Physics 306L Geometrical Optics I Experiment 1: Reflection Purpose In this experiment, you will study how rays are

reflected from different types of mirrors. You will measure the focal length and determine the radius of curvature of a concave mirror and a convex mirror. Equipment Light Source, a mirror from Ray Optics Kit, drawing compass, protractor, metric ruler, and white paper. Theory: When light ray hits a smooth surface it gets reflected obeying the law of reflection which states that the angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence. Objects with surfaces so smooth that any irregularities on the surface are smaller than the wavelength of light, the law of reflection applies on a large scale. All the light travelling in one direction and reflecting from the mirror is reflected in one direction; reflection from such objects is known as specular reflection. Most objects exhibit diffuse reflection, with light being reflected in all directions. If the irregularities on the surface of an object are larger than the wavelength of light, which is usually the case, the light reflects off in all directions.

Part 1: Plane Mirror

Procedure 1. Place the light source in ray-box mode on a blank sheet of white paper. Turn the wheel to select a single ray. 2. Place the mirror on the paper. Position the plane (flat) surface of the mirror in the path of the incident ray at an angle that allows you to clearly see the incident and reflected rays.

3. On the paper, trace and label the surface of the plane mirror and the incident and reflected rays. Indicate the incoming and the outgoing rays with arrows in the appropriate directions. 4. Remove the light source and mirror from the paper. On the paper, draw the normal to the surface (check figure). 5. Measure the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection. Measure these angles from the normal. Record the angles in Table 1. 6. Repeat steps 15 with a different angle of incidence. Repeat the procedure again to fill the table with three different angles of incidence. 7. Turn the wheel on the light source to select the three primary color rays. Shine the colored rays at an angle to the plane mirror. Mark the position of the surface of the plane mirror and trace the incident and reflected rays. Indicate the colors of the incoming and the outgoing rays and mark them with arrows in the appropriate directions.

Table 1: Angle of Incidence Angle of Reflection

Questions 1. What is the relationship between the angles of incidence and reflection?

2. Are the three colored rays reversed left-to-right by the plane mirror?

Part 2: Cylindrical Mirrors A concave cylindrical mirror focuses incoming parallel rays at its focal point. The focal length ( f ) is the distance from the focal point to the center of the mirror surface. The radius of curvature (R) of the mirror is twice the focal length. See Figure below.

Procedure 1. Turn the wheel on the light source to select five parallel rays. Shine the rays straight into the concave mirror so that the light is reflected back toward the ray box. Trace the surface of the mirror and the incident and reflected rays. Indicate the incoming and the outgoing rays with arrows in the appropriate directions. (You can now remove the light source and mirror from the paper.)

2. The place where the five reflected rays cross each other is the focal point of the mirror. Mark the focal point. 3. Measure the focal length from the center of the concave mirror surface (where the middle ray hit the mirror) to the focal point. Record the result in Table 2. 4. Use a compass to draw a circle that matches the curvature of the mirror (you will have to make several trials with the compass set to different widths before you find the right one). Measure the radius of curvature and record it in Table 2. 5. Repeat steps 14 for the convex mirror. Note that in step 3, the reflected rays will diverge, and they will not cross. Use a ruler to extend the reflected rays back behind the mirrors surface. The focal point is where these extended rays cross.

Table 2: Concave mirror Focal length Radius of Curvature (determined using compass) Questions 1. What is the relationship between the focal length of a cylindrical mirror and its radius of curvature? Do your results confirm your answer? Convex mirror

2. What is the radius of curvature of a plane mirror?

Experiment 2: Snells Law Purpose The purpose of this experiment is to determine the index of refraction of the acrylic trapezoid. For rays entering the trapezoid, you will measure the angles of incidence and refraction and use Snells Law to calculate the index of refraction. Equipment: Light source, trapezoid from optics kit, protractor, and white paper. Theory As light travels from one medium to another, the speed changes, as does the wavelength. The change in speed that occurs when light passes from one medium to another is responsible for the bending of light, or refraction, that takes place at an interface. If light is travelling from medium 1 into medium 2, and angles are measured from the normal to the interface, the angle of transmission of the light into the second medium is related to the angle of incidence by Snell's law: n1sin 1 = n2sin 2 where 1 is the angle of incidence, 2 is the angle of refraction, and n1 and n2 are the respective indices of refraction of the materials (see Figure below).

Procedure 1. Place the light source in ray-box mode on a sheet of white paper. Turn the wheel to select a single ray. 2. Place the trapezoid on the paper and position it so the ray passes through the parallel sides as shown in Figure.

3. Mark the position of the parallel surfaces of the trapezoid and trace the incident and transmitted rays. Indicate the incoming and the outgoing rays with arrows in the appropriate directions. Carefully mark where the rays enter and leave the trapezoid. 4. Remove the trapezoid and draw a line on the paper connecting the points where the rays entered and left the trapezoid. This line represents the ray inside the trapezoid. 5. Choose either the point where the ray enters the trapezoid or the point where the ray leaves the trapezoid. At this point, draw the normal to the surface. 6. Measure the angle of incidence (i) and the angle of refraction with a protractor. Both of these angles should be measured from the normal. Record the angles in the first row of Table 3. 7. On a new sheet of paper, repeat steps 26 with a different angle of incidence. Repeat these steps again with a third angle of incidence. The first two columns of Table 3 should now be filled. Table 3: For each row of Table 3, use Snells Law to calculate the index of refraction, assuming the index of refraction of air is 1.0. Angle of Incidence Angle of Refraction Index of refraction

Average: Average the three values of the index of refraction. Compare the average to the accepted value (n = 1.5). Comment. Question What is the angle of the ray that leaves the trapezoid relative to the ray that enters it?

Experiment 3: Dispersion Purpose: The purpose of this experiment is to show how a prism separates white light into its component colors and to show that different colors are refracted at different angles through a prism. Equipment: Light source, trapezoid from ray optics kit, and blank white paper. Theory As we already know, when a monochromatic light ray crosses from one medium (such as air) to another (such as acrylic), it is refracted. According to Snells Law, n1sin 1 = n2sin 2, the angle of refraction (2) depends on the angle of incidence (1) and the indices of refraction of both media (n1 and n2). Because the index of refraction for light varies with the frequency of the light, white light that enters the material (at an angle other than 0) will separate into its component colors as each frequency is bent a different amount. The trapezoid that we will use is made of acrylic which has an index of refraction of 1.497 for light of wavelength 486 nm in a vacuum (blue light), 1.491 for wavelength 589 nm (yellow), and 1.489 for wavelength 651 nm (red). In general for visible light, index of refraction increases with increasing frequency. Procedure 1. Place the light source in ray-box mode on a sheet of blank white paper. Turn the wheel to select a single white ray.

2. Position the trapezoid as shown in Figure above. The acute-angled end of the trapezoid is used as a prism in this experiment. Keep the ray near the point of the trapezoid for maximum transmission of the light. 3. Rotate the trapezoid until the angle () of the emerging ray is as large as possible and the ray separates into colors.

Questions: (a) What colors do you see? In what order are they?

(b) Which color is refracted at the largest angle?

(c) According to Snells Law and the information given about the frequency dependence of the index of refraction for acrylic, which color is predicted to refract at the largest angle?

(d) Without repositioning the light source, turn the wheel to select the three primary color rays. The colored rays should enter trapezoid at the same angle that the white ray did. Do the colored rays emerge from the trapezoid parallel to each other? Why or why not?

Experiment 4: Total Internal Reflection Purpose In this experiment, you will determine the critical angle at which total internal reflection occurs in the acrylic trapezoid and confirm your result using Snells Law. Equipment: Light Source, trapezoid from Ray Optics Kit, protractor, and white paper. Theory In this experiment, you will study a ray as it passes out of the trapezoid, from acrylic (n = 1.5) to air (nair = 1). If the incident angle (1) is greater than the critical angle (c), there is no refracted ray and total internal reflection occurs. If 1 = c, the angle of the refracted ray (2) is 90, as in the Figure.

In this case, Snells Law states: n sin c = 1 sin 90 Solving for the sine of critical angle gives: sin c=1/n Procedure 1. Place the light source in ray-box mode on a sheet of white paper. Turn the wheel to select a single ray. 2. Position the trapezoid as shown in Figure 1 below, with the ray entering the trapezoid at least 2 cm from the tip.

Figure 1

3. Rotate the trapezoid until the emerging ray just barely disappears. Just as it disappears, the ray separates into colors. The trapezoid is correctly positioned if the red has just disappeared. 4. Mark the surfaces of the trapezoid. Mark exactly the point on the surface where the ray is internally reflected. Also mark the entrance point of the incident ray and the exit point of the reflected ray. 5. Remove the trapezoid and draw the rays that are incident upon and reflected from the inside surface of the trapezoid. See Figure 2. Measure the angle between these rays using a protractor. (Extend these rays to make the protractor easier to use.) Note that this angle is twice the critical angle because the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection.

Figure 2

Record the critical angle here: c = _______ (experimental) Calculate the critical angle using Snells Law and the given index of refraction for Acrylic (n = 1.5). Record the theoretical value here: c = _______ (theoretical) Compare and comment.

Questions 1. How does the brightness of the internally reflected ray change when the incident angle changes from less than c to greater than c?

2. Is the critical angle greater for red light or violet light? What does this tell you about the index of refraction?