Wireless Electricity.

--The

By
E.NAVEEN KUMAR.
2ND (E.E.E)

D.ARUN KUMAR REDDY

2ND (E.E.E)

INTELL ENGINEERING COLLEGE

ANANTAPUR

ABSTRACT:
Can we imagine the life without electrical wires? From now answer to this question is yes. The method proposed in the present paper called Witricity will facilitate to Transfer power without using wires. The efficient midrange power can be transmitted to any device which uses that range of power by the technique used in this Witricity concept. Now a days there is a Rapid development of autonomous electronics like Laptops, Cell-phones, House-hold robots and all the above devices typically rely daily on needs to chemical present energy generation, storage(Battery) .As they are becoming Wireless energy transfer would be useful for many applications as above and they need midrange energy. This is the main reason to prepare this paper. When regime tend two to Magnetically energy Resonating objects at Strongly coupled exchange efficiently by transfer of power in the non-radiating fields. This is the basic principle involved in it. By taking two coils having same magnetic resonance and one is coupled to source and other is coupled to Device. So that the energy

transfer is efficient even the air gap between them is high. This paper describes the basic history of wireless power transmission, what are Magnetic resonance and Strongly coupled regime, Experimental design, Range and rate of coupling (coupling calculations) and Design of parameters and Simulation for variation of power with and without the external object between source and load.

Historyof Wireless power:

Wireless power transmission is not new for us. Various methods of Transmitting power wirelessly have been known for centuries. In 1899, Sir Nikola Tesla proposed a method to transmit energy over long distances wirelessly

using

ElectroMagnetic

radiation

energy by taking two Magnetically Resonant objects in Strongly Coupled regime. The source and load are coupled to the coils which are magnetically resonant and transmit energy in the magnetic form in strongly coupled regime. Because they are in magnetic resonance, there is no possibility of external disturbances.

principle, but such radiation is excellent for wireless transmission of Information, it is not feasible to Power transmission. Since radiation spreads in all directions, a vast majority of power would end up being wasted into free space. So radiative modes of omni directional antennas are not suitable for the Power transfer.

Need of Witricity:
Now a days there is a Rapid development of autonomous electronics like laptops, cell-phones, house-hold robots and all the above devices typically rely Directed radiation modes like Lasers or highly-directional antennas can be efficiently used for energy transfer even for long distances but require existence of an uninterruptible line-ofsight and a complicated tracking system in the case of mobile objects and also not Eco friendly. So these procedures are insufficient transmission. There is another new procedure called WITRICITY--Wireless If we adopt this witricity concept to these devices, we may eliminate the problems caused by the battery. We may to Wireless power daily on needs to chemical present energy generation, storage(Battery) .As they are becoming Wireless energy transfer would be useful for many applications as above and they need midrange energy.

Electricity which is for Midrange energy transfer. This method is mainly based on the transmission of magnetic

use this by fixing on our room ceiling to charge our devices wirelessly.

Fields,

so

interactions

with

Environmental objects are suppressed even further. We were able to identify the strongly coupled regime in the system of two coupled magnetic resonances by

Basic principle:
Witricity is nothing but the short name of Wireless Electricity. The basic concept same behind resonant energy this is Magnetic tend to Resonance. Two resonant objects of the frequency exchange extraneous efficiently, while In

exploring frequencies.

Non-radiative

(near-field)

magnetic resonant induction at Megahertz

Experimental Design:
Our experimental scheme consists of two Self-resonant coils. One coil (source coil) is coupled inductively to an oscillating circuit; the other (device coil) is coupled inductively to a resistive load. Self-resonant coils rely on the interplay between distributed resonance. The coils are made of an electrically conducting wire of total length l and cross-sectional radius a, wound into a helix of n turns, radius r, and height h. There is no exact solution for a finite helix in the literature, and even in the case of infinitely long coils, the solutions rely on assumptions that are inadequate for this system. So here the method implemented is simple Quasidistributed inductance to and capacitance achieve

dissipating relatively little energy in off-resonant objects. systems of coupled resonances, there is often a general Strongly Coupled regime of operation. If one can operate in that regime in a given system, the energy transfer is expected to be very efficient. Midrange power transfer implemented in this way can be nearly omni directional and efficient, irrespective of the geometry of the surrounding space, with low interference environmental and objects. losses The into above

considerations apply irrespective of the physical nature of the resonances. Magnetic particularly resonances for are suitable everyday
Magnetic

applications because most of the common materials do not interact with

static model to find the parameters. Those are in Electro Magnetic equations.

Where 1, frequencies, 1, intrinsic

2

are the individual are the Resonance radiation etc.)

widths (Decay rates) due to the objects (absorption, losses, and is the coupling coefficient. The above equation show that at exact

Range and Rate of Coupling:

The range and rate of the proposed wireless energy-transfer scheme are the first subjects of examination, without considering yet energy drainage from the system for use into work. An appropriate analytical framework for modeling this resonant energy-exchange is that of the well-known Coupled-Mode Theory (CMT) .Here, the field of the system of two resonant objects 1 and 2 is approximated by F(r,t)=a1(t)F1(r) +a2(t)F2(r), where F1,2(r) are the modes of 1 and 2 alone, and then the field amplitudes a1(t) and a2(t). The lower order representation of the system is given by:

resonance (1=2 and 1=2), the normal modes of the combined system are split by 2. The energy exchange between the two objects takes place in time Pi/ and is nearly perfect, apart for losses, which are minimal when the coupling rate is much faster than all loss rates (>> 1, 2). It is exactly this ratio { /sqrt (1, 2)} shows that, it will set as figure-of-merit for any system under consideration for wireless energy-transfer, along with the distance over which this ratio can be achieved. The desired optimal regime {/sqrt (1,2)>>1} is called Strong-Coupling regime. There is No change in Energy, up to />>1 is true. Consequently, this energytransfer application requires resonant modes of High Quality factor, Q=/2 for low (slow) intrinsic-loss rates , so

we used here the non-lossy near field. Furthermore, strong (fast) coupling rate is required over distances larger than the characteristic sizes of the objects, and therefore, since the extent of the nearfield into the air surrounding a finitesized resonant object is set typically by the wavelength, this mid-range nonradiative coupling can only be achieved using resonant objects of Sub-wavelength size. Such sub-wavelength (/r) resonances can often be accompanied with a high radiation-Q, so this will typically be the appropriate choice for the possibly-mobile resonant device-object.

condition decay loss by source and device is = /2Q. The ratio / is proportional to the Quality factor i.e. proportional to the power developed and inversely proportional to decay rate due to loss. so if / is high the power

output is high.
The simulation process is going on in the above way such that to prove in strongly coupled mode at sub-wavelength (/r) resonances by considering the following process. Consider two loops at distance D between their centers, radius r1 and r2 of conducting wire with circular crosssection of radius a and diameter d.via a dielectric of relative permittivity and everything surrounded by air. To calculate the RLC parameters used the method called Finite-Element FrequencyDomain (FEFD) simulations (for Maxwells equations solving purpose). The wire has inductance L, the plates have capacitance C and then the system has a resonant mode, where the nature of the resonance lies in the periodic exchange of energy from the electric field inside the capacitor, due to the voltage across it and due to the current in the wire. The energy released is Magnetic energy. Losses in this resonant

Design parameters Simulation:

of and

The coupled mode theory plays a vital role in solving the lower order equations of the system. Using perturbation technique of x(t)=A cos( 0t)+ B sin( 0t) The solution of this equation is by including decay rate due to loss 0 is X(t)=C exp(-i 0t)exp(-t/ 0) By considering all energy inputs and outputs we can conclude that at resonance

system consist of ohmic loss, Rabs inside the wire and radiative loss, Rrad into free space.

0,

0 are

the

magnetic

permeability, electric permittivity and impedance of free space and is the conductivity of the conductor. By the calculations of FEFD, we found

= M/2*sqrt(L1L2)
L=0r[ln(8r/a)] C=0a/D =sqrt(0/ 0) where M is the mutual inductance of the two loops and it is dependent on r1, r2,D. M={(Pi/2)* 0* ( r1r2)^2}/D^3 Rabs {(Pi/6) r/a} Rrad{(Pi/6) r/ } QabsL/ Rabs Qrad L/ Rrad And taking copper wires so that it is having =10 other considerations in COMSOL below software and Acoustics
Two loops R=30cm,a=2cm, =49+16i, d=4mm,Qabs=4886. Two loops R=30cm,a=2cm, =10,d=4mm,Qabs=4886. D/r 3 5 Qrad 30729 29577 Q=/2 4216 4194 /2 63.7 248 / 68.7 17.8

Results without Extraneous objects:

If we include a man having muscles of electric permittivity =49+16i so that observed the results that only
D/r 3 5 Qrad 30729 29577 Q=/2 4136 4106 /2 62.6 235 / 67.4 17.6

Module Tool, designed the system as

decay is some what raised but got the required / ratio. Results with extraneous objects (Man):

The pictorial representation of these result are shown below With out external objects:

but the device power rating and input power is sum of the power dissipated by source, power loss due to decay and output power. Efficiency=Pw / (Ps+Pd+Pw) The experiment done in 7th June, 2007 by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge gives the result that in order to get 60W approximate power is the output useful power with 40% efficiency. They resonated the circuit at 9.9MHz so that they developed the power is transmitted up to 8 times greater than the radius of the coil used.

With external objects:

Advantages:
There are so many advantages with this Witricity concept, some of those are: Unaffected by the day night cycle, weather or seasons. This is an eco friendly. It is a boon for the devices which use midrange power. The Box shown in the second picture is the approximate for man dielectric strength.

Limitations:
There are a few of limitations with this system. Those are: The resonance condition should be satisfied, if any medium error is there possibility of power transfer.

Efficiency of the System:

The efficiency of the system is nothing but the ratio of output power to input power. The output power is nothing

If there is any possibility of Very Strong ferromagnetic material presence, then there may be a possibility of low power transfer due to radiation.

-continue

Conclusions:
Wireless Electricity concept is a boon for devices which uses midrange energy. The Power transfer is explained with the help of Magnetic resonance and Coupled mode theory. By the above paper we can concludes the below points. 1) The optimal regime of efficient power transfer is Strongly coupled regime. 2) High / ratio gives high power output. If no change in / ration no chance in power transfer. 3) Designed the parameters with FEFD method and simulated for the / ratio changes with and without the external objects and concluded that there is no large variation in / ratio.

Bibliography:
1) An article published in the Science Magazine as Wireless Power Transfer via Strongly Coupled Magnetic Resonances by Andre kurs, Science 317,83(2007); Dol:10.1126/science.1143254. 2) H. Haus , Waves and Fields in Optoelectronics, Publishers, Englewood. 3)http://electron9.phys.utk.edu/optics507/ modules/m6/coupled_resonators.htm. 4) Efficient Non-Radiative Midrange Energy Transfer by Aristeidies karalis, Marlin Soljacic. 5) Website: www.comsol.com. 6) Tutorials of COMSOL SoftwareAcoustics Module Tool. Prentice hall