Quote Unquote

Quote, Unquote
A guide to Harvard referencing
Skills for Learning, Leeds Metropolitan University, 2009.
Except as permitted under the Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication cannot be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior permission of Skills for Learning.
Contents
Introduction........................................................................................2 Harvard referencing: the basics. .......................................................4 Bibliography. ....................................................................................80 Index.................................................................................................82
How to cite sources in your work. .....................................................7 Examples of references. ..................................................................24
How to create your list of references or bibliography. ....................16
http://skillsforlearning.leedsmet.ac.uk
Introduction
Getting good marks for your assignments depends on many things, one of them is accurate referencing of sources you have consulted. Make sure you get all of the marks allocated for referencing; this could be as much as ten per cent of the total. It is not hard all you need to do is keep accurate notes of your sources and follow an accepted academic referencing system. The author-date or Harvard method of referencing is the standard at Leeds Metropolitan University.
Although the Harvard system was originally developed in the USA, it has become the most common system in use internationally and is frequently the standard house style for academic journals. Harvard has the advantages of flexibility, simplicity, clarity and ease of use, both for author and reader. Sources are cited in the body of the text and listed alphabetically in the bibliography or list of references.
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Quote, Unquote is an authoritative source on author-date referencing practice which makes using Harvard easy as the details of how to reference different types of sources are all here for you to consult, as and when you need to. Quote, Unquote is produced at Leeds Metropolitan University by the Skills for Learning team who support and develop all aspects of academic writing, including good referencing practice.
The advice in this booklet conforms to:
British Standards Institution (1983) BS6371:1983. Recommendations for citation of unpublished documents. London, BSI. British Standards Institution (1989) BS1629:1989. Recommendation for references to published materials. London, BSI. British Standards Institution (2000) BS5261-1:2000. Copy preparation and proof correction. Design and layout of documents. London, BSI.
British Standards Institution (1990) BS5605:1990. Recommendations for citing and referencing published material. Milton Keynes, BSI.
Notes
There are variations in referencing practice across different subjects and courses, particularly around the list or lists which appear at the end of a piece of work usually called the bibliography or list of references. Check course documentation or any other guidance you are given. Harvard is NOT necessarily the same as a publishers house style. When writing an article for inclusion in a professional journal, you must consult the editors notes on the style used in the specific publication.
Plagiarism is a term used in academia for passing off other peoples work as your own. This includes material or ideas from any sources, whether written, internet or audiovisual media, even ideas from other students or academic staff.
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Harvard referencing: the basics

Why should I reference?
Good referencing makes it easy for the reader to see where the ideas behind your writing have come from. Referring to the work of established experts in your subject area gives your writing authority and demonstrates to tutors that you have researched the topic properly. They should get enough information from your references to allow them to check any of the sources themselves, if they need to. Most importantly, good referencing should protect you from any possibility of committing plagiarism. Leeds Metropolitan University defines plagiarism as "the substantial unacknowledged incorporation in a student's work of material derived from the work (published or unpublished) of another. Work includes internet sources." (Leeds Metropolitan University, 2002, C9. 3.8).
How should I reference?

Tip
There are two stages to referencing sources for a piece of academic writing using the author-date or Harvard system. 1. Refer to the source in your text (the citation). 2. Give full details of the source in your bibliography or list of references at the end of your work (the reference).
When you are searching the literature on your chosen subject, save or note down all the required details of the sources that you find at that time. If you dont do this, you might not be able to accurately describe the sources you have used and you will have additional work when you need to list these in your bibliography or list of references.
How to cite sources in your work

The first part of good referencing is what you put in the text of your assignment each time you use someone elses work.
Inserting the authors name and date of publication

Using the author-date or Harvard system of referencing does not require any numbering or footnotes on each page. In most cases where you are paraphrasing, summarising or referring to a source, simply insert the authors name and the date of publication in brackets after you summarise, paraphrase or mention the information you have taken from the source.
Example Workers in teams tend to adopt particular roles (Belbin 1996).
When you use other peoples work you might be:
Paraphrasing rephrasing the original ideas or opinions in your own words. Quoting using the actual words from the source enclosed in quotation marks. Using statistics or data from a source, such as financial information or market research.
Summarising writing a short description of the ideas or opinions in your own words but giving your own interpretation of what the source says, rather than a simple rephrasing.
Referring to a source mentioning the work without giving much information about the content.
Where the authors name appears naturally in your work

Example Example
In many cases, you can simply insert the authors name, followed by the date of publication in brackets, into your text.
In his classic book on team work, Belbin (1996) outlined nine roles which might be played by the different members of a team. However Role theory applied to the behaviour of individuals in teams was first elaborated on by Belbin (1996) who suggested that
The reader can easily locate the full description of the item you have cited by referring to the alphabetical list of references or bibliography at the end of your document.
This system shows at a glance the authority used, and how recent or contemporary the information might be. The reader cannot tell which type of resource is being cited unless you mention whether it is a book, article, website etc. You might occasionally choose to include this information, either to help with the flow of your writing, or if the type of source is relevant to the point you are making.
Paraphrasing or summarising from a specific page or pages Where the author is a company or organisation (corporate author)
If giving specific information from an identifiable page or pages within a lengthy source such as a book or report, you may consider it appropriate to give the page number(s) as well as the date, enclosed in brackets, in your citation. Page numbers should always be given for direct quotations (see direct quotations on page 13). An organisation such as a company, university or government department can be the author of a publication. Often, the same organisation will also be the publisher. Just cite them in your text as you would a person.
Example Some further research in this area conducted by the Stroke Care Association (2007) seemed to show that many patients regard their interactions with nursing staff as Example Maxwell (2008, p.213) gives three possible reasons for high levels of personal debt. These are
Citing without author Multiple authors

Example Example
If the source is anonymous (has no personal or corporate author) use the title instead.
If there is no date on the source
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If you do not know the date of publication, use n.d. (which stands for not dated) in place of the year after the authors name in your text. This is often used for citing websites, which do not usually have a visible date of publication. One, two or three authors of the same work Give the names of the authors, separated by commas and an ampersand & or the word and. Follow with the date in brackets or add the authors and date at the end of your summary, in brackets.
Example Shields, Ford and Taylor (2004) discuss the various uses of the apostrophe. Or This manual attempted a definitive ruling on the uses of the apostrophe (Shields, Ford and Taylor, 2004). All twenty five claims were found to be fraudulent (James, n.d.).
It has been stated that this disease occurs most frequently in women of child bearing age (Womens health issues, 2006).
Four or more authors In the case of four or more authors, use the first author (from the title page) followed by either the words and others, or et al. (this is an abbreviation of the Latin term for and others). Whichever form of words you choose, make sure you use the same for all multiple author citations in the same piece of writing. Citing more than one author at the same point in the text When more than one authors name is given at the same point in your text, they should be listed in order of publication date (earliest first). Or, use semicolons to separate the authors:
Example Example Smith (1998), Brown (2001) and Jones (2004) all believed that Several independent pieces of research have been undertaken (Smith 1998; Brown 2001; Jones 2004) indicating that Example Johnson and others (2008) highlighted some potential problems with user generated content.
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Author has more than one item published in the same year Use lower case letters after the date if referring to more than one item published in the same year by the same author. Practice on citing multiple authors varies across the University. Check any guidance you are given.
Example Morgan (2001a) gives a useful description of this process as [followed later in the same assignment by] Example
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More than one author with the same surname and the same year Authors initials should only be used when two or more authors being cited in the same assignment have the same surname and have published in the same year, in which case they should be identified by initials in order to avoid confusion.
Morgan (2001b) points out the paradox inherent in trying to achieve this; she acknowledges that this demonstrates that my theory of motivation is sound. (Robinson, J., 1998, p.23). This was challenged later the same year (Robinson, M., 1998).
Direct quotations
Example
If you are directly quoting the authors own words in your writing you should enclose these in quotation marks and give the author, date and page number(s) that the quotation was taken from, in brackets. If other details of parts of the document are required, for example, section numbers track or title numbers of sound recordings, these should appear after the date within the brackets. The standard abbreviations are:
Example
page (p.), pages (pp.), section (s.) and sections (ss.).
Missing out part of the original quotation (use of ellipsis) If you want to use selected parts of the original quotation, then use ellipsis. This means a series of dots (usually three) to denote that some words are missing. These should also be used if you are opening a quotation part way through a sentence.
There is grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed into a few forms or into one; and that, whilst this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed law of gravity, from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being, evolved (Darwin, 1859, p.490). There is grandeur in this view of life from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being, evolved (Darwin, 1859, p.490).
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Adding an extra word or words to make a quotation clearer If you want to add something to a quotation to clarify meaning or correct the authors grammar, then your extra word or words should be inserted using square brackets.
Example They [the council employees] were debating working practices all that year and still reached no consensus (James, 1999, p.22). Example Or as Darwin so eloquently phrased it, There is grandeur in this view of life from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being, evolved (1859, p.490).
If you have already used the authors name If the authors name features in your text immediately before the quotation, just give the date and page number(s) in the brackets. But you must ensure that the ownership of the quotation is clear.
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Secondary referencing (source cited within another source)

You might want to cite a piece of work mentioned or quoted within another authors work. This is known as a secondary reference as you have not actually seen the original source yourself. In your bibliography:
Example
In the text of your essay or assignment, cite both the original source and the secondary source, where you actually read about it, using the words quoted in or cited in depending on whether the source gives a direct quotation from, or a summary of, the original. Include the date and publication details of the piece of work, and then Quoted in: or Cited in: followed by the reference for the source you have actually seen.
Smith, R. (2001) How to research. Research Weekly, 12 (8) October, pp.17-20. Quoted in: Jones, F. (2004) Researching your dissertation. Research Today, 4 (6) March, pp.61-67 Example Smith (2001, quoted in Jones, 2004, p.63) gives an excellent prcis of different research philosophies. Whichever philosophical position taken
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Which of these options you use will depend on the conventions of the subject you are studying and any particular requirements of your course or module.
Tip Accepted practice varies across subjects; take careful note of advice given in course documentation, or by your course tutors, on what is required.
2. A bibliography giving full details of all items cited in your text plus any other relevant items which you have consulted for background. 3. Two separate listings: a list of references which gives full details of all items cited in your text, plus a separate bibliography of background reading.
How to create your list of references or bibliography

It is important to: There are three possibilities for listing references: A bibliography identifies books and articles relevant to the text; it is not restricted to items cited in the text... A list of references is confined to publications cited in the text (BSI, 2000, p.16). Be consistent. Follow the Harvard style.
The list of references or bibliography (or both) comes at the end of your essay or assignment.
The relevant British Standard distinguishes between a bibliography and a list of references as follows:
1. A list of references giving full details of all the items you have cited in the text of your essay or assignment. Only sources which match citations in the text will be included. (Some tutors refer to this as a bibliography).
Give enough information for the reader to locate the source in the future.
Your list of references or bibliography is organised alphabetically by author, whether a person or organisation, or by title where there is no author. It is evidence of all the sources you have used in your research. With the exception of any items included for background purposes (see above), the author and date from each reference in your bibliography have already appeared in the text of your essay or assignment. A reader can move easily between the citations in the text and your list in order to check the relevant details. ed. and eds. are suitable abbreviations for editor and editors; for example, Spence, B. ed. If you are referencing more than one publication written by the same author in the same year, these need to be listed in the bibliography in the order they were cited in the text.
Example Ghose, J. (2001a) Computing: the way ahead... Ghose, J. (2001b) Changing retail markets in computing.
Highlight the title of each item listed using bold type, or underlining, or italics. Whichever you choose, you must be consistent for all the references in your bibliography. Bold type is now most prevalent. In your list of references or bibliography, in order to maintain consistency, use only the initial letters of the writers first name; even if you have more information. For example, Mohr, L. or Bowlby, J. In your list of references or bibliography & can be used when listing authors/editors in preference to the word and. But use it consistently for all your references; for example Bennett, H. & Reid, S.
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Punctuation and text formats (typography)
Punctuation and typography are used to separate and distinguish parts of the reference. The relevant British Standard advises:
The examples in this guide follow the style used in previous editions; this has been adopted by many courses in the University. However, some tutors may recommend a different style. Check any advice given in course documentation, or by your course tutors, on what is required. A consistent system of punctuation and typography should be used for all references included in a publication. Each element of a reference should be clearly separated from subsequent elements by punctuation or change of typeface (BSI,1989, p.4).
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Authors or originators of the publication

In the text of your essay or assignment:
The authority or source of the information could include an individual, an organisation (corporate author) or an editor.
Example Tip
No author Where the author is not identifiable and there is no corporate author, start your reference with the title.
Example
Corporate authors An organisation such as a company, university or government department can be the author of a publication. Often, the same organisation will also be the publisher. Cite and reference them as you would a person.
Some further research in this area conducted by the Stroke Care Association (2007) seemed to show that many patients regard their interactions with nursing staff as
Structure in modern childhood. (2005) Journal of Social Studies in Youth, 6 (4) April, pp.11-20.
One of the reasons for referencing is to add credibility to your work. Do your references include authors who are established and respected in their field? If the information that you are using lacks an author or authority then reconsider whether the information is credible. An authors reputation is not the only way to evaluate information, for example, a specific publisher or a journal title may be respected in a particular field.
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In your bibliography:
Example Example Example
Multiple authors If there are one, two or three authors then give them all, separated by commas and an ampersand & or the word and. Practice on referencing multiple authors varies. Check any guidance you are given.
Davies, H. and others (2002) Studying science. 4th ed. London, Moss.
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If there are four or more authors, use the first author (from the title page) followed by either the words and others, or et al (this is an abbreviation of the Latin term for and others). Whichever form of words you choose, make sure you use the same for all multiple author references in the same piece of writing.
Stroke Care Association (2007) Stroke care trends. London, Stroke Care Association.
Shields, M., Ford, M. and Taylor, J. (2004) Uses of punctuation. Reading, Johnson.
Place of publication
(See page 15 )
Example
The place of production should be given as it appears most prominently in the preferred source. If the place is known but not mentioned, it may be supplied (BSI, 1989 p.10). Multiple places Where one publisher is associated with multiple places of publication, reference the first. If a place is in the UK, you can indicate this as well.
Maidenhead, Open University Press. Or Maidenhead: Open University Press.
Punctuation and place of publication This guide suggests using a comma to separate the place of punctuation from the publisher and commas are used in all of our examples. However, it is also common practice to use colons and some tutors may prefer this.
Check any advice given in course documentation, or by your course tutors, on what is required.
Secondary referencing (source cited within another source)
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Example bibliography or list of references
This list shows how a bibliography or list of references is usually presented when using the author-date or Harvard system. Each source is listed only once, regardless of how many times it has been mentioned (cited) in the essay or assignment. The sources are listed in alphabetical author order (or title where that is used first) and there is no labelling of different types of material, such as a separate list of websites. Some subjects or courses will require these lists to be presented in different ways. Check requirements for your course.
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4. Series and individual volume number (if any) followed by a full stop 5. Edition if not the first, for example 2nd ed.
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6. Place of publication if known followed by a comma 7. Publisher followed by a full stop.

Example
Examples of references
Books
Take your information from the title page of a book, rather than the cover; these are sometimes slightly different. Include the following information in this order: 2. Year of publication in brackets 3. Title and subtitle (if any) underlined, or bold, or in italics and followed by a full stop
Davies, H. and others (2002) Studying science. 4th ed. London, Moss. Morris, B. (2004) Program evaluation. 3rd ed. London, Hadlow. Bowlby, J. (1951) Maternal care and mental health. Monograph Series, no. 2. Geneva, World Health Organization.
1. Author(s), editor(s) or the organisation responsible for writing the book

Spencer, J. ed. (2007) School management and finance: opportunities and problems. Financial Education Series, 23. London, Ford Publishers.
Electronic books (E-books)
Occasionally, the web address for an electronic book will be excessively long, as it will contain control codes. In such cases, just include enough of the address to identify the site the e-book came from. Include the following information in this order: 3. Title underlined, or bold, or in italics
Example
1. Author(s), editor(s) or the organisation responsible for writing the book 2. Print version year (use the electronic version year if there is no print version) in brackets 4. The word Internet in square brackets followed by a comma 5. Print version place of publication followed by a comma 6. Print version publisher followed by a full stop 9. The Internet address in angled brackets 7. The words Available from followed by a colon 8. The Internet location the electronic book was accessed from (for example, netLibrary) 10. The word Accessed and the date you viewed the electronic book in square brackets and followed by a full stop.
Dronke, P. (1968) Medieval Latin and the rise of European love-lyric [Internet], Oxford, Oxford University Press. Available from: Netlibrary <http://www.netLibrary.com> [Accessed 6 March 2008].
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Chapter in an edited collection of writings

Include the following information in this order: 1. Author of chapter/section
Example
It is easy to confuse the name of the contributor to a book of collected writings with that of the editor. It is important to include the editor of the book in the bibliography as this is the information that would be needed to trace the source on a library catalogue. 2. Year of publication in brackets 3. Title of chapter/section followed by a full stop 4. The word In followed by a colon 8. Publisher followed by a comma 5. Author/editor of the book of collected work
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6. Title of book underlined, or bold, or in italics and followed by a full stop 7. Place of publication followed by a comma 9. Page numbers of section referred to followed by a full stop.
Potter, A. (2006) Modification of method in education design. In: Bourg, G. ed. Process in education planning: studies and cases. London, Falmer Press, pp.23-34.
Journal articles
5. Volume
Example
Include the following information in this order: 1. Author of the article 2. Year of the publication in brackets 3. Title of the article followed by a full stop
4. Title of the journal underlined, or bold, or in italics and followed by a comma 6. Issue or part number in brackets, month or season of the year followed by a comma 7. Page numbers of article followed by a full stop.
Bennett, M., and James, S. (2001) Through the glass ceiling: womens experience of modern workplace practices. Journal of Gender in Business, 5 (3) June, pp.32-41.
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5. Date (no year needed) followed by a comma

Example
6. Page number(s) of article followed by a full stop.
Newspaper articles
Include the following information in this order: 2. Year of publication in brackets 3. Title of the article followed by a full stop
1. Author of the article where given, if not use the title
4. Title of the newspaper underlined, or bold, or in italics and followed by a comma

Hawkes, N. (2008) Brittle bone drug can stop disease taking hold. The Times, 11 June, p.3.
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Electronic journal articles (E-journals)

1. Author/editor
Example
Occasionally, the web address for an electronic journal article will be excessively long, as it will contain control codes. In such cases, just include enough of the address to identify the site the journal came from. Include the following information in this order: 2. Year in brackets 6. Volume number 3. Title of article followed by a full stop 4. Title of journal underlined, or bold, or in italics 9. The words Available from followed by a colon 5. The word Internet in square brackets and followed by a comma
Cotter, J. (1999) Asset revelations and debt contracting. Abacus [Internet], 35 (5) October, pp.268-285. Available from: <http://www.ingenta.com> [Accessed 19 November 2007].
7. Issue or part number in brackets, month or season of the year followed by a comma 8. Page numbers or online equivalent followed by a full stop 10. The Internet address in angled brackets (note general point about journal article addresses above)
11. The word Accessed and the date you viewed the web page in square brackets and followed by a full stop.
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5. The word Internet in square brackets and followed by a comma 7. The words Available from followed by a colon
Example
6. Date (no year needed) followed by a comma then page numbers or online equivalent if given followed by a full stop 8. The Internet address in angled brackets (note general point about article addresses above) 9. The word Accessed and the date you viewed the web page in square brackets and followed by a full stop.
Elliott, L. (2008) Economic slowdown and tax breaks put the government in the red. Guardian [Internet], 20 November. Available from: <http://www.guardian.co.uk/business> [Accessed 19 November 2007].
Electronic newspaper articles

1. Author/editor 2. Year in brackets
Follow the same format as for an e-journal article (see previous page) but give the date information differently. Occasionally, the web address for an electronic newspaper article will be excessively long, as it will contain control codes. In such cases, just include enough of the address to identify the site the journal came from. Include the following information in this order: 3. Title of article followed by a full stop 4. Title of newspaper underlined, or bold, or in italics
Web pages

Example
In the text of your assignment: In your bibliography: 1. Author/editor
Web pages often have a corporate author (see below). Where the web page has no author whatsoever, use the title as the point of reference. However, where you are citing a web page from within a larger site and you do not have the author of the page, use the producer of the larger site as the author. Include the following information in this order: 3. Title underlined, or bold, or in italics
2. Year in brackets. If none available, use n.d. (stands for not dated)
Leeds Metropolitan University (2006) outlines the procedures which researchers must follow.
In order to maintain consistency, we advise using a style for citing and referencing work from the internet that conforms to the Harvard system. Web addresses can be excessively long if they contain control codes from your search. In such cases, just include enough of the address for your reader to identify the site. Internet based material may only be available for a short time; it is advisable to keep a personal copy as evidence that the information existed, in addition to including the date you accessed it in your reference.
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4. The word Internet in square brackets and followed by a comma 5. Edition if available (for example, update 2 or version 4.1) followed by a full stop 6. Place of publication followed by a comma 9. The Internet address in angled brackets 7. Publisher (if identifiable) followed by a full stop 8. The words Available from - followed by a colon
10. The word Accessed and the date you viewed the web page - in square brackets and followed by a full stop.
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Whole web sites

Example
Sometimes you may need to reference a whole web site.
Leeds Metropolitan University (n.d.) Skills for Learning [Internet], Leeds, Leeds Metropolitan University. Available from: <http://skillsforlearning.leedsmet.ac.uk> [Accessed 10 June 2008].
Leeds Metropolitan University (2006) Policy, framework principles and procedures for research ethics [Internet], Leeds, Leeds Metropolitan University. Available from: <http://www.leedsmet.ac.uk/research> [Accessed 20th October 2008].
Example
5. The words Internet discussion list in square brackets and followed by a full stop 6. The words Available from followed by a colon 7. The email list address in angled brackets
8. The word Accessed and the date you visited the discussion list in square brackets and followed by a full stop.
Johnson, J. (2006) Computing courses. LJS-Digest 2 May [Internet discussion list]. Available from: <[email protected]> [Accessed 15 April 2007]. Example
Email discussion lists

1. Author/editor 2. Year in brackets
Include the following information in this order: 3. Title of message followed by a full stop
4. Discussion list name and date of message underlined, or bold, or in italics
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5. The words Internet blog in square brackets and followed by a full stop 6. The words Available from followed by a colon 7. The website address in angled brackets
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8. The word Accessed and the date you visited the blog in square brackets and followed by a full stop.
Rotheram, B. (2008) Straws in the wind. Sounds Good 11 June [Internet blog]. Available from: <http://web.mac.com/simonft/Sounds_Good/Blog/Blog.html> [Accessed 24 June 2008]. Example
Internet blogs (weblogs)

1. Author of blog 2. Year in brackets
Include the following information in this order: 3. Title of message followed by a full stop
4. Title of blog or website and date of entry underlined, or bold, or in italics
Theses and dissertations Research reports

Example Example
Include the name of the awarding institution, for example, Leeds Metropolitan University. The correct content and order is the same as for books. The correct content and order is the same as for books.
There are many different types of reports. Ensure you include the subtitle and series information.
OHare, N. (2006) Peak oil production: new perspectives. Research Report 32. Chicago, Economic Study Unit.
Balcombe, R.J. (1988) Bus deregulation in Great Britain: a review of the first year. Research Report: Transport and Road Research Laboratory; 161. Crowthorne, TRRL.
Whitehead, S. (1996) Public and private men: masculinities at work in education management. Ph.D. thesis, Leeds Metropolitan University.
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7. Author/editor followed by a full stop 9. Publisher followed by a full stop.

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8. Place of publication followed by a comma

Example
Conference proceedings and papers

Conference proceedings 3. Year followed by a full stop
Include the following information in this order:
1. Name of conference followed by a comma
2. Number (if appropriate) followed by a full stop
4. Location of conference (if appropriate) followed by a comma 5. Year of publication in brackets and followed by a full stop
6. Title of published work; if different from the name of the conference underlined, or bold, or in italics and followed by a comma
ERB Conference on Renewables, 2003. Stockholm, (2003). Renewables: proceedings of the ERB conference on renewable energy sources, G. Bartle ed. London, Johnson.
7. Place of publication followed by a comma 8. Publisher followed by a comma

9. Page numbers of contribution followed by a full stop.

Example
Conference papers Conference papers are similar to book chapters in that they appear as part of a wider publication (i.e. the conference proceedings). Include the following information in this order: 1. Contributing author 2. Year of publication in brackets 4. The word 'In' followed by a colon 3. Title of conference paper followed by a full stop 5. Author/editor of conference proceedings (if applicable) 6. Title of conference proceedings including date and place of conference underlined, or bold, or in italics and followed by a full stop
Romanov, J. (2001) International currency exchange: what future in the electronic age? In: Ford, J. ed. Proceedings of the 7th IF Conference, August 16-18, 2001, Boston USA. New York, International Financial, pp.80-87.
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6. Volume number if applicable followed by a comma 7. Edition number followed by a full stop
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8. Place of publication followed by a comma 9. Publisher followed by a full stop

Example
10. Page number(s) of definition if appropriate followed by a full stop.
Encyclopaedia entries
1. Author(s) or editor(s) 4. The word in
Include the following information in this order: 2. Year of publication in brackets. 3. Title of article followed by a comma
5. Title of encyclopaedia underlined, or bold, or in italics and followed by a comma
Hibbard, J.D., Kotler, P. & Hitchens, K.A. (1997) Marketing and merchandising, in: New Encyclopaedia Britannica, vol. 23, 15th revised ed. London, Encyclopaedia Britannica.
Dictionary entries
Example
Dictionaries normally do not have an author as such, so the reference is based on the title of the work. Include the following information in this order: 2. Year of publication in brackets 4. Edition number followed by a full stop 6. Publisher followed by a comma 5. Place of publication followed by a comma
1. Title of dictionary underlined, or bold, or in italics and followed by a full stop 3. Volume number (if applicable) or, if you are referencing the complete work, define the volume set (for example vols. 1-32) followed by a comma 7. Page number(s) of definition if appropriate followed by a full stop.
Oxford English dictionary. (1989) vol. 5, 2nd ed. Oxford, Clarendon.
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4. Series designation followed by a full stop.
Patents
Include the following information in this order: 1. Originator followed by a full stop 2. Year of publication in brackets
3. Title of patent underlined, or bold, or in italics and followed by a full stop
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Standards
1. Author
Example
British Standards (BS), European Standards (EN) and International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Include the following information in this order: 2. Year of publication in brackets 5. Publisher followed by a full stop. 3. Standard number followed by the title of the standard underlined, or bold, or in italics and followed by a full stop 4. Place of publication followed by a comma
British Standards Institution (1990) BS5605:1990 Recommendations for citing and referencing published material. Milton Keynes, BSI.
Example
Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. (1999) Disposable shoe cover. BG2353691.
Sacred texts
Example Luke 4:4 Koran 24:35 Ruth 3:1-18
In the text of your assignment:
If quoting from sacred texts such as the Bible, the Koran, the Talmud or the Upanishads, you do not need to give a page number, just the details of the verse or extract. Traditionally a colon is used between chapter and verse.
References to sacred texts are not usually included in your bibliography but if you do want to include them, reference the edition of the text you have been using, following the rules for a book.
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Personal communications (including teaching sessions)

Example Tip
The description personal communication covers any occasion where you obtain information directly from another person. This could include a discussion with a practitioner on a work placement, or a discussion or taught session on your course. With university teaching sessions, most lecturers will supply references to information or ideas they have obtained from published sources, which you can then follow up yourself. Only cite and reference the lecturer themselves when they are giving their own views or information. If your information comes from course handouts or from an e-learning system or virtual learning environment, cite those as your source and include the details in your bibliography. Only treat something as a personal communication when it truly has taken place in that way.
More and more buildings are now recycling energy according to R. Jann (personal communication, 22 March 2006). Be careful when citing other people in this way; you will not always know where they have obtained their information and ideas from. You should always ask permission before quoting comments made in conversation as opposed to a teaching session.
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Personal communications can be cited in the text, but as the information is not recoverable they do not need to be included in the bibliography. Give initials as well as the surname of the communicator, and provide some information about the context (personal communication, lecture, interview, tutorial etc.) and as exact a date as possible.
Personal email messages

1. Sender
Example
With personal email messages the subject line of the message is given as a title and the full date is given instead of just the year. Include the following information in this order: 4. Subject of message underlined, or bold, or in italics and followed by a full stop
2. Senders email address in brackets and followed by a comma 5. The words Email to followed by the recipients name 6. Recipients e-mail address in brackets and followed by a full stop.
Lawrence, S. ([email protected]), 6 July 2001. Re: government office for Yorkshire and Humberside information. Email to F. Burton ([email protected]).
3. Day, month and year the email was sent followed by a full stop
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In place of an availability statement, use the words Email to followed by the recipients name.
You should also include both the senders and recipients email address in the reference.
Film and video

5. Organisation
Example
Bear in mind the needs of researchers who may follow you. In the case of audio-visual sources they are not only going to need as much information as possible to trace the recording but they may also need to know the formats if they are actually going to be able to play it back. Where possible quote the format, such as VHS Video, 35mm film, CD, DVD, etc. 35mm film Include the following information in this order: 4. Place of production followed by a comma 1. Title underlined, or bold, or in italics and followed by a full stop 2. Year (for films the preferred date is the year of release in the country of production) in brackets 6. Medium and then format separated by a colon, in square brackets and followed by a full stop.
Now voyager. (1942) Directed by Irving Rapper. New York, Warner [film:35mm].
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3. Subsidiary originator (this is optional but the director is preferred note that the directors name is not written surname first) followed by a full stop
Commercial videos or DVDs Commercial video or DVD references follow the same order as films. The main difference is the Medium:format entry which is usually [video:VHS] or [video:DVD]. If the programme is part of a series then the series title and number appear first in the citation.
Example New Nature, 4. (2003) Birds of South America. Reading, Natural Earth [video:DVD]. Example The blue planet. (2001) London, BBC Enterprises [box set video:DVD].
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5. Place of publication followed by a comma

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6. Transmitting organisation followed by a comma 7. Date of transmission followed by a comma

Example
8. Medium and then format separated by a colon, in square brackets and followed by a full stop.
Panorama. (2008) Britain on the sick. London, BBC1, 19 May, [video:DVD].
Television / radio programmes and off-air recordings

Include the following information in this order: 1. Series title followed by a full stop 3. Year of production in brackets 2. Series number (if appropriate) followed by a full stop
Television programmes are usually identified as video recordings (however, see podcasts page 49).
It is important to include details of when the programme was broadcast, especially for series that are transmitted throughout the year. 4. Programme title underlined, or bold, or in italics and followed by a full stop
For a recording of a film broadcast on television, use this format: 2. Year of production in brackets
Example
1. Film title underlined, or bold, or in italics and followed by a full stop 3. Person or body responsible for production (for example, the director) followed by a full stop 5. Transmitting organisation followed by a comma 6. Date of transmission followed by a comma 7. Medium and then format separated by a colon, in square brackets and followed by a full stop.
Reservoir dogs. (1992) Directed by Quentin Tarantino. London, Channel 4, 31 May 1997, [video:VHS].
4. Place of publication (where the television company who screened the film are based) followed by a comma
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Radio programmes
Example
Include the following information in this order: 2. Year of broadcast in brackets
1. Title of broadcast underlined, or bold, or in italics and followed by a full stop 3. Place of publication, if available, followed by a comma
You and yours. (2008) London, BBC Radio 4. 30 September, 12:00.
4. The broadcaster (this will usually give the medium) followed by a full stop
5. The date, month and time as appropriate followed by a full stop.
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2. Year of podcast in brackets

Example
3. Podcast type - in square brackets - followed by a full stop 4. Place of publication, if available, followed by a comma 6. Date, if appropriate, followed by a full stop 8. The internet address in angled brackets
5. Publisher, broadcaster or podcaster followed by a full stop 7. The words Available from - followed by a colon
Womans hour health. (2008) [Podcast radio programme]. London, BBC Radio Four. 16 June. Available from: <http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio/podcasts/whhealth> [Accessed 19 June 2008].
8. The word Accessed and the date you accessed the podcast - in square brackets and followed by a full stop.
Podcasts
For podcasts, we suggest that you include sufficient information about the content to clearly identify the item and give the web location, so that your readers can access it themselves if they wish. The format of your reference will be similar to that for a television or radio broadcast, but with additional web page information. Include the following information in this order:
1. Title of podcast underlined, or bold, or in italics and followed by a full stop
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4. The performers, followed by a full stop

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5. Publisher or recording company followed by a full stop

Example Example
6. Medium and then format separated by a colon, in square brackets and followed by a full stop.
Recordings of drama, poetry, prose, lectures, and so on, often carry the name and location of the publisher and the date of publication and so these can be included in the reference.
Thomas, D. (n.d.) Under milk wood. Performed by Dylan Thomas et al. Caedmon. [sound recording: audiocassette].
Sound recordings and digital audio files
Sound recordings For recorded music, the composer or songwriter if known, the year if known (or n.d. if not), the title of the work, the performers, and the recording company are usually identified, as well as the format. Formats might be: Audiocassette; Vinyl; CD; DVD; Video; Digital audio file. For recorded music include the following information in this order: 2. Year of production in brackets or (n.d. if not known) 3. Title of the work or piece underlined, or bold, or in italics followed by a comma
Mozart, W.A. (n.d.) Symphony no. 38 in D major, Vienna Philharmonic. Polydor. [sound recording: CD].
1. Composer or songwriter if known - otherwise put the title or the performers first as appropriate - followed by a full stop
4. The performers (full names or name usually known by) followed by a full stop 5. File type in square brackets - followed by a comma 7. Publisher or provider - followed by a full stop 9. The Internet address in angled brackets
6. Place of publication, if available, followed by a comma 8. The words Available from - followed by a colon
Example
10. The word Accessed and the date you accessed the audio file - in square brackets and followed by a full stop.
Wonder, S. (1980) Happy Birthday, Stevie Wonder. [Digital audio file], Last-fm. Available from: <http://www.last.fm> [Accessed 17 June 2008].
Digital audio files For digital audio files, we suggest that you include sufficient information about the items content to clearly identify it and give the web location of the file, so that your readers can access it themselves if they wish. The format of your reference will be similar to that for a sound recording, but with additional web page information. Include the following information in this order: 1. Composer or songwriter, if known, otherwise put the title or the performers first as appropriate - followed by a full stop 2. Year of production in brackets or (n.d. if not known) 3. Title of the work or piece underlined, or bold, or in italics followed by a comma
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Images and works of art

Example
Acknowledge the source from which you have taken the image in the same way as you would quotations with the author and date (in brackets) and full details in the bibliography.
Robson, T. (1993) Propaganda and persuasion. London, Angus and Johnstone, p. 105, illus.
Images taken from a book or other publication If you wish to specify that you used an image from a book, follow the normal rules for referencing a book and then add an abbreviation for illustration illus..
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Online images
Example
Images should always be acknowledged, even if they are on free clip art servers. Some web sites specifically request that extra information should be cited as a condition of free use of the image. If you are citing online images in your work, make a note of such requests. Include the following information in this order: 2. Year in brackets 5. The internet address in angled brackets 3. The words Online image or Online video in square brackets and followed by a full stop 4. The words Available from followed by a colon 6. The word Accessed and the date you viewed the image in square brackets and followed by a full stop.
Antarctic warming claims another ice shelf. (2008) [Online image]. Available from: <http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Study/WilkinsIceSheet/> [Accessed 24 June 2008].
1. Title of image, or a description underlined, or bold, or in italics and followed by a full stop
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4. Material type in square brackets and followed by a full stop. Common material types are: ceramic, drawing, lithograph etc. 5. The words Held at
Example Example Thomas, B. Is your journey really necessary? 1942. (Rhodes, 1976, p.130). Hepworth, B. (1953) Heiroglyph [sculpture]. Held at Leeds City Art Gallery.
6. The location of the gallery, museum, etc. followed by a full stop. Reproductions of works of art If the visual information is not the authors own work, as well as citing the source the image was found in, these should also acknowledge the original artist, photographer, designer or architect.
Original works of art

1. Artist
Include the following information in this order: 2. Year work was produced in brackets
3. Title of work underlined, or bold, or in italics
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Exhibition catalogues
Example Example
Where there is no author use the gallery or museum:
It is the custom to capitalise the names of art movements.
Museum of Modern Art (1968) The machine. New York, MOMA.
Haskell, B. (1984) Blam! The explosion of Pop, Minimalism and Performance 1958-64. New York, Whitney Museum of American Art.
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4. The performers, followed by a full stop

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5. Date performance viewed and the location details in square brackets.

Example
Live performances
Choreographer or performance artist should be given instead of the author, followed by the premiere date but with further details, including when seen, to give credibility. Include the following information in this order: 1. Choreographer if known - otherwise put the title or the performers first as appropriate - followed by a full stop 2. Year of first production (premiere) in brackets (or n.d. if not known) 3. Title of the work or piece underlined, or bold, or in italics followed by a comma
Ashton, F. (1940) Dante Sonata, The Royal Ballet [performance viewed 10 July 2004, Lincoln Center, New York].
Unpublished documents
Unpublished theses.
See also Personal email messages, Personal communications and Original art works. There are many different kinds of unpublished documents which may be public or private in origin. They include: Business records such as minutes of meetings. Historical documents which may be unique originals such as ancient maps, handwritten letters or diaries, manuscripts and photographs.
In press If you have had access to a book or article which is not yet in print, but which has been accepted for publication, you should use the words in press, in brackets, instead of the year of publication after the author or title.
Books or articles which have been accepted for publication, but have not yet been published.
Informal or in-house documents such as class hand-outs, leaflets or internal reports. These are sometimes referred to as grey literature. Inscriptions such as those on gravestones or foundation stones.
Legal documents such as wills or documents relating to the sale and purchase of property or land. Documents of public record such as entries of birth, marriage or death.
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Location For other unpublished documents you should provide details of the location, if known, where the unpublished document is kept and may be viewed or consulted by others. Details of the location are usually preceded by a colon.
Example Hajdarevic, K. (2008) Early detection of network problems using existing network indicators: local agent based approach. Ph.D. thesis: Leeds Metropolitan University. Leeds Metropolitan University (2006) Journal articles: how to find them. 3rd ed. leaflet: Leeds Metropolitan University, Library.
Unpublished theses and in-house documents If the document is a thesis, or looks like a book or pamphlet, and has clear authorship and title, then its reference format should follow the recommendations for the document type it resembles. In addition the name of the repository (e.g. library or university) where the item is held should be supplied:
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2. The year when the document was written or copied.

3. The title of the document given by the originator or the repository. If there is no title, you should provide a title based on the name of the person, institution, place or subject of the document. 4. The material designation of the document e.g. foundation stone, notebook, microfiche, photocopy, etc.
Historical unpublished documents
If you are using the Harvard method, the reference should include the following information in this order:
1. The name of the originator of the document: this could be an individual name or title of office, or the organisation or institution which the document was created for.
Tip
The Harvard system is not necessarily the most suitable method for citing unpublished documents. If you have consulted and/or quoted from a large number of unpublished historical documents, it may be appropriate to add a separate list of references using the running notes method for unpublished documents. Running notes use sequential numbers in the text for each reference to an unpublished document. This sequence corresponds to a numbered list of bibliographical notes at the foot of the page or at the end of the chapter, book or dissertation. You will find further guidance on using this method to reference unpublished documents in: British Standards Institution (1983) BS 6371:1983 Recommendations for citation of unpublished documents. London, BSI.
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8. You should also give the location within the document e.g. the page, verse or date.
Example Coleridge, Samuel Taylor (1830) MS* annotations in John Bunyan, Pilgrims Progress, London: London, British Library, C.132.c1.
6. The name of the repository, i.e. where the document is kept. In some cases this may be the name of the individual who owns the document.
Based on an example reference in BS 6371:1983 and adapted to conform to the Harvard method:
7. The call number is the code which the repository may have given to the document. If the document does not have a call number, then you should include a description of where it can be found in the repository.
* MS, plural MSS, is an abbreviation for a manuscript or handwritten document.
5. The place name of the city, town or village where the document is held with further information in brackets if appropriate - e.g. Paris (Texas), Scawton (North Yorkshire), The English version of place names should be used for larger places - e.g. Florence (i.e. not Firenze).
Maps
Include the following information if you know the originators name (this may be the cartographer, surveyor, compiler, editor, copier, maker, engraver, etc.): 1. Originators name
Example Example
2. Year of publication in brackets
3. Title of map underlined, or bold, or in italics and followed by a comma 5. Place of publication followed by a comma 6. Publisher followed by a full stop 2. Year of publication in brackets If you do not know the originators name: 5. Publisher followed by a full stop. 4. Place of publication followed by a comma 1. Title of map underlined, or bold, or in italics and followed by a full stop
The European Union: political map, member states, regions and administrative units. (1995) 1:4000000. Luxembourg, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. Brawn, D.A. (2002) Mallorca north and mountains tour and trail map, 1:40000. Northampton, Discovery Walking Guides.
4. Scale of the map (for example 1:100000) followed by a full stop 3. Scale of the map (for example 1:100000) followed by a full stop
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Ordnance Survey maps

Example
Include the following information in this order: 1. The words Ordnance Survey 2. Year of publication in brackets 4. Sheet number followed by a full stop
3. Title of the map underlined, or bold, or in italics and followed by a comma 5. Scale of the map (for example 1:100000) followed by a comma 6. Series (for example Landranger series) in brackets and followed by a full stop.
Ordnance Survey (1989) Duns, Dunbar and Eyemouth area, sheet 67. 1:50000, (Landranger series).
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Geological survey maps

1. Corporate body
Examples
Include the following information in this order: Common geological survey bodies are: 2. Year of publication in brackets British Geological Society
3. Title of map underlined, or bold, or in italics and followed by a comma

4. Sheet number (if applicable) and name of series (in brackets) followed by a comma 5. Scale (for example 1:50000) followed by a full stop.
British Geological Society (1992) Geology of the country around Thirsk, sheet 52 (England and Wales), 1:50000.
British Geological Society (2001) Building stone resources of the United Kingdom, 1:1000000.
Geological Survey of Great Britain (England and Wales) Geological Survey of Great Britain (Scotland) Geological Survey of Great Britain (Northern Ireland)
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4. Editor(s) followed by ed. or any other arrangers, for example Scored by or Arranged by (note that the name is not written surname first) followed by a full stop 5. Place of publication followed by a comma 6. Publisher followed by a full stop.
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Printed music scores

1. Composer
Example
Include the following information in this order: 2. Year of publication in brackets
3. Title of work underlined, or bold, or in italics and followed by a full stop

Beethoven, L. (n.d.) Symphony no. 7, A major, op. 92. M. Unger ed. London, Eulenburg.
CD-ROMs and computer databases

Example Example
Multimedia CD-ROMs If you have used a reference from a multimedia CD-ROM include the following information, as this is a piece of work in its own right: Computer databases If the information you are using is only available as a computer database you should cite it as follows:
Gray, J. M. & Courtenay, G. (1988) Youth cohort study [computer file]. Colchester, ESRC Data Archive [distributor].
Royal Institute of British Architects (1998) Architecture and Design Illustrated. London, RIBA [CD-ROM].
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Foreign language materials and translations

Examples
Foreign language materials If you are referencing a source written in a language other than English you should either give the title exactly as it appears on the page, or an English translation of it, with the original language acknowledged.
Or: Gonzalez, M. & Martin, F. (1999) Series 1: basic Spanish course about the world of work: tutor book (in Spanish). Barcelona, Difusion.
Whichever method you choose, be consistent with all references to foreign works in your bibliography.
Either: Gonzalez, M. & Martin, F. (1999) Socios 1: curso basico de espanol orientado al mundo del trabajo: libro del professor. Barcelona, Difusion.
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Translations For a source translated into English you will need to include the translators details and the original language it has been translated from. 1. Author(s)
Example
For a translated book include the following information in this order: 2. Year of publication in brackets 5. The language of the original 6. The word by 3. Title underlined, or bold, or in italics and followed by a full stop 4. The words Translated from the 7. The translators name followed by a full stop (note that the translators name is not written surname first) 8. Place of publication followed by a comma 9. Publisher followed by a full stop Adapt this information for other types of translated materials.
Canetti, E. (2000) Crowds and power. Translated from the German by C. Stewart. London, Phoenix.
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4. Edition number followed by a full stop

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5. Place of publication followed by a comma 6. Publisher followed by a full stop

Example Notes
7. Title of series and volume number (if applicable) separated by a comma, in brackets and followed by a full stop.
Department of the Environment (1986) Landfilling wastes. London, HMSO. (Waste Management paper, 26). HMSO (Her Majestys Stationery Office, later renamed The Stationery Office, or TSO) is the Governments official publisher; it should therefore never be given as the author.
UK official and legal publications

2. Year of publication in brackets
UK official and legal - Non-parliamentary publications Referencing non-parliamentary publications follows a similar order to referencing books: Include the following information in this order: 1. Author (usually the name of a Government department, committee, or other official body) 3. Title of the work underlined, or bold, or in italics and followed by a full stop
2. The letter c followed by chapter number of the Act in brackets 3. Place of publication followed by a comma 4. Publisher followed by a full stop.
Acts are included in the bibliography in alphabetical order of the first main word of the Act. Before 1963 a different system operated based on the date of the Sovereigns accession to the throne and the dates of the Parliamentary session.
Example Education Act 1944 (7&8 Geo 6 c. 31) London, HMSO.
UK official and legal - Parliamentary publications Include the following information in this order:
Example
Acts or statutes Acts of Parliament are referenced by citing the title and including the Acts chapter number for clarity. 1. Title of the Act including the date underlined, or bold, or in italics
Further and Higher Education Act 1991 (c.13) London, HMSO.
Acts are organised numerically throughout the year and the chapter number in this context is the number of the Act passed that year. For example, the Consumer Protection Act 1987 was the 43rd Act to be passed that year and may be cited as 1987 (c.43).
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UK official and legal - Parliamentary Bills Parliamentary Bills are organised numerically and according to which House they originate from. Include the following information in this order: 2. Parliamentary Session in brackets
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1. Abbreviation of the House of Commons or the House of Lords HC or HL and the word Bill 3. The Bills serial number (a Bill is renumbered whenever it is reprinted during its passage through Parliament). UK official and legal - Statutory Instruments Include the following information in this order: 2. Year of publication in brackets
Example
1. Title underlined, or bold, or in italics and followed by a full stop 3. The abbreviation SI followed by the Statutory Instrument number followed by a full stop 4. Place of publication followed by a comma 5. Publisher followed by a full stop.
National assistance (assessment of resources) regulations. (1992) SI 1992/2977. London, HMSO.
Each Bill has a number in the lower left hand corner of the title page. House of Lords Bills used to have their numbers enclosed in round brackets but are now designated HL Bill followed by a number without a bracket.
House of Commons Bills enclose the number in square brackets.
UK official and legal - Official Reports of Parliamentary Debates in Standing Committees Include the following information (parts 1-4 are underlined, or bold, or in italics): 1. The abbreviation 'Stg. Co. Deb.' 5. The abbreviation col. 6. Column number.
Example
2. Date of Parliamentary Session in brackets 4. Title of legislation under discussion

Stg. Co. Deb. (1980-81) Co. E Finance Bill col.46
3. Standing Committee identifying letter prefaced by 'Co.
UK official and legal - Official Reports of Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) Include the following information in this order: 2. The abbreviation Deb. 5. The abbreviation col. 6. Column number. 3. Date of Parliamentary Session in brackets 4. Volume number followed by a comma
1. Abbreviation of the House of Commons or the House of Lords HC or HL
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UK official and legal - Parliamentary Papers A range of subjects as well as Select Committee proceedings are covered under Parliamentary Papers. Include the following information in this order: 1. Abbreviation of the House HC or HL 2. Paper number
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3. Date of Parliamentary Session in brackets.

Example Example HC 7 (1990-91) HL 40, HC 15-viii (1981-82)
References to reports issued by joint Committees of the House of Lords and the House of Commons should include both serial numbers followed by the Parliamentary Session.
They are organised numerically according to which House they originate from. House of Lords Papers are identified by a serial number in the same place but enclosed within round brackets.
House of Commons Papers have a serial number printed on the bottom left of the title page.
UK official and legal - Command Papers Command Papers are presented to Parliament by command of Her Majesty. There are a number of different types, including: 1st series 2nd series 3rd series 4th series 5th series 6th series Reports to Royal Commissions. Annual accounts. [1] [4222] Cm. 1 [C. 1] [C. 9550] Reports of Departmental Committees. [Cd. 1] [Cd. 9239] [Cmd. 1] Cmd. 9889 Cmnd. 1 Cmnd. 9927 Reports of tribunals or commissions of enquiry. Reports of permanent investigatory bodies such as the Law Commission and the Monopolies and Mergers Commission. 1833-1869 1870-1899 19861900-1918 1956-1986 1919-1956
Command Papers are numbered sequentially regardless of Parliamentary session. The running number and prefix is on the bottom left hand corner of the cover and title page.
The prefix has changed over the years and you need to be careful in citing this abbreviation correctly. The series of Command Papers published so far have been numbered as follows:
Statements of Government policy often referred to as White Papers. Discussion or consultation documents often referred to as Green Papers, but not all Green Papers are published as Command Papers.
Treaties and agreements with other countries or international organisations.
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Include the following information in this order: 4. Publisher followed by a full stop.
Example
1. Title of the Command Paper underlined, or bold, or in italics 3. Place of publication followed by a comma
2. Command Paper number and Year of publication separated by a comma and in brackets
Royal Commission on Local Government, 1969-1996 (Cmnd. 4040, 1969) London, HMSO.
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Names of the parties (plaintiff and defendant) underlined, or bold, or in italics and followed by a full stop 1. Year the case was reported in square brackets 2. Number of the volume in which it was reported 4. Page number at which the report starts.
3. Name of the series of law reports (in abbreviated form see above) If you have referred to a specific part of a law report (i.e. an exact page), then it would be cited as follows:
Example Carlill v. Carbolic Smoke Ball Co. [1893] 1 Q.B. 256 at p.269. Example Carlill v. Carbolic Smoke Ball Co. [1893] 1 Q.B. 256.
UK official and legal - Law Reports and Cases The most commonly used referencing method for law reports is referred to as accepted legal citation. This is not part of the Harvard system but it is the preferred method used by the legal profession. There are other legal citation systems in use. Series of Law Reports are normally referred to by abbreviations of the title. Some examples are: Appeal Cases Queens Bench Division All England Law Reports Common Market Law Reports Cases are usually cited in this way: A.C. Q.B. All E.R. C.M.L.R.
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European Union publications

2. The abbreviation COM
Example
The guidance on citing European documentation will not necessarily conform to the Harvard system because of the particular methods employed to organise the range of publications. The following is for your guidance only in order to achieve consistency. Include the following information in this order:
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COM documents COM documents are proposals for new legislation put forward by the European Community. 1. Title of the document underlined, or bold, or in italics and followed by a comma 3. The last two digits of the year in brackets 4. The serial number followed by a comma 5. The word final to indicate that it is in fact the final version and not one of the earlier drafts followed by a full stop.
Proposal for a Council directive on uniform procedures for checks on the transport of dangerous goods by road, COM (93) 965, final.
The final versions are only published after much discussion with interested parties earlier drafts are not generally publicly available.
European Union publications - Secondary legislation Include the following information (parts 1-6 are underlined, or bold, or in italics): 1. The institutional origin (Commission or Council) 2. The form (Regulation, Directive or Decision) 5. The date it was passed
Example Example
3. The institutional treaty under which it was made (EEC, EC, ECSC or Euratom) in brackets 6. The word final to indicate that it is in fact the final version and not one of the earlier drafts followed by a full stop. Optional information can include the title of the legislation and a reference to the issue of the Official Journal of the European Communities in which it was published. Regulations are normally cited with the name of the institutional treaty, followed by the legislation number and the year of enactment. A shorter version would be cited as follows:
4. The abbreviation No. followed by the unique number, followed by a forward slash and the year of enactment abbreviated to two digits
Council Regulation (EC) No. 40/94 of 20 December 1993 on the Community trade mark final. Council Regulation 40/94/EC.
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Directives and Decisions are cited by the last two digits of the year of enactment, the legislation number and the institutional treaty. Shorter versions would be cited as follows: 1. OJ L (for a Legislation), or
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European Union publications - Official Journal references References to the Official Journal (OJ) should include the following information: 2. Issue number followed by a comma 3. Date of issue followed by a comma
Example OJ C311, 17.11.93, p.6.
4. Page number followed by a full stop.
Example
Council Directive 90/365/EEC.
Commission Decision 94/10/EC.
OJ C (for Communications and Information), or OJ S (for a Supplement)
European Union publications - EU Regulations An example of a comprehensive citation for an EU regulation:

Example Barry Banks & Ors v. The Theatre Royal de la Monnaie (case C-178/97) [2000] ECR 1-20. Example
European Union publications - EU Case Law Citing EU Case Law is very similar to UK Case Law (see Law Reports and Cases).
The most common Law Report is European Court Reports and this is abbreviated to ECR.
Council Regulation (EEC) No. 2015/92 of July 1992 amending Regulation (EEC) No. 1432/92 prohibiting trade between European Economic Community and the Republics of Serbia and Montenegro (OJ L205, 22.7.92, p.2).
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Booth, W.C., Colomb, C.G. & Williams, J.M. (1995) The craft of research. Chicago, University of Chicago Press. British Standards Institution. (1989) BS1629:1989. Recommendation for references to published material. London, BSI.
British Standards Institution (1983) BS6371:1983. Recommendations for citation of unpublished documents. London, BSI. British Standards Institution. (1990) BS5605:1990. Recommendations for citing and referencing published material. Milton Keynes, BSI. Fisher, D. & Hanstock, T. (1998) Citing references. Nottingham, Nottingham Trent University. British Standards Institution (2000) BS5261-1:2000. Copy preparation and proof correction. Design and layout of documents. London, BSI.
80
The Chicago manual of style, 14th ed. (1993) Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
Fletcher, G. & Greenhill, A. (1995) Academic referencing of Internetbased resources. Aslib Proceedings, 47 (11/12) November/December, pp.245-52. Leeds Metropolitan University (2002). Academic principles and regulations. [Internet]. Available from: <http://www.leedsmet.ac.uk/metoffice/aqs/index_framework.htm> [Accessed 4th March 2008]. Li, X. & Crane, N. (1995) Electronic style: a guide to citing electronic information, 2nd ed. Westport, Mecklermedia.
Bibliography
Rudd, D. (2001) Cite me I'm yours - Harvard version: references, bibliographies, notes, quotations, etc. [Internet], Bolton, Bolton Institute of Higher Education. Available from: <http://data.bolton.ac.uk/learning/helpguides/studyskills/harvard. pdf> [Accessed 24 April 2009]. Turabian, K.L. (1996) A manual for writers of term papers, theses and dissertations, 6th ed. Chicago, University of Chicago Press. Turner, B. ed. (2001) The writers handbook 2002. London, Macmillan.
Rutter, L. & Holland, M. (2002) Citing references: the Harvard system [Internet], Poole, Bournemouth University Academic Services. Available from: <http://www.bournemouth.ac.uk/library/using/harvard_system.html > [Accessed 26 April 2004].
81
82
Abbreviations ed. or eds., 17,24 (editor/s, edition/s) et al., 20 n.d., 10,31 p. and pp., 13 s. and ss., 13 Acts of Parliament, 69 Ampersand, &, 10,17 Anonymous citing without author, 10, referencing without author, 19 web pages, 31 Art movements, 55 original, 54 reproductions, 54 Audio audio cassettes, 50 CDs, 50 digital audio files, 51 radio programmes, 48 sound recordings, 50 Audio visual 35mm film, 44 DVDs, 45,46 films, 44 podcasts, 49 television programmes, 46 videos, 45 Audiocassettes, 50 Authors corporate, 9,19 editors, 19
Index
initials, 17 multiple authors, 10,20 no author, 10,19 maps, 61 organisations, 9,19 same surname & year, 12, 17 Bibliographies, 16 example, 22 Bills, 70 Blogs, 34 Books, 24 chapters in collections, 26 British Standards, 40 CD-ROMs, 65 CDs (audio), 50 Chapters in collections, 26 Choreographers, 56 Citations anonymous web pages, 31 citing without author, 10 corporate author, 9 inserting author's name in text, 7 missing words - quotations, 13 multiple authors, 10 no date, 10 quotations, 13 secondary (source cited within another source), 15 Citing how to cite, 7 COM documents, 76 Command papers, 73 Conferences
papers, 37 proceedings, 36 Contributors, 26 Corporate authors, 9,19 Databases, 65 Dates no date, 10,31 Dictionaries, 39 Digital audio files, 51 Direct quotations, 13 Dissertations, 35 DVDs, 45,46 Editors, editions 17,24 Electronic resources blogs, 34 digital audio files, 51 e-books, 25 email discussion lists, 33 e-journals, 29 e-newspaper articles, 30 online images, 53 podcasts, 49 web pages, 31 websites, 32 Ellipsis, for missing words, 13 Email discussion lists, 33 personal email messages, 43 Encyclopaedia, 38 Et al., 20 European Standards, 40 European Union 76 Official Journal, 78 publications, 76
regulations, 77 Exhibition catalogues, 55 Films, 44 Foreign language materials, 66 Geological survey maps, 63 Hansard, 71 Images, 52 online, 53 In references, 26 International Standards, 40 Interviews 42 Journal articles, 27 electronic, 29 Lectures, 42 List of references definition, 16 example, 22 Live performances, 56 Maps, 61 Geological Survey maps, 63 Ordnance Survey, 62 Missing words - quotations, 13 Multiple authors, 10,20 Music, 50 digital, 51 scores, 64 Newspaper articles, 28 No date, 10,31 Official publications Acts of Parliament, 69 Hansard, 71 Non-parliamentary, 68 Parliamentary, 72 Parliamentary debates, 71
83
84
Parliamentary papers, 72 Select Committee, 72 Statutes, 69 Statutory Instruments, 70 Ordnance Survey maps, 62 Organisations authors, 9,19 Page numbers, 9,13 Parliamentary papers, 72 Patents, 40 Personal communication, 42 Place of publication, 21 multiple places, 21 Plagiarism, 4 Podcasts, 49 Punctuation, 18 Quotations, 13 Radio programmes, 48 Recordings, 50 References how to write references, 16 secondary (source cited within another source), 15 why reference, 4 Research reports, 35 Sections 13 Sacred texts, 41 Secondary references, 15 Select Committee proceedings, 72 Sound recordings, 50 Standards, 40 Statutes, 69 Statutory Instruments, 70
Television, Theses, Title page, Translations, Typography Unpublished document, Videos, Web pages, Web sites, Weblogs,
46 35 24 67 18 57 45 31 32 34
85
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A guide to Harvard referencing

Skills for Learning, Leeds Metropolitan University, 2009.

How to cite sources in your work. .....................................................7 Examples of references. ..................................................................24

How to create your list of references or bibliography. ....................16

The advice in this booklet conforms to:

Harvard referencing: the basics

How should I reference?

How to cite sources in your work

Inserting the authors name and date of publication

When you use other peoples work you might be:

Where the authors name appears naturally in your work

Citing without author Multiple authors

If there is no date on the source

page (p.), pages (pp.), section (s.) and sections (ss.).

Secondary referencing (source cited within another source)

How to create your list of references or bibliography

Punctuation and text formats (typography)

Authors or originators of the publication

Secondary referencing (source cited within another source)

Example bibliography or list of references

6. Place of publication if known followed by a comma 7. Publisher followed by a full stop.

1. Author(s), editor(s) or the organisation responsible for writing the book

Electronic books (E-books)

Chapter in an edited collection of writings

5. Date (no year needed) followed by a comma

6. Page number(s) of article followed by a full stop.

1. Author of the article where given, if not use the title

4. Title of the newspaper underlined, or bold, or in italics and followed by a comma

Electronic journal articles (E-journals)

Electronic newspaper articles

In the text of your assignment: In your bibliography: 1. Author/editor

Whole web sites

Sometimes you may need to reference a whole web site.

Email discussion lists

4. Discussion list name and date of message underlined, or bold, or in italics

Internet blogs (weblogs)

4. Title of blog or website and date of entry underlined, or bold, or in italics

Theses and dissertations Research reports

7. Author/editor followed by a full stop 9. Publisher followed by a full stop.

8. Place of publication followed by a comma

Conference proceedings and papers

Include the following information in this order:

1. Name of conference followed by a comma

2. Number (if appropriate) followed by a full stop

7. Place of publication followed by a comma 8. Publisher followed by a comma

9. Page numbers of contribution followed by a full stop.

8. Place of publication followed by a comma 9. Publisher followed by a full stop

10. Page number(s) of definition if appropriate followed by a full stop.

5. Title of encyclopaedia underlined, or bold, or in italics and followed by a comma

4. Series designation followed by a full stop.

3. Title of patent underlined, or bold, or in italics and followed by a full stop

Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. (1999) Disposable shoe cover. BG2353691.

In the text of your assignment:

Personal communications (including teaching sessions)

Personal email messages

Film and video

5. Place of publication followed by a comma

6. Transmitting organisation followed by a comma 7. Date of transmission followed by a comma

Television / radio programmes and off-air recordings