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    Lecture 9 Arrays

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    1) The document discusses declaring variables and arrays in 8086 assembly language. Variables are declared using directives like BYTE, WORD, DWORD that allocate memory and specify the range of values a variable can hold. Arrays are blocks of memory that can hold multiple elements of the same data type. 2) The DUP operator can be used to initialize arrays by repeating a value a specified number of times. Example programs demonstrate calculating sums and finding highest values in arrays. 3) Test questions at the end ask the student to write programs that count zeros in a byte, search an array for a value and conditionally subtract or add to the result.

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    Lecture 9 Arrays

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    9K views7 pages
    1) The document discusses declaring variables and arrays in 8086 assembly language. Variables are declared using directives like BYTE, WORD, DWORD that allocate memory and specify the range of values a variable can hold. Arrays are blocks of memory that can hold multiple elements of the same data type. 2) The DUP operator can be used to initialize arrays by repeating a value a specified number of times. Example programs demonstrate calculating sums and finding highest values in arrays. 3) Test questions at the end ask the student to write programs that count zeros in a byte, search an array for a value and conditionally subtract or add to the result.

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    1) The document discusses declaring variables and arrays in 8086 assembly language. Variables are declared using directives like BYTE, WORD, DWORD that allocate memory and specify the range of values a variable can hold. Arrays are blocks of memory that can hold multiple elements of the same data type. 2) The DUP operator can be used to initialize arrays by repeating a value a specified number of times. Example programs demonstrate calculating sums and finding highest values in arrays. 3) Test questions at the end ask the student to write programs that count zeros in a byte, search an array for a value and conditionally subtract or add to the result.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    9K views7 pages

    Lecture 9 Arrays

    Uploaded by

    api-3739389
    1) The document discusses declaring variables and arrays in 8086 assembly language. Variables are declared using directives like BYTE, WORD, DWORD that allocate memory and specify the range of values a variable can hold. Arrays are blocks of memory that can hold multiple elements of the same data type. 2) The DUP operator can be used to initialize arrays by repeating a value a specified number of times. Example programs demonstrate calculating sums and finding highest values in arrays. 3) Test questions at the end ask the student to write programs that count zeros in a byte, search an array for a value and conditionally subtract or add to the result.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 7

    Kingdom of Saudi Arabia ‫ا ا اد‬

    Royal Commission at Yanbu %&' ‫ا)( ا‬


    University College – Yanbu %&'-./0‫ا ا‬
    Department of ACS & AIT
    Yanbu Al-Sinaiyah 3/'4‫ ا‬%&'

    2ND Semester 2007-08


    CS-203 HANDOUT (HO - 9)
    Manipulating Variables and Arrays in 8086 Assembly

    9.1 Declaring Variables in 8086 Assembly

    When you declare an integer variable by assigning a label to a data allocation


    directive, the assembler allocates memory space for the integer. The variable’s
    name becomes a label for the memory space. A variable is just a memory location in
    actual practice. Its for the programmer’s ease that a variable name is given.

    The following directives indicate the integer’s size and value range:
    Example

    Data1 DB 87H
    Data2 DW 88F8H
    (Only the directives, which are underlined, are included in your course)
    Directive Description of Initializers
    BYTE, DB (byte) Allocates unsigned numbers from 0 to
    255.

    SBYTE (signed byte) Allocates signed numbers from –128 to


    +127.
    WORD, DW (word = 2 Allocates unsigned numbers from
    bytes) 0 to 65,535 (64K).
    SWORD (signed word) Allocates signed numbers from
    –32,768 to +32,767.
    DWORD, DD Allocates unsigned numbers from
    (doubleword = 4 bytes), 0 to 4,294,967,295 (4 megabytes).
    SDWORD (signed Allocates signed numbers from
    doubleword) –2,147,483,648 to +2,147,483,647.
    FWORD, DF (farword = 6 Allocates 6-byte (48-bit) integers.
    bytes) These values are normally used only
    as pointer variables on the 80386/486

    Prepared by: Khurram Tanvir 1 CS203 HO#9


    processors.
    QWORD, DQ (quadword Allocates 8-byte integers used with
    = 8 bytes) 8087-family coprocessor instructions.
    TBYTE, DT (10 bytes), Allocates 10-byte (80-bit) integers if the
    initializer has a radix specifying the
    base of the number.

    The amount, which these data types take, are given in the table below.

    Data Type Bytes


    BYTE, SBYTE 1
    WORD, SWORD 2
    DWORD, SDWORD 4
    FWORD 6
    QWORD 8
    TBYTE 10

    9.1.1 Constants:

    In an assembly language program, constants are defined through the use of the EQU
    directive.
    These are the main points in using constant definitions:
    The EQU directive is used to assign a name to a constant.
    Use of constant names makes an assembly language easier to understand.
    No memory is allocated for a constant.
    Reference is made to a constant through immediate addressing mode.

    Example:

    The following shows examples on the declaration of constants.

    Constant Declarations
    ...
    .data
    LF EQU 0AH
    PROMPT EQU First Message
    MSG DB Ali Al-johani
    .code
    ...
    MOV DL,LF ; LF means 0AH
    MOV DL, LF
    ...

    Prepared by: Khurram Tanvir 2 CS203 HO#9


    9.2 Arrays in 8086

    Arrays are probably the most commonly used data type. Its a data type whose
    members (elements) are all the same type. It consists of list of elements all of same
    data type. Different elements of array can be accessed through the addresses in the
    memory. For example, If i holds the starting address of first element of array then
    A[i] chooses the first element from array A. A[I+1] refers to the next element
    respectively.

    The base address of an array is the address of the first element on the array and
    always appears in the lowest memory location. The second array element directly
    follows the first in memory; the third element follows the second, etc.

    The following example shows how to declare an array of bytes (b_array) and an
    array of words (w_array):

    Array declaration
    b_array BYTE 1, 2, 3, 4
    w_array WORD FFFFh, 789Ah, BCDEh

    The following example shows legal multiple-line array declaration:

    Multiple Line Byte Declaration


    big BYTE 21, 22, 23, 24, 25,26, 27, 28,
    10, 20, 30

    An array may span more than one logical line, such as the array var1 in the example
    below, although a separate type declaration is needed in each logical line:

    Multiple line array declaration


    var1 BYTE 10, 20, 30
    BYTE 40, 50, 60
    BYTE 70, 80, 90

    Prepared by: Khurram Tanvir 3 CS203 HO#9


    9.2.1 The DUP Operator:

    The DUP operator is very often used in the declaration of arrays. This operator
    works with any of the data allocation directives.

    In the syntax:

    count DUP (initialvalue [[, initialvalue]]...)

    The count value sets the number of times to repeat all values within parentheses.
    The initial value can be an integer, character constant, or another DUP operator, and
    must always appear within parentheses.
    For example, the statement allocates the integer value 1 five times for a total of 5
    bytes.:

    The DUP Operator


    barray BYTE 5 DUP (1)
    is similar to

    barray BYTE 1, 1, 1, 1, 1

    The following examples show various ways for allocating data elements with the
    DUP operator:

    Different uses of the DUP Operator


    array DWORD 10 DUP (1) ;10 doublewords initialized to 1
    buffer BYTE 256 DUP (?) ;256-byte buffer

    Another example

    BigArray word 256 dup (0,1,2,3)

    This array has 1024 elements, not 256. The n dup (xxxx) operand tells MASM to
    duplicate xxxx n times, not create an array with n elements. If xxxx consists of a
    single item, then the dup operator will create an n element array. Since there are
    four items in the parentheses above, the dup operator creates 256*4 or 1024 items
    in the array. The values in the array will initially be 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 ...

    Prepared by: Khurram Tanvir 4 CS203 HO#9


    Example Program 1

    .TITLE A program to calculate sum of five numbers


    .MODEL SMALL
    .STACK 200
    .DATA
    DATAIN DB 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
    SUM DB ?
    .CODE
    .STARTUP
    MOV CX, 05H
    MOV CX, OFFSET DATAIN
    MOV AL, 0
    AGAIN: ADD AL, [BX]
    INC BX
    DEC CX
    JNZ AGAIN
    MOV SUM, AL

    .EXIT

    END

    Example Program 2

    .TITLE A program that finds the highest number in a list of numbers and stores in DL
    register
    .MODEL SMALL
    .STACK 200
    .DATA
    DATA1 DB 2, 6, 1, 3, 5
    .CODE
    .STARTUP
    MOV CX, 5
    MOV BX, OFFSET DATA1
    SUB AL, AL
    AGAIN: CMP AL, [BX]
    JA NEXT
    MOV AL, [BX]
    NEXT: INC AX
    LOOP AGAIN
    MOV DL, AL
    .EXIT
    END

    Prepared by: Khurram Tanvir 5 CS203 HO#9


    Example Program 3

    .TITLE A program that add elements of two arrays and store it into a new array
    .MODEL SMALL
    .STACK 200
    .DATA
    NUM1 DB 2, 6, 1, 3, 5
    NUM2 DB 3, 4, 6, 2, 4
    SUM DB 5 DUP(0)
    .CODE
    .STARTUP
    MOV BX, OFFSET NUM1
    MOV SI, OFFSET NUM2
    MOV DI, OFFSET SUM
    MOV CX, 5
    NEXT: MOV AX, [BX]
    ADD AX, [SI]
    MOV [DI], AX
    INC SI
    INC BX
    INC DI
    LOOP NEXT

    .EXIT
    END

    Prepared by: Khurram Tanvir 6 CS203 HO#9


    Example Test Questions
    Exercise Program 1

    Write a program which counts the number of zeros in a byte stored in AL register.

    Exercise Program 2

    Write a program, which searches for a value 3 in a list of given five numbers, suppose, 4, 3,
    1, 9, 6
    If the program can find the number present in the list then it subtracts 2 from it and saves in
    BL register, otherwise it adds 3 in it and stores in BL register.

    Pseudocode

    If 3 present in (4, 3, 1, 9, 6) then


    BL = 3 – 2
    Else
    BL = 3 +3

    Prepared by: Khurram Tanvir 7 CS203 HO#9

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