Isoparametric

Formulation

The term isoparametric means that the

same shape functions are used to define
the shape of the element as are used to
define displacements. They use natural
or intrinsic coordinate systems.

10/14/08 Isoparametric Formulation 1

Step 1 -Select Element
Type
u1 
v 
 1
u 2 
 
v 2 
{ d} =  
u 3 
v 3 
 
u 4 
v 
 4
10/14/08 Isoparametric Formulation 2
Rectangular Plane Stress
Element

y, v
v4 v3
b b
u4 u3
4 3
h

h x, u
1 2
u1 u2
v1 v2

10/14/08 Isoparametric Formulation 3

 Step 2 -Select Displacement
Function
u( x, y ) = a1 + a 2 x + a 3 y + a 4 xy
v( x, y ) = a 5 + a 6 x + a 7 y + a 8 xy

1  ( b − x )( h − y ) u1 + ( b + x )( h − y ) u 2 
u( x, y ) =  
4bh  + ( b + x )( h + y ) u 3 + ( b − x )( h + y ) u 4 
1  ( b − x )( h − y ) v 1 + ( b + x )( h − y ) v 2 
v ( x, y ) =  
4bh  + ( b + x )( h + y ) v 3 + ( b − x )( h + y ) v 4 

10/14/08 Isoparametric Formulation 4

 Step 2 -Select Displacement
Function
    N   d
N 
 b  x  h  y 
1
4bh

N2 
 b  x  h  y 
4bh

N3 
 b  x  h  y 
4bh

N4 
 b  x  h  y 
4bh
10/14/08 Isoparametric Formulation 5
 Step 2 -Select
Displacement Function

u1 
v 
 1
u 2 
 
u   N 1 0 N2 0 N3 0 N4 0 v2 
 =   
v  0 N1 0 N2 0 N3 0 N 4  u 3 
v3 
 
u 4 
v 
 4
10/14/08 Isoparametric Formulation 6
Step 3 -Define Stress/Strain and
Strain/Displacement
 ∂u 
 
 ε x   ∂x 
   ∂v 
{ ε} =  ε y  =  
 γ   ∂y 
 xy   ∂u ∂v 
 ∂y + ∂x 
 
{ ε} = [ B]{ d}

10/14/08 Isoparametric Formulation 7

 Step 3 -Define Stress/Strain and
Strain/Displacement
 − (h − y ) 0 (h − y ) 0 (h + y ) 0 − (h + y ) 0 
[ B] = 1  0 − (b − x ) 0 − (b + x ) 0 (b + x ) 0 (b − x) 
4bh
 − (b − x) − (h − y ) − (b + x) (h − y ) (b + x) (h + y ) (b − x ) − (h + y )

[D] same as for triangular elements.

10/14/08 Isoparametric Formulation 8

 Step 4 -Derive Element
Stiffness Matrix and
Equations
h b

 k      B   D  B  t
T
dx dy
h b

 f     N   X dV   P    N   T dS
T T

V S

 f    k   d

10/14/08 Isoparametric Formulation 9

 Rectangular Plane Stress Element -
Isoparametric Formulation
t

t = +1

4 3 s = +1
s = -1

s
1 2
Parent Element
t = -1

10/14/08 Isoparametric Formulation 10

 t
y

3
t=1 4

t=0 s

t = -1 1
2
s = -1 s=0
s=1

10/14/08 Isoparametric Formulation 11

 Natural Coordinates s-t

For rectangular element:

x = xc + b s
y = yc + h t
Nodes are at ( ± 1,±1) in s − t space

xc , yc - centroid

10/14/08 Isoparametric Formulation 12

Step 1 -Select Element Type
x  a1  a 2s  a 3 t  a4st
y  a 5  a 6s  a 7 t  a8st

1   1  s   1  t  x1   1  s   1  t  x 2 
x  
4    1  s   1  t  x 3   1  s   1  t  x 4 

1   1  s   1  t  y1   1  s   1  t  y 2 
y  
4    1  s   1  t  y 3   1  s   1  t  y 4 

10/14/08 Isoparametric Formulation 13
Step 1 -Select Element
Type
 x1 
y 
 1
x 2 
 
x  N1 0 N2 0 N3 0 N4 0  y 2 
 =   
y   0 N1 0 N2 0 N3 0 N 4  x 3 
y 3 
 
x4 
y 
 4
10/14/08 Isoparametric Formulation 14
Step 1 -Select Element
Type

N1 =
( 1 − s )( 1 − t )
4
N2 =
( 1 + s )( 1 − t )
4
N3 =
( 1 + s )( 1 + t )
4
N4 =
( 1 − s )( 1 + t )
4
10/14/08 Isoparametric Formulation 15
 N1

1
s

10/14/08 Isoparametric Formulation 16

 N2

1
s

10/14/08 Isoparametric Formulation 17

 N3 1
t

10/14/08 Isoparametric Formulation 18

 1 N4

10/14/08 Isoparametric Formulation 19

Step 2 -Select Displacement
Function

u1 
v 
 1
u 2 
 
u   N 1 0 N2 0 N3 0 N4 0 v2 
 =   
v  0 N1 0 N2 0 N3 0 N 4  u 3 
v3 
 
u 4 
v 
 4

10/14/08 Isoparametric Formulation 20

Step 3 -Define Stress/Strain and
Strain/Displacement
 ∂u 
 
 ε x   ∂x 
   ∂v 
{ ε} =  ε y  =  
 γ   ∂y 
 xy   ∂u ∂v 
+
 ∂y ∂x 
 
{ ε} = [ B]{ d}
10/14/08 Isoparametric Formulation 21
 Coordinate transformation
is unique and invertible.

x = x ( s, t ) s = s( x, y )
⇔
y = y ( s, t ) t = t( x, y )

10/14/08 Isoparametric Formulation 22

 Chain Rule:

∂f ∂f ∂ x ∂f ∂y
= +
∂s ∂ x ∂s ∂ y ∂s
∂f ∂f ∂ x ∂f ∂y
= +
∂t ∂x ∂t ∂y ∂t
10/14/08 Isoparametric Formulation 23
 Cramer’s Rule:
∂f ∂y ∂x ∂f
∂s ∂s ∂s ∂s
∂f ∂y ∂x ∂f
∂f ∂t ∂t ∂f ∂t ∂t
= =
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂x ∂y
∂s ∂s ∂s ∂s
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
∂t ∂t ∂t ∂t
10/14/08 Isoparametric Formulation 24
 Jacobian matrix:

 ∂x ∂y 
 ∂s ∂s 
[ J] =  ∂ x ∂y 


 ∂ t ∂ t 
10/14/08 Isoparametric Formulation 25
 Strains in terms of
an operator matrix:

 ∂( ) 
 0 
 ε x   ∂x 
   ∂ ( )  u 
{ ε} =  ε y  =  0  
γ   ∂y   v 
 xy  ∂( ) ∂( ) 
 
 ∂y ∂x 
10/14/08 Isoparametric Formulation 26
 ∂( ) 1  ∂y ∂ ( ) ∂y ∂ ( ) 
=  − 
∂x J  ∂t ∂ s ∂ s ∂t 
∂( ) 1  ∂x ∂ ( ) ∂ x ∂ ( ) 
=  − 
∂y J  ∂s ∂t ∂t ∂s 

10/14/08 Isoparametric Formulation 27

  ∂y ∂ ( ) ∂y ∂ ( ) 
 − 0 
 εx  ∂t ∂s ∂s ∂t
  1  ∂x ∂ ( ) ∂x ∂ ( )  u 
 εy  =  0 −  
γ  J  ∂s ∂t ∂t ∂s   v 
 xy   ∂x ∂ ( ) ∂x ∂ ( ) ∂y ∂ ( ) ∂y ∂ ( ) 
 ∂s ∂t − ∂t ∂s −
∂t ∂s ∂s ∂t 

10/14/08 Isoparametric Formulation 28

 { ε} = [ D ′] [ N ] { d}

 ∂y ∂ ( ) ∂y ∂ ( ) 
 ∂t − 0 
∂s ∂s ∂t
 
1  ∂x ∂ ( ) ∂x ∂( ) 
[ D′] = 0 −
J  ∂s ∂t ∂t ∂s 
 ∂x ∂ ( ) ∂x ∂ ( ) ∂y ∂ ( ) ∂y ∂( ) 
 − − 
 ∂s ∂t ∂t ∂s ∂t ∂s ∂s ∂t 

10/14/08 Isoparametric Formulation 29

 [ B] = [ D′] [ N]
( 3 × 8) ( 3 × 2) ( 2 × 8)

10/14/08 Isoparametric Formulation 30

 Step 4 -Derive Element
Stiffness Matrix and
Equations

 k     B   D  B  t wdxdy
T


A
f (x, y)dxdy   f (s, t) J
A
dsdt

1 1

 k      B   D  B  t w
T
J dsdt
 1 1
10/14/08 Isoparametric Formulation 31
x = a1 + a 2s + a 3 t + a 4st
y = a 5 + a 6s + a 7 t + a 8st

1  ( 1 − s )( 1 − t ) x1 + ( 1 + s )( 1 − t ) x 2 
x =  
4 + ( 1 + s )( 1 + t ) x 3 + ( 1 − s )( 1 + t ) x 4 
1  ( 1 − s )( 1 − t ) y 1 + ( 1 + s )( 1 − t ) y 2 
y =  
4 + ( 1 + s )( 1 + t ) y 3 + ( 1 − s )( 1 + t ) y 4 

10/14/08 Isoparametric Formulation 32

 1  ( 1 − s )( 1 − t ) x1 + ( 1 + s )( 1 − t ) x 2 
x =  
4 + ( 1 + s )( 1 + t ) x 3 + ( 1 − s )( 1 + t ) x 4 

∂x 1
= ( − ( 1 − t ) x1 + ( 1 − t ) x 2 + ( 1 + t ) x 3 − ( 1 + t ) x 4 )
∂s 4
∂x 1
= ( − ( 1 − s ) x1 − ( 1 + s ) x 2 + ( 1 + s ) x 3 + ( 1 − s ) x 4 )
∂t 4

10/14/08 Isoparametric Formulation 33

 1  ( 1 − s )( 1 − t ) y 1 + ( 1 + s )( 1 − t ) y 2 
y =  
4 + ( 1 + s )( 1 + t ) y 3 + ( 1 − s )( 1 + t ) y 4 
∂y 1
= ( − (1 − t ) y1 + (1 − t ) y 2 + (1 + t ) y 3 − (1 + t ) y 4 )
∂s 4
∂y 1
= ( − (1 − s) y1 − (1 + s) y 2 + (1 + s) y 3 + (1 − s) y 4 )
∂t 4

10/14/08 Isoparametric Formulation 34

  0 1− t t−s s −1 
t − 1 0 s + 1 − s − t 
1
J = { Xc }  { Yc }
T

8 s − t − s − 1 0 t +1 
 
1 − s s + t − t − 1 0 
 x1  y1 
x  y 
 2  2
{ Xc } =   { Yc } =  
x 3  y 3 
x 4  y 4 

10/14/08 Isoparametric Formulation 35

 1
[ B( s , t )] = [ B 1 B2 B3 B4 ]
J
a ( N i , s ) − b ( N i , t ) 0 
 
[ B1 ] =  0 c ( N i , t ) − d ( N i ,s ) 
 c( N i ,t ) − d( N i ,s ) a( N i ,s ) − b( N i ,t ) 

10/14/08 Isoparametric Formulation 36

 N1 =
( 1 − s )( 1 − t )
4
N2 =
( 1 + s )( 1 − t )
4
N3 =
( 1 + s )( 1 + t )
4
N4 =
( 1 − s )( 1 + t )
4
10/14/08 Isoparametric Formulation 37
 ∂N1 − 1(1 − t ) ( t − 1) ∂N1 (1 − s )( − 1) = ( s − 1)
N1, s = = = N1, t = =
∂s 4 4 ∂t 4 4
N 2,s =
∂N 2
=
( 1)(1 − t ) (1 − t )
= N 2,t =
∂N 2
=
( 1 + s )( − 1) − ( s + 1)
=
∂s 4 4 ∂t 4 4
N 3, s =
∂N 3
=
(1)(1 + t ) (1 + t )
= N 3, t =
∂N 3
=
( 1 + s )(1) ( s + 1)
=
∂s 4 4 ∂t 4 4
N 4,s =
∂N 4
=
( − 1)(1 + t ) − (1 + t )
= N 4,t =
∂N 4
=
( 1 − s )(1) (1 − s )
=
∂s 4 4 ∂t 4 4

10/14/08 Isoparametric Formulation 38

a = 1 4 [ y 1 ( s − 1) + y 2 ( − s − 1) + y 3 ( s + 1) + y 4 ( 1 − s ) ]

b = 1 4 [ y 1 ( t − 1) + y 2 ( 1 − t ) + y 3 ( t + 1) + y 4 ( − 1 − t ) ]

c = 1 4 [ x1 ( t − 1) + x 2 ( 1 − t ) + x 3 ( t + 1) + x 4 ( − 1 − t ) ]

d = 1 4 [ x1 ( s − 1) + x 2 ( − s − 1) + x 3 ( s + 1) + x 4 ( 1 − s ) ]

10/14/08 Isoparametric Formulation 39

 1 1

 fb      N   Xb  t w
T
J dsdt
1 1

 fs   L  N   T t w
T
J dL

10/14/08 Isoparametric Formulation 40

Gaussian Quadrature

1 n

∫ f ( x )dx = ∑ i i
W f ( x )
i =1
−1

10/14/08 Isoparametric Formulation 41

Gaussian Quadrature

Order Abscissas Weights

n xi Wi
1 0.00000 00000 00000 2.00000 00000 00000
2 ± 0.57735 02691 89626 1.00000 00000 00000
3 ± 0.57735 02691 89626 0.55555 55555 55555
± 0.00000 00000 00000 0.88888 88888 88888
4 ± 0.86113 63115 94053 0.34785 48451 37454
± 0.33998 10435 84856 0.65214 51548 62546

10/14/08 Isoparametric Formulation 42

Gaussian Quadrature
Order Abscissas Weights
n xi Wi
1 0. 2.
2 ±1 3 1.
3 ± 3 5 5 9
± 0. 8 9
1
 3 + 2r  2 1 1
4 ±  −
 7  2 6r
1
 3 − 2r  2 1 1
±  −
 7  2 6r
r = 1 .2
10/14/08 Isoparametric Formulation 43
 1
1 x
∫−1 x( sin 2x ) dx = 4 sin 2x − 2 cos 2x = 0.87079555

x W f(x) W*f(x) I
0.000000000000000 2 0 0 0

0.577350269189626 1 0.528087 0.528087 1.056174514

-0.577350269189626 1 0.528087 0.528087

0.774596669241483 0.555556 0.774416 0.430231 0.860462143

0.000000000000000 0.888889 0 0
-0.774596669241483 0.555556 0.774416 0.430231

0.861136311594053 0.347855 0.851276 0.29612

-0.861136311594053 0.347855 0.851276 0.29612 0.871055924
0.339981043584856 0.652145 0.213768 0.139408
-0.339981043584856 0.652145 0.213768 0.139408
10/14/08 Isoparametric Formulation 44
1 1 1
 n 
∫−1 −∫1f (s, t ) ds dt = −∫1 ∑ Wi f ( s, t j )  dt
j=1 
1
 n 
= ∫  ∑ Wjf ( s, t j )  ds = ∑∑ Wi Wjf ( s i , t j )
n n

− 1  j= 1  j= 1 j= 1

I = W1 W1 f ( s 1 , t 1 ) + W1 W2 f ( s 1 , t 2 ) + W2 W1 f ( s 2 , t 1 ) + W2 W2 f ( s 2 , t 2 )

I = W1 W1 f ( s 1 , t 1 ) + W1 W2 f ( s 1 , t 2 ) + W1 W3 f ( s 1 , t 3 )
+ W2 W1 f ( s 2 , t 1 ) I + W2 W2 f ( s 2 , t 2 ) + W2 W3 f ( s 2 , t 3 )
+ W3 W1 f ( s 3 , t 1 ) + W3 W2 f ( s 3 , t 2 ) + W3 W3 f ( s 3 , t 3 )

10/14/08 Isoparametric Formulation 45

 Using Gaussian Quadrature to
Evaluate the Stiffness Matrix

[ k ] = ∫∫[ B] [ D] [ B]
T
t dx dy
A

∫∫f (x, y ) dx dy = ∫∫f (s, t ) J ds dt

A A
1 1
[ k ] = ∫ ∫ [ B ] [ D] [ B ]
T
t J ds dt
− 1 −1

10/14/08 Isoparametric Formulation 46

 1 1
[ k ] = ∫ ∫ [ B ( s , t )] [ D ] [ B ( s , t )]
T
t J (s, t ) ds dt
− 1 −1

10/14/08 Isoparametric Formulation 47

 Use a 2 x 2 Gauss Rule (4 Point)

I = W1 W1f ( s 1 , t 1 ) + W1 W2 f ( s 1 , t 2 ) + W2 W1f ( s 2 , t 1 ) + W2 W2 f ( s 2 , t 2 )
1 1
[ k ] = ∫ ∫ [ B( s , t )] T [ D] [ B( s , t )] t J (s, t ) ds dt
−1 − 1

[ k ] = W1 W1 [ B(s 1 , t 1 )] [ D] [ B(s 1 , t 1 )] t J(s 1 , t 1 ) +

T

W1 W2 [ B(s 1 , t 2 )] [ D] [ B(s 1 , t 2 )] t J (s 1 , t 2 )
T

+ W2 W1 [ B(s 2 , t 1 )] [ D] [ B(s 2 , t 1 )] t J (s 2 , t 1 )
T

+ W2 W2 [ B(s 2 , t 2 )] [ D] [ B(s 2 , t 2 )] t J (s 2 , t 2 )
T

10/14/08 Isoparametric Formulation 48

Can evaluate each term of [B] and |J| at si ,ti
Then do matrix multiplications
Multiply by weights
Then add results

10/14/08 Isoparametric Formulation 49

Quadratic Quadrilateral
Elements

 Lagrangian Family of Elements

 Serendipity Elements

10/14/08 Isoparametric Formulation 50

n:
t

4 3
8 9 6
s
1 5 2
Parent Element

10/14/08 Isoparametric Formulation 51

 Lagrangian Interpolation

L 0 ( x) =
( x − x 1 )( x − x 2 )
( x 0 − x 1 )( x 0 − x 2 )
L1 ( x) =
( x − x 0 )( x − x 2 )
( x 1 − x 0 )( x 1 − x 2 )
L 2 ( x) =
( x − x 0 )( x − x 1 )
( x 2 − x 0 )( x 2 − x 1 )

p( x ) = y 0 L 0 ( x ) + y 1 L 1 ( x ) + y 2 L 2 ( x )

L0(x) has a value of one at x0 and a value of zero at x1 and x2.

10/14/08 Isoparametric Formulation 52
 At corner nodes:
 ( s − 1 ) ( s − 0 )   ( t − 1 ) ( t − 0 )  ( s − 1 ) st ( t − 1 )
N 1 =     =
 ( − 1 − 1) ( − 1 − 0 )   ( − 1 − 1) ( − 1 − 0 )  4
 ( s − ( −1 ) ) ( s − 0 )   ( t − 1 ) ( t − 0 )  ( s + 1 ) st ( t − 1 )
N 2 =     =
 ( 1 − ( −1 ) ) ( 1 − 0 )   ( − 1 − 1 ) ( − 1 − 0 )  4
 ( s − ( −1 ) ) ( s − 0 )   ( t − ( −1 ) ) ( t − 0 )  ( s + 1 ) st ( t + 1 )
N 3 =     =
 ( 1 − ( −1 ) ) ( 1 − 0 )   ( 1 − ( − 1 ) ) ( 1 − 0 )  4
 ( s − 1 ) ( s − 0 )   ( t − ( −1 ) ) ( t − 0 )  ( s − 1 ) st ( t + 1 )
N 4 =     =
 ( − 1 − 1 ) ( − 1 − 0 )   ( 1 − ( −1 ) ) ( 1 − 0 )  4

10/14/08 Isoparametric Formulation 53

 At corner nodes:

s 2 t 2 + st − s 2 t − st 2
N1 =
4
s 2 t 2 − st − s 2 t + st 2
N2 =
4
s t + st + s t + st
2 2 2 2
N3 =
4
s 2 t 2 − st + s 2 t − st 2
N4 =
4

10/14/08 Isoparametric Formulation 54

 At mid-side nodes:

 ( s − 1 ) ( s − ( −1 )   ( t − 1 ) ( t − 0 )  ( s − 1 ) ( s + 1 ) t ( t − 1 )
N 5 =     =
 ( 0 − 1 ) ( 0 − ( −1 ) )   ( − 1 − 1 ) ( − 1 − 0 )  −2
 ( s − ( − 1 ) ) ( s − 0 )   ( t − 1 ) ( t − ( −1 )  ( s + 1 ) s ( t + 1 ) ( t − 1 )
N 6 =     =
 ( 1 − ( − 1 ) ) ( 1 − 0 )   ( 0 − 1 ) ( 0 − ( −1 ) )  −2
 ( s − 1 ) ( s − ( −1 )   ( t − ( − 1 ) ) ( t − 0 )  ( s + 1 ) ( s − 1 ) t ( t + 1 )
N 7 =     =
 ( 0 − 1 ) ( 0 − ( −1 ) )   ( 1 − ( − 1 ) ) ( 1 − 0 )  −2
 ( s − 1 ) ( s − 0 )   ( t − 1 ) ( t − ( −1 )  ( s − 1 ) s ( t − 1 ) ( t + 1 )
N 8 =     =
 ( − 1 − 1 ) ( − 1 − 0 )   ( 0 − 1 ) ( 0 − ( −1 ) )  −2

10/14/08 Isoparametric Formulation 55

 At mid-side nodes:

N5 =
( 1 − s ) ( t − 1) t
2

N6 =
s ( s + 1) 1 − t ( 2
)
2

N7 =
(
1 − s ( t + 1) t
2
)
2

N8 =
s ( s − 1) 1 − t 2
( )
2
10/14/08 Isoparametric Formulation 56
 At middle node:

 ( s − 1)( s − ( −1)  ( t − 1)( t − ( −1)  ( s − 1) (s + 1)(t + 1)( t − 1)

N 9 =    =
 ( 0 − 1)( 0 − ( −1))  ( 0 − 1)( 0 − ( −1))  1

N 9 ==
( )(
s2 − 1 t 2 − 1) ( )(
= s2 − 1 t 2 − 1 )
1

10/14/08 Isoparametric Formulation 57

Serendipity
:
t

4 3
8 6
s
1 5 2
Parent Element

10/14/08 Isoparametric Formulation 58

   s  1  s  (1    t  1   s  1 (s  1)  t  1
N5   
  0  1  0  ( 1)    1  1 
 2
   

N5 
 1  s2   1  t 
2
  s  ( 1)    t  1  t  ( 1   s  1 (t  1)  t  1
N6   
  1  ( 1) 
  0  1  0  ( 1)  
 2
   
 1  s  1  t2 
N6 
2
  s  1  s  ( 1    t  ( 1)   s  1 (s  1)  t  1
At N7  
  0  1  0  ( 1)   1  ( 1)  


    2
mid-side
 1  s   t  1
2

nodes: N7 
2
  s  1    t  1  t  (  1   s  1 (t  1)  t  1
N8   
  1  1   0  1  0  ( 1)  
 2
   
 1  s  1  t2 
N8 
2
10/14/08 Isoparametric Formulation 59
 At corner nodes:

N1 =
( s − 1)( t − 1) 1
− (N + N5 )
8
4 2
N2 =
( s + 1)( t − 1) 1
− ( N5 + N6 )
4 2
N3 =
( s + 1)( t + 1) 1
− ( N6 + N7 )
4 2
N4 =
( s − 1)( t + 1) 1
− ( N 7 + N8 )
4 2
10/14/08 Isoparametric Formulation 60
 Shape Functions for Quad Elements
1 1 1 1
N1 = ( 1 − s )( 1 − t ) − N5 − N8 + N9
4 2 2 4
1 1 1 1
N2 = ( 1 + s )( 1 − t ) − N5 − N6 + N9
4 2 2 4
1 1 1 1
N3 = ( 1 + s )( 1 + t ) − N6 − N7 + N9
4 2 2 4
1 1 1 1
N4 = ( 1 − s )( 1 + t ) − N6 − N8 + N9
4 2 2 4
N5
1
( )
= 1 − s 2 (1 + t)
4
1
+ N9
4
N6
1
(
= (1 + s) 1 − t 2
2
) 1
+ N9
4
N7
1
(
= 1 − s 2 (1 + t)
2
) 1
+ N9
4
N8
1
(
= (1 − s) 1 − t 2
2
) 1
+ N9
4
N9 ( )(
= 1 − s2 1 − t 2 )
10/14/08 Isoparametric Formulation 61
 Transition from quadratic to linear elements:
t

4 3

s
1 5 2
Parent Element

10/14/08 Isoparametric Formulation 62

 Shape Functions for Element

1 1
N1 = (1 − s )(1 − t ) − N5
4 2
1 1
N 2 = (1 + s )(1 − t ) − N5
4 2
1
N 3 = (1 + s )(1 + t )
4
1
N 4 = (1 − s )(1 + t )
4
1
( )
N 5 = 1 − s 2 (1 − t )
2
10/14/08 Isoparametric Formulation 63
 Transition from quadratic to linear elements:
t

4 3

8
s
1 2
Parent Element

10/14/08 Isoparametric Formulation 64

 Shape Functions for Element

1 1
N1 = ( 1 − s )( 1 − t ) − N8
4 2
1
N2 = ( 1 + s )( 1 − t )
4
1
N3 = ( 1 + s )( 1 + t )
4
1 1
N4 = ( 1 − s )( 1 + t ) − N8
4 2
N8
1
(
= (1 − s) 1 − t 2
2
)

10/14/08 Isoparametric Formulation 65

 Elements of Pascal’s Triangle
Used in Lagrangian Elements: Degree of
polynomial
1
0
Linear
x y 1
x2 xy y2 Quadratic
2
x3 x2 y x y2 y3 Cubic 3

x4 x3 y x2 y2 x y3 y4 4

x5 x4 y x3 y2 x2 y3 x y4 y5 5
6
x6
x y
5
x y
4 2
x y
3 3
x y
2 4
xy 5
y5
10/14/08 Isoparametric Formulation 66
Serendipity Elements
Pascal’s Triangle: Degree of polynomial

1 0
Linear
x y 1

x2 xy y2 Quadratic 2

x3 x2 y x y2 y3 Cubic 3

4
x4
x y
3
x y
2 2
xy 3
y 4

5
x5 x4 y x3 y2 x2 y3 x y4 y5
6
x6 x5 y x4 y2 x3 y3 x2 y4 xy5 y5
10/14/08 Isoparametric Formulation 67
 Cubic Serendipity Element: 12 Nodes

Parent Element

10/14/08 Isoparametric Formulation 68

 Cubic Lagrangian Element: 16 Nodes

Parent Element

10/14/08 Isoparametric Formulation 69