacking pale mid-dorsal line Austroagrion 52 Central part of posterior lobe of pronotum elongate, broadened at tip Austroagrion pindrina Central part of posterior lobe of pronotum rounded triangular 53
52a
53a
Central part of posterior lobe of pronotum with acutely V-shaped ridge on upper surface Austroagrion exclamationis Central part of posterior lobe of pronotum with slightly raised margin and rounded apex 54 Postclypeus black, with or without pale margin Austroagrion cyane Postclypeus black with two pale spots, sometimes minute but sometimes fused in midline Austroagrion watsoni
54a
67
Austropetaliidae Key to genera and species of Austropetaliidae 1a Eyes separated in midline by a distance comparable to width of median ocellus; known only from Tasmania Archipetalia auriculata Eyes meeting or almost meeting in midline; known only from mainland Australia Austropetalia 2 Frons has pale line along crest or at least along its lateral portions; yellow stripes on front of synthorax narrow, parallel-sided for most of their length and separated by more than three times their maximum width; wing membrane of female strongly pigmented along several subcostal crossveins between the primaries; superior anal appendages of male slender, c. one-quarter as wide as long, convergent with slight bend at about midlength and with apex angulate. Only north of 35S Austropetalia patricia Frons without pale line along crest; yellow stripes on front of synthorax moderately wide and separated by less than three times their maximum width near antealar ridge, thence slightly and rather evenly tapered to a point; wing membrane of female not pigmented along subcostal crossveins between the primaries; superior anal appendages of male rather stout, c. one-third as wide as long, straight and with apex rounded. Only south of 35S Austropetalia tonyana
2a
68
Aeshnidae Key to genera and species of Aeshnidae 1a Last prominent fork of IR3 at or near level of distal end of pterostigma in both wings; margin of hind wing rounded in both sexes, male lacking anal triangle and auricles Anax 2
Prominent fork of IR3 near or proximal to level of basal end of pterostigma in both wings; anal margin of hind wing rounded in female, angulated in male, forming anal triangle; male with auricles 5
2a
Sides of abdominal terga 7-9 in male, 4-9 or 5-9 in female, with strong supplementary longitudinal ridge 3 Sides of abdominal terga evenly rounded in male, strongly ridged on terga 7-8 or 7-9 in female Anax papuensis Top of frons dark brown to black only in subtriangular area in front of eyes and ocelli, midline and frontal crest pale or only slightly darkened Anax guttatus Top of frons with T-shaped mark consisting of dark brown to black bar along frontal crest and dark brown mid-dorsal line, joining subtriangular black patch in front of eyes and ocelli 4 Tergum 9 of both sexes with pair of large, posterodorsal spots Anax gibbosulus Tergum 9 of male with pair of small, pale posterodorsal spots, or entirely dark Female unknown Anax georgius
3a
4a
69
5a
Space between CuP and 1A of hind wing slightly and continuously tapering from proximal to distal end, proximal portion usually one, occasionally two cells wide 6 Space between CuP and 1A of hind wing two to three cells wide proximally, narrowing to half or less in width over central third 12 Anal triangle of male narrow, twocelled; dentigerous plate of female three-pronged Agyrtacantha dirupta
6a
Anal triangle of male broad or narrow, with three or more cells; dentigerous plate of female twopronged 7
7a
Front of synthorax with long, slanting pale stripe on each side; abdominal segments 4-7 with prominent basal, central and apical pale, yellowish spots Austrogynacantha heterogena Front of synthorax dull brown or green, pale or dark, with or without an ill-defined pale patch in lower, outer corner; abdominal segments 4-7 with, at most, small pale spots, often almost unpatterned Gynacantha 8
70
8a
Top of frons with faint darkening in midline Gynacantha nourlangie Top of frons with variably dark middorsal line, commonly forming Tshaped mark with dark transverse mark on crest 9 Segment 3 strongly constricted, width of waist c. 1.1 mm or less in male, 1.5 mm in female 10
9a
Segment 3 less strongly constricted, width of waist c. 1.3 mm or more in male, 1.8 mm or more in female 11
10a
Superior anal appendages of male slender, produced into a long, slender point, inferior appendage viewed from above about the same length as, or somewhat shorter than, segment 10; female frons relatively narrow, less than 4 mm wide, base of hind wing brown to dark brown as far as basal antenodal crossvein, sometimes to arculus Gynacantha kirbyi Superior anal appendages of male broadened in distal half, more or less rounded at tip, inferior appendage longer than segment 10; female frons more than 4 mm wide, pigmented patch at base of hind wing, if present, pale brown, generally not extending beyond membranule Gynacantha mocsaryi
71
11a
Width of male waist on abdominal segment 3 1.3-1.8 mm, 8-30 (commonly 15-25) black denticles around margin of genital fossa; ventral region of tergum 3 of female relatively narrow, hind margin from last tooth on lateral ridge to alignment of inner ridge less than 1.1 mm Gynacantha dobsoni Width of male waist on abdominal segment 3 1.8-2.3 mm, 2-10 (commonly 3-7) black denticles along margin of genital fossa; ventral region of tergum 3 of female relatively broad, hind margin more than 1.3 mm Gynacantha rosenbergi Top of frons with conspicuous black T-mark Adversaeschna brevistyla
12a
Top of frons with black, transverse bar along the crest Anaciaeshna jaspidea
Telephlebiidae and Brachytronidae Key to genera, subgenera and species of Telephlebiidae and Brachytronidae Only Dendroaeschna conspersa is considered to belong in Brachytronidae; all other species make up the Telephlebiidae. 1a b 2a Crossveins present in median space 2 No crossveins in median space 9 Subcosta ending at nodus Dendroaeschna conspersa Subcosta prolonged into first to third cell distal to nodus 3
72
3a
Top of frons pointed in front; pterostigma overlying at least five cells Telephlebia 4 Top of frons rounded in front; pterostigma overlying no more than three cells Antipodophlebia asthenes Top of frons with wide, subtriangular dark mark, almost extending to outer edge 5 Top of frons with narrow dark mark, rounded or almost straight at sides, its base extending to level of antennal bases 6 Male with tips of superior anal appendages rounded, or pointed on inner side, not convergent; female with comparatively narrow occiput Telephlebia brevicauda
4a
5a
Male with tips of superior anal appendages pointed or convergent; female with comparatively wide occiput Telephlebia godeffroyi
73
6a
Waist on abdominal segment 3 of male markedly narrower than that on segment 4, abdominal segment 4 of female almost parallel-sided; tips of superior anal appendages of male pointed and convergent Telephlebia cyclops Waist on abdominal segment 3 of male little narrower than that on segment 4, abdominal segment 4 of female markedly constricted; tips of superior anal appendages of male pointed but not convergent 7
7a
Wings with basal and nodal markings widely separated, nodal mark extending behind radius only as a narrow band along subnodus; top of frons with narrow pentagonal dark mark in male, irregularly-shaped mark in female; superior anal appendages only slightly longer than inferior appendage, or larger than greatest width of tergum 10 Telephlebia undia Wings with basal and nodal markings connected or separated, nodal mark extensive behind radius; top of frons with almost circular dark mark; superior anal appendages of male considerably longer than inferior appendage, and larger than greatest width of tergum 10 8
74
8a
Dark wing markings covering hypertriangle in both wings; lower basal corner of male superior anal appendages strongly angled Telephlebia tillyardi Dark wing markings not covering hypertriangles in either wing; lower basal margin of male superior anal appendages rounded Telephlebia tryoni Wings with dark band just behind anterior margin; six to twelve cells in triangles and hypertriangles AustrophIebia 10 Wings hyaline; two to four, occasionally five, cells in triangles and hypertriangles 11 Dark fasciae of wings extensive and vivid reddish brown, very similar in both sexes; male superior anal appendages convergent, markedly narrower in basal one-third than more distally, their outer margins slightly angulated near midlength, inferior appendage rather shallow, with apex very narrow; female with dentigerous plate of ovipositor moderately wide and bearing 8-12 teeth; anal appendages of female not particularly pointed Austrophlebia costalis Fasciae of wings dark but not vivid olive brown, in female less strongly defined than in male; male superior anal appendages of approximately the same width from base to apex, their outer margins widely and evenly curved without any angulation; inferior appendage deeper and apically wider than in A. costalis; female dentigerous plate rather narrow and with apex truncate and bearing c. 6 teeth; anal appendages sharply pointed Austrophlebia subcostalis
9a
10a
75
11a
Both wings with two supplementary radial veins (Rspl1 and Rspl2); posterior angle of hind wing triangle meeting 1A Acanthaeschna victoria Both wings with a single supplementary radial vein (Rspl); posterior angle of hind wing triangle and 1A joined by a short crossvein 12 Male with three or fewer, or without, distinct longitudinal dorsal ridges on segment 10; anal appendages of female shorter than to slightly longer than segment 10; supra-anal plate rounded to subtriangular Austroaeschna and Dromaeschna 13 Male with five distinct longitudinal dorsal ridges on segment 10; anal appendages of female at least twice as long as segment 10 (sometimes broken, thus appearing short), supraanal plate ending in long prominent spine 35 Abdominal segments 9 and 10 and anal appendages bright ochreous or rusty red-brown. [Synthorax dark brown with jade green markings, all but last abdominal segments dark brown and ochreous] Dromaeschna weiskei Abdominal segments 9 and 10 and anal appendages largely dark brown or black 14
12a
13a
76
14a
Synthorax in front of mesopleural suture with a single yellow or yellowish green stripe over virtually its entire length on each side and, commonly, a small spot of the same colour beside it, near its upper end; abdominal terga 3-8 (male) or 3-7 (female) with one pair of pale spots, widely separated at base of segment Austroaeschna (Pulchaeschna) 15 Front of synthorax with one or two pale stripes over virtually the entire length on each side, or pale patches with or without a long pale stripe; abdominal terga 3-8 either lacking basal pale marks, or with both basal and central or distal marks Austroaeschna (Austroaeschna) and Dromaeschna 17
15a
Male inferior appendage scoopshaped, broad, when seen from above extending almost to inner base of superior appendage; hind corners of occipital triangle of female unarmed or with small, upright or diverging tooth on each side 16 Male inferior appendage only slightly hollowed above, narrow, when seen from above occupying approximately central half of space between bases of superior appendages; hind corners of occipital triangle of female armed with pair of large, upright triangular flaps converging in midline Austroaeschna muelleri
77
16a
Occiput large and predominantly pale; male superior anal appendages with tip asymmetrical; postoccipital lobes of female thin, finger-like, exceptionally missing Austroaeschna pulchra Occiput smaller and predominantly dark; male superior anal appendages with tip almost symmetrical; postoccipital lobes of female wide, subtriangular Austroaeschna eungella Side of synthorax with three long, brown stripes of approximately equal width, one on mesopleural suture, one on line of intersegmental suture and one on metapleural suture, the intervening stripes green Dromaeschna forcipata Side of synthorax with either unequal, pale stripes or pale patches on a dark background 18 Top of frons black with pair of pale spots isolated from pale patch at side of anterior frons by broad to tenuous black band 19 Top of frons dark brown to black in centre and along anterior and posterior margins, otherwise pale, broadly continuous with pale lateral patch at side of anterior frons 28 Anterior frons black or dark brown, pale at sides 20 Only upper part of anterior frons black 27 Distal quarter to third of meso- and metafemur dark brown to black, darker than rest of femur 21 Meso- and metafemur reddish brown, with or without black tip 23
17a
18a
19a
20a
78
21a
A narrow pale green line, sometimes inconspicuous, over the whole length of front of synthorax, flanked by row of three pale spots in front of mesopleural suture Austroaeschna tasmanica No uninterrupted line over whole length of front of synthorax 22
22a
Vertex dark with pale top Austroaeschna hardyi Vertex entirely black Austroaeschna flavomaculata At least one broadly curved antehumeral stripe, covering whole length of front of synthorax 24 Antehumeral stripes reduced to short, narrow, slightly curved lines and small patches 25 Tergum 9 of male and tergum 8 of female with pale dorsolateral patch each side Austroaeschna sigma Tergum 9 of male and tergum 8 of female lacking pale dorsolateral patches Austroaeschna christine Anterodorsal spots on abdominal terga 3 and 4 generally much reduced or absent, and on 5-7, lacking Austroaeschna obscura Anterodorsal spots on abdominal terga 3 and 4 generally well developed, and on 5-7, usually detectable 26
b 23a
24a
25a
79
26a
Male inferior anal appendage short and thick, slightly emarginate and not particularly tapered; female occiput in caudal aspect rounded; from southeastern New South Wales and Victoria, except for the Grampians Austroaeschna multipunctata Male inferior anal appendage long and slender, distinctly bilobed and tapered; female occiput in caudal aspect obtusely pointed; from the Grampians Austroaeschna ingrid Three small pale marks on mesepimeron; mesokatepisternum dark brown to black; legs black with small yellow marks near bases of tibiae Austroaeschna anacantha A curved, pale band on upper mesepimeron; mesokatepisternum brown with distinct yellow patch; a subapical yellow mark on meso- and metafemur Austroaeschna parvistigma Postgenae pale immediately behind eye-margin; one or two distinct, long, antehumeral stripes on each side 29
27a
28a
Postgenae immediately behind eyemargin black, with bright yellow or brown mark near lateral notch; front of synthorax with pale. often illdefined patches on dull blackish brown background 34
80
29a
Mesokatepisternum brown; profemur brown to dark brown, darkening distally Austroaeschna inermis Mesokatepisternum brown with yellow patch; profemur brown to black above and at sides, pale below 30 Lateral stripe on synthorax constricted and slightly curved at about its middle; abdominal segments 3-7 brown, darkened around pale spots on supplementary transverse carina [A warmly coloured dragonfly, with very long abdomen] Austroaeschna unicornis (part) Lateral stripe on synthorax not constricted, more or less parallel sided; dark regions of abdominal segments 3-7 of male largely black, paler distally 31
30a
31a
Pale spots on abdominal tergum 8 extensive, about half as long as the tergum; male inferior appendage short, truncate 32 Pale spots on abdominal tergum 8 small, less than a third the length of the tergum; male inferior appendage long, subtriangular Austroaeschna cooloola From eastern Queensland north of 20S Austroaeschna speciosa From Queensland south of 20S 33
32a
81
33a
Lower pale mesepimeral mark a substantial patch Austroaeschna unicornis (part)
Lower pale mesepimeral patch a fine line Austroaeschna pinheyi
34a
Hind margin of occipital triangle slightly concave to almost straight, that of female flanked by large, subtriangular flap Austroaeschna atrata Hind margin of occipital triangle markedly convex, that of female flanked by rounded tooth of variable length Austroaeschna subapicalis Top of frons dark brown to black, with pale band running just in front of antenna and eye margin on each side; pale abdominal pattern largely consisting of elongate triangular spots along thin, dark midline Notoaeschna 36
35a
Top of frons dark brown to black, with a pale oval spot on each side; pale abdominal pattern largely consisting of almond-shaped spots, widely separated along midline Spinaeschna 37
82
36a
Rear of occiput bearing pale, upwardly-directed, thumb-like projection; male with segment 10 markedly narrower than preceding segments, and superior anal appendages appearing long, slender Notoaeschna sagittata
Occipital projection small, dark, inconspicuous; male with segment 10 as wide as preceding segment, and superior anal appendages short, stout Notoaeschna geminata
37a
Abdominal segments 9,10 entirely dark brown or blackish brown above; superior anal appendages of male slightly angulated near base Spinaeschna watsoni
Abdominal segments 9, 10 of male and segment 9 of female with a pair of pale, posterodorsal patches; superior anal appendages with ventral tooth near base Spinaeschna tripunctata
83
Lindeniidae Key to genus and species of Lindeniidae 1a Yellow humeral stripe reduced to spot below end of antealar ridge, with or without spot at lower end; yellow stripe on metanepisternum similarly reduced Ictinogomphus paulini Yellow humeral stripe extending from just below antealar ridge to katepisternum, sometimes interrupted at upper third; yellow stripe on metanepisternum extending to level of metastigma 2 Abdominal terga 7-8 approximately half yellow and half black above; terga 9-10 substantially black above Ictinogomphus australis Abdominal terga 7-8 yellowish in front, reddish brown to reddish black behind; much of terga 9-10 reddish brown above Ictinogomphus dobsoni
2a
Gomphidae Key to genera, subgenera and species of Gomphidae Austroepigomphus melaleucae is considered to be a junior synonym of Austroepigomphus praeruptus. 1a Incomplete (subcostal) antenodal crossvein proximal to Ax1 usually present in forewings, sometimes lacking in hind wings; end of abdomen elongate, mid-dorsal length of abdominal tergum 9 more than 2.4 mm in male, 2.3 mm in female Antipodogomphus 2 Generally no incomplete antenodal crossvein proximal to Ax1 in any wing; end of abdomen not elongate, mid-dorsal length of abdominal tergum 9 less than 2.3 mm in male, 2.1 mm in female 9
84
2a
Abdominal terga 9-10 reddish yellow; abdominal terga 4-5 with short, black mid-dorsal line, faint in very pale individuals, often fused with transverse black ring on supplementary transverse carina 3
Abdominal terga 9-10 mainly black above; terga 3-5 with yellow middorsal line, sometimes fused to anterior yellow ring 4
3a
Black stripe along line of intersegmental suture of synthorax broken above metastigma Antipodogomphus neophytus
Black stripe along line of intersegmental suture continuous above metastigma Antipodogomphus hodgkini
4a
Humeral stripe reduced to two small, yellow patches: an upper, rounded spot below the antealar ridge and a central, short linear spot; abdominal tergum 9 black Antipodogomphus acolythus Humeral stripe divided into three spots, almost equally spaced, the lowermost usually fused with outer end of collar; abdominal tergum 9 with basal and apical yellow spots on each side 5 Male 6 Female 7
5a b
85
6a
Rear of occiput armed with irregular row of horizontal spines Antipodogomphus proselythus
Rear of occiput unarmed Antipodogomphus dentosus
7a
Rear of occiput unarmed Antipodogomphus edentulus Rear of occiput armed 8
8a
Occipital armature consisting of a row of horizontal spines Antipodogomphus proselythus Each end of occipital margin armed with fused mass of four to five horizontal spines, with one to three free-standing spines immediately adjacent, centre of occipital margin free of spines Antipodogomphus dentosus Male 10
9a
Female 19
86
10a
Superior anal appendages parallel or divergent, not converging at tips, each bearing a long, curved ventrobasal branch 27 Superior anal appendages converging at tips, bearing basal, ventral to lateral spine or toothed spur 11
11a
Upper projection of bipartite sternum 11 concealed by basal, toothed spine of superior anal appendage; from eastern and northern Australia Hemigomphus 12 Upper projection of bipartite sternum 11 lying outside base of superior anal appendage, its upper end turned to rear and toothed or sculptured 18 Abdominal sternites 7 and 8 lacking strong, central tufts of setae Hemigomphus magela Abdominal sternites 7 and/or 8 each with pair of strong, central setal tufts protruding below ventral carina 13
12a
87
13a
Tip of superior appendage smoothly curved inwards; setal tufts on sternite 7 and 8 14
Tip of superior appendage abruptly folded inward; setal tufts present or absent on sternite 7 16 Abdominal terga 4-7 with basal pair of small, lateral yellow spots, broadly separated in midline Hemigomphus atratus Abdominal terga 4-7 with basal yellow ring, or basal pair of large yellow spots, narrowly separated in midline 15 Superior appendages widely separated at base, maximum separation more than 1.05 mm; inner margin of superior appendage convex beyond basal divergence, curving smoothly into distal convergence Hemigomphus heteroclytus Superior appendages closer at base; maximum separation less than 1.05 mm; inner margin of superior appendage almost straight from basal divergence to abrupt outward bend about 0.7 times inner length from base Hemigomphus gouldii Setal tufts lacking from sternite 7 Hemigomphus comitatus
14a
15a
16a
Setal tufts present on sternite 7 17
88
17a
Humeral stripe yellowish green, usually continuous, sometimes broken in upper half, forming upper spot and lower stripe Hemigomphus theischingeri Yellow humeral stripe reduced to small upper and lower spots Hemigomphus cooloola
18a
One crossvein between sectors of arculus proximal to fork of Rs in hind wing; superior appendages with lateroventral spine near base; from south-western Australia Armagomphus armiger
Two or three crossveins between sectors of arculus proximal to fork of Rs in hind wing; superior appendages with slender ventral spine at extreme base Odontogomphus donnelIyi
19a
Anterior part of abdominal segments 3 and 4, in front of supplementary transverse carina, with broad, middorsal black patch or band 20 Anterior of abdominal segments 3 and 4 with mid-dorsal yellow band, sometimes narrow; or entirely yellow 27 Ovipositor about as long as sternum 9 Odontogomphus donnellyi
20a
Ovipositor less than half length of sternum 9 21
89
21a
One crossvein between sectors of arculus proximal to fork of Rs in hind wing; from south-western Australia Armagomphus armiger Two or three (occasionally one) crossveins between sectors of` arculus proximal to fork of Rs in hind wing; from eastern and northern Australia Hemigomphus 22 Occiput armed with central, more or less upright spine 23 Occiput unarmed 24
22a
23a
Occiput spine stout, irregular conical, slanting rearwards Hemigomphus comitatus Occiput spine slender, upright or slanting slightly to front Hemigomphus theischingeri Yellow humeral stripe reduced to small upper and lower spots Hemigomphus cooloola Central part of yellow humeral stripe present, joined or not to upper humeral spot 25
24a
25a
Black band along line of intersegmental suture of synthorax broken below metastigma, extensive to continuous above it Hemigomphus magela Black band along line of intersegmental suture continuous below metastigma, lacking or almost so above it 26
90
26a
Postgena not swollen on either side of occiput; antehumeral stripe commonly fused below with outer corner of collar Hemigomphus heteroclytus Postgena strongly swollen on either side of occiput, except in specimens from southern Victoria; antehumeral stripe commonly isolated from collar Hemigomphus gouldii Abdominal terga 9-10 yellow or pale reddish brown, tergum 8 similar or with dark reddish brown to black distal half 28 Abdominal terga 9-10 usually marked with black or chocolate brown; if yellow or reddish, then tergum 8 substantially black 32 Hind wing longer than 21.5 mm 29 Hind wing shorter than 21.5 mm Austrogomphus (Austrogomphus) (part) 31 Postclypeus largely black Austrogomphus mouldsorum
27a
28a b
29a
30a
Postclypeus yellow Austroepigomphus (Xerogomphus) 30 Anterior frons extensively black; humeral stripe generally not meeting collar; distal third of abdominal tergum 7 dark reddish brown to black, rarely paler Austroepigomphus turneri Anterior frons reddish yellow, or with reddish brown to reddish grey transverse bar; humeral stripe meeting collar; abdominal tergum 7 yellow to yellowish red Austroepigomphus gordoni
91
31a
Antehumeral stripe broadly fused with collar, forming inverted figure 7; dark band along line of intersegmental suture of synthorax reduced to narrow line in front of and below metastigma Austrogomphus pusillus Antehumeral stripe usually isolated from collar; dark band along line of intersegmental suture of synthorax complete Austrogomphus mjobergi Metanepisternum black, with small yellow dorsal spot; pterostigma black, swollen, its length less than 3.3 times its maximum width Austroepigomphus (Austroepigomphus) praeruptus Metanepisternum substantially pale; pterostigma yellow, brown or black, its length more than 3.3 times its maximum width 33
32a
33a
Brown and cream-coloured, with lilac colouration on side of synthorax; or brown and greenish yellow; lower half of metepimeron posteriorly margined with brown Zephyrogomphus 34 Black and yellow or greenish-yellow, lacking lilac colouration; metepimeron posteriorly not margined with brown 35
92
34a
Brown and cream coloured with lilac colouration on side of synthorax; from south-western Australia Zephyrogomphus lateralis Dark brown, marked with brownish and greenish yellow Zephyrogomphus longipositor
35a
Antehumeral stripe with inner margin almost parallel to dorsal carina, its lower end fused with collar. Black mark on lower mesepimeron not extending to metastigma; metapleural suture not lined with black Austrogomphus (Pleiogomphus) 36 Antehumeral stripe aslant, isolated or its lower end fused with collar. Black mark on lower mesepimeron extending to level of, or engulfing, metastigma; if not, metapleural suture lined with black Austrogomphus (Austrogomphus) (part) 39 Anal appendages black, those of males forked at tip 37
36a
Anal appendages yellow, those of male forked or simple at tip 38
37a
Abdominal terga 8-9 extensively marked with yellow, generally including a basal yellow ring on tergum 9 Austrogomphus divaricatus Abdominal tergum 8 black above, with small, anterior yellow spot on each side; tergum 9 entirely black Austrogomphus bifurcatus
93
38a
Superior appendages of male unevenly forked into long, pointed outer branch and short, rounded upper branch; female occiput unarmed, postocciput with two small, black spines Austrogomphus prasinus Superior appendages of male not forked; female with large, blunt yellow tooth on rear of occiput, just below occipital margin, and two large, black teeth with out-turned tips on postocciput Austrogomphus amphiclitus Abdominal segment 10 black above 40 Abdominal segment 10 yellow, or black and yellow above 42
39a
40a
Upper surface and sides of male superior appendages narrowing abruptly near apex, producing a very sharp, discrete tip; rear of female occiput with upturned, variably flattened tooth on each side, behind inner margin of eye, and pair of thick hooks, with out-turned lips, near the midline Austrogomphus angelorum Male superior appendage tapering evenly to sharp tip; rear of female occiput with flattened tooth on each side, behind inner margin of eye, its hind border irregularly serrated 41
94
41a
Antehumeral stripe separated from or just meeting outer corner of collar; occiput of male black, with yellow spot on slightly swollen margin; occipital margin of female slightly lower in centre than at sides, not swollen Austrogomphus doddi Antehumeral stripe broadly fused with collar; male occiput yellow, with darker edges, greatly swollen, forming blunt triangular horn; occipital margin of female swollen in centre Austrogomphus cornutus
42a
43a b 44a
Antehumeral stripe broadly fused with collar, forming inverted figure 7; black stripe along line of intersegmental suture of synthorax extending to just above metastigma, with or without small spot below subalar ridge 43 Antehumeral stripe usually isolated from collar; if fused, a black stripe present along all or most of line of intersegmental suture, interrupted for, at most, a third of length, above metastigma 44 Hind wing more than 22 mm long Austrogomphus guerini Hind wing less than 22 mm long Austrogomphus pusillus Abdominal tergum 8 with basal, middorsal yellow stripe, sometimes short, and lacking basal yellow ring 45 Abdominal tergum 8 without middorsal yellow fleck, and generally with basal yellow ring, sometimes substantially yellow 47
95
45a
Superior appendage of male swollen on upper surface just before tip; female occiput unarmed, vulvar scale narrow, elongate [The pterostigma is slightly swollen and usually windowed, with a heavy, blackish outer margin and a paler centre, commonly pale brown] Austrogomphus ochraceus Superior appendage evenly tapered; rear of female occiput bearing three large, black teeth, two lateral and one central, vulvar scale more or less triangular 46 Abdominal tergum 9 yellow in female, usually substantially or entirely yellow in male; from eastern Australia Austrogomphus australis Abdominal tergum 9 black and yellow in female, extensively black with variably narrow, yellow basal ring in male; from south-western Australia Austrogomphus collaris Male hindwing c. 19.0 mm or more long; rear of female occiput with a small, rounded tooth on each side, behind inner-margin of eye Austrogomphus arbustorum Male hind wing less than c. 18.5 mm long; rear of female occiput without discrete teeth, but set with many small tubercles Austrogomphus mjobergi
46a
47a
96
Petaluridae Key to genus and species of Petaluridae The specific status of Petalura pulcherrima is still uncertain. 1a b Synthorax lacking stripes Petalura hesperia Pale stripes present on front and sides of thorax 2
2a
Abdomen with ill-defined, pale dorsal and lateral longitudinal stripes, and no pale basal or apical rings 3 Abdominal terga 3-7 with sharplydefined, pale basal and apical rings 4
3a
Plump; approximately upper half of anterior frons yellow; male superior anal appendages slightly elongate and with base distinctly black; inferior appendix predominantly yellow Petalura gigantea Very slender; only upper rim of anterior frons yellow; male superior anal appendages square and rather uniformly dark; inferior appendix predominantly dark brown Petalura litorea Anterior frons largely black; postclypeus generally black Petalura ingentissima
4a
Anterior frons largely yellow; postclypeus black with yellow spot each side Petalura pulcherrima
97
Synthemistidae Key to genera and species of Synthemistidae 1a Wings with dark brown spots at nodus Synthemiopsis gomphomacromioides Dark markings, if present, confined to basal parts of wings 2 2a Generally one crossvein in median space, sometimes two in one or two wings 3 b Generally two to five crossveins in median space of all wings 9 3a Labrum with black margin, often also with black stripe in midline Tonyosynthemis 4 Labrum pale to brown, without black margin or midline 5 Black stripe on metapleural suture unbroken Tonyosynthemis claviculata
4a
Black stripe on metapleural suture interrupted over central third Tonyosynthemis ofarrelli
5a
Front of synthorax dark without distinct markings, or black with one or two small pale spots on each side Archaeosynthemis 6 Front of synthorax dark with one dominant large pale mark on each side Austrosynthemis cyanitincta
98
6a
Pale intersegmental stripe on side of synthorax broken near centre 7
Pale intersegmental stripe on side of synthorax unbroken 8
7a b 8a
From south-eastern Australia Archaeosynthemis orientalis From south-western Australia Archaeosynthemis occidentalis Front of synthorax with an upper and lower pale spot on each side, the lower spot sometimes very small and inconspicuous Archaeosynthemis leachii Front of synthorax with small, pale spot low down on each side, and no upper spot Archaeosynthemis spiniger No accessory thick antenodal in forewing, only the two primaries present; male tergum 10 with posteriorly directed pale mid-dorsal cone; ovipositor reaching beyond segment 9 Synthemis 10
9a
An accessory thick antenodal in forewing in addition to the two primaries; this and the two previous alternating with thin antenodals; male tergum 10 without pale dorsal cone; ovipositor, if developed, not reaching beyond segment 9 11
99
10a
Large pale spot on supplementary transverse carina on each side of abdominal tergum 2, smaller in male than in female Synthemis eustalacta At most, small pale line on supplementary transverse carina on each side of male abdominal tergum 2, larger oval mark in female Synthemis tasmanica Anterior frons metallic black Parasynthemis regina Anterior frons pale, or pale with black stripe, often quite broad, in midline 12 Frons narrow; membranule of both wings vestigial; female ovipositor well developed Choristhemis 13 Frons broad; membranule of both wings well developed; female ovipositor reduced to vulvar lamina or poorly developed Eusynthemis 14 Front of synthorax with large yellow patch each side, sides of synthorax with complex yellow markings; abdominal segments 9 and 10 black Choristhemis olivei Front of thorax lacking large yellow patch, sides of synthorax with simple yellow markings; abdominal segments 9 and 10 mainly yellow on top. Choristhemis flavoterminata Labrum pale, with more or less extensive dark brown or black markings 15 Labrum black 16
11a
12a
13a
14a
100
15a b
Labrum with dark stripe in midline Eusynthemis virgula Labrum without dark stripe in midline Eusynthemis deniseae (part) Intermediary piece at base of each wing white or pale yellow 17
16a
Intermediary piece brown or black 22
17a
A large subtriangular yellow patch each side in basal half of front of synthorax Eusynthemis netta Front of synthorax dark except for pale dorsal carina 18
18a
Metascutum yellow 19
Metascutum dark brown to black 20
101
19a
Base of male superior anal appendages laterally evenly curved Eusynthemis ursa
Base of male superior anal appendages laterally distinctly angulated Eusynthemis ursula
20a
Top of frons black, anterior and lateral margins pale Eusynthemis nigra Top of frons black at base, continued into black midline between pair of conspicuous yellowish white anterior patches 21 Postclypeus with large, yellowish patch on each side Eusynthemis deniseae (part) Lateral part of postclypeus black Eusynthemis brevistyla Superior appendages of male longer than width of abdominal segment 10; tropical species 23
21a
22a
Superior appendages of male not longer than width of abdominal segment 10; non-tropical species 24
102
23a
Lateral lobes of labium dark brown to black; anterior frons with distinct median mark Eusynthemis barbarae Lateral lobes of labium pale yellow; anterior frons lacks distinct median mark Eusynthemis tenera Metascutum yellow Eusynthemis rentziana
24a
Metascutum dark brown to black 25
25a
Front of synthorax with pale stripe, broad or narrow, near outer margin, or rarely missing; anterior lateral stripe of synthorax wide, posterior stripe distinctly curved Eusynthemis aurolineata Front of synthorax dark except for pale dorsal carina; anterior lateral stripe of synthorax moderately wide and posterior stripe straight, or, anterior lateral stripe of synthorax narrow and posterior stripe distinctly curved 26 Labium brown to black; anterior lateral stripe of synthorax moderately wide and posterior stripe straight Eusynthemis guttata Labium yellow; anterior lateral stripe of synthorax narrow and posterior stripe distinctly curved Eusynthemis tillyardi
26a
103
Gomphomacromiidae Key to genus and species of Gomphomacromiidae 1a Median lobe of pronotum with small lateral tooth Archaeophya adamsi Median lobe of pronotum without lateral tooth Archaeophya magnifica
Pseudocorduliidae Key to genus and species of Pseudocorduliidae 1a Postgena usually dark brown or black immediately behind eye margin; male superior appendages slightly convergent beyond lateral tooth; female valves short, broadly triangular Pseudocordulia elliptica Postgena usually brown immediately behind eye margin; male superior appendages converging abruptly beyond lateral tooth; female valves with elongate, finger-like apices Pseudocordulia circularis
Cordulephyidae Key to genus and species of Cordulephyidae 1a Hind corner of metepimeron, and poststernum, bright yellow, very much paler than anterior part of metepimeron Cordulephya pygmaea Hind corner of metepimeron, and poststernum, dull brownish-yellow to greyish brown, only slightly paler than anterior part of metepimeron 2
104
2a
Tips of male superior appendages swollen, divergent; female with triangular basal yellow patch reaching to centre of tergum 8, and broad, relatively blunt anal appendages Cordulephya divergens Male superior appendages parallel or convergent at tips; yellow mark on tergum 8 of female restricted to extreme base, anal appendages relatively slender, pointed 3
3a
Small species, male hind wing less than 22 mm long, female hind wing less than 24 mm long; male superior appendages close together, almost parallel Cordulephya bidens Large species, male hind wing more than 22 mm long, female hind wing more than 24 mm long; male superior appendages widely separated at base, convergent Cordulephya montana
Austrocorduliidae Key to genera and species of Austrocorduliidae 1a Only one cu-a in hind wing; costal side of hind wing triangle up to 1.7 times the length of proximal side and discoidal side of hind wing beginning with two rows of cells Hesperocordulia berthoudi
Two, occasionally more, cu-a in hind wing, or, costal side of hind wing triangle approximately twice as long as proximal side and discoidal field of hind wing beginning with one row of cells 2
105
2a
One cu-a in hind wing Austrocordulia Two, occasionally more, cu-a in hind wing
5 3a b Side of synthorax unicolorous, brown Austrocordulia refracta Side of synthorax black with yellow stripes 4 4a Synthorax with two yellow lateral stripes Austrocordulia leonardi
Synthorax with three yellow lateral stripes Austrocordulia territoria
5a
1A of forewing almost straight between end of cell behind subtriangle and wing margin; anal loop beginning with single cell Austrophya mystica 1A of forewing bowed forwards between end of cell behind subtriangle and wing margin; anal loop beginning with row of two cells 6 Triangles of forewing and hind wing crossed Apocordulia macrops
6a
Triangles of forewing and hind wing free 7
106
7a
First 3-4 antenodals thickened in forewing; abdomen bronze or black, without yellow markings LathrocorduIia 8 First and third antenodals thickened in forewing; abdomen black with yellow markings on at least the first two terga Micromidia 9
8a
Distal half of male superior appendages broader than basal half, inner margin of apical part straight Lathrocordulia garrisoni Male superior appendages broadest near basal third, tapering to convergent tips Lathrocordulia metallica Small species, hind wing shorter than 24 mm Micromidia rodericki Larger species, hind wing longer than 26 mm 10 Length:width of pterostigma c. 3:1, distal end strongly aslant, almost parallel to next postnodal crossvein Micromidia convergens Length:width of pterostigma < 2.5:1, distal end squarer, less strongly aslant than next postnodal crossvein Micromidia atrifrons
9a
10a
107
Macromiidae Key to genus and species of Macromiidae 1a Top of frons black with two yellow spots; abdominal terga 2-6 black, marked with yellow; pterostigma long Macromia tillyardi
Top of frons deep metallic green, blue or violet, without yellow markings; abdominal segments 1-6 dark metallic green, without yellow markings; pterostigma short Macromia viridescens
Corduliidae Key to genera and species of Corduliidae The status of Hemicordulia novaehollandiae is obscure; the species is omitted from the key. 1a Hypertriangles of both wings crossed Pentathemis membranulata Hypertriangles generally free 2 2a Two crossveins between sectors of arculus basal to fork of Rs in hind wing; bridge crossvein between subnodus and oblique vein; ovipositor long, spoon-like, extending to or beyond end of abdomen Metaphya tillyardi Three crossveins between sectors of arculus basal to fork of Rs in hind wing; bridge crossvein at subnodus; ovipositor short, less than half length of tergum 9 Hemicordulia and ProcorduIia 3 Top of frons brown or black with metallic blue-green reflections 4 b Top of frons yellow with dark T-mark, or black with pair of yellow spots 8
3a
108
4a
Black mid-dorsal band strongly constricted at supplementary transverse carina, near anterior end of abdominal segments 6 and 7; male superior appendage with prominent, medioventral spine Hemicordulia australiae Black mid-dorsal band not strongly; constricted at supplementary transverse carina on abdominal segments 6 and 7; male superior appendage without spine 5
5a
Male lacking auricles, anal border of hind wing rounded; mid-dorsal black stripe on female abdomen strongly constricted at supplementary transverse carina on segment 4 7 Male with auricles, anal border of male hind wing angulated; middorsal black stripe on female abdomen not constricted at supplementary transverse carina on segment 4 Procordulia 6 Superior appendages of male strongly convergent, with parallel or slightly divergent tips; intersegmental membranes between abdominal terga 3-4 to 7-8 dark brown or black; female occiput swollen behind Procordulia affinis
6a
Superior appendages of male slightly convergent, with strongly divergent tips; intersegmental membranes between abdominal terga 3-4 to 7-8 orange-brown; female occiput not swollen behind Procordulia jacksoniensis
109
7a
Male abdomen strongly club-shaped, abdominal tergum 7 approximately 1.9 mm or more wide from midline to lateral margin; female anal appendages 1.9 mm or more long Hemicordulia continentalis
Male abdomen slightly club-shaped, abdominal tergum 7 1.8 mm or less wide from midline to lateral margin; female anal appendages 1.7 mm or less long Hemicordulia kalliste
8a
Abdominal tergum 7 extensively black above, yellowish at sides Hemicordulia tau
Basal half or more of abdominal tergum 7 yellow, with or without narrow, mid-dorsal black line 9
9a
Top of frons black with pale yellow spot on each side of midline Hemicordulia superba Top of frons with dark T-mark 10
10a
Male superior appendage lacking medioventral spine; female anal appendages approximately 3 mm long Hemicordulia flava Male superior appendage with strong medioventral spine; female anal appendages approximately 2 mm long 11
110
11a
Superior appendages markedly longer than inferior appendage, reflexed at tip; black distal band on abdominal tergum 7 of female occupying approximately 40-50% of mid-dorsal length of segment Hemicordulia intermedia Superior appendages similar in length to inferior appendage, not reflexed at tip; black distal band on abdominal tergum 7 of female occupying approximately 20% or less of middorsal length of segment Hemicordulia koomina
Libellulidae Key to genera and species of Libellulidae 1a Distal antenodal of forewing complete, both costal and subcostal sections present 2 b Distal antenodal of forewing incomplete, only the costal section present 35 2a Hind wing lacking anal loop Nannophya 3
Anal loop present 9
3a
Two to three crossveins in cubital space of hind wing (including Ac) Nannophya australis Only one crossvein (Ac) in cubital space of hind wing 4
4a b
Male 5 Female 7
111
5a
Mid-dorsal dark line present on abdominal terga 2-3, sometimes more extensive Nannophya dalei Abdominal tergum 3 lacking middorsal dark stripe 6
6a b
Abdominal terga entirely red Nannophya paulsoni Abdominal terga 1 and 2 marked dark brown to black above Nannophya occidentalis Abdominal terga 2-4 pale in front of supplementary transverse carina, reddish brown behind Nannophya paulsoni Abdomen with irregular, dark middorsal band 8
7a
8a
Black stripe on metapleural suture much narrower at level of metastigma than in upper half Nannophya dalei Black stripe on metapleural suture broad behind metastigma Nannophya occidentalis
9a
Anal loop rounded, poorly developed, of three to five cells 10
Anal loop well developed, generally stocking-shaped, usually closed at tip 14
112
10a
Basal side of hind wing triangle well beyond arculus Tetrathemis irregularis cladophiIa Basal side of hind wing triangle close to or at arculus Nannophlebia 11
11a
Abdominal tergum 4 with small, central yellow spot Nannophlebia eludens Abdominal tergum 4 with two yellow spots, one central and one in basal half, sometimes fused 12
12a
Top of vertex black; abdominal tergum 6 and, usually, 7 with single, central yellow spot Nannophlebia mudginberri Top of vertex yellow; abdominal terga 6 and 7 with basal and central yellow spots, sometimes fused or partly so 13 Genae completely black Nannophlebia risi
13a
Genae black with bright white spot Nannophlebia injibandi
14a
Small (hind wing c. 25 mm); synthorax and abdomen black with well-defined pale yellowish green markings Huonia melvillensis (part)
Not as above 15
113
15a
Base of hind wing triangle just beyond to well beyond arculus; top of frons brilliant metallic blue or green, particularly in male 16 Base of hind wing triangle at or proximal to arculus; top of frons, if metallic, dully so 20
16a
Fewer than nine antenodals in forewing Brachydiplax More than nine antenodals in forewing
17
17a
18 Labrum substantially pale; generally six antenodal crossveins in forewing, five in hind wing Brachydiplax denticauda Labrum dark brown to black; seven antenodal crossveins in forewing, six in hind wing Brachydiplax duivenbodei Arculus almost equidistant from second and third antenodal crossvein; nodus closer to base of wing than to apex, the ratio between the distances approximately 4:5; male abdomen slender, almost parallel-sided Agrionoptera 19
18a
Arculus in line or almost in line with second antenodal crossvein, or close to it; nodus almost equidistant from base and apex of wing; male abdomen broad, tapering from segment 3-10 Notolibellula bicolor
114
19a
Abdomen substantially brownish black; forewing triangle with crossvein Agrionoptera longitudinalis biserialis Abdomen orange to red and black; forewing triangle lacking crossveins Agrionoptera insignis allogenes
20a
Large dragonflies, hind wing 45 mm or longer, wing membrane extensively marked with reddish- or blackish-brown Camacinia othello (part) Smaller dragonflies, hind wing up to 40 mm long; wings patterned or hyaline 21 Subtriangle of forewing single-celled 22
21a
Subtriangle of forewing with three or more cells 24 Sectors of arculus, particularly in forewing, fused for only a short distance, separating well before level of second antenodal crossvein Aethriamantha 23 Fusion of sectors of arculus more extensive, stalk extending to level of second antenodal crossvein Nannodiplax rubra
22a
115
23a
Base of hind wing extensively marked with dark brown between C and R+M, CuP and 1A, and in the anal field, commonly extending to or beyond level of arculus Aethriamanta circumsignata Base of hind wing often marked only with yellow, otherwise with dark brown marks restricted to L-shaped patch consisting of bar between CuP and 1A and stripe at extreme base of anal field, with or without dark fleck between Sc and R+M Aethriamata nymphaeae Forewing triangle free 25 Forewing triangle crossed 27
24a b
25a b 26a
More than nine antenodal crossveins Rhodothemis Iieftincki (part) Fewer than nine antenodal crossveins 26 Abdomen of male red above except for small, mid-dorsal dark spots on segment 8-9; vulvar scale of female elongate, extending the length of segment 9 Urothemis aliena Abdomen of male red with middorsal black stripe, vulvar scale of female vestigial Macrodiplax cora Small tongue-like evagination from central hind margin of eye Austrothemis nigrescens (part)
27a
Hind margin of eye uniformly curved 28
116
28a
Some double cells between IR3 and Rspl Orthetrum 29 Only one row of cells between IR3 and Rspl Rhodothemis lieftincki (part) Small reddish-brown to yellowishbrown spot at base of hind wing 30
29a
b 30a
Hind wing clear at base 34 Side of synthorax striped black and yellow 31
Side of synthorax unicolorous, yellowish, red to brown, or pruinescent, lower margins of epimera sometimes darkened 32 Yellow markings on abdominal tergum 4 restricted to lateral and anterior parts of tergum Orthetrum sabina
31a
Yellow markings on abdominal tergum 4 more complex, including a posterior, longitudinal stripe on each side of midline, often fused with lateral band Orthetrum serapia
117
32a
Abdomen yellow, extensively marked with black, becoming pruinescent blue in mature males, mature females slightly pruinescent Orthetrum boumiera Thorax and abdomen yellow, orange or red 33 Male abdomen evenly tapered, not constricted on segment 4; female abdominal segment 4 little narrower than segment 3, approximately equal in width to segment 5 Orthetrum migratum
33a
Abdominal segment 4 markedly narrower than segments 3 and 5 Orthetrum villosovittatum
34a
Black with yellow markings, side of synthorax substantially dark Orthetrum balteatum
Yellow with black markings, side of synthorax yellow, sutures narrowly lined black; thorax and abdomen of male becoming pruinescent blue when mature, the mature female slightly pruinescent Orthetrum caledonicum Hind wing triangle crossed 36
35a
Hind wing triangle free 39
118
36a
Large dragonflies, hind wing longer than 45 mm Camacinia othello (part) Smaller dragonflies, hind wing markedly shorter than 45 mm 37 Wings hyaline; hypertriangle generally free; commonly three, sometimes four cells along sole of stocking-shaped anal loop, including cell at heel Potamarcha congener
37a
Wings usually patterned with dark brown, reddish-brown or orange markings, sometimes only at base, but sometimes hyaline; hypertriangle of forewing traversed by one or more crossveins; generally five or more, rarely four, cells along sole of stocking-shaped anal loop, including cell at heel Neurothemis 38
38a
Wing markings, if present, extending only to level of forewing triangle, when fully developed almost black Neurothemis oligoneura Wing markings extending to beyond nodus, and at wing tip in females, reddish-brown Neurothemis stigmatizans
119
39a
Small (hind wing c. 25 mm); synthorax and abdomen black with well-defined pale yellowish-green markings Huonia melvillensis (part)
Not as above 40
40a
Base of hind wing triangle well beyond arculus Raphismia bispina
Base of hind wing triangle at or slightly proximal to arculus 41
41a
Tip of anal loop usually open on one or both sides of midvein, the bounding veins of loop extending to wing margin, occasionally closed, the bounding veins meeting at wing margin 42
Tip of anal loop closed, the bounding veins meeting midvein one row of cells away from wing margin 45
120
42a
Abdomen tapering progressively from segment 3 to tip; variable, yellowish-brown patch between triangle and nodus of hind wing, sometimes very faint; male abdomen orange-brown Tholymis tillarga Abdomen narrowing abruptly within the length of segment 3; wing tips variably darkened, sometimes hyaline, rest of wing membrane hyaline except for dark flecks at extreme base and, in some, a dark costal band, or with general yellowish-brown suffusion; male abdomen dull brown to blackish brown Zyxomma 43 Abdomen segment 4 strongly constricted at supplementary transverse carina, anterior and posterior widths of segment approximately equal Zyxomma multinervorum Abdomen segment 4 not strongly constricted at supplementary transverse carina, posterior width of segment commonly less than anterior width 44
43a
44a
Abdomen not longer than hind wing; junction of abdominal segments 3 and 4 almost straight Zyxomma elgneri Abdomen several mm longer than hind wing; junction of abdominal segments 3 and 4 strongly bowed forwards Zyxomma petiolatum
121
45a
Subtriangle of forewing with one to three cells, its basal side well-defined 46
Basal side of forewing subtriangle poorly defined; if recognisable, containing more than three cells 56 Large dragonflies, hind wing longer than 38 mm; male abdomen black, with dorsal pairs of yellow spots Hydrobasileus brevistylus (part) Smaller dragonflies, hind wing shorter than 38 mm 47 Discoidal field of forewing containing three rows of cells, occasionally four, between triangle and level of origin of IR3 48 Discoidal field of forewing, between triangle and level of origin of IR3, starting with two or three rows of cells, followed by two rows 49 Arculus situated between first two antenodal crossveins; male abdomen pruinose, blue over black Crocothemis nigrifrons Arculus situated between second and third antenodal crossveins; male abdomen orange-red with black tip Lathrecista asiatica festa (part) Hind wing 30 mm or longer 50 Hind wing shorter than 30 mm 51 Fewer than nine antenodal crossveins Urothemis aIiena (part) More than nine antenodal crossveins Rhodothemis lieftincki (part)
46a
47a
48a
49a b 50a b
122
51a
Small tongue-like evagination from central hind margin of eye Austrothemis nigrescens (part)
Hind margin of eye uniformly curved Diplacodes 52
52a
Subtriangle of forewing singlecelled; wings with brownish-black tips, sometimes hyaline or tinged yellow near base in female; male abdomen black Diplacodes nebulosa Subtriangle of forewing subdivided into two or three cells; wings hyaline, or yellow to yellowish brown at base or tips 53 Abdomen black marked with yellow, becoming pruinescent bluish grey in mature males Diplacodes trivialis Abdomen yellowish-brown to bright red, with or without black markings 54 No small dark spot on intersegmental suture just above level of metastigma Diplacodes melanopsis
53a
54a
A small dark brown to black spot on intersegmental suture just above level of metastigma 55
123
55a
Male abdomen with prominent black lateral markings on terga 4-7; female abdominal segments 4-7 with welldefined, black mid-dorsal line expanded into spot at end of each segment; wings hyaline except for brownish-yellow spot at base Diplacodes bipunctata Male abdomen lacking lateral black markings; female abdominal segments 4-7 with poorly-defined brownish-red mid-dorsal line of similar shape, sometimes absent; base of male hind wing yellow to level of triangle, tip of female wings commonly brownish-yellow Diplacodes haematodes Wing membrane hyaline or yellow, with, at most, dark markings at extreme wing tip, beyond pterostigma 57 Wing membrane with reddish-brown, dark brown or black markings, at least at base of hind wing 59 Abdomen black, with dorsal pair of yellow spots Hydrobasileus brevistylus (part) Abdomen brownish yellow to orange red, with black markings on some segments 58 Arculus situated between first two antenodal crossveins; male abdomen brownish-yellow to orange-red, with black dorsal markings, broadest on segments 8-9 Pantala flavescens Arculus situated between second and third antenodal crossveins; male abdomen orange-red with black tip Lathrecista asiatica festa (part)
56a
57a
58a
124
59a
Wing membrane hyaline except for narrow to broad, dark reddish-brown patch at base of hind wing and variable, small reddish patch at base of forewing, often lacking; male abdomen orange-red, red, or reddishbrown, the last few segments marked with black Tramea 60 Both forewing and hind wing with dark brown to black markings; male abdomen black Ryothemis 63 Dark mark at base of hind wing narrow, elongate, not extending far beyond Ac, and not reaching base of triangle; clear patch behind membranule, if present, narrow, not extending beyond level of first vein descending into anal field Tramea propinqua Dark mark at base of hind wing broader, generally reaching to or beyond base of triangle; if not, clear patch behind membranule broad, extending well beyond level of first vein descending into anal field 61 Areas along sutures on side of synthorax darker than areas between them, giving impression of two dull yellowish to brown stripes on dark purplish background; male genital hamule, when retracted, only slightly longer than genital lobe; vulvar scale of female less than 1.8 mm long, not reaching end of abdominal segment 9 Tramea loewii Synthorax almost uniformly red, top of pleural sutures darkened; male genital hamule, when retracted, extending well beyond end of genital lobe; vulvar scale of female more than 1.8 mm long, reaching to or beyond end of segment 9 62
60a
61a
125
62a
Hamule 1.7-2.2 mm long when retracted; male genital lobe relatively broad, length:breadth 1.2 to 1.5, posterior margin rounded; end of vulvar scale reaching to, or almost to, end of tergum 9 Tramea eurybia Hamule 2.1-2.5 mm long when retracted; male genital lobe relatively narrow, length:breadth 1.4 to 2.0, tending to be parallel-sided; vulvar scale ending at or beyond end of tergum 9 Tramea stenoloba Wings with some yellowish-brown colouration, overall or at base of hind wing, combined with dark brown or black markings 64 Wing markings dark brown to black, with or without metallic reflections 66
63a
64a
Wing tips pale; wing membrane brownish-yellow with darker brown mottlings Rhyothemis graphiptera Wing tips dark; wing membrane colourless or tinged yellow, and marked with brownish-black patches, including major brownish-black area traversed by yellow cross-band at base of hind wing Rhyothemis phyllis 65 Dark nodal spots well-developed, those of male extending into subnodal space, that of female hind wing extending outside alignment of last antenodal cells, often far outside them Rhyothemis phyllis chloe Dark nodal spots small or absent. those of male restricted to costal and subcostal spaces, that of female hind wing generally not extending outside alignment of last antenodal cells Rhyothemis phyllis beatricis
65a
126
66a
Distal part of wings extensively dark brownish-black Rhyothemis princeps
Only basal part of wings dark 67
67a
Dark basal area of hind wing extending farther than that of forewing, in female usually enclosing two pale spots; male hind wing less than 24 mm long Rhyothemis resplendens Dark basal areas of almost similar length in forewing and hind wing, lacking pale spots; male hind wing more than 24 mm long Rhyothemis braganza
127
Keys to the larvae

(Genera and species which are the sole representatives of a family in Australia may also key out here.) 1a Larvae usually slender, with three leaf-like or saccoid tracheal caudal gills Suborder Zygoptera (damselflies) 2
Larvae usually stout, without external caudal gills, but with three conspicuous substantial spine-like or triangular processes at tip of abdomen, forming anal pyramid Suborder Epiprocta (dragonflies) 12 Median caudal gill strongly reduced Chlorocyphidae: Rhinocypha tincta semitincta Median gill lamellate, laterals triquetral Calopterygidae: Neurobasis australis Median and lateral gills similar in form 3
2a
3a
Prementum with paraglossae; small, mature larvae approximately 14 mm or less long Hemiphlebiidae: Hemiphlebia mirabilis Paraglossae absent, but premental setae may be present; various sizes 4
128
4a
Movable hook of labial palp armed with setae Lestidae
Movable hook of labial palp lacking setae 5
5a
Gills with strong constriction or node Isostictidae Gills without strong constriction or node may be subnodate or with apical stylus or filament 6
6a
Gills saccoid 7
Gills lamellate 8
7a
Outer margin of labial palps with row of short stout setae, inner tooth of palps longer than wide; anterior portion of inner ventral eye margin convex and spinose; caudal gills about half as long as rest of body Diphlebiidae: Diphlebia Outer margin of labial palp with basal tuft of long setae, inner tooth of palps not longer than wide; inner ventral eye margin concave and setose; caudal gills about one quarter the length of rest of body Lestoideidae: Lestoidea
129
8a
Premental ligula without distinct median cleft 9
Premental ligula with distinct median cleft 10 Only one pair of` premental setae and postocular lobes rounded; lateral caudal gills with main tracheole laterally prominent Platycnemididae: Disparoneurinae: Nososticta More than one pair of large premental setae, or, if one pair of large premental setae, then postocular lobes strongly expanded; lateral caudal gills with main tracheole not laterally prominent Coenagrionidae Caudal gills spread horizontally Megapodagrionidae
9a
10a
Caudal gills arranged vertically 11
11a
Lobes of premental ligula semicircular, antennal segment 2 and 3 subequal in length Chorismagrionidae: Chorismagrion risi Lobes of premental ligula not semicircular, antennal segment 2 markedly longer than segment 3 Synlestidae
130
12a
Labial palps with small spine at base of movable hook; premental ligula subtriangular, strongly produced and with distinctive median cleft Petaluridae: Petalura No spine at base of movable hook; premental ligula strongly produced without median cleft or not strongly produced and with or without median cleft 13 Prementum flat or nearly so and lacking setae; labial palps not broadened distally, lying below head when closed 14 Prementum flat or variably concave, ladle-shaped and bearing setae; labial palps much broadened distally, forming mask in front of head when closed 18 Antennae four-segmented, usually flattened; at least pro- and mesotarsus two-segmented 15 Antennae very rarely four-, generally five- to seven-segmented; tarsi of all legs three-segmented 16
13a
14a
15a
All tarsi two-segmented; abdomen broad, rounded, almost as wide as long Lindeniidae: Ictinogomphus Only pro- and mesotarsus twosegmented; abdomen much longer than wide Gomphidae
131
16a
Clypeus bilobed; abdominal segments with broad, rounded to subtriangular lateral lobes, which are absent from segment 9 Austropetaliidae Clypeus not bilobed; some abdominal segments, including segment 9, with sharp lateral spines 17
17a
Epiproct only slightly tapered, most of it almost parallel-sided, with apex distinctly bifid Aeshnidae Epiproct strongly tapered, with apex generally pointed, rarely variously truncate or slightly bifid Telephlebiidae and Brachytronidae Distal border of labial palps variably toothed, the teeth lacking setae or spines 19 Distal border of labial palps toothed or without teeth, but always with some setae or spines 21 Frontal plate large, markedly longer than half its width; palpal dentations very wide and short Gomphomacromiidae: Archaeophya Frontal plate not longer than half its width; palpal dentations markedly narrower, or, at least some of them, longer and more distinct 20
18a
19a
132
20a
Wing pads parallel; head very short and unusually wide, with eyes strongly protruding laterally and somewhat anteriorly Pseudocorduliidae: Pseudocordulia Wing pads divergent; head not very short and wide, with eyes not or only slightly protruding laterally Synthemistidae Top of head with nipple-like projection or low tubercle near posterolateral angle Macromiidae: Macromia Top of head without nipple-like projection or tubercle near posterolateral angle 22
21a
22a
Eyes strongly protruding laterally; abdomen very wide and flat with segment 10 distinctly directed dorsally, or, frontal plate produced beyond scape, or, scape+pedicel and flagellum of antennae subequal in length, or abdomen almost three times as long as wide and armed with small lateral spines on segment 9 only Austrocorduliidae Eyes variably protruding laterally; abdomen not very wide and flat and with segment 10 not directed dorsally, or, frontal plate not produced beyond scape; flagellum of antennae much longer than scape+pedicel; abdomen no more than twice as long as wide and generally differently armed, or, unarmed 23
133
23a
Dentations of labial palps highly irregular (some very long, some short) Cordulephyidae: Cordulephya Dentations of labial palps absent or regular (subequal in length) 24
24a
Base of prementum ventrally with distinct midline or narrow groove Corduliidae
Base of prementum ventrally without distinct midline or narrow groove Libellulidae
Lestidae Key to genera and species of Lestidae 1a Outer portion of labial palps shaped like a fork of two subequal branches Indolestes [Thelarvae of I. alleni and I. obiri) remain undescribed.] Outer portion of labial palps shaped like a fork of three branches or of two dissimilar branches 2 Inner portion of labial palps with apex long, thin, claw-shaped Lestes concinnus Inner portion of labial palps with apex short, subtriangular and only slightly curved Austrolestes 3 [The larvae of A. insularis remains undescribed.]
2a
134
3a
Outer portion of labial palps bearing fork of three subequal branches 4
Outer portion of labial palps bearing fork of two dissimilar branches 7
4a
Prementum petiolate, with lateral margins strongly concave, more than twice as long as wide; premental ligula strongly produced medially Austrolestes. minjerriba Prementum not petiolate, with lateral margins straighter, not more than 1.5 times as long as wide; premental ligula not strongly produced medially 5
5a
Premental ligula slightly bilobed 6
Premental ligula slightly convex Austrolestes annulosus
6a b 7a
From eastern Australia Austrolestes psyche From south-western Australia Austrolestes aleison Inner branch of outer portion of labial palps widening into a broad serrated edge 8 Inner branch of outer portion of labial palps subdivided into a longer pointed lobe and a shorter generally truncate lobe 9
135
8a
Lateral spines on abdominal segments 5-9 or 6-9 Austrolestes analis Lateral spines on abdominal segments 3-9 or 4-9 Austrolestes aridus Shorter lobe of inner branch of outer portion of labial palps distinctly longer than wide Austrolestes cingulatus Shorter lobe of inner branch of outer portion of labial palps shorter than wide 10 Prementum petiolate Austrolestes io
9a
10a
Prementum not petiolate Austrolestes leda
Hemiphlebiidae Key to genus and species of Hemiphlebiidae This family contains only the single genus and species Hemiphlebia mirabilis. Chorismagrionidae Key to genus and species of Chorismagrionidae This family contains only the single genus and species Chorismagrion risi.
136
Synlestidae Key to genera and species of Synlestidae 1a Lateral margins of prementum straight or almost so; segment 1 of antennae shorter than segment 2; apices of femora without heavy spines; caudal gills apically rounded or truncate Episynlestes 2 Lateral margins of prementum strongly concave; segment 1 of antennae longer than segments 2, 3 and 4 together; apices of femora armed with two heavy spines; caudal gills apically bluntly pointed Synlestes 4 Lateral spines on abdominal segments 5-9; from north-eastern New South Wales and south-eastern Queensland, north to Blackdown Tableland and Carnarvon Gorge Episynlestes albicauda Lateral spines on abdominal segments 5-9 or 6-9; north-eastern Queensland, north from the Mackay region 3 North from Paluma Episynlestes cristatus Known only from Eungella region Episynlestes intermedius Lateral caudal gill generally shorter than 4.7 mm, measured from base; metafemur 5.9 mm or more long Synlestes weyersii Lateral caudal gill longer than 4.7 mm, measured from base; metafemur shorter than 6.0 mm 5 Length of prementum 3.5 mm or less; north to Eungella region Synlestes selysi Length of prementum 3.4 mm or more; north-eastern Queensland, from Paluma northwards Synlestes tropicus
2a
3a b 4a
5a
137
Megapodagrionidae Key to genera and species of Megapodagrionidae 1a Large,length excluding gills 20 mm; labial palps tridentate with innermost tooth small and adpressed; four or five palpal setae; gills short and wide, much shorter than wing pads Podopteryx selysi Smaller (length excluding gills < 20 mm); labial palps bidentate or tridentate with innermost tooth small but prominent; at the most one palpal seta on each palp; gills mostly long and narrow, never much shorter than wing pads 2 Labial palps bidentate; no palpal setae Griseargiolestes 3 [The larvae of G. intermedius and G. metallicus remain undescribed.] Labial palps tridentate; palpal setae present (one on each palp) or absent 6
2a
3a
Prementum stout, ratio of length:greatest width 1.05 to 1.10; approximately 20 denticles each side of premental ligula Griseargiolestes eboracus Prementum elongate, ratio of length:greatest width 1.15 to 1.30; approximately 15 denticles each side of premental ligula 4 Caudal gills narrow and slightly pointed Griseargiolestes albescens Caudal gills widely oval 5
4a
138
5a b 6a
From north of the Hunter River Griseargioletes bucki From south of the Hunter River Griseargiolestes griseus From eastern Australia; no palpal setae; gills with apical portion rather parallel-sided and without styli (final instar) Austroargiolestes [Characters to distinguish the species of Austroargiolestes are not available.] From south-western Australia; palpal setae present (one on each palp) or absent; gills with apical portion distinctly tapered and with terminal styli 7 No palpal setae; postocular lobe prominent; gills with substantial spines along apical portion of lateral margins Miniargiolestes minimus Palpal setae (one on each palp) may be present; postocular lobe not prominent; gills only spinulate along apical portion of lateral margins Archiargiolestes [Characters to distinguish the species of Archiargiolestes are not available.]
7a
139
Chlorocyphidae Key to genus and species of Chlorocyphidae The only species of this family recorded from Australia is Rhinocypha tincta semitincta. Calopterygidae Key to genus and species of Calopterygidae The only species of this family recorded from Australia is Neurobasis australis. Lestoideidae Key to genus and species of Lestoideidae The only genus of this family recorded from Australia is Lestoidea. The larvae of L. barbarae and L. lewisiana, recorded only from Mount Lewis are still not available. The larvae of L. brevicauda cannot yet be distinguished from larvae of L. conjuncta and possible larvae of L. barbarae. 1a Mossman and north from Mossman (tropical Queensland) Lestoidea brevicauda South from Mossman (tropical Queensland) Lestoidea conjuncta
Diphlebiidae Key to genus and species of Diphlebiidae This key largely follows Stewart (1980). 1a Prementum squarish, width across top greater than the mid-dorsal length; basal width greater than half mid-dorsal length 2 b Prementum elongate; width across top less than or just equal to the middorsal length; basal width at most half the mid-dorsal length 3
140
2a
Basal margin of ventral surface of prementum with a few small, rounded protuberances with small setae; basal third of lateral spines of prementum distinct; basal segment of labial palp short and stout with long, finely serrated inner margin extending over two-thirds the length; moveable hooks long and incurved; third hook long and broad; head wide, body slim and gently tapered; gills short and stout Diphlebia euphoeoides Basal margin of prementum smooth or with a few small hairs only; basal third of lateral spines of prementum reduced; labial palps long and heavily built; all hooks of palp smaller and less curved; serrated margin reduced; head wide, eyes almost square; body robust, abdomen relatively short and stout; gills long and slender Diphlebia nymphoides Basal margins of ventral surface of prementum with a group of at least three to six distinct rounded protuberances with short setae Diphlebia hybridoides Basal margins without a group of distinct protuberances 4 Median lobe of prementum short with distal margin broadly rounded; basal segment of labial palp long and slender with serrated inner margin half as long as segment, gently curved; movable hooks short, c. three-quarters the length of segment; large larva with a relatively narrow head; eyes narrow and elongate; postocular lobes large and broadly curved; antennae and legs very long; gills large and broad ending in long, slender hairy tails; Diphlebia lestoides
3a
4a
141
Median lobe long with distal margin steeply rounded; labial palps long, slender; movable hooks c. four-fifths as long as basal segment; small, dark larva; large head with posterior margins rather angulate; eyes almost square; body short and slender; gills and gill tails short Diphlebia coerulescens
Isostictidae Key to genera and species of Isostictidae 1a Three or four pairs of premental setae Austrosticta fieldi [The hitherto unknown larvae of A. frater and A. soror will probably also key out here.] Only two pairs of premental setae 2 2a Large, with metafemur longer than 4 mm; more than five palpal setae Lithosticta macra Smaller, with metafemur generally shorter than 4 mm; five or fewer palpal setae 3 3a Basal section of caudal gills saccoid, sausage-shaped, with apex rounded 4 Basal section of caudal gills flat or triquetral, with apex generally truncate 6 Lateral edges of prementum smooth in basal half; basal section of caudal gills more than twice as long as apical section Labidiosticta vallisi Lateral edges of prementum serrated throughout; basal section of caudal gills less than twice as long as apical section Neosticta 5
4a
142
5a
From south-eastern Queensland and eastern New South Wales Neosticta canescens From north-eastern Queensland Neosticta fraseri Three palpal setae; segment 2 of antennae about as long as segment 3 Rhadinosticta 7 Two to five palpal setae; segment 2 of antennae markedly shorter than segment 3 8 Femora with three dark bands Rhadinosticta banksi Femora with four dark bands Rhadinosticta simplex Five palpal setae Orosticta filicola Two to four palpal setae Eurysticta 9 [The larva of E. reevesi remains undescribed.] Two palpal setae Eurysticta coolawanyah Three palpal setae Eurysticta kununurra Four palpal setae Eurysticta coomalie
b 6a
7a b 8a b
9a b c
Platycnemididae: Disparoneurinae Key to genus and species of Platycnemididae: Disparoneurinae The only genus of this family recorded from Australia is Nososticta. The larvae of N. baroalba, N. coelestina, N. kalumburu, N. koolpinyah, N. liveringa, N. mouldsi, N. solitaria and N. taracumbi remain undescribed and may possibly key out under one or the other of the keyed species. 1a Premental ligula rounded 2 b Premental ligula angular 3
143
2a b 3a b
Three palpal setae Nososticta fraterna Two palpal setae Nososticta koongarra From north-western Australia Nososticta pilbara From eastern Australia Nososticta solida
Coenagrionidae Key to genera and species of Coenagrionidae The larva of Archibasis mimetes remains undescribed. 1a Head very short and wide with eyes strongly protruding; and postocular lobes very widely rounded; legs long and thin, ratio of length:width of metafemur approximately 12; wing pads raised from the body at an angle of approximately 30-40; abdomen very long and thin; caudal gills denodate, long and slim, petiolate, median gill distinctly arched Austrocnemis 2 [The larva of A. obscura remains undescribed.] General appearance not as above 3 2a Two pairs of premental setae; three palpal setae; from northern Australia Austrocnemis maccullochi Three pairs of premental setae; four palpal setae; only from northwestern Australia Austrocnemis splendida Posterior corners of head rounded or slightly angular; caudal gills denodate 4
3a
Posterior corners of head rounded (rarely), angular or flared (generally); caudal gills subnodate 17
144
4a b
Only one pair of long premental setae 5 More than one pair of long premental setae 6 Prementum markedly longer than wide; six palpal setae Ceriagrion aeruginosum
5a
Prementum about as long as wide; fewer than six palpal setae Teinobasis ariel [T. ariel is a Micronesian species. The larva of the Australian Teinobasis rufithorax is still unknown but may also key out here.] Very small; posterior corners of head somewhat angular and caudal gills very narrow and drawn out into long pointed tails Agriocnemis 7 [A. thoracalis cannot be interpreted. The larvae of A. argentea, A. dobsoni and A. rubricauda are still unknown, and details of A. femina are not available.] Larger; posterior corners of head mostly rounded; caudal gills not drawn out into long pointed tails 8 Five pairs of premental setae; five palpal setae; lateral edges of abdominal segments, in particular 79, with short, thick, spine-like setae; only from north-western Australia Agriocnemis kunjina Four to five pairs of premental setae; five or six palpal setae; lateral edges of abdominal segments lacking short, thick, spine-like setae; from northern and eastern Australia Agriocnemis pygmaea
6a
7a
145
8a
Premental setae in straight line 9
Premental setae in curved row 13
9a
Eyes distinctly protruding laterally and posterior corners of head angular; caudal gills narrow Argiocnemis rubescens Eyes not distinctly protruding laterally and posterior corners of head widely rounded; caudal gills wider 10 Only two pairs of long premental setae Aciagrion fragile Four or five pairs of long premental setae Ischnura 11 Prementum c. 1.5 mm long; dorsal branch of labial palps basally narrower than ventral branch Ischnura aurora
10a
11a
Prementum 2.3 to 2.5 mm long; dorsal branch of labial palps basally about as wide as ventral branch 12
146
12a
Prementum stout, length:greatest width ratio c. 1.15; six to seven palpal setae Ischnura heterosticta Prementum slimmer, length:greatest width ratio c. 1.25; generally five palpal setae Ischnura pruinescens Prementum square (ratio of length:greatest width c. 1.05) Coenagrion lyelli
13a
Prementum more elongate (ratio of length:greatest width equal or greater than 1.2) 14 Prementum stouter, ratio of length:greatest width c. 1.2; spines on ventral edge of median gill extending to approximately one-sixth to onefifth length of gill Xanthagrion erythroneurum Prementum slender, ratio of length:greatest width approximately 1.3; spines on ventral edge of median gill extending to approximately onethird to one-half length of gill Austroagrion 15 [The larva of A. pindrina remains undescribed.] Five pairs of premental setae; four palpal setae Austroagrion exclamationis Four to five pairs of long and and one to two pairs of short premental setae; five to seven palpal setae 16 From Western Australia and South Australia Austroagrion cyane Mainly from northern Australia Austroagrion watsoni
14a
15a
16a
147
17a
Large larvae (total length approximately 30 mm) with posterior corners of head flared; caudal gills with apical section not wider than basal section Caliagrion billinghursti Larvae with posterior corners of head rounded, or, smaller larvae (total length up to 25 mm) with posterior corners of head flared; caudal gills with apical section usually wider than basal section Pseudagrion 18 [The larvae of P. cingillum and P. jedda remain undescribed.] Posterior corners of head rounded 19
18a
Posterior corners of head flared 20
19a
Premental ligula moderately produced medially; movable hook not particularly long and slender Pseudagrion ignifer Premental ligula strongly produced medially; movable hook very long and slender Pseudagrion lucifer Generally three rather slender palpal setae, or, if four, basal seta very thin; dorsal branch of labial palps not acutely pointed Pseudagrion aureofrons Generally four palpal setae of similar thickness; dorsal branch of labial palps acutely pointed Pseudagrion microcephalum
20a
148
Austropetaliidae Key to genera and species of Austropetaliidae 1a Mesothorax laterally produced into a pointed triangular lobe Archipetalia auriculata Mesothorax not laterally produced Austropetalia 2
2a b
From north of latitude 35S Austropetalia patricia From south of latitude 35S Austropetalia tonyana
Aeshnidae Key to genera and species of Aeshnidae The larva of Agyrtacantha dirupta remains undescribed. 1a Labial palps without conspicuous lateral (palpal) setae 2
Labial palps with conspicuous lateral (palpal) setae 6
2a
Lateral spines on abdominal segments 6-9 Adversaeschna brevistyla Lateral spines on abdominal segments 7-9 only Anax 3
149
3a
Prementum long and slender, length:width ratio 1.6 or greater; labial palps somewhat tapered and hooked (end hook substantial) 4
Prementum shorter and stouter, length:width ratio <1.6; labial palps subrectangular (end hook small) Anax papuensis Length:width ratio of prementum c. 1.60; labial palps evenly curved Anax gibbosulus Length:width ratio of prementum 1.70 to 2.00; labial palps not evenly curved 5
4a
5a
Length:width ratio of prementum c. 1.70; male cerci distinctly curved and c. 1.5 times as long as male projection Anax georgius Length:width ratio of prementum c. 2.00; male cerci almost straight and more than twice as long as male projection Anax guttatus
150
6a
Numerous (more than eight) long palpal setae Austrogynacantha heterogena
Fewer than six long palpal setae 7
7a
Labial palps with end hook not or hardly developed; some setae on movable hook long Anaciaeschna jaspidea Labial palps with end hook prominent; only short setae on movable hook Gynacantha
8a
Premental ligula with substantial tooth each side of median cleft Gynacantha mocsaryi Premental ligula virtually unarmed 9
9a
Prementum slender; labial palps with five to seven long setae Gynacantha dobsoni/ rosenbergi Prementum stout; labial palps with two to three long setae Gynacantha nourlangie
151
Telephlebiidae and Brachytronidae Key to genera, subgenera and species of Telephlebiidae and Brachytronidae Only Dendroaeschna conspersa is considered to belong in Brachytronidae, all other species make up the Telephlebiidae. 1a Vertex raised and prominent; tergum 10 with mid-dorsal hump; epiproct sharply downcurved 2 Vertex rather flat; tergum 10 lacking mid-dorsal hump; epiproct not sharply downcurved 7 2a Labial palps with lobe subrectangular; antennae five-segmented; lateral spines on segments 7-9 Antipodophlebia asthenes Labial palps with lobe subconical; antennae six-segmented; lateral spines on segments 6-9 Telephlebia 3 From eastern Australia north of latitude 20S Telephlebia tillyardi From eastern Australia south of latitude 20S 4 Only from Carnarvon Range in southern inland Queensland Telephlebia undia From elsewhere in eastern Australia south of latitude 20S 5 From south of latitude 35 30S Telephlebia brevicauda From north of latitude 35 30S 6 From coastal fringe and nearby islands between latitudes 22S and 30S Telephlebia tryoni From more montane rainforests between latitudes 20S and 32S Telephlebia cyclops From eastern Australia between latitudes 28S and 35 30S Telephlebia godeffroyi
3a
4a
5a b 6a
152
7a
Postocular lobes with substantial lateral horn; epiproct short with apex irregularly truncate Dendroaeschna conspersa Postocular lobes without lateral horns; epiproct short with apex pointed, or long with apex generally pointed, rarely slightly bifid 8
8a
Labial palps including movable hook with some (inconspicuous) setae; epiproct slightly bifid Acanthaeschna victoria Labial palps including movable hook lacking setae; epiproct pointed 9
9a
Epiproct and paraprocts armed with long spines; epiproct much shorter than paraprocts 10 Epiproct and paraprocts unarmed and subequal in length 13
10a
Profemur with sharp spine; mid-dorsal spines on abdominal segments 2-9 Notoaeschna 11 Profemur unarmed; no mid-dorsal abdominal spines Spinaeshna
12
11a
From eastern Australia north of Hunter River (latitude approximately 33S) Notoaeschna geminata From eastern Australia south of Hunter River (latitude approximately 33S) Notoaeschna sagittata
153
12a
Subtropical eastern Australian species; prementum slender, ratio of length:width at distal end >1.60 Spinaeschna tripunctata Tropical eastern Australian species; prementum stout, ratio of length:width at distal end 1.40 to 1.45 Spinaeschna watsoni Large(total length generally > 45 mm); lateroventral edges of epiproct narrowly and regularly denticulate Austrophlebia 14 Small (total length < 45 mm); lateroventral edges of epiproct almost smooth, or widely and irregularly denticulate, and often obscured by dense hair Austroaeschna and Dromaeschna 15 From eastern Australia south of latitude 20S; prementum slender, ratio of length:width at distal end approximately 1.50 Austrophlebia costalis From Australia north of latitude 20S; prementum stout, ratio of length:width at distal end < 1.40 Austrophlebia subcostalis
13a
14a
15a
Lateral spines on abdominal segments 4-9 16
No lateral spines on abdominal segment 4 18 From mainland Australia (Victoria, south-eastern New South Wales) Austroaeschna inermis From Tasmania 17
16a
154
17a
Anterior prothoracic process very slim Austroaeschna hardyi
Anterior prothoracic process stouter, more conical Austroaeschna tasmanica Ratio of length:width at distal end of prementum about 1 .00 to 1.10 19
18a
Prementum elongate, ratio of length:width at distal end generally greater than 1.10 20
19a
Lateral spines of abdomen rather slim and pointing backward; known only from the Australian Alps Austroaeschna atrata Lateral spines of abdomen stronger and pointing slightly laterad; widely distributed in south-eastern Australia Austroaeschna subapicalis Meso- and metathorax each with pair of distinct lateral spines (the mesothoracic spine may be rudimentary or not directed laterally) 21 Meso- and metathorax each without distinct lateral spines 23
20a
155
21a
Labial palp slim and with welldeveloped endhook; pronotal lobe rather short; only from coastal south-eastern Queensland. Austroaeschna cooloola Labial palp stout and with insignificant endhook; pronotal lobe rather prominent; from eastern Australia 22 Metathoracic spine rudimentary, not directed laterally; tropical species (known only from north of latitude 18S) Austroaeschna speciosa
22a
Metathoracic spine prominent, directed laterally; non-tropical species (known only from south of 2330'S) Austroaeschna unicornis/ pinheyi Eyes much larger than postocular lobes; prementum at distal end approximately 1.8 to 2.0 times as wide as at base Austroaeschna (Pulchaeschna) and Dromaeschna 24 Eyes not much larger than postocular lobes; prementum at distal end markedly less than 1.8 times as wide as at base Austroaeschna (Austroaeschna) 28
23a
24a
From eastern Australia south of latitude 20S; prementum long and narrow, ratio length:width at distal end > 1.60 Austroaeschna (Pulchaeschna) 25 From eastern Australia north of latitude 20S; prementum stouter, ratio length:width at distal end not > 1.60 Dromaeschna 27
156
25a
Terga 8-10 well arched; from Carnarvon Range in southern inland Queensland Austroaeschna muelleri Terga 8-10 or 9 and 10 pitched; from elsewhere in eastern Australia 26
26a
Subtropical species (known from south of latitude 26S); prementum ratio length:width at distal end > l.80 Austroaeschna pulchra Tropical species (known only from the Eungella and Jaxut areas); prementum ratio length:width at distal end < 1.70 Austroaeschna eungella Anterior prothoracic process much shorter than posterior; prementum ratio length:width at distal end 1.55 to 1.60 Dromaeschna forcipata
27a
Prothoracic processes subequal in length; prementum ratio length:width at distal end approximately 1.40 Dromaeschna weiskei
28a
From south-western Australia; postocular lobes angulated Austroaeschna anacantha
From eastern Australia; postocular lobes rounded 29
157
29a
Prementum long, ratio length:width at distal end approximately 1.60 Austroaeschna obscura
Prementum shorter, ratio length:width at distal end 1.10 to 1.50 30
30a
Ratio of length:width at distal end of prementum 1.10 to 1.20; only from the Australian Alps Austroaeschna flavomaculata Ratio of length:width at distal end of prementum > 1.20 31
31a
Labial palps with 13 to 14 ill-defined teeth Austroaeschna parvistigma
Labial palps with at least 15 rather welldefined teeth 32 Tropical species (known only from the Eungella area) Austroaeschna christine Subtropical species 33 From north of latitude 3330'S Austroaeschna sigma From south of latitude 3530'S, but excluding the Grampians Austroaeschna multipunctata From the Grampians Austroaeschna ingrid
32a
b 33a b
158
Lindeniidae Key to genus and species of Lindeniidae The only genus of this family recorded from Australia is Ictinogomphus. The larva of Ictinogomphus paulini, recorded only from Cape York Peninsula, remains undescribed. 1a Prementum usually only slightly wider than long; known from the Kimberley region in Western Australia, Northern Territory, Queensland and New South Wales Ictinogomphus australis Prementum usually markedly wider than long; known from the Pilbara region or further south in Western Australia Ictinogomphus dobsoni
Gomphidae Key to genera, subgenera and species of Gomphidae The larvae of Austrogomphus angelorum, doddi, mouldsorum and pusillus are still unknown. Austroepigomphus melaleucae is condidered to be a synonym of Austroepigomphus praeruptus. 1a Ligula of prementum armed with two prominent denticles 2 Premental ligula not so armed 5
2a
Ligula usually protuberant, the two denticles rounded and close together; small lateral spines on abdominal segments 8 and 9 only Hemigomphus 3 Distal margin of ligula almost straight, the two denticles subtriangular and widely separated; small lateral spines on abdominal segments 7-9 Odontogomphus donnellyi Known only from Northern Territory Hemigomphus magela From elsewhere in Australia 4
3a b
159
4a
Labial palp curved with apex bluntly pointed; abdominal segments 7-9 with distinct, narrowly rounded, middorsal hump Hemigomphus cooloola Labial palp rather straight with apex rounded; abdominal segments 7-9 with, at most, low, usually widely rounded mid-dorsal hump Hemigomphus comitatus/ gouldii/ heteroclytus/ theischingeri [Separation of this cluster at the present is not possible even though moderately consistent differences in slenderness/stoutness of anal pyramid have been noted.] Ligula of prementum strongly protuberant, semicircular; fore and middle tibia bearing strong, elongate distal outer claw Armagomphus armiger Ligula of prementum less protuberant, not semicircular; fore and middle tibia with shorter distal outer claw, or unarmed 4 Abdominal segments 8-10 produced into long tube Antipodogomphus 7 Abdominal segments 8-10 not so produced 10
5a
6a
7a
Segment 9 long (mid-dorsal length 3.2 mm or more) 8 Segment 9 short (mid-dorsal length not more than 2.8 mm) 9 Known from northern Australia Antipodogomphus neophytus Known only from north-western Australia Antipodogomphus hodgkini
8a b
160
9a
Prementum about as long as wide, ligula at the most slightly protruding; labial palp sickle-shaped, end hook distinctly curved Antipodogomphus acolythus/ proselythus Prementum markedly longer than wide, ligula strongly protruding; labial palp subtriangular and almost straight, end hook only slightly curved Antipodogomphus dentosus Abdominal segment 9 elongate; ratio of ventral basal width:mid-ventral length < 2.0; abdominal segment 10 almost as long as wide 11 Abdominal segment 9 short; ratio of ventral basal width:mid ventral length > 2.5; abdominal segment 10 much wider than long 13 Fewer than 30 denticles along margin of premental ligula; abdominal segment 10 about as wide basally as apically Austroepigomphus (Austroepigomphus) praeruptus
10a
11a
Well over 40 denticles along margin of premental ligula; abdominal segment 10 markedly wider basally than apically Austroepigomphus (Xerogomphus) 12
161
12a
Lateral spines of segment 9 reaching to at the most one fifth the length of segment 10; lateral margins of abdominal segment 10 almost straight; known from the north-west of Western Australia and from inland Australia in Northern Territory Austroepigomhus gordoni Lateral spines of segment 9 reaching to about one quarter the length of segment 10; lateral margins of abdominal segment 10 distinctly curved; known from the Kimberley region in Western Australia, the Top End of the Northern Territory, Cape York Peninsula and eastern Queensland Austroepigomphus turneri Postocular lobe angulate or protuberant; lateral spines on abdominal segments 3-9, that on 9 not reaching end of segment 10 Austrogomphus (Pleiogomphus) 14
13a
Postocular lobe rounded or angulate; lateral spines on abdominal segments 4-5-, 6- or 7-9; if lateral spines on segment 3, then lateral spines on 9 reaching to or beyond end of segment 15
14a
Mid-dorsal spine on abdominal segment 8 about as large as lateral spines of segment 8 Austrogomphus amphiclitus Mid-dorsal spine on abdominal segment 8 markedly smaller than lateral spines of segment 8 Austrogomphus bifurcatus/divaricatus/prasinus
162
15a
Ligula of prementum slightly bilobed, its margin armed with a series of well-defined, sometimes irregularly shaped and spaced teeth Zephyrogomphus 16 Ligula of prementum not bilobed, its margin only crenulate or weakly denticulate without well-defined teeth Austrogomphus (Austrogomphus) 17 Prementum about 1.1 times as long as wide; from Western Australia Zephyrogomphus lateralis Prementum about 1.4 times as long as wide; from north-eastern Queensland Zephyrogomphus longipositor Abdomen without mid-dorsal armature; distal claw of pro- and mesotibia almost as long as width of tibiae Austrogomphus cornutus Abdomen generally with, rarely without, mid-dorsal armature; distal claw of pro- and mesotibia markedly shorter than width of tibiae 18
16a
17a
163
18a
Small species (not longer than 16 mm); apex of labial palp rounded; known only from northern Australia (north of 24S) 19
Larger species (longer than 18 mm); apex of labial palp rather pointed; known only from more southern Australia (south of 23S) 20
19a
Lateral spine of abdominal segment 9 not reaching to end of segment 10, mid-dorsal spines on abdomen stout Austrogomphus arbustorum Lateral spine of abdominal segment 9 reaching well beyond end of segment 10, mid-dorsal spines on abdomen slim Austrogomphus mjobergi Mid-dorsal abdominal spines absent or very short and rather stout; lateral margins of segment 9 slightly Scurved 21 Mid-dorsal abdominal spines short but well-developed or very small; lateral margins of segment 9 not Scurved 22 Known from Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia Austrogomphus australis Known only from Western Australia Austrogomphus collaris
20a
21a
164
22a
Lateral spines on abdominal segments 7-9 only Austrogomphus guerini
Lateral spines on abdominal segment 3-, 4-, 5- or 6-9 Austrogomphus ochraceus
Petaluridae Key to genus and species of Petaluridae 1a b 2a From south-western Australia Petalura hesperia From eastern Australia 2 North of latitude 20S (the hitherto unknown larva of Petalura pulcherrima will key out here also) Petalura ingentissima South of latitude 20S 3 3a From Queensland or from coastal New South Wales north of latitude 30S Petalura litorea From New South Wales except for the coastal areas north of latitude 30S Petalura gigantea
Synthemistidae Key to genera and species of Synthemistidae 1a Pronotal lobes mainly with short adpressed setal structures; abdominal segments 4-9 with paired laterodorsal processes Tonyosynthemis 2 Pronotal lobes with long, prominent setae; abdominal segments 4-9 without any processes 3
165
2a b 3a
North of latitude 20S Tonyosynthemis claviculata South of latitude 20S Tonyosynthemis ofarrelli Frontal plate small, with hairs and setae, or long sausage-shaped setal structures, along margins 4 Frontal plate of variable size, with short, usually flat and often distally widened, scale-like setal structures 11 Premental ligula with very large median lobe; only four dentations on each labial palp; posterior eye margin without hair fringes; cerci less than one-third length of paraprocts Synthemiopsis gomphomacromioides Premental ligula with up to moderately large, or without, median lobe; more than 4/4 palpal dentations; posterior eye margin with welldeveloped hair fringes; cerci greater than one-third length of paraprocts 5
4a
5a
Frontal plate with long sausageshaped setal structures along margins; premental ligula without median lobe; at least seven palpal setae Parasynthemis regina Frontal plate with only long setae or hairs along margins; premental ligula with median lobe; generally not more than six palpal setae 6
166
6a
Premental ligula with large median lobe; generally not more than 6/6 palpal dentations, at least 2/2 of them large Archaeosynthemis 7 Premental ligula with small median lobe; generally at least 7/7 palpal dentations, none particularly large Synthemis 10 From south-eastern Australia Archaeosynthemis orientalis From south-western Australia 8 Abdominal terga sparsely haired, lacking row of long hairs on posterior border or on dorso-lateral surface Archaeosynthemis spiniger Abdominal terga set with dense transverse rows or dorso-lateral patches of hair 9 Generally six pairs of primary and six or seven pairs of secondary premental setae; top of abdominal terga sparsely set with short, pale setae, densely set with long setae on posterior border and dorso-lateral surface; body length 19-23 mm Archaeosynthemis occidentalis Generally five pairs of primary and four or five pairs of secondary premental setae; top of abdominal terga densely set with short, dark setae, posterior border almost devoid of long setae but dorsolateral patches present; body length 25-28 mm Archaeosynthemis leachii From mainland Australia Synthemis eustalacta From Tasmania Synthemis tasmanica
7a b 8a
9a
10a b
167
11a
Postocular lobe slightly bilobed; known only from south-western Australia Austrosynthemis cyanitincta Postocular lobe simply rounded; known only from eastern Australia 12
12a
Frontal plate small, not reaching beyond second antennal segment; prementum widened abruptly from narrow base; abdominal terga lacking stiff or flattened/split setae Choristhemis flavoterminata/ olivei [Whereas C. flavoterminata is widely distributed in eastern Australia, C. olivei is exclusively tropical.] Frontal plate larger, generally reaching beyond second antennal segment; prementum widened gradually from base; abdominal terga at least with some stiff or flattened/split setae Eusynthemis 13 Frontal plate very wide, with posterior margin straight for much of its length; prementum with medial lobe retracted and rounded; only three or four palpal dentations and only four palpal setae* Eusynthemis ursula [The hitherto undescribed larva of Eusythemis ursa may or may not key out here.] Frontal plate narrower, with posterior margins evenly curved; prementum with medial lobe projecting and subtriangular; markedly more than three or four palpal dentations and more than four palpal setae 14
13a
168
14a
Abdomen narrow and sharply pointed, ratio greatest width:length of segment 10 (ventral view) approximately 1.7 15 Abdomen wider and less sharply pointed, ratio greatest width:length of segment 10 (ventral view) approximately 2.5 16 Generally five palpal setae and 5-9 pairs of secondary premental setae Eusynthemis brevistyla Generally six palpal setae and four to five pairs of secondary premental setae Eusynthemis virgula Frontal plate widely rounded, setal structures hardly longer than wide; abdomen without distinct stiff setae on mid-dorsal surface (e.g. tergum 7) Eusynthemis nigra Frontal plate more narrowly rounded, setal structures mostly markedly longer than wide; abdomen with distinct stiff setae on mid-dorsal surface (e.g. tergum 7) 17
15a
16a
17a
From Carnarvon Gorge and Mount Moffat in southern Queensland Eusynthemis deniseae From elsewhere in eastern Australia 18 From north of latitude 20S* Eusynthemis barbarae [The hitherto undescribed larva of Eusynthemis tenera may or may not key out here.] From south of latitude 20S 19
b 18a
169
19a
Median lobe of prementum large; generally five palpal setae 20
Median lobe of prementum of moderate size; generally six palpal setae 21
20a
Some dentations of labial palps very large; south of latitude 3530S Eusynthemis guttata
Dentations of labial palps more uniform in size; north from Hunter River Eusynthemis aurolineata Terga 4-9 with single, simple setae; south from Hunter River Eusynthemis tillyardi Terga 4-9 with distinct groups of flattened/split setae; generally north from Hunter River Eusynthemis rentziana
21a
Gomphomacromiidae Key to genus and species of Gomphomacromiidae The only genus of this family recorded from Australia is Archaeophya. 1a Basal posterior margin of postmentum (at the base of the labium) generally concave; recorded from south-eastern Queensland and south-eastern New South Wales Archaeophya adamsi Basal posterior margin of postmentum (at the base of the labium) generally straight; recorded only from north-eastern Queensland Archaeophya magnifica
170
Pseudocorduliidae Key to genus and species of Pseudocorduliidae This family contains only the single genus Pseudocordulia. The larvae of this family and genus have been identified by supposition only, and the specific identification of the available material is not possible at present. The adults of Pseudocordulia circularis and Pseudocordulia elliptica usually coexist in the same localities and habitats. Cordulephyidae Key to genus and species of Cordulephyidae The only genus of this family recorded from Australia is Cordulephya. 1a From north-eastern Queensland, north from Paluma Cordulephya bidens From eastern Australia, south from the Eungella region 2 2a Total length approximately 14 mm; labial palps with some of the long outer dentations club-shaped, about as wide as spaces between them Cordulephya pygmaea Total length approximately 16 mm; labial palps with the long outer dentations very thin and parallelsided, much narrower than the spaces between them C. montana/divergens [Characters to distinguish C. montana and C. divergens are not available at the present.]
171
Austrocorduliidae Key to genera and species of Austrocorduliidae 1a Eyes strongly protruding laterally; abdomen very wide and flat with segment 10 distinctly directed dorsally Hesperocordulia berthoudi Eyes variably protruding laterally; abdomen not very wide and flat and with segment 10 not directed dorsally 2
2a
Frontal plate prominent, with narrow bilobed apex; antennae with more than eight segments Apocordulia macrops Frontal plate not prominent, with straight or slightly convex border; antennae seven- or eight-segmented 3 Segments 3-6 of antennae very broad and flattened Austrophya mystica
3a
Segments 3-6 of antennae filiform 4
4a
Lateral spines on abdominal segment 9 only, very inconspicuous Micromidia 5 The larva of Micromidia rodericki remains undescribed Conspicuous lateral spines on abdominal segments 8 and 9 or 7-9 6 `
172
5a
Prementum wider than long Micromidia atrifrons
Prementum longer than wide Micromidia convergens
6a
Lateral spines on abdominal segments 8 and 9 only; from southwestern Australia Lathrocordulia metallica [The hitherto unknown larva of Lathrocordulia garrisoni from tropical Queensland may or may not key out here.] Lateral spines on abdominal segments 7-9 Austrocordulia
7a
No lateral processes behind eyes; abdominal terga angulated along midline Austrocordulia refracta A lateral process behind each eye; abdominal terga uniformly arched 8
8a
Distal margin of premental ligula uniformly convex, not angulated; inner margins of lateral spines on abdominal segment 9 almost parallel Austrocordulia leonardi Distal margin of premental ligula angulated; inner margins of lateral spines on abdominal segment 9 strongly divergent Austrocordulia territoria
173
Macromiidae Key to genus and species of Macromiidae 1a Frontal plate developed into an anterdorsally directed cone; prementum with long, narrow base; more than ten pairs of primary premental setae Macromia tillyardi Frontal plate rather flat with anterior margin convex; prementum with shorter, wider base; not more than six pairs of primary premental setae Macromia viridescens
Corduliidae Key to genera and species of Corduliidae 1a Lateral spines on abdominal segment 9 extremely long, about six times mid-dorsal length of segment 9 Pentathemis membranulata Lateral spines on abdominal segment 9 not extremely long, not more than three times mid-dorsal length of segment 9 2 Eyes not protruding laterally; no mid-dorsal abdominal spines; lateral spines on abdominal segment 9 as long as mid-dorsal length of segment 9 Metaphya elongata [M. elongata is a species from New Caledonia; Metaphya tillyardi, a Papua New Guinea species, recorded from Bramble Cay, an Australian island off the Papuan coast may also key out here.] Eyes protruding laterally; mid-dorsal and lateral spines present or absent; if mid-dorsal spines absent, lateral spines of segment 9 markedly shorter than mid-dorsal length of segment 9 3
2a
174
3a
Lateral triangular sclerites on abdominal stema 3-6 (absent from segments 7 and 8); lateral spines on abdominal segments 8 and 9 Procordulia 4 Lateral triangular sclerites on abdominal sterna 3-6, and 8 (absent from segment 7 only); and lateral spines on abdominal segments 8 and 9; or lateral triangular sclerites absent from abdominal segments 7 and 8, and abdomen unarmed Hemicordulia 5 [The status of H. novaehollandiae is obscure. The larva of H. kalliste remains undescribed.] Lateral spines on abdominal segments 8 and 9 small; from southeastern Australia Procordulia jacksoniensis Lateral spines on abdominal segments 8 and 9 substantial; from south-westem Australia Procordulia affinis Abdomen unarmed (mid-dorsal and lateral abdominal spines absent) Hemicordulia flava Abdomen with lateral spines on segments 8 and 9 and mostly with mid-dorsal spines 6 Mid-dorsal abdominal spines well developed 7
4a
5a
6a
Mid-dorsal abdominal spines absent or poorly developed 10
175
7a
Prominent mid-dorsal spines on abdominal segments 4-8 8 Mid-dorsal spines on abdominal segments 4-9 9
8a b 9a
From north-westem Australia Hemicordulia koomina From elsewhere Hemicordulia intermedia Postocular section with an elevation each side of, and close to, the middorsal line; mid-dorsal abdominal spines prominent Hemicordulia superba Postocular section smooth; middorsal abdominal spines rather flat Hemicordulia australiae Lateral spines on abdominal segment 9 small, markedly less than half middorsal length of that segment Hemicordulia tau Lateral spines on abdominal segment 9 larger, about half mid-dorsal length of that segment Hemicordulia continentalis
10a
176
Libellulidae Key to genera and species of Libellulidae The supposed larva of Lathrecista asiatica festa (see Theischinger 2007) is not included; the larvae of Notolibellula bicolor and Raphismia bispina remain undescribed. 1a Total length less than 12 mm; labial palps without dentations; abdomen without dorsal or lateral spines Nannophya 2 [The larva of Nannophya paulsoni remains undescribed.] Not with above combination of characters 4
2a b
From south-western Australia Nannophya occidentalis From elsewhere in Australia 3
3a
More than 30 setae along distal border of labial palps, set mostly in groups of three (one long, two short); only from south-eastern Australia Nannophya dalei Approximately 20 setae along distal border of labial palps, set mostly in groups of two (one long, one short); from eastern Australia Nannophya australis
177
4a
Lateral spines on abdominal segment 9 only Rhodothemis lieftincki Lateral spines on segments 8 and 9 5
5a
Lateral spines on abdominal segments 8 and 9 both at least as long as mid-dorsal length of respective segment 6 Lateral spine on abdominal segment 8 shorter than mid-dorsal length of segment 8 8 Eyes extended to the posterior corners of head and pointed; middorsal abdominal spines very distinct Hydrobasileus brevistylus Eyes not extended to the posterior comers of head and not pointed; middorsal abdominal spines hard to detect or absent 7
6a
178
7a
Eyes laterally protruding; epiproct markedly shorter than paraprocts; no mid-dorsal abdominal spines Tramea [Even though illustrations and descriptions of at least three species of Tramea from Australia are available, diagnostic characters cannot yet be presented.] Eyes not laterally protruding; epiproct and paraprocts subequal in length; small mid-dorsal spines on abdominal segments 2-4 Pantala flavescens Lateral spines on abdominal segment 9 substantial, as long as or longer than mid-dorsal length of segment 9 9 Lateral spines on abdominal segment 9 small, not longer than mid-dorsal length of segment 9 15
8a
9a
Abdomen lacking mid-dorsal spines 10
Mid-dorsal abdominal spines present 11
179
10a
Large species; total length well over 20 mm; lateral spine on abdominal segment 9 very thin Camacinia othello Smaller species; total length well under 20 mm; lateral spine on abdominal segment 9 much stouter Austrothemis nigrescens (part)
11a
Abdominal segment 9 with middorsal spine Zyxomma 12 [The larva of Z. multinervorum remains undescribed.] Abdominal segment 9 lacking middorsal spine 13 Lateral edges of segment 9 rather evenly curved Zyxomma elgneri Lateral edges of segment 9 slightly Scurved Zyxomma petiolatum Mid-dorsal abdominal spines very short Austrothemis nigrescens (part) Mid-dorsal abdominal spines long, in some segments almost as long as mid-dorsal length of subsequent segment 14 Lateral spines on abdominal segment 9 acutely pointed; outer edge of segment slightly S-curved Macrodiplax cora Lateral spines of abdominal segment 9 less sharply pointed; outer edge of segment straight or widely and evenly curved Urothemis aliena
12a
13a
14a
180
15a
Abdominal segment 10 extending beyond segment 9 to form smooth outline with anal pyramid 16 Abdominal segment 10 set off from, or sunken into segment 9 17
16a
Mid-dorsal abdominal spines small Huonia melvillensis Mid-dorsal abdominal spines large Nannophlebia [Even though, most probably, larvae or final instar exuviae of all Australian species are available, diagnostic characters cannot yet be presented.] Labial palps with distinct dentations 18
17a
Labial palps without dentations, but may possess minor crenations and thus appear somewhat serrated 21 Shorter than 10 mm Tetrathemis irregularis cladophila Longer than 10 mm 19 Larvae very hairy; eyes dorsally, not laterally, protuberant; lateral edge of eye and postocular lobe not forming flat slope Potamarcha congener Larvae not particularly hairy; eyes laterally protuberant, lateral edge of eye and postocular lobe forming flat slope Agrionoptera 20
18a b 19a
181
20a
Lateral spines on abdominal segment 8 less than half mid-dorsal length of segment 8, lateral spines of abdominal segment 9 almost as long as mid-dorsal length of segment 9; from northern and eastern Australia Agrionoptera insignis allogenes Lateral spines on abdominal segment 8 hardly detectable, lateral spines of abdominal segment 9 less than one quarter mid-dorsal length of segment 9; only from tropical Queensland Agrionoptera longitudinalis biserialis Abdomen with anal pyramid distinctly protruding, reaching beyond imaginary crossing-point of lateral edges of segment 9 and thus appearing distinctly pointed 22 Abdomen with anal pyramid not distinctly protruding, reaching short of imaginary crossing-point of lateral edges of segment 9 and thus appearing more obtuse 27 Mid-dorsal spines on abdominal segments 3-10 Tholymis tillarga
21a
22a
Mid-dorsal abdominal spines absent, or at least absent from segments 9 and 10 Orthetrum 23 [The larva of O. serapia remains undescribed.]
182
23a
Lateral spines present on abdominal segments 7-9 Orthetrum balteatum
Lateral spines present on abdominal segments 8 and 9 only 24
24a b 25a
Mid-dorsal abdominal spines present 25 Mid-dorsal abdominal spines absent 26 Mid-dorsal spines on abdominal segments 4-7 Orthetrum sabina
Mid-dorsal spines on abdominal segments 4-8 Orthetrum migratum/ villosovittatum [The larvae of O. migratum and O. villosovittatum cannot be distinguished at the present.] Four to five palpal setae; lateral spines on abdominal segment 9 approximately half mid-dorsal length of segment 9, their inner length greater than 0.35 mm Orthetrum boumiera Six to seven palpal setae; lateral spines on abdominal segment 9 approximately one third mid-dorsal length of segment 9, their inner length less than 0.30 mm Orthetrum caledonicum
26a
183
27a
Mid-dorsal abdominal spines present 28
Mid-dorsal abdominal spines absent 32
28a
No mid-dorsal spine on abdominal segment 9 Brachydiplax denticauda [The larva of Brachydiplax. duivenbodei remains undescribed.] Mid-dorsal armature including spine on segment 9 Rhyothemis 29 [The larva of R. resplendens remains undescribed.] One pair of long premental setae; four or five palpal setae 30 Two pairs of long premental setae; five palpal setae 31 Four palpal setae; lateral premental setae absent Rhyothemis princeps Five palpal setae; lateral premental setae present Rhyothemis phyllis Lateral premental setae absent Rhyothemis braganza Lateral premental setae present Rhyothemis graphiptera
29a
30a
31a b
184
32a
A distinct, narrow, pale, mid-dorsal stripe across most of abdomen Neurothemis stigmatizans [The larva of N. oligoneura remains undescribed.] No distinct, narrow, pale, mid dorsal stripe across abdomen 33
33a
Distal border of labial palps bearing between 9 and 13 setae, generally set individually Diplacodes & Nannodiplax rubra 34 [Characters to distinguish all Australian species of Diplacodes from N. rubra are not available at the present.] Distal border of labial palps bearing between 17 and 25 setae, in groups; one or two setae in each group may be small 37 Lateral edges of prementum with row of small setae Diplacodes haematodes
34a
Lateral edges of prementum lacking small setae 35
185
35a
Lateral spines of segments 8 and 9 less than half mid-dorsal length of respective segment Diplacodes. bipunctata/trivialis [The larvae of D. bipunctata and D. trivialis cannot be distinguished at the present.] Lateral spines of segment 9 at least half mid-dorsal length of segment 9 36
36a
Large, total length greater than 13.0 mm; lateral spines of segments 8 and 9 at least half mid-dorsal length of respective segment Diplacodes melanopsis Smaller, total length generally less than 11.0 mm; lateral spines of segment almost half, lateral spines of segment 9 at least two-thirds middorsal length of respective segment Diplacodes nebulosa/ Nannodiplax rubra [The larvae of D. nebulosa and N. rubra cannot be distinguished at the present.] Setae grouped in pairs, with both setae similar in length; body length greater than 17.5 mm Crocothemis nigrifrons Setae set in groups of three, one long and two short; body length smaller than 16.0 mm Aethriamanta [The hitherto studied morphological characters of A. circumsignata and A. nymphaeae are not considered sufficient to allow specific diagnosis.]
37a
186
Distribution maps
These distribution maps were produced from specimen collection data that was available electronically. Those collections include: Australian National Insect Collection Australian Museum (part) Melbourne Museum South Australian Museum Museums and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory) Queen Victoria Museum & Art Gallery Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery Western Australian Museum Dennis Paulson (USA). The maps are almost exclusively based on reliable identifications of adult specimens. Outliers which were obviously erroneous have been removed. The maps are presented in alphabetical order of genus and species names. This facilitates their consultation when identifications, particularly of larvae, are doubtful or cannot be achieved, and for similar species whose larvae remain undescribed. Literature references have been used to supplement those species for which no, or very few, specimens could be located.
187
Inhabits slow, possibly temporary streams
Inhabits still waters, particularly swamps
Inhabits still waters (lakes and permanent ponds); sometimes flowing water (riverine pools and quiet areas)
Inhabits riverine lagoons, ponds and swamps
Inhabits still and flowing waters and temporary ponds
188
Inhabits ponds and swamps
Inhabits still, stagnant and sluggish waters
Inhabits still and flowing waters
Inhabits slow sections of streams, ponds (including temporary ponds) and swamps
Inhabits boggy seepages and swamps
Inhabits streams, riverine pools, shaded ponds and swamps
189
Inhabits shady pools and tree holes
Habitats unknown
Inhabits wide range of still waters, including slightly brackish waters
Inhabits ?ponds
Inhabits wide range of still waters, particularly swamps, and including slightly brackish waters
Inhabits wide range of still waters, particularly swamps, and including slightly brackish waters
190
Inhabits wide range of still waters, slow streams
Inhabits streams, rivers and riverine pools
Inhabits rivers
Inhabits rivers
Inhabits rivers and riverine pools
191
Inhabits terrestrial situations along small streams
Inhabits rivers
Inhabits streams and small rivers
Inhabits streams in rainforest
Inhabits streams, boggy seepages and swamps that may dry out
192
Inhabits streams, boggy seepages and swamps
Inhabits streams and rapid rivers
Inhabits boggy seepages and swamps, including summerdry swamps
Inhabits streams, boggy seepages and swamps, including summer-dry swamps
Inhabits streams, boggy seepages and swamps, including summer-dry swamps
193
Inhabits streams
Inhabits streams and boggy seepages
Inhabits streams, rivers, ponds, boggy seepages and swamps
Inhabits clear rapid streams
Inhabits streams and rivers
Inhabits montane streams, generally upper reaches
194
Inhabits small streams in montane rainforest, generally the upper reaches
Inhabits sandy, mostly densely vegetated streams, often in dune situations
Inhabits rainforest streams dominated by bedrock and boulders
Inhabits alpine trickles and run-off waters
Inhabits montane rivers and streams
195
Inhabits small streams, including waterfall and bog conditions in headwaters
Inhabits small streams dominated by bedrock and boulders
Inhabits small montane streams
Inhabits rivers, streams, temporary streams and streams that dry to pools
Inhabits rivers and small streams that are predominantly slow-flowing and heavily vegetated
Inhabits streams, rocky as well as sandy
196
Inhabits small mountain streams, generally upper reaches
Inhabits rocky sections of streams and rivers
Inhabits montane streams
Inhabits rivers and streams
197
Inhabits still and sluggish waters, riverine pools, lakes ponds and swamps
Inhabits streams, usually in rainforest
198
Inhabits streams, deep pools and boggy seepages
199
Inhabits streams and rivers, including those that dry to pools
Inhabits primarily still and sluggish waters
Inhabits streams and still and sluggish waters
Inhabits still and sluggish waters
Inhabits rivers, particularly dams
200
Inhabits streams
Inhabits streams and riverine pools
Inhabits sluggish streams and rivers, including isolated river pools
Inhabits rapid and sluggish streams and riverine pools
201
Inhabits mature slow-flowing parts of the Murray River
202
Inhabits streams, rivers and lakes
Inhabits probably rivers
Inhabits streams, rivers and lakes
203
Inhabits rivers
Inhabits wide range of still waters
Inhabits riverine pools, lakes and ponds, including temporary ponds
Inhabits riverine pools, lakes, swamps and ponds, including temporary ponds
Inhabits riverine pools, lakes and ponds, including temporary ponds
204
Inhabits streams, riverine pools, lakes and ponds, including temporary ponds
Inhabits rivers, lakes, ponds, swamps and alpine bogs
Inhabits riverine lagoons and ponds, including temporary ponds
Inhabits riverine pools, lakes, ponds (including temporary ponds) and swamps
Inhabits wide range of still and sluggish waters
Inhabits brown, acidic dune lakes and swamps
205
Inhabits riverine pools, lakes, swamps and ponds, sometimes temporary
Inhabits narrow, trickles, sphagnum swamps and splash zone of waterfalls
Inhabits narrow, trickles, sphagnum swamps and splash zone of waterfalls
Inhabits small to medium-sized streams, occasionally temporary
Inhabits rainforest streams
Inhabits streams, generally in rainforest
206
Inhabits streams, ?ponds
Inhabits streams, pools in gorges
Inhabits streams
Inhabits lakes, permanent ponds and swamps
Inhabits still and sluggish waters
207
Inhabits probably still and sluggish waters
Inhabits sluggish rivers, riverine pools, lakes and ponds
Inhabits probably still waters
Inhabits slow streams, ponds and swamps
Inhabits rainforest streams, particularly in larger pools
208
Inhabits still and sluggish waters; streams, riverine pools, lakes, ponds and swamps
Inhabits streams
209
Inhabits wide range of still and sluggish waters
Inhabits lowland streams
Inhabits streams in closed canopy forest
210
Inhabits streams and rivers, including slow and intermittently flowing rivers
Inhabits wide range of still and sluggish waters, including temporary ponds and swamps
Inhabits streams and rivers as well as still waters
Inhabits riverine pools, lakes, ponds and swamps
Inhabits ponds, including temporary ponds, and swamps
Inhabits ponds, including temporary ponds, and swamps
211
Inhabits streams, often in rainforest
Inhabits streams, usually in rainforest, often in pools
Inhabits riverine pools
212
Inhabits rivers
Inhabits riverine pools
Inhabits montane swamps and small streams
Inhabits upland streams and rivers
213
Inhabits streams
Inhabits alpine and montane streams
Inhabits streams
Inhabits streams
214
Inhabits coastal and montane streams
Habitats unknown, supposedly at high altitude
Inhabits small streams very close to their origin (altitude ca 980 m)
Inhabits streams, boggy seepages, swamps and possibly dune lakes
Inhabits seepage along streams and possibly sphagnum bogs
215
Inhabits boggy seepages and sphagnum bogs
Inhabits streams, particularly near their springs
Inhabits boggy seepages and peat bogs along the margins of small streams
Inhabits boggy seepages, swamps and bogs associated with streams
Inhabits streams
Inhabits pools, ponds and swamps
216
Habitats unknown
Inhabits ponds, possibly temporary ponds
Inhabits pools in caves and other still waters
Inhabits still waters
Inhabits rivers, riverine pools, lakes, and permanent ponds
Inhabits riverine pools, lakes, permanent ponds and swamps
217
Inhabits still pools
Inhabits sluggish rivers, riverine lagoons, lakes and ponds
Habitats unknown
Inhabits rivers, riverine pools, lakes and possibly permanent ponds
Inhabits riverine pools, lakes, ponds (including temporary ponds), swamps;occasionally streams and rivers
218
Inhabits streams and rivers, not necessarily in rainforest
Inhabits sandy and sluggish streams and lakes
Inhabits permanent streams and rivers
Inhabits streams and rivers, which during summer are often reduced to trickles between the pools
Inhabits streams
219
Inhabits streams and rivers in rainforest
Inhabits rivers, riverine lagoons, permanent ponds and swamps that may dry out in summer
Inhabits pools in streams
Inhabits lakes, ponds and swamps, possibly including temporary ponds
Inhabits rivers, riverine lagoons, lakes and ponds
220
Inhabits rivers, riverine lagoons and ponds
Inhabits rivers
Inhabits shallow pools in rocky areas
Inhabits riverine pools, ponds and swamps
Inhabits still and sluggish waters, including temporary ponds
221
Inhabits still and sluggish waters, including temporary ponds
Inhabits riverine pools, lakes, ponds and swamps
Inhabits streams and rivers and at riverine lagoons and swamps
Inhabits probably rainforest streams
Inhabits streams
222
Inhabits riverine lagoons, ponds (including temporary ponds) and swamps
223
Inhabits riverine pools and lagoons, ponds (including temporary ponds), swamps
Inhabits streams
Habitats unknown
Inhabits streams, including sluggish and intermittent ones
Inhabits streams, often in rainforest
224
Inhabits wide range of still and flowing waters
Inhabits streams
225
Inhabits ?small streams
226
Inhabits streams, possibly rivers
Inhabits streams and rivers; Australian record not confirmed
Habitats unknown
Inhabits range of still waters
Inhabits streams
227
Inhabits streams, rivers and riverine lagoons
Inhabits streams
Inhabits streams
Inhabits streams
228
Inhabits small rainforest streams
Inhabits streams, rivers and riverine pools, including small stagnant pools and lakes
Inhabits streams
Inhabits rapid streams and rivers
229
Inhabits rapid streams and rivers
Inhabits rock-holes, other still waters and small streams
Inhabits streams, rivers, riverine lagoons and swamps
Inhabits brown, acidic dune lakes with shallow littoral margins
230
Inhabits wide range of still and flowing waters, including temporary waters
Inhabits streams, boggy seepages, riverine pools and swamps
Inhabits wide range of still and sluggish waters, often shallow, sometimes temporary
Inhabits wide range of still and sluggish waters, often shallow, sometimes temporary
Inhabits streams, boggy seepages, lakes, ponds swamps and trickles
Inhabits wide range of still waters, including ephemeral ponds and swamps
231
Inhabits sluggish streams that dry to pools, stagnant riverine pools and swamps
Inhabits streams, rivers, riverine lagoons, possibly ponds
Inhabits boggy seepages and swamps (altitude 0-1150 m)
Inhabits boggy seepages
Inhabits stream margins in rainforests
Inhabits boggy seepages and swamps at low altitude
232
Inhabits rainforest and monsoon-forest streams
Inhabits water-filled tree-holes in rainforest
Inhabits rivers, riverine pools, lakes and ponds
Inhabits rivers, riverine pools, lakes and ponds
Inhabits streams, rivers, riverine pools and lagoons
233
Inhabits still and sluggish waters; streams, rivers, riverine pools and pools
Inhabits streams
Inhabits still and flowing waters; streams, rivers, riverine lagoons, lakes and ponds
Inhabits adults along rainforest streams; larvae in leaflitter
234
Inhabits adults along rainforest streams; larvae in leaflitter
Adults inhabit mangrove swamps; larval habitats unknown
Inhabits streams and rivers; Australian records not confirmed
Inhabits streams, rivers, riverine lagoons and ponds
235
Inhabits riverine lagoons, lakes, ponds and swamps
Inhabits wide range of still waters
Inhabits range of still waters
Inhabits streams and rivers, plus still waters
236
Inhabits streams
Inhabits montane trickles and swampy buttongrass plains
237
Inhabits seepages, swamps and montane trickles
Inhabits still and flowing waters in deep shade
Inhabits margins of small streams, small alpine bogs
Inhabits margins of rainforest streams, often near waterfalls
Inhabits margins of small streams, splash zones of small waterfalls
Inhabits margins of streams, often somewhat separated from main stream
238
Inhabits stream margins, in rainforest and in open country
Inhabits streams and stream margins near waterfalls
Inhabits ponds and swamps, including temporary and brackish waters
239
Inhabits dune lakes
Inhabits wide range of still waters, including temporary ponds and swamps
Habitats unknown
Inhabits riverine lagoons, lakes, ponds, including temporary ponds
Inhabits riverine lagoons and ponds
Inhabits slow sections of mostly wider streams and still waters
240
Inhabits streams, possibly swamps
Inhabits stream pools in rainforest
Inhabits streams, rivers, riverine pools, ponds and swamps
Habitats unknown
Inhabits riverine pools, ponds and swamps (permanent and temporary)
241
Species of conservation concern
Hawking & Theischinger (2004) evaluated the conservation status of the Australian Odonata, identified the endangered species and listed and discussed endemic species, species with unusual biology and species most likely to become extinct in the foreseeable future. In the following section Australias species of the highest conservation concern (species that are now protected by law or have been included in international red lists) are briefly introduced. They are: Hemiphlebia mirabilis, Acanthaeschna victoria, Petalura gigantea, Petalura litorea, Petalura pulcherrima, Archaeophya adamsi and Austrocordulia leonardi.
Hemiphlebia mirabilis Selys, 1869

The Australian endemic damselfly Hemiphlebia mirabilis (Ancient Greenling) (Appendix 1, Photos 1 and 2) is notable for its apparent archaic phylogeny, its male mating displays, and its biogeography. The absence of an arculus in the forewing leading to an open discoidal cell (albeit shared with Chorismagrion risi), and the presence of paraglossae on the larval prementum, have led a number of authors to consider Hemiphlebia to be archaic. This started with Tillyards (1928b) statement that this incomplete arculus formation remained throughout the Permian, and is still to be seen in the wings of Hemiphlebia and Chorismagrion. As well as the premental paraglossae, Tillyard (1928a) described as primitive, chitinous folds within the larval gizzard and aspects of the larval wing tracheation in addition to the open discoidal cell. Kennedy (1920) added the structure of the penis as another ancient characteristic. Trueman (1999) argues that the open cell and paraglossae characteristics are derived; he has examined a female specimen in which the discoidal cell is closed, and he also concludes that the projections on the larval prementum are not homologous with the glossae or paraglossae of fossil forms. Tillyard (1917) had noted that the elimination of the basal side of the quadrilateral occurs in the forewing of the male and occasionally in the female also. In 2007, Kjer, Carle & May (unpublished) presented a conference paper reporting preliminary results from a molecular phylogenetic study of a wide range of odonate taxa. Hemiphlebia was a sister group to the rest of the Zygoptera but, as with most molecular studies, further sampling of additional species and of sites within the genome are required for corroboration. The species is cryptic within its reed habitat except when, particularly the males, display by waving their expanded, white anal appendages (Tillyard 1912). He describes how the male bends its abdomen to expose the anal appendages, the female responds by moving the abdomen to show the whitened end of her abdomen, and the two then perform an aerial dance before pairing. Sant & New (1988) conducted a more rigorous behavioural analysis from video recordings. Originally thought to have been a Victorian endemic, the species was subsequently found in north-eastern Tasmania (Trueman et al. 1992) and then on Flinders Island (Endersby 1993). This suggests that the species would have occupied the Bassian Ridge when it was exposed during glacial times and this may have been a dispersal route at some time.
242
Conservation status
Hemiphlebia mirabilis has been listed as a threatened taxon on Schedule 2 of the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 (Victoria). The decision to list was based on the species being in a demonstrable state of decline which is likely to result in extinction; significantly prone to future threats which are likely to result in extinction; and very rare in terms of abundance and distribution (Birkin et al. 2003). It is included in the category VU B1+2c in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (www.redlist.org accessed 25 July 2008). Populations at Wilsons Promontory (Victoria) and Mount William (Tasmania) occur in national parks (Trueman et al. 1992).
Brief characteristics and diagnostics
Hemiphlebia mirabilis is the only known species of the genus and of the family Hemiphlebiidae. Adult: A tiny metallic green damselfly, less than 25 mm long, with very long body compared with its short, clear wings. Discoidal cell of the forewing open. CuP almost straight in first cell beyond discoidal cell. Male inferior anal appendages and female anal appendages large, pale. Larva: Labium with paraglossae. Caudal gills lamellate, denodate and arranged vertically. Biological notes: Inhabits rivers, riverine lagoons, permanent ponds, and swamps that may be summer-dry.
History of discovery
Selys (1869) originally described the species from Port Denison (Queensland) Australie, now Bowen, in Queensland. Recent published speculation that the correct type locality was probably Lake Denison in coastal Victoria, based on the coincidence of the name and the proximity to the Wilsons Promontory populations, does not withstand careful scrutiny. 18 of the 78 species in the Zoological Catalogue of Australia, with the type locality of Port Denison, do not occur in that region of Australia. Some serious mis-labelling has occurred. There are reports that the lake has been open to the sea and therefore saline. Given the known history of Port Denison as an entomological locality with dubious types ascribed to it, together with the fact that Lake Denison has had saline periods, it is highly unlikely to be the type locality of, not only Hemiphlebia mirabilis, but Synlestes weyersii and Harpabittacus nigriceps which were received in the same package and described by Selys at the same meeting. Martin (1901) recorded H. mirabilis from Victoria, implying more than one (unspecified) locality. Billinghurst (1902), who provided Martin with specimens from Victoria, states that it was only known from Queensland before he took it at Alexandra. Martins additional localities cannot be determined or confirmed. Tillyard (1912) reported that Alexandra was the only locality where he met this species and later described the larva from material collected there in 1927 (Tillyard 1928a). R. Dobson, A. Neboiss and A.N. Burns (in 1954) visited Alexandra 27 years after Tillyards last trip and, aided by photographs that Tillyard had taken, successfully located the site and the species (Burns 1955). A museum specimen from Tarrawarra, near Healesville, was confirmed by site visits in 1958 and 1959. Another museum specimen collected at Seville in 1917 is some miles upstream in the Yarra river floodplain. These sites are now severely degraded and the species is no longer to be found there.
243
Attempts to collect this species in the 1970s proved either difficult (Donnelly 1974; Shiel 1976), or unsuccessful (Watson unpublished). By 1978 it had apparently disappeared from all its known localities, and several years later it was the first Australian dragonfly listed as an endangered species in the IUCN Invertebrate Red Data Book (Wells et al. 1983). Davies (1985) describes how he found a new population of Hemiphlebia at Wilsons Promontory and subsequently discovered that a single specimen had been taken at the site by a dipterist in 1977, but the significance of that finding was not realised. Sant & New (1988) have studied the biology of the species at the Wilsons Promontory localities. Since then Trueman et al. (1992) found H. mirabilis at three localities, two of them new. It was rediscovered at Alexandra in Victoria, a new site 30 km from Alexandra at Yea near the Goulburn River, and near Mount William in north-eastern Tasmania. In 1993 H. mirabilis was found at two further sites in north-eastern Tasmania, and Endersby (1993) reported it from Flinders Island in Bass Strait between Victoria and Tasmania.
Biology
Watson (1995) described the habitat of Hemiphlebia mirabilis as relatively shallow (< c. 1 m deep), still water fringed by reeds in which it hides unless the sun is shining. To judge from a photograph published by Tillyard (1928), the backwater of the Goulburn River that he studied at Alexandra was heavily vegetated in 1927. In 1954 it was still vegetated and H. mirabilis was common. By the late 1970s cattle and drainage had destroyed the reeds and H. mirabilis had apparently vanished. At Wilsons Promontory the most important pond is open with fringing reeds but other areas there, also supporting H. mirabilis, are more heavily overgrown. At Yea H. mirabilis is most abundant in reedy areas that form a margin to the deeper, open waters of the riverine billabongs, and in marshy, vegetated fields nearby. We found H. mirabilis again near Tillyards Alexandra site in an undamaged shallow pond with extensive, tall reeds around the margin. The ponds in north-eastern Tasmania and on Flinders Island are also densely vegetated, at least along their shores. H. mirabilis can survive drought, for some of the ponds in which it lives can dry out in summer either as egg, larvae, or both. Trueman et al. (1992), based on Sant & News (1988) observations of small larvae in spring, believe that the drought-resistant stage is the egg. New (1993) studied the recovery of H. mirabilis from a controlled burn at Wilsons Promontory. Within four years adults had reappeared and after six years the adult population had increased to the level of the unburnt control sites.
Acanthaeschna victoria Martin, 1901

Acanthaeschna victoria (Appendix 1, Photos 3 to 6) was introduced to science by Selys (1883). Generic and specific names were credited to Selys by early workers. However, the generic name Acanthaeschna was soon suppressed as a synonym of Austroaeschna, and A. victoria was considered as a species of Austroaeschna (Martin 1909). Under Austroaeschna victoria it was also listed and illustrated in colour for Genera Insectorum (Martin 1911). Lieftinck (1951) re-instated Acanthaeschna on page priority over Austroaeschna. Subsequently all species described in Austroaeschna, Acanthaeschna, Dromaeschna and some described in Planaeschna were included in Acanthaeschna. Allbrook & Watson (1979) re-established that Acanthaeschna and Austroaeschna in their original concepts are distinct genera and that Acanthaeschna is monotypic. Allbrook and Watson also, for some nomenclatural interpretation, credited the specific names victoria and unicornis and parvistigma to Martin (1901). However, Acanthaeschna, the genus based on victoria, and Austroaeschna, the genus based on parvistigma remained Selysian names.
244 Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW
Only recently (Hawking & Theischinger 2002) A. victoria was officially given the English name Thylacine Darner. This name, slightly reminiscent of the now extinct Tasmanian Tiger, was given to A. victoria considering its poor collecting record and the extreme environmental pressure it is subjected to, as well as the colouration and colour pattern of the adult.
Conservation status
Acanthaeschna victoria is included in the category VU B1+2 in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (Hawking & Theischinger 2004). At least the populations near Brooms Head and near Broadwater occur wholly or partly in national parks.
Systematic position and characteristics in the context of possibly close allies
The adult of Acanthaeschna victoria appears telephlebiid. The larva also appears telephlebiid in structure, particularly eyes, labium and anal pyramid in general, but also shows features (setation of labial palps, epiproct) characteristic of Aeshnidae. Peters & Theischinger (2007), in a comprehensive study of the Gondwanan aeshnids of Australia, consider Acanthaeschna with some doubt as belonging in the Telephlebiidae: Austroaeschninae: Austroaeschnini, and within this tribe as the sister taxon of Austrophlebia+(Dromaeschna+Austroaeschna). Adult: Eyes with blue on top and sharp demarcation of pale and black laterally (unique); enlarged central ocellus (as in Telephlebiinae); thorax pattern with longitudinal dark brown stripe across pleura of pterothorax (unique); wings rounded at apex (unique; appearing similar but actually almost perpendicularly cut off in Telephlebiinae); supplementary radial vein (Rspl 2), running parallel to R4 down to the posterior wing border and separated from it by a single row of cells (unique); pterostigma not braced (unique); immediate contact of the posterior angle of discoidal hind wing triangle with the joined CuP/1A vein (unique); slightly broadened terminal abdominal segments (male abdomen distinctly club-shaped) (unique); no crossveins in median space (as in Austroaeschninae); segment 10 of male dorsally not raised, and superior anal appendices short (unique); only weakly developed female dentigerous plate (not protruding, loosely covered with short spines) (unique). Larva: Labium with only one clearly visible tooth (paraglossa) on each side of the ligula some distance from well-developed median cleft; glossae (the inner pair of small teeth at the distal margin of prementum) absent (unique); labial palps with lobe subrectangular, truncate, with small end-hook; several very small and short palpal setae including some on movable hook (as in Dendroaeschna); antennae 7-segmented (as in other Austroaeschnini); postocular lobes unarmed, their lateral margin longer than eye radius (as in most telephlebiids); prothoracic processes and nearly right-angled notal lobes small (unique); metathorax and legs unarmed (unlike some Austroaeschna and Notoaeschna); lateral spines on abdominal segments 6-9 (as in some otherTelephlebiidae); no mid-dorsal abdominal spines (as in all Telephlebiidae except Notoaeschna); all abdominal terga well arched transversely (unlike Dendroaeschna and Austroaeschna (Pulchaeschna)); tergum 10 without mid-dorsal cone (as in all Austroaeschninae); anal pyramid short, with epiproct straight, stout, trapezoid and very slightly bifid, markedly shorter than very deep paraprocts, and with male projection wide, subtriangular, apically rounded, markedly longer than the very short cerci which are less than length of paraprocts (unique).
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History of discovery, disappearance, rediscovery
Described from Nouvelle-Hollande (Australia) as early as 1883, Acanthaeschna victoria was the first Australian species known to science of a group of dragonflies formerly regarded as Brachytroninae, now at least partly and by some as Telephlebiidae. And of this group it is the only Australian species of which more than one specimen was available in the major European collections (Brussels, Paris, possibly London) before 1900. The species, originally collected most probably not by specialised dragonfly collectors, was apparently not recorded for more than the first half of the twentieth century in spite of the involvement of a number of prominent scientists and collectors in the study of Australian dragonflies. R. J. Tillyard, M.A. Lieftinck, J.A.L. Watson, F.C. Fraser, A.F.L. OFarrell and R. Dobson have never collected or even seen live A. victoria. It was not until 1979 that Allbrook & Watson (1979) were able to dig out, from the University of Queensland collection, a relatively fresh specimen of A. victoria. It was a female collected by a non-odonatologist student (labelled Brisbane, 14.X.1958, B.W. Cull). Shortly after that a male museum specimen labelled Herston, 3.X.1966, E. Phipps, above water was found in the collection of the Queensland Museum. The apparent occurrence of A. victoria in Brisbane, and its peculiar colouration, led to searches in all sorts of habitats from large rivers to mangrove situations and in habitats known for crepuscular, semi-terrestrial and terrestrial dragonflies. However, the species was not found. The trapping in a malaise trap of two rather old A. victoria females in 1987 in New South Wales came as a big surprise. They were trapped at Lorien Creek, 3 km north of Lansdowne near Taree, in a rainforest margin, 13 to 21 December 1987, by G. Williams. Efforts to find out more about the species were now shifted to various rainforest habitats including tree holes and caves but, as in the other biotypes, A. victoria remained lost, at least to dragonfly collectors. However, In October 1999, a copula and several males of A. victoria were collected near Broadwater, New South Wales, in an apparently at least summer-dry ditch covered with dry sphagnum and with some grass trees (Xanthorrhoea sp.) and paperbark (Melaleuca sp.) and in a possibly temporal watercourse without noticeable flow and with Eucalyptus spp. and wallum (Banksia aemula) along one edge (Theischinger 2000a). Also found was another male specimen again in the collection of the University of Queensland and again collected by a non-odonatologist (labelled Elanda Point, to Kin Kin Ck, 17.11.1985, G. & A. Daniels). Not much later, during determinations of aquatic macroinvertebrates from Wooli Wooli River (29.878S/153.168E, edge sample, 6.10.99, B. Hughes) for a MRHI (Monitoring River Health Initiative) survey, a single last instar male larva was identified and described as A. victoria (Theischinger 2000a, 2002). An even bigger surprise came more than seven years later when, again, a fully grown male larva was identified (Theischinger 2008). It was collected during the Coastal Sustainable Rivers Audit by the Department of Environment and Climate Change on November 29th at Cockwhy Creek (35.52105S/150.31211E) between Ulladulla and Batemans Bay by C. Rush and J. Miller). This record extended the accepted range of A. victoria (Watson et al. 1991, Theischinger & Hawking 2006) more than 300 km further south.
Environmental situation, ecology, biology, distribution
Only six weeks after the discovery of live Acanthaeschna victoria at Broadwater it was found that the historic site of the re-discovery was cleared, with all major vegetation bulldozed down and accumulated in a few places and that road-like fragmentation of even larger areas
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had taken place. There was of course no more sign of A. victoria, nor was there in the appropriate season of the following years. The available collecting data indicate that A. victoria is a spring/early summer species with adults emerging early in October in the north of its range, possibly considerably later in the south. It seems to be partly diurnal, partly crepuscular (this may be reflected in the extremely contrasting eye colouration). At this stage it appears that temporary low-altitude swamps, slow streams and rivers near the coastline are its habitats. The only available larvae were found in what is known in New South Wales as black water streams. This is a type of stream known for very low dissolved oxygen content. The Queensland equivalent is apparently the wallum stream. The latter term pretty well covers the situations where A. victoria was found in north-eastern New South Wales. It is not clear if the poor collecting record of A. victoria is due to its rareness or due to its patterns of behaviour and ecology. As most of its supposed larval habitats appear to be at least potentially temporal, they are rather unlikely to be sampled in projects monitoring the health of streams, and the probability to get new information from such work is low. It is obvious that land containing habitats as described above has been extensively transformed this century by human activities. This land is now settlements, pasture and sugar cane country, and as reported above, these and other kinds of development continue. The northernmost locality on record for A. victoria is now Elanda Point (c. 2525S), the southernmost is Cockwhy Creek (35.52105S) between Ulladulla and Batemans Bay (Theischinger 2008). Occurrence in Victoria as given in the old literature (Martin 1901, 1911) is still unconfirmed.
Behaviour
Only very few indications emerge based on anecdotal observation of some facets of the behaviour of A. victoria. However, they are all somewhat peculiar. For several years a malaise trap was run for collecting mainly Diptera along Lorien Creek. During all that time, and in spite of the presence there of a quite adequate dragonfly fauna, only two odonates were ever captured in the trap: two females of A. victoria. The pair in copula collected at about 10.15 a.m. near Broadwater was exceedingly quiet and inert. The males observed at Broadwater jumped up and down shaded tree trunks in a way never seen in any other Australian dragonfly. During bright daylight two males observed in Johns River State Forest near Taree, and another individual seen near Foster, mostly just flew from one stem of a tall paper bark (Melaleuca) to the other and were very difficult to spot. A female collected close to dusk near Brooms Head was trying first to get under a 4-wheel drive vehicle before it was collected under a camping chair. A female was found dead on a balcony of a first floor unit at Byron Bay. It appears that in all the situations described above, A. victoria was not comfortable flying, at least in daylight, and more than other dragonflies tried to avoid open, and to enter more or less confined, space at any time of the day. This may indicate crepuscularity and a strong tendency for shade and dark, overgrown habitats.
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Petalura gigantea Leach, 1815 and Petalura litorea Theischinger, 1999

Petalura gigantea (South-eastern Petaltail, also called Giant Dragonfly) (Appendix 1, Photos 7 to 9) was described by Leach (1815) as a new genus and species. It is one of the largest dragonflies in the world and probably the fifth largest species in Australia. Not too long ago (e.g. Bechly 1996) Petaluridae were considered the most basic Anisoptera and possibly the sister group of all other Anisoptera. However, only rather recently, Petaluroidea were hypothesized as the sister group of Libelluloidea only (Carle & Kjer 2002, Carle, Kjer & May 2008).
Conservation status
Petalura gigantea is listed as an endangered species under Schedule 1 Part 1 of the New South Wales Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 (TSC Act) (NPWS 1999). The decision was based on declining population size and the loss or degradation of the wetland habitats in which it occurs. At the time of this listing P. gigantea also included populations from the north-coast of New South Wales which Theischinger (1999) attributed to P. litorea (Coastal Petaltail) (Appendix 1, Photos 10 and 11). Pursuant to Division 5 of Part 2 of the TSC Act, the Scientific Committee made a determination to amend the description of the listed P. gigantea and to add P. litorea Theischinger to Part 1 Schedule 1 of the Act. Fortunately some of the populations of P. gigantea and P. litorea occur in national parks (e.g. Royal N. P., Blue Mountains N. P., Gibraltar Range N.P., Yuraygir N.P.).
Petalura gigantea and P. litorea are two of possibly five congeneric species endemic to Australia. Adult: Length of abdomen 6080 mm; wingspan approximately 100130 mm. Diurnal, brown-black to black and yellow dragonflies with widely separated eyes; costal side of discoidal triangle shorter than basal side; very long pterostigma; the yellow markings on abdominal segments 38 not forming a complete ring; abdominal tergum 9 largely yellow; male superior anal appendages broadly foliate and inferior appendage short and wide, and ovipositor short and curved. P. litorea is markedly more slender than P. gigantea. In addition, in P. litorea the yellow portion of the frons is less extensive, the yellow abdominal midline is less uniformly parallel sided, the male superior appendages are wider, shorter and more uniformly coloured and the inferior appendage is markedly darker. Larva: Total length 4550 mm. Grub-like, fully but poorly sclerotised. Prementum flat without any large premental setae, ligula triangular and deeply cleft; labial palps without palpal setae but with distinct spine at the base of movable hook; legs long and strong, tibiae armed with distal digging hooks; abdomen elongate, sub-cylindrical without any dorsal or lateral armature. At this stage the larvae of the two species cannot be distinguished.
Petalura gigantea was described by Leach (1815) based on male and female specimens from New South Wales (New Holland). More information on the adults, the description of the larva and the life history of the species was presented by Tillyard (1908, 1909, 1911, 1917).
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Biological notes
Most petalurid larvae utilise a semi-terrestrial burrowing habit occupying permanent longchambered burrows, built under swamps. As Tillyard (1911) suggests, Petalura gigantea may utilise underwater burrow openings on burrow branch tunnels to access water-filled seepage depressions for hunting purposes. Petalura larvae may also emerge from terrestrial entrances at night or in wet weather in search of prey. The larval stage duration has not been documented definitively but is probably quite long but also highly flexible. The adults largely emerge in NovemberDecember and fly at least until late January. Their flight is rather poor and not overly continuous, and it seems they do not readily disperse. All Petalura species have been found to rest on barbed wire fences. Two different ways of adult emergence have been described for P. gigantea. Whereas Tillyard (1917) depicted a hanging back emergence style, typical for all anisopteran families except the Gomphidae, Baird & Ireland (2006) documented an observation of upright emergence.
Distribution
Tillyard (1908, 1909, 1911) knew P. gigantea from the Blue Mountains, Moss Vale and Sydney. Since then records mainly for P. gigantea, but also including P. litorea, were added mainly by Fraser (1960), Arthington & Watson (1982), Davies (1998), NPWS (1999) Theischinger (1999, 2001b), Trueman (2000) and Baird & Ireland (2006). P. gigantea is now known from Boonoo Boonoo State Forest in the north to very close to the border of New South Wales and Victoria near Nadgee. Even though all available records are from New South Wales it may well be present in Queensland and in Victoria. Along the coast P. gigantea is known to reach as far north as South West Rocks (30.9 S). P. litorea was recently recorded from Bonville south of Coffs Harbour approximately (30.4S) and is known to occur as far north as Byfield near Yepoon in Queensland. Even though the number of records is still continuously growing, it appears that considerable distances exist even between the known neighbour populations.
Petalura pulcherrima Tillyard, 1913

Petalura pulcherrima (Beautiful Petaltail) (Appendix 1, Photo 12, top) was described by Tillyard (1913) on the basis of six males from Cooktown and one female from Kuranda, Queensland. The typical material of this tropical species is strikingly different in size, head and body pattern, and in absolute and relative size of the male anal appendages, from typical material of the other tropical species P. ingentissima which had been described a few years earlier based on material from Herberton and Kuranda (Tillyard 1908). However, over the years more material of tropical Petalura was collected from numerous locations between 11S and 1930S, that is north and south of, and in areas between, the type localities. This material shows significant variability in the characters commonly used to discriminate P. ingentissima and P. pulcherrima (Fraser 1960, Watson et al. 1991, Theischinger & Hawking 2006), and their identification became problematic. It appears that P. pulcherrima will have to be redefined by characters different from those in common use, like size, face and abdominal pattern, shape and relative size of male anal appendages if it is a good species. The question of whether P. pulcherrima and P. ingentissima exist sympatrically cannot be answered because of justified doubts about the provenance of critical specimens, observed variability even within local populations and some apparent gradual changes from south to north and from high to low and wet to dry habitats. Mostly dated material of Petalura
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pulcherrima/ingentissima from various collections and museums that may possibly answer some questions, together with material collected more recently, is at present being DNAanalysed in the US; DNA barcoding of all Australian dragonfly species initiated by the Australian Museum (involving L. Christidis, J. Norman and G. Theischinger) has just started.
Conservation status
In spite of or possibly because of its doubtful status and the paucity of records Petalura pulcherrima is listed in in the category VU B1+2c in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
Brief characteristics and diagnosis
Adult: Length of abdomen 6580 mm; wingspan 120130 mm. A very large, rather slim, diurnal, black and yellow dragonfly. Anterior frons largely yellow; postclypeus with distinct yellow spot each side; costae blackish brown, abdominal tergum, 9 largely black; petalshaped male superior anal appendages of moderate size; inferior appendage brown to black, with postero-dorsal dentation along outer portion of posterior edge. Larva: Total length 5055mm. Prementum square; antennae from segment 36 almost parallel sided, antennal segment 6 usually more than three times as long as wide and longer than segment 3; male final instar larva with cerci (superior anal appendages of adult) quite small, rather inconspicuous.
The six type males of the type series from Cooktown were collected by Tillyard so there is no doubt about their origin. However, the paratype female was reputedly taken in Kuranda by F.P. Dodd whose locality records are considered not always reliable. There is another specimen, a male from Kuranda, in the collection of the Australian Museum. Unfortunately the collector was also Dodd, and all other available Petalura specimens from Kuranda are typical P. ingentissima. Only three more individuals matching the description of P. pulcherrima, all from Cape York Peninsula, became known in the twentieth century.
Biological notes
Between 2005 and 2008, in January and February, individuals matching the original description of Tillyard (1913) and the diagnostic characters given above were observed in Pandanus swamp near Cooktown (S. Butler & G. Theischinger, unpubl.). Females were observed, apparently ovipositing, along swamp margins early in the day (before 9 a.m.). Males appeared somewhat later, usually when at least a large part of the swamp was sunlit. They mostly settled on dry branches between 1 and 2 m from the ground, probably watching out for arriving or passing females. Copulation was observed late morning and early afternoon again 1 to 2 m from the ground on Pandanus. The flight usually is soaring, somehow like a slow arrow. However, when excited, for example after a missed hit, it can be shooting almost threatening, like a fast arrow. Exuviae were found at the confluence of two small creeks with moderate flow and in places with swampy patches along the banks. Adults were present there occasionally.
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Archaeophya adamsi Fraser, 1959

Because of its rarity and apparently restricted distribution, little is known of the Australian endemic dragonfly Archaeophya adamsi (Horned Urfly, also called Adams Emerald) (Appendix 1, Photos 13 and 14), and only anecdotal observations are available. When describing A. adamsi, and in his book on Australasian dragonflies, Fraser (1959, 1960) classified it as a corduliid. Theischinger and Watson (1978, 1984) and Watson et al. (1991) included it in in the subfamily Gomphomacromiinae of the family Corduliidae, and Theischinger & Hawking (2006) in accordance with Carle (1995) and Bechly (1996) listed it as a gomphomacromiid.
Conservation status
In 1999 Archaeophya adamsi was listed as a Vulnerable Species in Part 1 of Schedule 5 of the NSW Fisheries Management Act 1994. The decision was based on its restricted distribution, rarity, long life-history and a threat to some populations by urban development. In 2006 A. adamsi was omitted from Part 1 of Schedule 5 Vulnerable Species and inserted into Part 1 of Schedule 4 Endangered Species of the NSW Fisheries Management Act 1994. This decision was based on the reduction of its distribution by continuing impact in some localities and on the lack of protection of the species even in reserves. The populations at Somersby Falls and at Hungry Way Creek occur in reserves.
Archaeophya adamsi is one of two congeneric species. Adult: Length of abdomen 4047 mm; wingspan approximately 7080 mm. A diurnal, black and yellow dragonfly; the median lobe of the pronotum with a yellow lateral tooth; the metapostepimeron (posterodorsal corner of synthorax) yellow; the abdominal tergum 2 with two yellow spots on supplementary transverse carina. Larva: Total length 2124 mm. Frontal plate prominent. Distal dentations of labial palps short, wide and lacking setae. Posterior margin of postmentum (at the base of labium) generally concave, at least in the final instar. Pronotal lobes wing-like. Wing pads parallel. Abdomen short, dorsally and laterally unarmed.
Archaeophya adamsi was described by Fraser (1959) after a single female collected by E. Adams at Edungalba, Queensland, on 28.xii. 1953. In December 1967 the first male of the species was found by G. Theischinger along Berowra Creek at Galston Gorge near Hornsby, New South Wales. Over the following years A. adamsi was collected in a few localities, generally north or north-west and close to Sydney (Somersby Falls, Floods Creek, Tunks Creek and Bedford Creek near Hornsby; Hungry Way Creek in Wollemi National Park). However, it was not detected in north-eastern New South Wales, nor was it ever confirmed for Queensland. Material from tropical Queensland, collected as early as 1967 and lodged in the Australian National Insect Collection under A. adamsi, was found to be of a different species. It was described as Archaeophya magnifica in the same paper as the male of A. adamsi (Theischinger & Watson 1978). Adults of A. magnifica and larval exuviae were also found by L Mller and G. Theischinger in November 1976 in tropical Queensland followed by the discovery of the larva of A. adamsi at Galston Gorge in December of the same year. The larvae of both Archaeophya species
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were described by Theischinger & Watson (1984). During two surveys by NSW Fisheries conducted in 2006 and 2007 in order to find larvae of A. adamsi in promising river sites, A. Bruce found a single larva at Cedar Creek, Hayes Crossing.
Biological notes
Larvae were collected in streams and small rivers, being found on rocks or in litter along the stream margins and also in riffles. In captivity a healthy larva spent 18 month as a final instar, whereas other larvae kept in similar conditions went through several stages in much shorter time. This indicates a very flexible life-history. A male observed at Berowra Creek completely dominated an open territory with Austrogomphus ochraceus, Choristhemis flavoterminata, Orthetrum caledonicum and Diplacodes haematodes present.
Austrocordulia leonardi Theischinger, 1973

Because of its rarity and apparently restricted distribution, little is known of the Australian endemic dragonfly Austrocordulia leonardi (Sydney Hawk) (Appendix 1, Photos 15 and 16), described by Theischinger (1973) from Woronora River near Heathcote in New South Wales. Only anecdotal observations are available. When Tillyard (1910) wrote about the larva of what only later turned out to be Austrocordulia refracta he referred to it as libellulid larva X. Fraser (1957) classified A. refracta as a gomphomacromiine corduliid, so did Theischinger & Watson (1978, 1984) and Watson et al. (1991) for the then-known three species of Austrocordulia. Following Bechly(1996) and Carle (1995) Theischinger & Hawking (2006) included Austrocordulia together with Austrophya, Lathrocordulia and Micromidia in Austrocorduliidae.
Conservation status
In 2007 Austrocordulia leonardi was listed as an Endangered Species in Part 1 of Schedule 4 of the NSW Fisheries Management Act 1994. The decision was based on the extremely limited distribution, rarity, recent lack of detection and threats to its survival. It is included in the category VU B1+2c in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The population at Audley (Kangaroo Creek) occurs in a national park.
Austrocordulia leonardi is one of three congeneric species. Adult: Length of abdomen 3540 mm; wing span 6070 mm. A diurnal, black and yellow dragonfly, the synthorax with two lateral yellow stripes, the black male superior anal appendages with a lateral tooth at approximately one-third of their length and the female with the inner lobe of the vulvar scales blunt, subtriangular. Larva: Total length 2125 mm. Prementum wide and flat-bottomed. Premental ligula widely rounded. A substantial lateral process on postocular lobe. Abdominal terga uniformly arched; distinct lateral spines on segments 79, those on 9 with inner margins almost parallel to body axis.
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History of discovery and disappearance
Austrocordulia leonardi was discovered in November 1968 by G. Theischinger and L. Mller along an artificial dam of the Woronora River immediately upstream of the junction of Heathcote Creek at the Heathcote Road bridge. Adults were observed flying along the dam and occasionally settling on bushes; larvae were found coexisting with Austrocordulia refracta under boulders in shallow water and exuviae were collected mainly on banks formed by bedrock. In the year following its discovery A. leonardi was also detected (mainly from exuviae) along Kangaroo Creek near Audley. A few years later adults and larva of A. leonardi were described and compared with A. refracta (Theischinger 1973). Over the following years, infrequent and irregular visits to both sites were sufficient to confirm the continuing existence there of A. leonardi. And then it was found, again coexisting with A. refracta (see Theischinger 1997), along the Nepean River immediately upstream and downstream of Maldon Bridge near Wilton. In 1986 the weir damming the Woronora River near Heathcote was taken down because parked cars of sunbathers had caused traffic problems. After this habitat change A. leonardi was no longer sighted there, whereas A. refracta, the apparently more robust Austrocordulia species (see Theischinger 2008), persisted. Collecting in other localities and in nearby streams, including an official survey of the Cataract River by J.A.L. Watson and G. Theischinger, did not result in establishing more populations of A. leonardi. From about 2000 the Maldon Bridge site was found to suffer from insufficient flushing of water, a situation certainly not helped by the increasing number of nearby dams above river level, and during several visits A. leonardi was no longer detected. In 2006 and 2007 surveys by NSW Fisheries conducted in order to find larvae of the species in promising river sites were unsuccessful. So was a visit by G. Theischinger to the Karuah River dam site where a tiny larva, apparently of A. leonardi, had been found during a survey by the NSW Department of Land and Water Conservation. However, in the last few years several visits by G. & C. Theischinger and U., I. and A. Jones confirmed at least the continuing existence of A. leonardi in Kangaroo Creek at Audley, a locality situated in Royal National Park and thus under protection.
Biological notes
Flight activity in bright sunshine and body coloration of A. leonardi clearly indicate that it is definitely a diurnal species even though it was frequently encountered resting in the shade. Mature males were observed flying, mostly with the very long abdomen distinctly curved. A pair in copula was collected late one morning as was a pair in copula consisting of a male A. leonardi and a female of the crepuscular A. refracta (Theischinger 1997). Attempts to rear A. leonardi gave an indication that its life cycle would be longer than one year.
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Acknowledgements
Dr P. Scanes and Dr K. Koop, managers within the NSW Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water (DECCW), and the management of the DECCW Publishing Unit are thanked for encouraging and making possible the publication of this working tool and for providing support and facilities. We also wish to acknowledge: Gnter Bechly (Stuttgart), Frank Carle, Mike May and Jessica Ware (New Brunswick), Gnther Fleck (Bonn) and Gnther Peters (Berlin), for new and interesting information on, and discussions of, ongoing studies in the phylogeny and systematics of the Odonata. The editors of Australian Journal of Zoology, Linzer biologische Beitrge, Odonatologica and International Journal of Odonatology, as well as CSIRO Entomology, CSIRO Publishing and the Cooperative Research Centre for Freshwater Ecology for permission to use some of the figures published in their journals and textbooks. For provision of specimen distribution data: Tom Weir (ANIC); David Britton (Australian Museum); Ken Walker, Peter Lillywhite (Melbourne Museum); Jan Forrest (South Australian Museum); Gavin Dally (Museums and Art Galleries of theNorthern Territory); Craig Reid (Queen Victoria Museum & Art Gallery); Genefor Walker-Smith, Kirrily Moore (Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery); Terry Houston (Western Australian Museum) and Dennis Paulson (USA). Special thanks are extended to Chris Brandis, Chris Chafer, Fiona Erquiaga, Andrew McPherson, Deniss Reeves, Reiner Richter, Danny Rogers and Robin Tuft for photos and to Leonard Mller (Berowra) for photos, reading the manuscript and helpful comments.
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10 References
Allbrook P. & Watson J.A.L. (1979). The status of the Australian aeshnid genera Acanthaeschna Selys and Austroaeschna Selys (Odonata) Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 17: 323-327. Arthington, A.H. & Watson, J.A.L. (1982). Dragonflies (Odonata) of coastal sand-dune fresh waters of south-eastern Queensland and north-eastern New South Wales Australian Journal of Freshwater Research 33: 77-88. Baird, I.R.C. & Ireland, C. (2006). Upright emergence in Petalura gigantea (Odonata: Petaluridae) International Journal of Odonatology 9(1): 45-50. Bechly, G. (1996). Morphologische Untersuchungen am Flgelgeder der rezenten Libellen und deren Stammgruppenvertreter (Insecta; Pterygota; Odonata) unter besonderer Bercksichtigung der Phylogenetischen Systematik und des Grundplanes der Odonata Petalura, Special Vol. 2: 1-402. Bellmann, H. (1993). Libellen: beobachten bestimmen. Naturbuch Verlag, Augsberg. 274 pp. Billinghurst, F.L. (1902). Some notes on dragon-flies of the Alexandra district Victorian Naturalist 19: 24-28. Birkin, E., Quin, B. & Jelinek, A. (2003). Flora & Fauna Guarantee Action Statement No. 46. Hemiphlebia Damselfly Hemiphlebia mirabilis. The State of Victoria, Department of Sustainability and Environment. Burns, A.N. (1955). Rediscovery of a living fossil damsel-fly in Victoria Victorian Naturalist 72: 116-117. Bybee, S.M., Heath Ogden, T., Branham, M.A. & Whiting, M.F. (2008). Molecules, morphology and fossils: a comprehensive approach to odonate phylogeny and the evolution of the odonate wing Cladistics 24: 477-514. Carle, F.L. (1982). The wing vein homologies and phylogeny of the Odonata: A continuing debate Societas Internationalis Odonatologica Rapid Communications 4: 10+ 66 pp. Carle, F.L. (1995). Evolution, taxonomy, and biogeography of ancient Gondwanian libelluloides, with comments on anisopteroid evolution and phylogenetic systematics (Anisoptera: Libelluloidea) Odonatologica 24: 383-424. Carle, F.L. (1996). Revision of Austropetaliidae (Anisoptera: Aeshnoidea) Odonatologica 25: 231-259. Carle, F.L., & Kjer, K.M. (2002). Phylogeny of Libellula Linnaeus (Odonata: Insecta) Zootaxa 87: 1-18. Carle, F.L., Kjer, K.M. & May, M.L. (2008). Evolution of Odonata, with special reference to Coenagrionidea (Zygoptera) Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 66(1): 37-44.
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Davies, D.A.L. (1985). Hemiphlebia mirabilis Selys: some notes on distribution and conservation status (Zygoptera: Hemiphlebiidae) Odonatologica 14: 331-339 Davies, D.A.L. (1998). The genus Petalura: field observations, habits and conservation status (Anisoptera: Petaluridae) Odonatologica 27: 287-305.8 Donnelly, T.W. (1974). Odonata collecting down under Selysia 6(2): 1-7. Endersby, I.D. (1993). A new locality for Hemiphlebia mirabilis Selys (Odonata: Hemiphlebiidae) Victorian Entomologist 23: 4-5. Fabricius, I.C. (1775). Systema Entomologiae, sistens insectorum classes, ordines, genera, species, adiectis synonymis, locis, descriptionibus,observationibus. xxviii + 832 pp. Flensburg & Leipzig. Fraser, F. C. (1957). A Reclassification of the order Odonata. Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, Sydney. Fraser, F. C. (1959). New genera and species of Odonata from Australia in the Dobson Collection Australian Zoologist 12: 352-361. Fraser, F. C. (1960). A Handbook of the Dragonflies of Australasia. Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, Sydney. Hawking, J. & Theischinger, G. (1999). Dragonfly larvae (Odonata): A Guide to the Identification of Larvae of Australian Families and to the Identification and Ecology of Larvae from New South Wales. Identification Guide No. 24 (Cooperative Research Centre for Freshwater Ecology, Albury), and Identification Guide No. 3 (Australian Water Technologies Pty Ltd, West Ryde). 218 pp. Hawking, J.H. & Theischinger G. (2002). Vernacular names for the Australian dragonflies (Odonata) Austrolestes, Supplement to No: 4, autumn 2002: 1-6. Hawking, J.H. & Theischinger G. (2004). Critical species of Odonata in Australia International Journal of Odonatology 7(2): 113-132. Hennig, W. (1966). Phylogenetic Systematics. 280 pp. University of Illinois Press, Urbana (translated by Davis D.D. & Zangerl R.). Hennig, W. (1969). Die Stammesgeschichte der Insekten. Senckenberg Buch 49. W. Kramer & Co. Frankfurt/Main. IUCN (2003). Red list of threatened species. <www.redlist.org> Kennedy, C.H. (1920). The phylogeny of the Zygopterous Dragonflies as based on the evidence of the penes Ohio Journal of Science 21: 19-29 + 3 pls.
256
Leach, W.F. (1815). The zoological miscellany; being descriptions of new or interesting animals. Vol. 2, No. 17, E. Nodder & Son, London. Lieftinck, M.A. (1951). Results of the Archbold Expeditions. No. 64. Odonata of the 1948 Cape York Expedition, with a list of dragonflies from the peninsula American Museum Novitates 1488: 1-46. Martin, R. (1901). Les odonates du continent Australien Mmoires de la Socit zoologique de France 14: 220-248. Martin, R. (1909). Aeschnines in Collections Zoologiques du Baron Edm. de Selys Longchamps pp. 18-20, 1-223. Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Brussels. Martin, R. (1911). Odonata. Fam. Aeschnidae. Subfam. Aeshninae in Genera Insectorum 115: 1-34. Verteneuil and Desmet, Brussels. Neboiss, A. (1962). Notes on the distribution and descriptions of new species. (Orders: Odonata, Plecoptera, Orthoptera, Trichoptera and Coleoptera). Memoirs of the National Museum, Melbourne 25: 243-258. New, T.R. (1993). Hemiphlebia mirabilis Selys: recovery from habitat destruction at Wilsons Promontory, Victoria, Australia, and implications for conservation management (Zygoptera: Hemiphlebiidae) Odonatologica 22: 495-502 NPWS (1999). Draft Recovery Plan for the Giant dragonfly Petalura gigantea. NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service. Queenbeyan. Unpublished. Peters, G. & Theischinger, G. (2007). Die gondwanischen Aeshniden Australiens (Odonata: Telephlebiidae und Brachytronidae) Denisia 20: 517-574. Sant, G.J. & New, T.R. (1988). The biology and conservation of Hemiphlebia mirabilis Selys (Odonata: Hemiphlebiidae) in southern Victoria Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research Technical Report 82: v+35. Selys-Longchamps, E. de, (1869). Diagnose dun nouveau genre dAgrionine. [pp. lxxiilxxiii in Comptes-rendus des sances de la socit entomologique de Belgique: Assemble mensuelle du 7 mars 1868] Annales. Socit. Entomologique de Belgique. 11: lxxi-lxvi Selys-Longchamps, E. de,(1883). Synopsis des Aeschnines. Premiere partie: Classification Bull. Acad. R. Belg. Cl. Sci. 52: 712-748. Shiel, R.J. (1976). Associations of Entomostraca with weedbed habitats in a billabong of the Goulburn River, Victoria Australian Journal of marine and freshwater Research 27: 533549. Stewart, W.E. (1980). The Australin genus Diphlebia Selys (Odonata: Amphipterygidae) II. Taxonomy of the larvae Australian Journal of Zoology, Supplementary Series 75: 59-69
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Theischinger, G. (1973). Eine zweite Art der Gattung Austrocordulia Tillyard (Odonata: Anisoptera) Annalen des naturhistorischen Museums Wien 77: 387-397. Theischinger, G. (1997). Two cases of interspecific mating of Australian dragonflies (Anisoptera: Aeshnidae and Corduliidae) Notulae odonatologicae 4: 164. Theischinger, G. (1999). A new speciews of Petalura Leach from south-eastern Queensland (Odonata: Petaluridae) Linzer biologische Beitrge 31(1): 159-166. Theischinger, G. (2000a). The Acanthaeschna Story Linzer biologische Beitrge 32/1: 235-240. Theischinger, G. (2000b). Preliminary keys for the identification of larvae of the Australian Gomphides (Odonata). Cooperative Research Centre for Freshwater Ecology. Thurgoona, NSW. pp. i-iii, 1-48. Theischinger, G. (2001a). Preliminary keys for the identification of larvae of the Australian Synthemistidae, Gomphomacromiidae, Pseudocorduliidae, Macromiidae and Austrocorduliidae (Odonata). Cooperative Research Centre for Freshwater Ecology. Thurgoona, NSW. pp. i-iv, 1-88. Theischinger, G. (2001b). Habitat mapping and distribution survey for the Giant Dragonfly (Petalura gigantea) in the Blue Mountains Region. Unpublished report for the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service. Theischinger, G. (2002). Preliminary keys for the identification of larvae of the Australian Petaluridae, Archipetaliidae, Austropetaliidae, Telephlebiidae and Aeshnidae (Odonata). Cooperative Research Centre for Freshwater Ecology. Thurgoona, NSW. pp. i-iv, 1-101. Theischinger, G. (2008). Notable range extensions of dragonflies in New South Wales More species in Victoria? Victorian Entomologist 38(4); 59-64. Theischinger, G. & Hawking, J. H. (2006). The Complete Field Guide to Dragonflies of Australia. 366 pp. CSIRO Publishing. Theischinger, G. & Jacobs, S. (2008). Fossicking for dragonflies and connections with an endangered species Agrion 12(2): 50,51. Theischinger, G. & Watson, J.A.L. (1978). The Australian Gomphomacromiinae (Odonata: Corduliidae) Australian Journal of Zoology 26: 399-431. Theischinger, G. & Watson, J.A.L. (1984). Larvae of Australian Gomphomacromiinae and their bearing on the status of the Synthemis group of genera (Odonata: Corduliidae) Australian Journal of Zoology 32: 67-95. Tillyard, R.J. (1908). On the genus Petalura, with description of a new species Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 32(4): 708-718. Tillyard, R.J. (1909). Studies in the life-histories of Australian Odonata. 1. The life-history of Petalura gigantea Leach Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 34(2): 256-267.
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Tillyard, R.J. (1910). On some experiments with dragonfly larvae Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 35: 666-676. Tillyard, R.J. (1911). Studies in the life-histories of Australian Odonata. 4. Further notes on the life-history of Petalura gigantea Leach Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 36 (1): 86-96. Tillyard, R.J. (1912). On some new and rare Australian Agrionidae (Odonata) Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 37(3): 404-479. Tillyard, R.J. (1913). On some Australian Anisoptera, with descriptions of new species Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 37(1912): 572-584. Tillyard, R.J. (1917). The Biology of Dragonflies. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. Tillyard, R.J. (1928a). The larva of Hemiphlebia mirabilis Selys (Odonata) Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 53(3): 193-206. Tillyard, R.J. (1928b). The evolution of the Order Odonata. Part I Introduction and early history of the Order Records of the Indian Museum 30: 151-172 Trueman, J.W.H. (1999). The enigmatic Australian endemic species Hemiphlebia mirabilis Selys (Zygoptera: Hemiphlebioidea): four short observations and a new record International Journal of Odonatology 2: 115-121 Trueman, J.W.H. (2000). Survey for Petalura gigantea Leach (Giant Dragonfly) in New South Wales: 19992000 flight season. Unpublished report for the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service. Trueman, J.W.H., Hoye, G.A., Hawking, J.H., Watson, J.A.L. and New, T.R. (1992). Hemiphlebia mirabilis Selys: new localities in Australia and perspectives on conservation (Zygoptera: Hemiphlebiidae) Odonatologica 21: 367-374. Watson, J.A.L. (1995). The conservation status of the enigmatic Australian dragonfly Hemiphlebia mirabilis Selys. Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Conservation of Dragonflies and Their Habitat. Corbet P.S., Dunkle S.W. and Ubukata H. (eds), pp. viii and 16-18. Japanese Society for Preservation of Birds, Kushiro. xii+70 pp. January 1995. Ware, J., May, M. & Kjer, K. (2007). Phylogeny of the higher Libelluloidea (Anisoptera: Odonata): An exploration of the most speciose superfamily of dragonflies Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 45:289-310. Watson, T., Theischinger, G. & Abbey, H. (1991). The Australian Dragonflies. A Guide to the Identification, Distribution and Habitats of Australian Odonata. 278 pp. CSIRO, Canberra and Melbourne. Wells, S.M., Pyle, R.M. & Collins, N.M. (1983). The IUCN Invertebrate Red Data Book. I.U.C.N., Gland & Cambridge.
259
260
11 Index to families, genera and species

Adult 76 76, 244 64 64 85 104 72 72 64 23, 69 115 116 116 109 57 58, 59 58 57, 59 58, 59 58 58, 59 57 114 115 115 70 70 39 31, 32 30 116, 122 26 115 34, 37 33 94 80 72 72 28 69 69 69 69 69 94 Larva 153 153 146 146 161 170 149 149 145 132, 149 186 Map 188 188
Acanthaeschna Acanthaeschna victoria Aciagrion Aciagrion fragile acolythus, Antipodogomphus adamsi, Archaeophya Adversaeschna Adversaeschna brevistyla aeruginosum, Ceriagrion Aeshnidae Aethriamanta Aethriamanta circumsignata Aethriamanta nymphaeae affinis, Procordulia Agriocnemis Agriocnemis argentea Agriocnemis dobsoni Agriocnemis femina Agriocnemis kunjina Agriocnemis pygmaea Agriocnemis rubricauda Agriocnemis thoracalis Agrionoptera Agrionoptera insignis allogenes Agrionoptera longitudinalis biserialis Agyrtacantha Agyrtacantha dirupta albescens, Griseargiolestes albicauda, Episynlestes aleison, Austrolestes aliena, Urothemis alleni, Indolestes allogenes, Agrionoptera insignis alpinus, Austroargiolestes amabilis, Austroargiolestes amphiclitus, Austrogomphus anacantha, Austroaeschna Anaciaeschna Anaciaeschna jaspidea analis, Austrolestes Anax Anax georgius Anax gibbosulus Anax guttatus Anax papuensis angelorum, Austrogomphus
188
188 188 175 145 188 189 189 189 189 189
145 145
181 182 182
189 190 190
138 137 135 180 182
162 157 151 151 136 149 150 150 150 150
190
190 190 190 191
261
Adult Anisoptera annulosus, Austrolestes Antipodogomphus Antipodogomphus acolythus Antipodogomphus dentosus Antipodogomphus edentulus Antipodogomphus hodgkini Antipodogomphus neophytus Antipodogomphus proselythus Antipodophlebia Antipodophlebia asthenes Apocordulia Apocordulia macrops arbustorum, Austrogomphus Archaeophya Archaeophya adamsi Archaeophya magnifica Archaeosynthemis Archaeosynthemis leachii Archaeosynthemis occidentalis Archaeosynthemis orientalis Archaeosynthemis spiniger Archiargiolestes Archiargiolestes parvulus Archiargiolestes pusillissimus Archiargiolestes pusillus Archibasis Archibasis mimetes Archipetalia Archipetalia auriculata argentea, Agriocnemis Argiocnemis Argiocnemis rubescens aridus, Austrolestes Armagomphus Armagomphus armiger armiger, Armagomphus asiatica festa, Lathrecista asthenes, Antipodophlebia atrata, Austroaeschna atratus, Hemigomphus atrifrons, Micromidia aureofrons, Pseudagrion aureus, Austroargiolestes auriculata, Archipetalia aurolineata, Eusynthemis aurora, Ischnura australiae, Hemicordulia australis, Austrogomphus australis, Ictinogomphus 30 84 85 86 86 85 85 85 73 73 106 106 96 25, 104 104, 251 104 98 99 99 99 99 41 41 41 41 64 64 68 68 58, 59 63 63 28 89, 90 89, 90 89, 90 122, 124 73 82 88 107 60, 62 33 68 103 62 109 96 84
Larva 135 160 161 161 160 160 161 152 152 172 172 164 132, 170 170 170 167 167 167 167 167 139
Map
191 191 191 191 191 192 192 192
192 192 192 193 193 193 193 193 193 194
149 149 146 146 136 160 160 160 152 155 173 148 149 170 146 176 164 159
194
194
194
262
australis, Nannophya australis, Neurobasis Austroaeschna Austroaeschna anacantha Austroaeschna atrata Austroaeschna christine Austroaeschna cooloola Austroaeschna eungella Austroaeschna flavomaculata Austroaeschna hardyi Austroaeschna inermis Austroaeschna ingrid Austroaeschna muelleri Austroaeschna multipunctata Austroaeschna obscura Austroaeschna parvistigma Austroaeschna pinheyi Austroaeschna pulchra Austroaeschna sigma Austroaeschna speciosa Austroaeschna subapicalis Austroaeschna tasmanica Austroaeschna unicornis Austroagrion Austroagrion cyane Austroagrion exclamationis Austroagrion pindrina Austroagrion watsoni Austroargiolestes Austroargiolestes alpinus Austroargiolestes amabilis Austroargiolestes aureus Austroargiolestes brookhousei Austroargiolestes calcaris Austroargiolestes christine Austroargiolestes chrysoides Austroargiolestes elke Austroargiolestes icteromelas Austroargiolestes isabellae Austrocnemis Austrocnemis maccullochi Austrocnemis obscura Austrocnemis splendida Austrocordulia Austrocordulia leonardi Austrocordulia refracta Austrocordulia territoria Austrocorduliidae Austroepigomphus (Austroepigomphus), Austroepigomphus
Adult 111 21, 42 76, 77 80 82 79 81 78 79 79 81 80 77 80 79 80 82 78 79 81 82 79 81, 82 65, 67 65, 67 65, 67 66, 67 66, 67 33 34, 37 33 33 34, 37 35, 36, 38 36, 38 34, 36, 37 35, 37 36, 38 35, 38 63 63 63 63 106 106, 252 106 106 25, 105 84, 91 84
Larva 177 128, 140 154, 156 157 155 158 156 157 158 155 154 158 157 158 158 158 156 157 158 156 155 155 156 147 147 147 147 139
Map
194 194 195 195 195 195 195 195 196 196 196 196 196 196 197 197 197 197 197 197 198 198 198 198 198 198 199 199 199 199 199 199 200 200
144 144 144 173 173 173 173 133, 172 161 161
200 200 200 200 201 201
263
Austroepigomphus gordoni Austroepigomphus praeruptus Austroepigomphus turneri Austrogomphus (Austrogomphus), Austrogomphus Austrogomphus amphiclitus Austrogomphus angelorum Austrogomphus arbustorum Austrogomphus australis Austrogomphus bifurcatus Austrogomphus collaris Austrogomphus cornutus Austrogomphus divaricatus Austrogomphus doddi Austrogomphus guerini Austrogomphus mjobergi Austrogomphus mouldsorum Austrogomphus ochraceus Austrogomphus prasinus Austrogomphus pusillus Austrogynacantha Austrogynacantha heterogena Austrolestes Austrolestes aleison Austrolestes analis Austrolestes annulosus Austrolestes aridus Austrolestes cingulatus Austrolestes insularis Austrolestes io Austrolestes leda Austrolestes minjerriba Austrolestes psyche Austropetalia Austropetalia patricia Austropetalia tonyana Austropetaliidae Austrophlebia Austrophlebia costalis Austrophlebia subcostalis Austrophya Austrophya mystica Austrosticta Austrosticta fieldi Austrosticta frater Austrosticta soror Austrosynthemis Austrosynthemis cyanitincta Austrothemis Austrothemis nigrescens
Adult 91 84, 92 91 91, 93 91, 93 94 94 96 96 93 96 95 93 95 95 92, 96 91 96 94 92, 95 70 70 26 30 28 30 28 29 27 29 29 29, 30 30 68 68 68 23, 68 75 75 75 106 106 49 51 50 51 98 98 116, 123 116, 123
Larva 162 161 162 163 163 162 164 164 162 164 163 162 165 164 165 162 151 151 134 135 136 135 136 136 136 136 135 135 149 149 149 132, 149 154 154 154 172 172 142 142
Map 201 201 201
201 202 202 202 202 202 202 203 203 203 203 203 203 204 204 204 204 204 204 205 205 205 205 205 205 206 206 206
206 206 206 207 207 207 207 207
168 168 180 180
264
balteatum, Orthetrum banksi, Rhadinosticta barbarae, Eusynthemis barbarae, Lestoidea baroalba, Nososticta berthoudi, Hesperocordulia bicolor, Notolibellula bidens, Cordulephya bifurcatus, Austrogomphus billinghursti, Caliagrion bipunctata, Diplacodes biserialis, Agrionoptera longitudinalis bispina, Raphismia boumiera, Orthetrum Brachydiplax Brachydiplax denticauda Brachydiplax duivenbodei Brachytronidae braganza, Rhyothemis brevicauda, Lestoidea brevicauda, Telephlebia brevistyla, Adversaeschna brevistyla, Eusynthemis brevistylus, Hydrobasileus brookhousei, Austroargiolestes bucki, Griseargiolestes calcaris, Austroargiolestes caledonicum, Orthetrum Caliagrion Caliagrion billinghursti Calopterygidae Camacinia Camacinia othello canescens, Neosticta Ceriagrion Ceriagrion aeruginosum Chlorocyphidae Chorismagrion Chorismagrion risi Chorismagrionidae Choristhemis Choristhemis flavoterminata Choristhemis olivei christine, Austroaeschna christine, Austroargiolestes chrysoides, Austroargiolestes cingillum, Pseudagrion cingulatus, Austrolestes circularis, Pseudocordulia circumsignata, Aethriamanta
Adult 118 46, 48 103 42 51, 56 105 114 105 93 60, 65, 66 124 115 120 118 114 114 114 23, 72 127 43 73 72 103 122, 124 34, 37 39 35, 36, 38 118 60, 65, 66 60, 65, 66 21, 42 115, 119 115, 119 50 64 64 21, 42 20, 30 20, 30 20, 30 100 100 100 79 36, 38 34, 36, 37 60, 61 29 104 116
Larva 183 143 169
Map
172 171 162 148 186 182 183 184 184 132, 152 184 140 152 149 169 179 139 183 148 148 128, 140 180 180 143 145 145 128, 140 130, 136 130, 136 130, 136 168 168 168 158
207 208
208
208
208
208
208 209
136 171
265
cladophila, Tetrathemis irregularis claviculata, Tonyosynthemis coelestina, Nososticta Coenagrion Coenagrion lyelli Coenagrionidae coerulescens, Diphlebia collaris, Austrogomphus comitatus, Hemigomphus concinnus, Lestes congener, Potamarcha conjuncta, Lestoidea conspersa, Dendroaeschna continentalis, Hemicordulia convergens, Micromidia coolawanyah, Eurysticta cooloola, Austroaeschna cooloola, Hemigomphus coomalie, Eurysticta cora, Macrodiplax Cordulephya Cordulephya bidens Cordulephya divergens Cordulephya montana Cordulephya pygmaea Cordulephyidae Corduliidae cornutus, Austrogomphus costalis, Austrophlebia cristatus, Episynlestes Crocothemis Crocothemis nigrifrons cyane, Austroagrion cyanitincta, Austrosynthemis cyclops, Telephlebia dalei, Nannophya Dendroaeschna Dendroaeschna conspersa deniseae, Eusynthemis denticauda, Brachydiplax dentosus, Antipodogomphus Diphlebia Diphlebia coerulescens Diphlebia euphoeoides Diphlebia hybridoides Diphlebia lestoides Diphlebia nymphoides Diphlebiidae Diplacodes Diplacodes bipunctata
Adult 113 98 54, 56 62, 65, 66 62, 65, 66 20, 57 44 96 88, 90 26 119 43 72 110 107 47 81 89, 90 47 116 25, 104 105 105 105 104 25, 104 25, 108 95 75 31 122 122 65, 67 98 74 112 72 72 101, 102 113 86 21, 44 44, 45 44, 45 44, 45 44, 45 44, 45 21, 44 123 124
Larva 181 166 147 147 130, 144 142 164 160 134 181 140 153 176 173 143 156 160 143 180 134, 171 171 171 171 171 134, 171 134, 174 163 154 137 186 186 147 168 152 177 153 153 169 184 161 129, 140 142 141 141 141 141 129, 140 185 186
Map
209
209 209 209 209
210
210
210 210 210 210 211
211
266
Diplacodes haematodes Diplacodes melanopsis Diplacodes nebulosa Diplacodes trivialis Disparoneurinae dirupta, Agyrtacantha divaricatus, Austrogomphus divergens, Cordulephya dobsoni, Agriocnemis dobsoni, Gynacantha dobsoni, Ictinogomphus doddi, Austrogomphus donnellyi, Odontogomphus Dromaeschna Dromaeschna forcipata Dromaeschna weiskei duivenbodei, Brachydiplax eboracus, Griseargiolestes edentulus, Antipodogomphus elgneri, Zyxomma elke, Austroargiolestes elliptica, Pseudocordulia eludens, Nannophlebia Epiprocta Episynlestes Episynlestes albicauda Episynlestes cristatus Episynlestes intermedius erythroneurum, Xanthagrion eungella, Austroaeschna euphoeoides, Diphlebia eurybia, Tramea Eurysticta Eurysticta coolawanyah Eurysticta coomalie Eurysticta kununurra Eurysticta reevesi eustalacta, Synthemis Eusynthemis Eusynthemis aurolineata Eusynthemis barbarae Eusynthemis brevistyla Eusynthemis deniseae Eusynthemis guttata Eusynthemis netta Eusynthemis nigra Eusynthemis rentziana Eusynthemis tenera Eusynthemis tillyardi Eusynthemis ursa
Adult 124 123 123 123 19, 51 70 93 105 58 72 84 95 89 76 78 76 113 40 86 121 35, 37 104 113 18 31 31 31 31 64, 67 78 44, 45 126 47, 48 47 47 47 47 100 100 103 103 102 101, 102 103 101 102 103 103 103 102
Larva 185 186 186 186 130, 143 162 171 151 159 159 154 157 157 138 180 171 128 137 137 137 137 147 157 141 143 143 143 143 167 168 170 169 169 169 170 169 170 170
Map 211 211 211 211
212 212
212 212 212
212 213 213 213
213 213 213 214 214 214 214 214 214 215 215
267
Eusynthemis ursula Eusynthemis virgula exclamationis, Austroagrion femina, Agriocnemis festa, Lathrecista asiatica fieldi, Austrosticta filicicola, Oristicta flava, Hemicordulia flavescens, Pantala flavomaculata, Austroaeschna flavoterminata, Choristhemis fontanus, Griseargiolestes forcipata, Dromaeschna fragile, Aciagrion fraseri, Neosticta frater, Austrosticta fraterna, Nososticta garrisoni, Lathrocordulia geminata, Notoaeschna georgius, Anax gibbosulus, Anax gigantea, Petalura godeffroyi, Telephlebia Gomphidae Gomphomacromiidae gomphomacromioides, Synthemiopsis gordoni, Austroepigomphus gouldii, Hemigomphus graphiptera, Rhyothemis Griseargiolestes Griseargiolestes albescens Griseargiolestes bucki Griseargiolestes eboracus Griseargiolestes fontanus Griseargiolestes griseus Griseargiolestes intermedius Griseargiolestes metallicus griseus, Griseargiolestes guerini, Austrogomphus guttata, Eusynthemis guttatus, Anax Gynacantha Gynacantha dobsoni Gynacantha kirbyi Gynacantha mocsaryi Gynacantha nourlangie Gynacantha rosenbergi haematodes, Diplacodes hardyi, Austroaeschna Hemicordulia
Adult 102 101 65, 67 57, 59 122, 124 51 47, 48 110 124 79 100 39 78 64 49, 50 50 52, 55 107 83 69 69 97 73 22, 84 25, 104 98 91 88, 91 126 39 39 39 40 39 40 40 39 40 95 103 69 70 72 71 71 71 72 124 79 108
Larva 168 169 147
Map 215 215
142 143 176 179 158 168 157 146 143 144 153 150 150 165 152 131, 159 132, 170 166 162 160 184 138 138 139 138 139
215 215 216 216 216 216 216
139 165 170 150 151 151 151 151 151 185 155 175
216 217 217 217 217
268
Hemicordulia australiae Hemicordulia continentalis Hemicordulia flava Hemicordulia intermedia Hemicordulia kalliste Hemicordulia koomina Hemicordulia superba Hemicordulia tau Hemigomphus Hemigomphus atratus Hemigomphus comitatus Hemigomphus cooloola Hemigomphus gouldii Hemigomphus heteroclytus Hemigomphus magela Hemigomphus theischingeri Hemiphlebia Hemiphlebia mirabilis Hemiphlebiidae hesperia, Petalura Hesperocordulia Hesperocordulia berthoudi heteroclytus, Hemigomphus heterogena, Austrogynacantha heterosticta, Ischnura hodgkini, Antipodogomphus Huonia Huonia melvillensis hybridoides, Diphlebia Hydrobasileus Hydrobasileus brevistylus icteromelas, Austroargiolestes Ictinogomphus Ictinogomphus australis Ictinogomphus dobsoni Ictinogomphus paulini ignifer, Pseudagrion Indolestes Indolestes alleni Indolestes obiri Indolestes tenuissimus inermis, Austroaeschna ingentissima, Petalura ingrid, Austroaeschna injibandi, Nannophlebia insignis allogenes, Agrionoptera insularis, Austrolestes intermedia, Hemicordulia intermedius, Episynlestes intermedius, Griseargiolestes
Adult 109 110 110 111 110 111 110 110 87 88 88, 90 89, 90 88, 91 88,91 87, 90 89, 90 20, 30 20, 30, 242 20, 30 97 105 105 88, 91 76 62 85 113, 120 113, 120 44, 45 122, 124 122, 124 36, 38 22, 84 84 84 84 61 26 26 27 27 81 97 80 113 115 27 111 31, 32 40
Larva 176 176 175 176 176 176 176 159 160 160 160 160 159 160 128, 136 128, 136 128, 136 165 172 172 160 151 147 160 181 181 141 178 178 131, 159 159 159 148 134
Map 217 217 218 218 218 218 218 218 219 219 219 219 219 219 220 220
220
220
220
220 221 221
221 221 221 154 165 158 182 176 137
269
io, Austrolestes irregularis cladophila, Tetrathemis isabellae, Austroargiolestes Ischnura Ischnura aurora Ischnura heterosticta Ischnura pruinescens Isostictidae jacksoniensis, Procordulia jaspidea, Anaciaeschna jedda, Pseudagrion kalliste, Hemicordulia kalumburu, Nososticta kirbyi, Gynacantha koolpinyah, Nososticta koomina, Hemicordulia koongarra, Nososticta kunjina, Agriocnemis kununurra, Eurysticta Labidiosticta Labidiosticta vallisi lateralis, Zephyrogomphus Lathrecista Lathrecista asiatica festa Lathrocordulia Lathrocordulia garrisoni Lathrocordulia metallica leachii, Archaeosynthemis leda, Austrolestes leonardi, Austrocordulia Lestes Lestes concinnus Lestidae Lestoidea Lestoidea barbarae Lestoidea brevicauda Lestoidea conjuncta Lestoidea lewisiana Lestoideidae lestoides, Diphlebia lewisiana, Lestoidea Libellulidae lieftincki, Rhodothemis Lindeniidae Lithosticta Lithosticta macra litorea, Petalura liveringa, Nososticta loewii, Tramea longipositor, Zephyrogomphus
Adult 29 113 35, 38 62 62 62 62 19, 46 109 72 60, 61 110 51, 56 71 54, 56 111 53, 56 58, 59 47 47, 48 47, 48 93 122, 124 122, 124 107 107 107 99 29 106 26 26 20, 26 19, 42 42 43 43 43 19, 42 44, 45 43 24, 25, 111 116, 117, 122 22, 84 49 49 97 52, 55 125 93
Larva 136 181 146 146 147 147 129, 142 175 151
Map
221 222 222
176 144 145 143 142 142 163
222
222 173 173 167 136 173 134 134 129, 134 129, 140 140 140 129, 140 141 134, 177 178 131, 159 142 142 165 222 222
223
223 223 223 223
223
163
270
longitudinalis biserialis, Agrionoptera lucifer, Pseudagrion lyelli, Coenagrion maccullochi, Austrocnemis macra, Lithosticta Macrodiplax Macrodiplax cora Macromia Macromia tillyardi Macromia viridescens Macromiidae macrops, Apocordulia magela, Hemigomphus magnifica, Archaeophya Megapodagrionidae melanopsis, Diplacodes melvillensis, Huonia membranulata, Pentathemis metallica, Lathrocordulia metallicus, Griseargiolestes Metaphya Metaphya tillyardi microcephalum, Pseudagrion Micromidia Micromidiaatrifrons Micromidia convergens Micromidia rodericki migratum, Orthetrum mimetes, Archibasis Miniargiolestes Miniargiolestes minimus minimus, Miniargiolestes minjerriba, Austrolestes mirabilis, Hemiphlebia mjobergi, Austrogomphus mocsaryi, Gynacantha montana, Cordulephya mouldsi, Nososticta mouldsorum, Austrogomphus mudginberri, Nannophlebia muelleri, Austroaeschna multinervorum, Zyxomma multipunctata, Austroaeschna mystica, Austrophya Nannodiplax Nannodiplax rubra Nannophlebia Nannophlebia eludens Nannophlebia injibandi Nannophlebia mudginberri
Adult 115 61 62, 65, 66 63 49 116 116 24, 108 108 108 24, 108 106 87, 90 104 21, 33 123 113, 120 108 107 39 108 108 60, 62 107 107 107 107 118 64 41 41 41 29, 30 20, 30 92, 96 71 105 53, 56 91 113 77 121 80 106 115 115 113 113 113 113
Larva 182 148 147 144 142 180 180 133, 174 174 174 133, 174 172 170 130, 138 186 181 174 173 174 174 148 172 173 173 183 139 139 139 135 128, 136 164 151 171
Map
224 224 224
224
224 224 225
225
157 158 172 185, 186 185, 186 181
225 225 225 225
271
Nannophlebia risi Nannophya Nannophya australis Nannophya dalei Nannophya occcidentalis Nannophya paulsoni nebulosa, Diplacodes neophytus, Antipodogomphus Neosticta Neosticta canescens Neosticta fraseri Neosticta silvarum netta, Eusynthemis Neurobasis Neurobasis australis Neurothemis Neurothemis oligoneura Neurothemis stigmatizans nigra, Eusynthemis nigrescens, Austrothemis nigrifrons, Crocothemis Nososticta Nososticta baroalba Nososticta coelestina Nososticta fraterna Nososticta kalumburu Nososticta koolpinyah Nososticta koongarra Nososticta liveringa Nososticta mouldsi Nososticta pilbara Nososticta solida Nososticta solitaria Nososticta taracumbi Notoaeschna Notoaeschna geminata Notoaeschna sagittata Notolibellula Notolibella bicolor nourlangie, Gynacantha nymphaeae, Aethriamanta nymphoides, Diphlebia obiri, Indolestes obscura, Austroaeschna obscura, Austrocnemis occcidentalis, Nannophya occidentalis, Archaeosynthemis ochraceus Austrogomphus Odontogomphus Odontogomphus donnellyi
Adult 113 111 111 112 112 112 123 85 49 50 49 50 101 21, 42 21, 42 119 119 119 102 116, 123 122 19, 51 51, 56 54, 56 52, 55 51, 56 54, 56 53, 56 52, 55 53, 56 51, 55 51, 55 52, 55 53, 56 82 83 83 114 114 71 116 44 27 79 63 112 99 96 89 89
Larva 177 177 177 177 186 160 142 143 143
Map 226 226 226 226 226
226 227 227
128, 140 128, 140 185 185 169 180 186 130. 143
227 227 227
144
144
144 144
227 228 228 228 228 228 228 229 229 229 229 229 229 230 230
153 153 153
151 141 158 177 167 165 159 159
230
272
ofarrelli, Tonyosynthemis oligoneura, Neurothemis olivei, Choristhemis orientalis, Archaeosynthemis Oristicta Oristicta filicicola Orthetrum Orthetrum balteatum Orthetrum boumiera Orthetrum caledonicum Orthetrum migratum Orthetrum sabina Orthetrum serapia Orthetrum villosovittatum othello, Camacinia Pantala Pantala flavescens papuensis, Anax Parasynthemis Parasynthemis regina parvistigma, Austroaeschna parvulus, Archiargiolestes patricia, Austropetalia paulini, Ictinogomphus paulsoni, Nannophya Pentathemis Pentathemis membranulata Petalura Petalura gigantea Petalura hesperia Petalura ingentissima Petalura litorea Petalura pulcherrima Petaluridae petiolatum, Zyxomma phyllis, Rhyothemis pilbara, Nososticta pindrina, Austroagrion pinheyi, Austroaeschna Platycnemididae: Disparoneurinae (Pleiogomphus), Austrogomphus Podopteryx Podopteryx selysi Potamarcha Potamarcha congener praeruptus, Austroepigomphus prasinus, Austrogomphus princeps, Rhyothemis Procordulia Procordulia affinis
Adult 98 119 100 99 47, 48 47, 48 117 118 118 118 118 117 117 118 115, 119 124 124 69 100 100 80 41 68 84 112 108 108 22, 97 97, 248 97 97 97, 248 97, 249 22, 97 121 126 51, 55 66, 67 82 19, 51 93 33 33 119 119 84, 92 94 127 108, 109 109
Larva 166 168 167 143 143 182 183 183 183 183 183 183 180 179 179 150 166 166 158 149
Map
230 230 230 231 231 231 231 231
231
232
174 174 131, 165 165 165 165 165 165 131, 165 180 184 144 156 130, 143 162 138 138 181 181 161 162 184 175 175
232 232 232 232 232 233
233 233
233
273
Procordulia jacksoniensis propinqua, Tramea proselythus, Antipodogomphus pruinescens, Ischnura Pseudagrion Pseudagrion aureofrons Pseudagrion cingillum Pseudagrion ignifer Pseudagrion jedda Pseudagrion lucifer Pseudagrion microcephalum Pseudocordulia Pseudocordulia circularis Pseudocordulia elliptica Pseudocorduliidae psyche, Austrolestes (Pulchaeschna), Austroaeschna pulcherrima, Petalura pulchra, Austroaeschna pusillissimus, Archiargiolestes pusillus, Archiargiolestes pusillus, Austrogomphus pygmaea, Agriocnemis pygmaea, Cordulephya Raphismia Raphismia bispina reevesi, Eurysticta refracta, Austrocordulia regina, Parasynthemis rentziana, Eusynthemis resplendens, Rhyothemis Rhadinosticta Rhadinosticta banksi Rhadinosticta simplex Rhinocypha Rhinocypha tincta semitincta Rhodothemis Rhodothemis lieftincki Rhyothemis Rhyothemis braganza Rhyothemis graphiptera Rhyothemis phyllis Rhyothemis princeps Rhyothemis resplendens risi, Chorismagrion risi, Nannophlebia rodericki, Micromidia rosenbergi, Gynacantha rubescens, Argiocnemis rubra, Nannodiplax
Adult 109 125 86 62 60, 65, 66 60, 62 60, 61 61 60, 61 61 60, 62 25, 104 104 104 25, 104 30 77 97 78 41 41 92, 95 58 104 120 120 47 106 100 103 127 46, 48 46, 48 46, 48 21, 42 21, 42 116, 117, 122 116, 117, 122 125 127 126 126 127 127 20, 30 113 107 72 63 115
Larva 175 161 147 148 148 148 148 148 133, 171 171 171 133, 171 135 156 165 157
Map 233
233 234 234 234 234 234 234 235
145 171 235 173 166 170 143 143 143 128, 140 128, 140 178 178 184 184 184 184 184 130, 136
235 235 235 235 236 236 236 236 236
151 146
274
rubricauda, Agriocnemis rufithorax, Teinobasis sabina, Orthetrum sagittata, Notoaeschna selysi, Podopteryx selysi, Synlestes semitincta , Rhinocypha tincta serapia, Orthetrum sigma, Austroaeschna silvarum, Neosticta simplex, Rhadinosticta solida, Nososticta solitaria, Nososticta soror, Austrosticta speciosa, Austroaeschna Spinaeschna Spinaeschna tripunctata Spinaeschna watsoni spiniger, Archaeosynthemis splendida, Austrocnemis stenoloba, Tramea stigmatizans, Neurothemis subapicalis, Austroaeschna subcostalis, Austrophlebia superba, Hemicordulia Synlestes Synlestes selysi Synlestes tropicus Synlestes weyersii Synlestidae Synthemiopsis Synthemiopsis gomphomacromioides Synthemis Synthemis eustalacta Synthemis tasmanica Synthemistidae taracumbi, Nososticta tasmanica, Austroaeschna tasmanica, Synthemis tau, Hemicordulia Teinobasis Teinobasis rufithorax Telephlebia Telephlebia brevicauda Telephlebia cyclops Telephlebia godeffroyi Telephlebia tillyardi Telephlebia tryoni Telephlebia undia Telephlebiidae
Adult 58, 59 64 117 83 33 32 21, 42 117 79 50 46, 48 51, 55 52, 55 51 81 82 83 83 99 63 125 119 82 75 110 31 32 32 32 21, 31 98 98 99 100 100 24, 98 53, 56 79 100 110 64 64 73 73 74 73 75 75 74 23, 72
Larva 145 183 153 138 137 128,140 158 143 144
Map
156 153 154 154 167 144 185 155 154 176 137 137 137 137 130, 137 166 166 167 167 167 133, 165 155 167 176 145 145 152 152 152 152 152 152 152 132, 152
236 237
237 237 237
237 237 238
238 238 238 238 238 239 239
275
tenera, Eusynthemis tenuissimus, Indolestes territoria, Austrocordulia Tetrathemis Tetrathemis irregularis cladophila theischingeri, Hemigomphus Tholymis Tholymis tillarga thoracalis, Agriocnemis tillarga, Tholymis tillyardi, Eusynthemis tillyardi, Macromia tillyardi, Metaphya tillyardi, Telephlebia tincta semitincta, Rhinocypha tonyana, Austropetalia Tonyosynthemis Tonyosynthemis claviculata Tonyosynthemis ofarrelli Tramea Tramea eurybia Tramea loewii Tramea propinqua Tramea stenoloba tripunctata, Spinaeschna trivialis, Diplacodes tropicus, Synlestes tryoni, Telephlebia turneri, Austroepigomphus undia, Telephlebia unicornis, Austroaeschna Urothemis Urothemis aliena ursa, Eusynthemis ursula, Eusynthemis vallisi, Labidiosticta victoria, Acanthaeschna villosovittatum, Orthetrum virgula, Eusynthemis viridescens, Macromia watsoni, Austroagrion watsoni, Spinaeschna weiskei, Dromaeschna weyersii, Synlestes Xanthagrion Xanthagrion erythroneurum (Xerogomphus), Austroepigomphus Zephyrogomphus Zephyrogomphus lateralis Zephyrogomphus longipositor
Adult 103 27 106 113 113 89, 90 121 121 57 12 103 108 108 75 21, 42 68 98 98 98 125 126 125 125 126 83 123 32 75 91 74 81, 82 116, 122 116, 122 102 102 47, 48 76 118 101 108 66, 67 83 76 32 64, 67 64, 67 91 92 93 93
Larva
Map
173 181 181 160 182 182 182 170 174 174 152 128, 140 149 165 166 166 179
239
239
239 239 240 240 240 240
154 186 137 152 162 152 156 180 180 168 142 153 183 169 174 147 154 157 137 147 147 161 163 163 163
240
240
241 241
276
Zygoptera Zyxomma Zyxomma elgneri Zyxomma multinervorum Zyxomma petiolatum
Adult 18 121 121 121 121
Larva 128 180 180 180
Map
241 241 241
277
Appendix 1 Photos
Photo 1: Hemiphlebia mirabilis, female
Photo 2: Hemiphlebia mirabilis, female
Photo 3: Acanthaeschna victoria, male
Photo 4: Acanthaeschna victoria, male
Photo 5: Acanthaeschna victoria, female
Photo 6: Acanthaeschna victoria, final instar larva
278
Photo 7: Petalura gigantea, male (from near Nadgee)
Photo 8: Petalura gigantea, male (from Penrose NP)
279
Photo 9: Petalura gigantea, male (from Penrose NP)
Photo 10: Petalura litorea, male (from Stradbroke Island)
280
Photo 11: Petalura litorea, male (from Bonville, south of Coffs Harbour)
Photo 12: Petalura pulcherrima, male (from near Cooktown), and P. ingentissima, male (from Paluma)
281
Photo 13: Archaeophya adamsi, female
Photo 14: Archaeophya adamsi, final instar larval exuvia
282
Photo 15: Austrocordulia leonardi, male
Photo 16: Austrocordulia leonardi, final instar larval exuvia
283
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Identification Guide to the Australian Odonata

Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW

Identification Guide to the Australian Odonata

Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW

Keys to the larvae

Distribution maps Species of conservation concern

Acknowledgements References Index to families, genera and species

254 255 261 278

About this guide

How to use this guide

Identification Guide to the Australian Odonata

Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW

Identification Guide to the Australian Odonata

Order Odonata Suborder Zygoptera

Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW

Identification Guide to the Australian Odonata

Suborder Epiprocta Infraorder Anisoptera

Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW

Identification Guide to the Australian Odonata

Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW

Identification Guide to the Australian Odonata

Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW

Identification Guide to the Australian Odonata

Illustrated glossary of terms and abbreviations

Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW

Figure 2B 3C 1 2B, 2D 1 7A 4 2D 2B, 2C 8 3B 7B 7A 3B, 3C 9 3A, 3C, 8 9 1, 3A 4 4 4, 5 4, 5 4 5 4 8

Figure 1 4 1 7D 6G 6D 6G 3B 5 5 4 4, 5 1, 6B-E 3A, 3B 6G 3C 9 3D, 9 3A, 3B 3D, 9 4, 5 9 6G 6H 2A, 2C 6H

Identification Guide to the Australian Odonata

Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW

Identification Guide to the Australian Odonata

Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW

8 The damselfly larva: Griseargiolestes griseus, final instar, dorsal view.

9 The dragonfly larva: Notoaeschna geminata, final instar, dorsal view

Identification Guide to the Australian Odonata

Keys to the adults

Key to suborders and families

Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW

Identification Guide to the Australian Odonata

Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW

CuP almost straight in first cell beyond discoidal cell Megapodagrionidae

Identification Guide to the Australian Odonata

Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW

Triangle of forewing elongate along wing axis 17

Identification Guide to the Australian Odonata

Crossveins present in median space Synthemistidae

No crossveins in median space 20

Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW

Anal loop compact Gomphomacromiidae: Archaeophya

Anal loop distinctly but variously elongate Austrocorduliidae

Identification Guide to the Australian Odonata

Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW

Identification Guide to the Australian Odonata

Humeral stripe extending across mesopleural suture 9

Humeral stripe not extending across mesopleural suture 11

Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW

Identification Guide to the Australian Odonata

Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW

Superior anal appendages with very conspicuous dorsal lobe 4

Inner branch of superior anal appendages bifid Episynlestes cristatus