Biology Unit 1 Edexcel Jan 96-June 05 Mark Scheme

Biology Edexcel unit 1 Jan 96 – June 05 Mark scheme
1. Galactosaemia is an inherited disorder that produces an inability to metabolise galactose. Babies

with galactosaemia vomit soon after they have started to breast feed because of the production of
metabolic toxins. If it is not treated it can result in mental retardation. The babies obtain the
galactose because it is a sub-unit of lactose which is present in milk.
(a) (i) State the general formula for disaccharide.
C12 H22 O11;
(1 marks)
(ii) Name the chemical process by which lactose is broken down into its constituent
sub-units.
hydrolysis / eq;
(1 marks)
(iii) State one chemical difference between lactose and maltose.
lactose consists of glucose + galactose, maltose consists of glucose only /
lactose contains galactose but maltose does not;
(1 marks)
(b) Suggest a simple treatment for a baby who has galactosaemia and give a reason for
your answer.
use non-human milk / named example / artificial / powdered; no lactose / no
galactose / add enzymes to break down galactose; replace (lactose) with
another sugar;
(2 marks)
[Total 5 marks]
1
2. The diagram below shows some of the stages in protein synthesis and secretion in a
mammalian cell.
(a) (i) Name the processes taking place during stages A and B.
A transcription;
B translation;
(2 marks)
(ii) Name the process by which protein is secreted in stage F.
exocytosis / reverse pinocytosis;
(1 marks)
(b) Describe the part played by transfer RNA in the formation of the polypeptide chain during
stage B.
tRNA has an unpaired triplet of bases / anticodon; attaches to / binds to
mRNA codon / complementary bases; tRNA carries a specific amino acid;
which becomes part of polypeptide / reference to formation of peptide bonds;
(3 marks)
[Total 6 marks]
2
3. The graph below shows how the quantity of DNA, measured in arbitrary units, varies with time
during the different phases of the cell cycle in an animal cell.
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DNA / arbitrary units

4
Quantity of
G1 S G2
Interphase Mitosis Interphase

(a) Interphase is made up of two growth phases, G1 and G2, separated by an intermediate
phase, S.
(i) Explain what is happening within the cell during phase S.
quantity of DNA doubles;
replication of DNA / chromosomes;
preparation for mitosis / nuclear division / cell division / asexual
reproduction;
(2 marks)
(ii) State one process other than cell growth which occurs during phase G2.
mitochondria divide / energy stores increase / ATP produced / respiration /
duplication of centrioles / spindle begins to form / protein synthesis;
(1 marks)
(b) Account for the changes in the quantity of DNA in the cell during mitosis.
DNA content halves / returns to original level;
DNA / chromosomes / chromatids shared between (daughter) cells / nuclei;
during cell division / cytokinesis;
(2 marks)
[Total 5 marks]
4. The table below refers to some features of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
3
If the feature is present, place a tick (√) in the appropriate box and if the feature is absent, place
a cross (x) in the appropriate box.
Feature Prokaryotic cell Eukaryotic cell
Nuclear envelope ;
Cell surface membrane ;
Ribosomes ;
Microtubules ;
Mitochondria ;
[Total 5 marks]
5. The graphs below show the relationship between pH and the relative activity of three different
protein digesting enzymes: trypsin, pepsin and papain.
Relative
activity Trypsin
6 8 10
pH
Relative Pepsin Relative Papain

activity activity
2 4 6 4 6 8
pH pH
(a) Explain why changes in pH usually affect the activity of the enzymes.
pH affects ionisation / changes / ionic bonds / hydrogen bonds; this affects
shape of enzyme / active site; could affect ionisation of substrate; affects
formation of enzyme - substrate complexes; enzymes may be denatured at
extremes of pH / at unsuitable pH values;
(3 marks)
(b) Comment on the effect of changes in pH on the activity of trypsin, pepsin and papain.
trypsin has an optimum activity at pH 8 (range 7.5 - 8.5);
4
pepsin has an optimum activity at pH 2 (range 1.5 - 2);

activity decreases on either side of the optimum;
activity of papain is not affected by changes in pH;
papain has a relatively high activity over pH range 4 to 8 / has no optimum pH;
(4 marks)
(c) Which of these three enzymes would be most suitable to use as a meat tenderiser?
Give an explanation for your answer.
papain; has a high activity over wide range of pH values; optima of
pH 2 or 8 are unsuitable for culinary use / trypsin (or pepsin) has too
specific pH requirements;
alternative:
trypsin;
pH optimum close to that of meat / blood;
(2 marks)
(d) Rennin, an enzyme extracted from the stomach of calves, is used in the manufacture of
cheese. Maxiren®, an enzyme similar to rennin, is produced by gene technology.
State two advantages of using Maxiren®, instead of rennin in cheese manufacture.
1 may be cheaper to produce / extract;
easier to extract;
2 can be produced in large quantities / faster;

ethical considerations / suitable for vegetarians;
microbial enzymes are temperature stable;
standardised quality / enzyme always the same / purer;
(2 marks)
[Total 11 marks]
6. (a) The diagrams below represent the chromosomes during stages in the process of mitosis.
5
Write the letters in the order that represents the sequence in which these stages occur.
BDACFE/DACFEB:
(1 marks)
(b) State two ways in which meiosis differs from mitosis.
1 pairing of homologous chromosomes / eq;
chiasmata formation / crossing over occurs;
2 chromosome number halved / haploid cells formed;

two divisions to complete process / four cells formed;
The converse of these points allowed if a clear reference to mitosis was
made.
(2 marks)
(c) Explain the significance of mitosis in living organisms.
production of genetically identical cells;
daughter cells have same function as parent cell;
for growth / repair;
for asexual reproduction / clone formation;
rapid reproduction in favourable conditions;
(3 marks)
[Total 6 marks]
7. The table below refers to three organic compounds found in cell organelles.
If the compound is found in the organelle, place a tick (√) in the appropriate box and if the
compound is not found in the organelle, place a cross (x) in the appropriate box.
Organelle Phospholipid DNA RNA
Ribosome ;
Chloroplast ;
Smooth endoplasmic ;
reticulum
Mitochondrion ;
[Total 4 marks]
6
8. The diagram below shows the structure of part of a molecule of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
C
O
O
O
O
B D
O
O
O
A O
(a) Name the parts labelled A, B, C and D.

A deoxyribose;
B phosphate / phosphate group;
C organic base / named example / purine / pyrimidine;
D hydrogen bond / dipole - dipole link;
(4 marks)
(b) (i) On the diagram, draw a ring around one nucleotide.
(1 mark)
(ii) What type of chemical reaction is involved in the formation of a molecule of DNA
from nucleotides?
condensation / dehydration / polymerisation;
(1 mark)
[Total 6 marks]
9. The diagram below shows part of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule.

U A C C G A C C U U A A
(a) (i) How many codons are shown in this section of mRNA?
four / 4;
(1 mark)
(ii) What is specified by a sequence of codons in an mRNA molecule?
sequence / order of amino acids / primary structure of polypeptide / protein;
(1 mark)
7
(b) A tRNA molecule carries a complementary base sequence for a particular codon.
(i) Write the complementary sequence for the first codon in the mRNA sequence given
above.
AUG;
(1 mark)
(ii) Describe the role of tRNA molecules in the process of protein synthesis.
tRNA has an unpaired triplet of bases / anticodon;
attaches / binds / joins to MRNA codon / triplet of bases;
tRNA carries a specific / eq. amino acid;
correct reference to formation of peptide bond /
OR amino acids joined by peptide bond;
(3 marks)
[Total 6 marks]
10. Give an account of the structure and functions of polysaccharides in living organisms.
[Total 10 marks]
1 (a) polysaccharides consist of monosaccharides joined;
(b) by glycosidic bonds;
(c) correct general formula for polysaccharide;
2 correct details of bond formation / accept from clear diagram;
3 α glucose in starch / glycogen / α 1-4 linkages;
4 β glucose in cellulose / β 1-4 linkages;
5 starch consists of amylose and amylopectin;
6 amylase is unbranched / amylopectin branched;
7 glycogen branched;
8 cellulose unbranched;
9 starch / glycogen are storage carbohydrates;
10 (a) starch in plants;
(b) glycogen in animals / liver / muscle;
11 reference to osmotic effects / insolubility;
12 (a) can be broken down to glucose;
(b) glucose / starch / glycogen as source of energy;
13 cellulose in plant cell wall;
14 hydrogen bonding between hydroxyl groups of adjacent chains;
15 forming microfibrils;
16 has high tensile strength / reference to structural support;
17 credit for 2 other polysaccharides; e.g. callose, inulin, pectins,
peptidoglycans, chitin; name and correct function / location.
18 cellulose as roughage;
8
11. The diagram below shows the structure of a chloroplast, as seen using the electron microscope.
(a) Name the parts labelled A, B and C.

A chloroplast envelope / double / outer membrane / inter-membranous space;
B stroma;
C thylakoids / granum / granal lamellae;
(3 marks)
(b) The actual length of this chloroplast is 2.5 µm. Calculate the magnification of this
diagram. Show your working.
(78 to 80 × 103) ÷ 2.5 ;
(measurement)
Answer 31 200 to 32 000.
(2 marks)
[Total 5 marks]
12. Some people become ill if they drink milk or milk products as they do not secrete the enzyme
lactase in their intestine. This is known as lactose intolerance.
Lactose, present in milk, is converted to glucose and galactose by the action of the enzyme lactase.
In an investigation, milk was passed at different rates over lactase immobilised in beads of
sodium alginate. The rate of glucose production was measured at each flow rate.
9
The apparatus used is shown in the diagram below.
The results are shown in the graph below.

5
4
Rate of
glucose
3
production
/ arbitrary
units 2
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Rate of milk flow / cm 3 min –1
(a) (i) Describe the effect of the rate of flow of milk on the rate of glucose production.
maximum rate between 15 – 20cm3 min-1;
rate decreases either side of maximum / increases to maximum
then decreases;
rapid increase at 5-10 cm3 min-1 flow rate / rapid decrease
at 25 – 28 cm3 min-1 / eq;
(2 marks)
(ii) Suggest two reasons why variations in the rate of flow of milk should produce
this effect.
1 too fast means insufficient time for enzyme to act on lactose / eq;
2 too slow means galactose / glucose / products will accumulate and inhibit reaction / eq;
(2 marks)
10
(b) (i) Explain what is meant by enzyme immobilisation.

enzyme bound to a surface / ref to entrapment / eq;
not allowed to mix with its substrate in solution;
(2 marks)
(ii) Suggest two advantages of using immobilised enzymes in commercial processes.
enzyme retained / can be re-used / eq;
enzyme more heat stable / pH stable / eq;
does not contaminate product / can easily be separated from product;
less enzyme needed (therefore reduces cost);
can control rate of reaction.
(2 marks)
(c) (i) Suggest why it may be advantageous to treat milk with lactase during the
manufacture of dairy products.
removes lactose from milk;
makes milk / milk products sweeter;
makes dairy products available for lactose intolerant people;
(2 marks)
(ii) Suggest why most people with lactose intolerance only develop the illness
after infancy.
lactase present in gut of young infants / lactose present in natural milk so
young infants produce lactase;
(1 mark)
[Total 11 marks]
13. An experiment was carried out to determine the effect of temperature on the activity of an
enzyme digesting the protein gelatin.
Gelatin was incubated with the enzyme at a range of temperatures from 5 °C to 60 °C. The rate
of amino acid production was measured over a three-hour period.
The results are shown in the table below, expressed as rate of amino acid production in
mg dm-3 h-1
Rate of production of amino acid
Temperature / ºC
/ mg dm–3 h–1
5 14
10 19
15 24
20 31
25 40
30 51
35 68
40 93
45 98
50 89
60 33
11
(a) (i) Plot the data on the graph paper below.
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
(4 marks)
12
(ii) Comment on the effect of temperature on the activity of the enzyme as shown in the
graph.
rate increased exponentially / eq. until 40 °C;
slower / eq. increase to 45 °C / maximum / optimum rate at 45 °C / reaches a
peak at 45 °C;
reference to steep / eq fall / ref to specified figures / after 45 °C / 50 °C / after
optimum / OR correct ref to specified figs and temperatures;
reference to (kinetic) energy / movement of molecules / eq;
reference to denaturing of enzymes at higher temperatures;
(3 marks)
(b) The experiment was continued at 45 °C for a further 7 hours. At the end of this time, an
additional 292 mg dm-3 of amino acid had accumulated.
(i) Calculate the mean rate of reaction during the 10 hours at 45 °C.
[(3x98) + 292] ÷ 10 =) 58.6 / 59 mg dm –3h–1
(1 mark)
(ii) Give two possible reasons for the difference between the rate at the end of 10 hours
and the rate after 3 hours incubation.
1 substrate / gelatin / protein used up;
enzyme (starts to) denature(s);
2 inhibition by end product of reaction / ref to equilibrium reached / eq;
(2 marks)
(c) Protein-digesting enzymes can be used as an ingredient in biological washing powders.
Suggest how the results of this experiment could be used to design a suitable washing
programme using a biological washing powder.
set programme at (40-) 45 °C / optimum temperature;
ref to short time / up to 3 hours for washing cycle;
bring wash up to temperature before adding washing powder / ref to
pre-wash with powder;
(2 marks)
[Total 12 marks]
14. An experiment was carried out to determine the effect of temperature on the activity of an
enzyme digesting the protein gelatin.
Gelatin was incubated with enzyme at a range of temperatures from 5 °C to 60 °C. The rate of
amino acid production was measured over a three-hour period.
13
The results are shown in the table below, expressed as rate of amino acid production in
mg dm-3 h-1
Rate of production of amino acid
Temperature / ºC
/ mg dm–3 h–1
5 14
10 19
15 24
20 31
25 40
30 51
35 68
40 93
45 98
50 89
60 33
14
(a) (i) Plot the data on the graph paper below.
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
(4 marks)
15
(ii) Comment on the effect of temperature on the activity of the enzyme as shown in the
graph.
rate increased exponentially / eq. until 40 °C;
slower / eq. increase to 45 °C / maximum / optimum rate at 45 °C / reaches a
peak at 45 °C;
reference to steep / eq fall / ref to specified figures / after 45 °C /50 °C / after
optimum / OR correct ref to specified figs and temperatures;
reference to (Kinetic) energy / movement of molecules / eq;
reference to denaturing of enzymes at higher temperatures;
(3 marks)
(b) The experiment was continued at 45 °C for a further 7 hours. At the end of this time, an
additional 292 mg dm-3 of amino acid had accumulated.
(i) Calculate the mean rate of reaction during the 10 hours at 45 °C.
[(3x98) + 292] ÷ 10 =) 58.6 / 59 mg dm –3h–1
(1 mark)
(ii) Give two possible reasons for the difference between the rate at the end of 10 hours
and the rate after 3 hours incubation.
1 substrate / gelatin / protein used up;
enzyme (starts to) denature(s);
2 inhibition by end product of reaction / ref to equilibrium reached / eq;
(2 marks)
(c) Protein-digesting enzymes can be used as an ingredient in biological washing powders.
(i) Suggest how the results of this experiment could be used to design a suitable
washing programme using a biological washing powder.
set programme at (40-) 45 °C / optimum temperature;
ref to short time / up to 3 hours for washing cycle;
bring wash up to temperature before adding washing powder / ref to
pre-wash with powder;
(2 marks)
(ii) Suggest possible advantages of using biological washing powders rather than non-
biological detergents.
works at/can be used at lower temperatures;
so energy-saving;
less harmful / damaging to fabrics / eq;
better at getting rid of organic / specific stains;
ref to environmental effect / biodegradable / no / less phosphate / eq;
(2 marks)
[Total 14 marks]
16
15. (a) Cell A in the diagram below has two pairs of chromosomes.
Cell B, C and D have each arisen from A by cell division.
(i) For each of the cells labelled B and C, identify the type of cell division which has
occurred to produce the cell. In each case give a reason for your answer.
Cell B
Type of division Mitosis;
Reason no reduction in chromosome number / same number of
chromosomes / both diploid / still diploid / identical to Cell A;
Cell C
Type of division meiosis / reduction division;
Reason chromosome number halved / crossing over has occurred /
haploid / chromosomes different from A;
(2 marks)
(ii) Explain the reasons for the difference between the parts labelled P and Q in cells
C and D.
homologous chromosomes pair / synapsis occurs / bivalents formed;
chiasma formed / crossing over took place;
exchange of materials / genes / genetic information between chromatids;
(3 marks)
(b) State one way in which oogenesis differs from spermatogenesis.
one egg cell produced (in oogenesis) four spermatoza in spermatogenesis
polar bodies formed in oogenesis / not in spermatogenesis;
oogenesis in embryo / spermatogenesis from puberty onwards / final division
of oogenesis after fertilisation / not in spermatogenesis;
(1 mark)
(c) State two ways in which embryo development in flowering plants differs from embryo
development in humans.
1 double fertilisation in plants / ref to two male nuclei involved / only
one in human;
plant embryo develops in seed / human embryo develops in uterus;
17
2 embryo supplied with food store / eq in plant / ref to food via placenta / eq in humans;
dormant stage of development of plant embryo / no dormant stage
in humans;
(2 marks)
[Total 8 marks]
16. The table below refers to components of the cell surface membrane (plasma membrane) and to
their roles in transporting substances across the membrane.
Complete the table by inserting an appropriate word or words in the empty boxes.
Component Subunits Chemical bond Role in transport

between subunits
Fatty acids, glycerol Ref. to vesicle
and phosphate ester; formation/cytosis/
Phospholipid chylomicrons/ref.to
diffusion;
monosaccharide/
Carbohydrate side named e.g. of a glycosidic; Receptor
chain monosaccharide/
ref. to pentose/hexose;
Ref. to channels/pores
amino acids; allowing passage/
Peptide
Protein facilitated diffusion/
receptor/enzyme/
carrier/active transport;
[Total 6 marks]
17. The diagram below shows the structure of a bacterial cell as seen using an electron microscope.
18
(a) Name the parts labelled A, B and C

A Flagellum / flagella;
B (peptidoglycan) / cell wall;
C (circular) DNA / chromosome / nucleoid;
(3 marks)
[Total 3 marks]
18. Read through the following passage on the cell cycle and mitosis, then write on the dotted lines
the most appropriate word or words to complete the passage.
In the cell cycle, replication of DNA takes place during …….interphase / S phase;…….
At the beginning of prophase the chromosomes become visible and can be seen to consist
of two ……. chromatids;……. joined at the ............centromere;.....….. .
The ...........nucleolus / nucleoli;......... and nuclear membrane disappear and a spindle

develops in the cell.
The chromosomes become attached to the spindle at the equator during
..........metaphase;............ . At anaphase one copy of each chromosome is pulled
towards each ...........pole / end / aster;........... of the spindle. The final phase, called
telophase, involves the formation of two new nuclei. In plant cells the two daughter
cells are separated by the formation of a .…... cell plate / cell wall / phragmoplast /
middle lamella;...…… .
[Total 7 marks]
19. The monosaccharides glucose and fructose are reducing sugars. Sucrose is a disaccharide which
is not a reducing sugar.
The Benedict’s test is used to detect reducing sugars. When reducing sugars are boiled with
Benedict’s solution a red precipitate is produced. This precipitate can be filtered from the
solution, dried and weighed. If excess Benedict’s solution is used, the mass of precipitate
produced is proportional to the concentration of reducing sugar in the solution. The enzyme
sucrase is a hydrolase and does not reach with Benedict’s solution.
(a) In an experiment, sucrase was added to a solution of sucrose and incubated for five
minutes. The Benedict’s test was then carried out on the resulting solution and a red
precipitate was produced.
Suggest an explanation for this result.
sucrase breaks down / hydrolyses / eq. sucrose / substrate;
to glucose and fructose / to monosaccharides;
(2 marks)
(b) A further experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of silver nitrate on the
activity of sucrase. The procedure described above was repeated, but different
concentrations of silver nitrate were added to the sucrase. The solutions were kept at the
same pH for the same time. The mass of precipitate produced by the Benedict’s test at
each concentration was measured. The results are shown in the table below.
19
Concentration of silver nitrate Mass of precipitate

/ mol dm –3 / mg
0 (control) 50
–6
10 37
–5
10 27
–4
10 10
(i) Calculate the percentage decrease in the mass of precipitate produced in the
solution containing 10-5 mol dm-3 silver nitrate compared with the control test.
Show your working.
(23 ÷ 50) × 100 / eq;
Answer 46%;
(2 marks)
(ii) Suggest an explanation for the effect of the silver nitrate solution on the activity of
the enzyme sucrase.
silver nitrate is an inhibitor;
block / affects shape of active site;
substrate no longer able to bind;
reduces rate of reaction;
(2 marks)
(c) (i) Explain why it is important to maintain constant pH when investigating
enzyme activity.
(changes in pH) affect formation of enzyme-substrate complexes;
changes shape / tertiary structure / 3D structure / eq. of enzyme / active site
by changing (hydrogen) bonding / charges / ionisation;
ref to optimum pH / eq;
(2 marks)
(ii) State three precautions, other than maintaining constant pH, which should be taken
to produce reliable results in the above investigation.
1 constant / same temperature;
equilibration of enzyme and substrate;
same volume of Benedict’s;
same time of heating with Benedict’s;
same temperature for heating with Benedicts;
2 same filtration / drying method;
dry precipitate to constant mass;
same volume of sucrose;
same volume of sucrase;
3 same concentration of sucrose;
same concentration of sucrase;
leave enzyme and substrate for same time to react;
use same volume of silver nitrate;
replication;
(3 marks)
[Total 11 marks]
20. Read through the following passage about enzymes and their industrial uses, then write on the
dotted lines the most appropriate word or words to complete the account.
20
As much as 75% of the world’s adult population maybe unable to tolerate and digest the
sugar in milk, and so this sugar is removed during the manufacture of some milk
products. This is done using the enzyme ........lactase / β-galactosidase;....... which
hydrolyses the milk sugar into ...........…..glucose;…................ and
..............galactose;.................... . Unlike the sugar in milk, these are both
............monosaccharide;.............. sugars. They are both .......sweeter / more soluble;......
than milk sugar, so milk products treated in this way are particularly useful in the
manufacture of confectionery.
[Total 5 marks]
21. The diagram below shows the structure of a liver cell as seen using an electron microscope.
(a) Name the parts labelled in A, B, C and D.

A plasma membrane / cell membrane / cell surface membrane;
B centriole(s) / microtubule(s) / centrosome;
C Golgi apparatus / Golgi body / smooth ER;
D rough ER / ribosome;
(4 marks)
21
(b) The magnification of this diagram is × 12 000. Calculate the actual length of the
mitochondrion labelled M, giving your answer in µm. Show your working.
(Accept measurement between 11 and 12 mm)
11 ÷ 12 000; OR 12 ÷ 12 000;
= 0.92; = 1.0;
(2 marks)
[Total 6 marks]
22. The diagram below shows the structure of a lipid molecule.
H O
H C O C
H C O C
O
H C O C
H
A B
(a) (i) Name the parts labelled A and B.
A glycerol / propan–1, 2,.3–triol;
B fatty acid(s) / fatty acid chain;
(2 marks)
(ii) Name this type of lipid.
triglyceride;
(1 mark)
(iii) Name the chemical reaction used to form the bonds between A and B.
condensation / esterification;
(1 mark)
(b) (i) State one function of this type of lipid in living organisms.
energy store / energy source / insulation / waterproofing / production of
metabolic water / buoyancy / protection;
(1 mark)
(ii) State one feature of the molecules of this type of lipid which makes them suitable
for the function you have given.
insoluble / non-polar / high energy value / poor heat conductor / low density /
less dense than water;
[points in (b)(ii) need to be correctly linked to the answer given in (b)(i)]
(1 mark)
[Total 6 marks]
22
23. The statements in the table below refer to three polysaccharide molecules. If the statement is
correct, place a tick (√) in the appropriate box and if the statement is incorrect, place a cross (x)
in the appropriate box.
Statement Starch Glycogen Cellulose
Polymer of α – glucose ;
Glycosidic bonds present ;
Unbranched chains only ;
Energy store in animal cells ;

[Total 4 marks]
24. Give an account of the factors affecting enzyme activity.

1. enzymes are protein catalysts;
2. comment on complementary shape of active site and substrate / lock and key mechanism /
3. increasing temperature increases kinetic energy / movement of
molecules;
4. increases chances of enzyme substrate interactions / collisions;
5. increases rate of reaction up to an optimum;
6. above this enzyme is denatured / ref to denaturation;
7. disruption of (hydrogen) bonding;
8. changes in pH affect enzyme activity / work within narrow range of pH;
9. by altering the charges / ionisation / bonding in the molecule;
10. changes shape of active site;
11. activity decreases on either side of optimum;
12. enzyme may be denatured at extreme pH values / eq;
13. increasing enzyme concentration increases rate of reaction;
14. as more active sites available;
15. increasing substrate concentration increases rate of reaction;
16. up to an optimum rate / ref to Vmax;
17. inhibitors are substances which decrease enzyme activity;
23
18. competitive inhibitions have similar shape to substrate / eq;

19. can block active site temporarily / reversibly;
20. credit reference to named example;
21. irreversible inhibitions permanently inactivate enzymes /
non-competitive inhibitors attach to places other than active site;
22. credit reference to named example;
23. credit reference to co-factors / co-enzymes / activators;
[Total 10 marks]
25. Write an essay on the following topic.

The structure and functions of cell surface membranes (Bio, Hbio)
structure and function of cell surface membranes:
Introduction could include:
outline of fluid mosaic model -
communication with external medium, barrier -
controls exchange of material -
fluid mosaic model:
phospholipids and orientation -
proteins, glycocalyx, channels -
microvilli -
passage through the membrane:
diffusion, facilitated diffusion, Na/K -
osmosis, active transport, ATPase -
lipid soluble molecules, adrenaline
polar molecules through pores, channels -
Vesicles:
cytosis -
endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis -
exocytosis, secretory vesicles others:
glycosides as receptors, insulin-
adhesion between cells -
immunological response S = 13, B = 2,C = 2
[Total 15 marks]
24
26. Read the following passage about the palisade cells of a leaf and write on the dotted lines the
most appropriate word or words to complete the passage.
The palisade cell is typical of plant cells in that it has three structures,
cell wall; vacuole / tonoplast and
chloroplasts / plastids;
plasmodesmata;
starch grain / starch granules;
(accept structures in any order)
none of which is present in animal cells. In common

with animal cells, plant cells (such as palisade cells) have membrane-bound organelles
which are not present in prokaryotic / bacterial cells. In a leaf, palisade cells are
grouped together as a layer just below the epidermis forming a
tissue / mesophyll the function of which is to carry out photosynthesis.
[Total 5 marks]
27. Polypeptides are synthesised from amino acids. The diagram below shows the molecular
structure of an amino acid.
H H O
N C C
H R OH
(a) (i) In the space below, draw a molecular diagram to show how this amino acid reacts
with another amino acid to produce a dipeptide.
both amino acids drawn correctly / two residues correct;
removal of water shown correctly;
correct structure of dipeptide
(3 marks)
I. Name the type of reaction involved.
condensation / polymerisation;
(1 mark)
(b) State two functions of the R groups in a polypeptide chain.
(i) bonding / interactions within molecules / specific examples of bonds
.g. S  S or H bonds;
(ii) forming active sites; ref to tertiary structure; interactions with
substrate / receptors; form receptors in membranes;
affect solubility; can act as buffers;
(2 marks)
[Total 6 marks]
28. Catalase is an enzyme which breaks down hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water. The
activity of catalase can be measured by soaking small discs of filter paper in a solution
containing the enzyme. The discs are immediately submerged in a dilute solution of hydrogen
peroxide. The filter paper discs sink at first but float to the surface as oxygen bubbles are
produced. The reciprocal of the time taken for the discs to rise to the surface indicates the rate of
reaction.
25
An experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of substrate concentration on the activity
of catalase. A filter paper disc was soaked in a solution containing catalase, and then submerged
in a buffer solution containing hydrogen peroxide. The time taken for the disc to rise to the
surface was recorded. This experiment was repeated using a range of concentrations of hydrogen
peroxide.
0.20
0.15
Rate of
reaction 0.10
/s -1
0.05
0.00
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Concentration of hydrogen peroxide / mmol dm 3

(a) State why a buffer solution was used in this experiment.
to keep pH constant / enzymes are affected by pH;
(1 mark)
(b) (i) Describe the relationship between the rate of reaction and the concentration of
hydrogen peroxide as shown by the graph.
rate increases as substrate concn increases;
steady / constant / linear increase between 20 to 80* mmol dm3;
then begins to level off;
(*accept any quoted figure in this range)
(3 marks)
(ii) Explain this relationship between substrate concentration and the rate of reaction.
as substrate concn increases, the number of collisions / number
of enzyme-substrata complexes will increase; therefore the
rate will increase;
until all enzymes in use / limited number of active sites;
rate then remains constant / reaches a maximum / reference to Vmax :
(3 marks)
(c) Describe how a solution containing 160 mmol of hydrogen peroxide per dm3 would be
diluted to prepare a solution containing 80 mmol of hydrogen peroxide per dm3.
use equal volumes of hydrogen peroxide solution;
and distilled / deionised water / buffer solution :
(accept suggested volumes)
(2 marks)
26
(d) Describe how this experiment could be modified to investigate the effect of temperature
on the activity of catalase.
use a water bath;
suggested range of temperatures (at least 3 stated);
use same volume / depth of hydrogen peroxide;
allow substrate / enzyme to equilibrate before adding filter
paper disc; ref to uniformity of discs;
use constant enzyme concentration;
repeat at each temperature;
plot a graph of rate of reaction against temperature;
(4 marks)
[Total 13 marks]
29. Read through the following passage on the use of enzymes in the extraction of juice from fruit,
then write on the dotted lines the most appropriate word or words to complete the account.
Enzymes made by microorganisms may be used in commercial processes. In order to
speed up the extraction of juice from fruit, enzymes called pectinases / cellulases
are used. The fruit is first chopped up / eq. and then the enzymes are added to break down the
pectin / cellulose present in the cell walls. These enzymes help to make the extracted juice
clearer / clarified / eq.
[Total 5 marks]

factors affecting enzyme activity:
temperature:
increase increases rate of reaction −
in the range 0 - 40°°C −
ref to optimum temperature −
ref to temperature coefficient / Q IO −
−
kinetic effect explained in terms of collisions / complex formation−
denaturation explained in terms of high temp and bonding -
pH:
change affects H-bonds −
correct reference to effect on shape of active site −
reference to optimum pH −
named examples of enzymes and pH range −
effect of extremes of pH -
enzyme concentration:
increase increases rate −
explained in terms of numbers of active sites −
reference to substrate concentration as a limiting factor -
substrate concentration:
increase increases rate −
maximum explained in terms of turnover numbers of enzyme −
reference to enzyme concentration as a limiting factor -
inhibition:
reference irreversible
competitive
named examples - by −
heavy metals
inhibition −
27
S = 13, B = 2, C = 2
[Total 15 marks]
31. Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder caused by a mutation in the gene which codes for a protein
known as the CFTR protein. This protein is involved in the transport of chloride ions through the
cell surface membrane.
The diagram below shows how the normal CFTR protein is believed to function in the cell
surface membrane.
CFTR protein
Outer surface
membrane
Part of
cell surface
membrane
Inner surface
membrane
ATP ATP
ATP binding sites
ATP ATP
ADP Pi ADP Pi
P i = inorganic phosphate
(a) (i) Describe the sequence of events that takes place when ATP is present.
ATP binds to CFTR protein / binding sites;
ATP hydrolysed / eq. to ADP + Pi;
changes shape of protein / opens (ion) channel / eq.
(3 marks)
(ii) What is the function of ATP in this sequence of events?
to provide energy.
(1 mark)
28
(b) One symptom of cystic fibrosis is the production of very sticky, thick mucus which cannot
easily be moved. This occurs particularly in the lungs, pancreas and testes.
Suggest an explanation for each of the following.
(i) Many people affected by cystic fibrosis suffer from repeated lung infections.
thick mucus hinders removal of bacteria / pathogens from the lung.
(1 mark)
(ii) Reduced ability to digest starch in the small intestine is common among people
affected by cystic fibrosis.
mucus impedes the release of (pancreatic) amylase (into the duodenum).
(1 mark)
(iii) 95% of males affected by cystic fibrosis are infertile.
mucus hinders the passage / mobility of the spermatozoa.
(1 mark)
[Total 7 marks]
32. The diagram below shows the process of DNA replication.
X { Y
(a) Name the parts labelled X and Y.
X nucleotide;
Y (organic / nitrogenous) base / purine / pyrimidine;
(2 marks)
(b) Name one enzyme involved in DNA replication and state the type of reaction it catalyses.
Enzyme (DNA) ligase / polymerase;
Reaction condensation / polymerisation;
(2 marks)
(c) Suggest why DNA replication is described as semi-conservative.
Newly synthesised molecule has one parental / original / template strand / has
half of the original;
(1 mark)
29
(d) Name the stage of the cell cycle during which DNA replication occurs.
S / synthesis phase / interphase;
(1 mark)
[Total 6 marks]
33. The diagrams below illustrate one model of enzyme action.
} A
Enzyme Substrates Enzyme-substrate Enzyme-product Products

complex complex
(a) Name the part of the enzyme labelled A.
active site;
(1 mark)
(b) Explain how this model can account for enzyme specificity.
active site / part A has a particular / specific shape; only the substrate will fit
and form products;
(2 marks)
(c) With reference to this model, explain the effect of a competitive inhibitor on an enzyme-
catalysed reaction.
competitive inhibitor has a similar shape to substrate / same shape as
substrate / can fit into active site;
prevents the substrate combining / blocks the active site;
reduces the rate / slows reaction;
(2 marks)
[Total 5 marks]
30
34. The table below refers to two organic molecules.

If the statement is correct for the molecule, place a tick (√) in the appropriate box. If it is
incorrect, place a cross (X) in the appropriate box.
Statement Triglyceride Glycogen
Contains only carbon ;

hydrogen and oxygen
Glycosidic bonds present ;
Soluble in water ;
Provides storage of energy ;
Occurs in flowering plants

;
and animals
[Total 5 marks]
35. An experiment was carried out with cells of carrot tissue to determine the effect of temperature
on the absorption of potassium ions.
Slices of carrot tissue were immersed in a potassium chloride solution of known concentration.
The changes in concentration of potassium ions in the solution were determined at intervals for 6
hours. From these measurements, the mass of potassium ions taken in by the carrot cells was
found. The experiment was carried out at 2°C and 20°C. The solutions were aerated
continuously.
31
The results are shown in the graph below. Absorption of potassium ions is given as micrograms
of potassium per gram of fresh mass of carrot tissue (µg g–1).
700
600
At 20 ºC
500
400
K+ absorption
/ µg g-1 fresh mass
300
200
At 2 ºC
x x
x
100 x
0 x
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time / hours
(a) During the first hour, some of the potassium ions enter the cells by diffusion. State two
conditions which are necessary for a substance to enter a cell by diffusion.
1. membrane must be permeable to substance;
must be a concentration gradient / higher outside cell than inside;
2. substance must be in solution / a gas / a liquid;
(2 marks)
(b) (i) Calculate the mean rate of absorption of potassium ions at 20°C, between 2 and 6
hours. Show your working.
640 – 295 OR 345;
° 4;
= 86.25 µg g–1 hour–1;
(3 marks)
32
(ii) Compare the rates of absorption of potassium ions at 2°C and 20°C during this
experiment.
fastest uptake occurs at start / both decrease;
rate of uptake at 20°C is greater than at 2°C converse;
uptake at 20°C continues, levels off at 2°C;
credit manipulation of figures, e.g. final mass taken up at 20°C greater than at
2°C quoting Two figures from graph;
(3 marks)
(iii) Suggest an explanation for the differences in the rates of absorption of potassium
ions at the two temperatures.
reference to increase in temperature increasing movement / kinetic energy /
OR converse;
(So) faster / eq. diffusion at higher temperature; diffusion no longer occurs
when there is no concentration gradient / eq.;
ions also taken up by active transport / ref. to ion pumps;
active transport increases at higher temperatures;
reference to increased respiration / increased ATP;
uses more K+ higher temperature;
(3 marks)
[Total 11 marks]
36. Give an account of the process of mitosis.

1. daughter cells have same number of chromosomes as parent cell / are
genetically identical to parent cell;
2. concerned with growth / repair / replacement of tissues / asexual
reproduction;
3. reference to cell cycle consisting of interphase, mitosis, cell division;
4. named stages in correct sequence;
5. (during prophase) chromosomes condense / eq.;
6. each consists of a pair of chromatids joined by centromere;
7. reference to centrioles;
8. formation of spindle;
9. by microtubules;
10. disappearance of nucleolus / nucleoli;
11. breakdown of nuclear envelope;
12. (at metaphase) chromosomes attached to spindle fibres;
13. lined up at equator of cell;
14. (at anaphase) centromeres split / duplicate;
15. separation of chromatids;
16. daughter chromosomes / chromatids pulled to opposite poles of cell;
17. (at telophase) chromosomes / chromatids reach poles of cell;
18. uncoil / eq.;
33
19. formation of nuclear membrane;

20. (daughter) nuclei formed;
21. followed by cytokinesis (in animal cells) / or description;
22. formation of a cell plate / eq. in plant cells;
[Total 10 marks]
37. Human Biology

Haemoglobin in mammals is made up of four polypeptide chains, two identical α chains and two
identical β chains. The sequence of amino acids in these chains has been determined for a
number of different mammals.
Table 1 below shows a sequence of fifteen amino acids in an ? chain from four different
primates: a chimpanzee, a human, a gorilla and an orang-utan.
Table 1
Primate Amino acid sequence
Chimpanzee KAAWGKVGAHAGEYG
Gorilla KAAWGKVGAHAGDYG
Human KAAWGKVGAHAGEYG
Orang-utan KTAWGKVGAHAGDYG
Key: A = alanine D = asparagine E = glutamic acid G = glucine H = histidine

K = lysine T = threonine V = valine W = tryptophan Y = tryrosine
(a) (i) What differences are there between the amino acid sequence for the orang-utan and
the chimpanzee?
orang-utan has T / threonine instead of A / alanine and has D / asparagine
instead of E / glutamic acid / T and D / chimp has A and E;
(1 mark)
(ii) Name one other pair of primates in the table in which there is a difference in the
amino acid sequence.
chimpanzee and gorilla / gorilla and human / orang-utan and gorilla / orang-
utan and human;
(1 mark)
34
(b) Comparisons of amino acid sequences have been used to determine evolutionary
(phylogenetic) relationship in the primates.
(i) Using evidence given in Table 1, complete the evolutionary tree diagram below to
show the possible evolutionary relationship between chimpanzees, gorillas, humans
and orang-utans.
orang-utan;
Common
ancestor Chimpanzee
human;
gorilla;
(3 marks)
(ii) Give two ways in which the data in Table 1 support your suggested evolutionary
relationship.
1. human and chimp have (exactly) same / eq. sequence (so must be
together);
gorilla differs by one amino acid so more closely related to humans;
2. orang-utan more differences / 2 amino acids so not as close as
gorilla / eq;
(2 marks)
(c) When human blood serum is injected into a rabbit, the rabbit produces antibodies against
human serum proteins. When blood serum from humans and other mammals is mixed
with rabbit serum containing these antibodies, precipitation occurs.
Table 2 below shows the percentage precipitation when this rabbit serum was mixed with
serum from a human, a gibbon, a spider monkey and a hedgehog.
Table 2
Mammal Percentage precipitation

Human 100
Gibbon 79
Spider monkey 58
Hedgehog 17
What do these data suggest about the phylogenetic relationship of the four mammals in
Table 2?
gibbon closest to human;
hedge hog distantly / eq. related (to human);
spider monkey more distant than gibbon (to human)
(2 marks)
35
(d) (i) Describe how fossils can be used to provide evidence for human evolution.
sequence of changes can be seen;
ref. to dating of fossils;
skeleton / eq. shows trend from quadripedal to bipedal locomotion / eq.;
changes in hands show evolution of dexterity;
changes in jaws / teeth show changes in diet;
changes in skull / eq. show evolution of brain;
(3 marks)
(ii) Give one disadvantage of the use of fossils in providing evidence for human
evolution.
incomplete record / eq. incomplete / eq. fossils / unreliable dating / fossil
displacement;
(1 mark)
[Total 13 marks]
38. Write an essay on the following.

Lipids in organism
Lipids in living organism
lipids as water insoluble substances -
triglycerides as esters -
fatty acids / saturated and unsaturated -
glycerol -
fats / oils / waxes / phospholipids / steroids -
triglycerides as energy store -
relative calorific value -
fats in the diet -
fat storage in mammals -
fat as an insulator -
for buoyancy in aquatic mammals -
storage of oils in plants / eg in seeds -
formation of metabolic water by oxidation of fats -
waxes as waterproofing in leaves / insect exoskeleton -
phosholipids as constituents of cell membranes -
neurones and myelination -
steroids / testosterone / oestrogen and progesterone S = 17, B = 3, C = 3
[Total 20 marks]
36

Lipids in humans
Lipids in living organism
lipids as water insoluble substances -
triglycerides as esters -
fatty acids / saturated and unsaturated -
glycerol -
fats / oils / waxes / phospholipids / steroids -
triglycerides as energy store -
relative calorific value -
fats in the diet -
fat storage in mammals -
fat as an insulator -
for buoyancy in aquatic mammals -
storage of oils in plants / eg in seeds -
formation of metabolic water by oxidation of fats -
waxes as waterproofing in leaves / insect exoskeleton -
phosholipids as constituents of cell membranes -
neurones and myelination -
steroids / testosterone / oestrogen and progesterone S = 17, B = 3, C = 3
[Total 20 marks]
40. The table below refers to features of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
If the feature is present place a tick (√) in the appropriate box and if the feature is absent, place a
cross (x) in the appropriate box.
Feature Prokaryotic cell Eukaryotic

Endoplasmic reticulum x √
Mesosome √ x
Ribosomes √ √
Golgi apparatus x √
[Total 4 marks]
37
41. The diagram below shows a plant cell which is undergoing mitosis.
(a) name the parts labelled A, B, C, and D.

A cell wall;
B spindle (fibre) / microtubule:
C centromere;
D chromatid / (daughter) chromosome;
(4 marks)
(b) name the stage of meiosis shown in this diagram.
Anaphase;
(1 mark)
[Total 5 marks]
42. Glucose oxidase is an enzyme which catalyses the oxidation of glucose from gluconic acid and
hydrogen peroxide.
An experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of pH on the activity of glucose oxidase.
The activity of this enzyme was determined at a range of pH values. The results are shown in the
graph below.
5
Activity of enzyme/arbitrary units
0
4 5 6 7 8 9
pH
(a) (i) State how the different pH values could be obtained in this experiment.
reference to use of buffer solutions;
(1 mark)
(ii) Describe the effect of changes in pH on the activity of this enzyme.
38
optimum / eq is pH6;
activity decreases on either side of optimum; little activity av pH4 /
pH 8 / extremes;
(2 marks)
(iii) Explain why changes in pH affect the activity of enzymes.
reference to charges / ionisation of R groups / eq / hydrogen bounding /
ionic bonding;
affects shape of active side;
affects binding with substrate; denaturation at extreme values;
(3 marks)
(b) Glucose oxidase with another enzyme, peroxidase, can be used to measure the
concentration of glucose in solutions.
The solution to be tested is first incubated with glucose oxidase, and then with peroxidase,
plus an indicator which changes colour when it is oxidised. Peroxidase breaks down the
hydrogen peroxide formed by glucose oxidase, and simultaneously changes the colour of
the indicator.
The intensity of the colour produced is directly proportional to the concentration of
glucose in the solution, as shown in the graph below.
Intensity of colour produced/arbitrary units
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Glucose concentration (%)
(i) From the graph, determine the concentration of glucose corresponding to a colour
intensity of 6.5 arbitrary units.
0.56 %; (accept values 0.55 to 0.56%)
(1 mark)
39
(ii) Describe how this method could be used to compare the concentration of glucose in
two samples of fruit juice.
use same / equal volumes* of fruit juice; add same volume* / concentration of
glucose oxidase to each;
incubate for standard / stated time / stated constant temperature;
add same volume* / concentration peroxidase + indicator; read intensity of
colour;
use graph to find glucose concentrations;
[* accept stated volumes, but not amounts]
(4 marks)
[Total 11 marks]
43. Give an account of the biological significance of polysaccharides.

1. polysaccharides consist of many monosaccharides;
2. joined by glycosidic bonds;
3. (a) credit details of formation glycosidic bond showing condensation;
3. (b) reference to insolubility of polysaccharides;
4. starch storage in plants;
5. two forms of starch, amylose and amylopectin;
6. α glycogen storage in animals;
7. glucose in starch / glycogen;
8. these can be broken down to provide glucose / monosacch for
energy / respiration;
9. ref. to no osmotic effect of polysaccharides;
10. ref. to compact shape of glycogen / starch for storage;
11. cellulose in plant cell walls;
12. cellulose contains for β glucose;
13. cellulose forms long unbranched chains;
14. hydrogen bounding between chains;
15. ref to orientation of chains in layers / microfibrils of cell wall
conferring strength;
16. ref. to chitin in cell walls of fungi / exoskeleton of arthropods;
17. ref. to murein in bacterial cell walls;
18. polysaccharides attached to proteins / lipids in cell surface
membranes;
19. ref. to cell identification / recognition;
20. credit specific example such as determination of A an B blood
groups;
[Total 10 marks]
40
44. A comparison was made between the volume of juice which could be extracted from the same
mass of three varieties of apples, with and without pectinase. In this comparison, the same mass
of pectinase was added to apples from each variety. The results are shown in the graph below.
200
150
Volume of juice / cm 3
100
50
0
Variety Variety Variety
A B C
Key
Without pectinase With pectinase
(a) (i) Calculate the percentage difference in volume of the juice extracted without
pectinase from variety A compared to the volume extracted from variety C. Show
your working.
90 - 60 / 30; (allow 90/91 - 60/61)
30 30
90 × 100 60 × 100;
33.3% Less from C; 50% more from A
Answer …………………………
(3 marks)
(ii) Explain the effect of the use of the pectinase on the volume of juice extracted from
the apples.
pectinase increases the volume of juice/makes it easier to extract the
juice/eq.;
enzyme catalyses the break down of pectin in cell walls;
(2 marks)
41
(b) The effect of increasing the mass of the pectinase used on the volume of juice extracted
was then investigated.
100
Volume of juice/cm 3
80
60
40
20
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Mass of pectinase/arbitrary units
Using the information available from both graphs, suggest how a manufacturer of apple
juice could make use of these results.
increase in concentration of the enzyme increases the volume of juice
extracted;
use variety B/eq.;
add up to 4/4.5 units of pectinase;
above 4.5/5.0 increase in concentration does not increase the volume much;
(3 marks)
(c) Suggest two factors, other than apple variety and use of pectinase, which could affect the
extraction of juice from apples.
1. temperature (at which process carried out);
pH; crushing / chopping/pressure used;
2. ripeness of apples;
age of apples / ref. to storage time;
(2 marks)
[Total 10 marks]

The roles of RNA in protein synthesis (Bio, Hbio)
Introduction could include
- reference to basic structure of RNA
- types of RNA
- protein coded for in DNA but made in cytoplasm
- mRNA enables DNA integrity to be maintained
- reference to transcription and translation
42
Transcription
- occurs in nucleus
- unzipping of section of DNA/cistron
- synthesis of mRNA, role of RNA polymerase
- reference to role of nuclear pores
Translation
- occurs in cytoplasm, free and on RER
- ribosome structure, sub-units, rRNA, proteins, A and P sites
- ribosome activity, peptide bonds, polysomes
- mRNA codons, sites for binding, control, initiation, termination
- tRNA structure, anticodon, internal bonding
- tRNA activity, AA complex, anticodon-codon
- protein structure, peptide and other bonds
- potein use, in cytoplasm, role of secretory vesicles
S=13 marks
B= 2 marks
C= 2 marks
[Total 15 marks]

The movement of molecules and ions through membranes
General introduction
Expect some discussion of most of the areas below with suitable
examples
reasons for movement, uptake into cells, release of substances from
cells, involved with metabolism, synthesis, elimination of waste
products
membrane structure, details of fluid mosaic model, concept of
permeability, hydrophobic nature of fatty acid chains
definition of diffusion, explanation, conditions under which diffusion is
effective, reference to distance, concentration gradients, suitable
examples of diffusion
facilitated diffusion, reference to carrier proteins, suitable example
osmosis as a special case of diffusion, description of conditions,
reference to water potential in plant cells
active transport, definition, conditions, expect reference to the need for
energy, some description of mechanism, reference to situations where
active transport is important
endocytosis and exocytosis
S = 17 marks
B = 3 marks
C = 3 marks
[Total 20 marks]
43
47. mitochondrion 1
ribosomes 1
chloroplast 1
centrioles / centrosome / basal body 1
nucleus 1
[5]
48. specificity / specific 1

active site / active centre 1
high/eq temperature / extreme/ eq pH / heavy metals /
bonds being broken / non–competitive inhibitors / irreversible inhibitors 1
an inhibitor / reaction products 1
oxidoreductases 1
[5]
49. (a) (i) A = glycerol 1

B = fatty acid (residue) 1
(ii) hydrolysis 1
(b) polar (molecules) / hydrophilic heads/eq & hydrophobic tails/eq 1
form a bilayer / bimolecular double layer
[accept from clear diagram] 1
(polar/hydrophilic) heads outside / (non–polar/hydrophobic) tails inside 1
[6]
50. (a) (i) protein / polypeptide / enzyme / named protein / a peptide hormone 1
(ii) (R.E.R. has) ribosomes/eq 1
(ribosomes / R.E.R. are) site of protein synthesis 1
(iii) (after 10 mins) proteins / polypeptides move to Golgi apparatus max 3
where protein is modified/eq /OR credit for suitable example
of modification such as glycoprotein formation
and enclosed in membranes to form vesicles /eq /OR ref. to packaging
so most activity in vesicles after 45 minutes
(iv) amino acids moving (diffusing) between sites / max 2
not being used / remain in the cytoplasm
proteins used in other parts of cells / not all proteins go to the Golgi /
e.g. of other use / moving between sites
proteins also synthesised in mitochondria / mitochondria have
ribosomes / ref. to free ribosomes/not attached to R.E.R.
ref. to amino acids being broken down / metabolised/eq
44
(b) exocytosis max 3

vesicles move to cell membrane
(membrane of) vesicle fuses/eq with cell membrane
so contents of vesicle now outside cell / release of contents
[accept from clearly labelled diagrams]
[11]
51. 1. DNA is a polynucleotide / polymer – monomers

called nucleotides / any ref to DNA made of nucleotides 1
2. nucleotide consists of deoxyribose, phosphate and a base 1
[labelled diagram]
3. bases are adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine
requires correct spellings; penalise “thiamine” spelling once 1
4. A and G are purines 1
5. C and T are pyrimidines 1
6. DNA is a double/eq helix 1
7. phosphate – sugar linked to form strands / sugar–phosphate backbone /
ref. to phospho–diester bonds / [labelled diagram] 1
8. strands are antiparallel / run in opposite directions [labelled diagram] 1
9. pairing of A with T and of G with C [labelled diagram] 1
10. hydrogen bonding between base pairs [labelled diagram] 1
11. replication semi–conservative /
1 old & 1 new strand in each daughter molecule 1
12. replication occurs during interphase / S phase 1
13. strands separate by breaking H bonds [labelled diagram] 1
14. correct involvement of / new strand synthesised by DNA polymerase 1
15. complementary base–pairing in daughter strands / use
of correct base pairing to give accurate copy /eq 1
16. reference to unwinding / separation of the strands by helicase 1
17. 5’ to 3’ direction of synthesis by DNA polymerase 1
18. lagging /eq strand sections joined by ligase 1
Clearly annotated diagrams could include points other than those indicated above max 10
[10]
52. (a) break open cells / break cell walls / release cell contents /eq 1
increase surface area for pectinase / enzyme to work 1
increase/eq volume / quantity / rate of flow of juice 1
(max 2)
45
(b) (pectinase) breaks down / hydrolyses

pectin / middle lamella (not “softens”) 1
therefore: juice extracted more quickly / easily /OR more juice extracted 1
(2)
(c) reference to presence of pectins (still remaining in juice) 1

(pectinase) clarifies juice / removes cloudiness / reduces viscosity/eq
(not “smoother”, “softer”) 1
(2)
[6]
53. (a) A phospholipid ;

B protein ;
C glycoprotein ; 3
(b) act as a marker / antigen / recognition site ;
other molecules combine with it / detecting similar / non-self cells ;
OR
reference to receptor / binding site ;
other (specific) molecules / named e.g. / combine with it ; 2
[5]
54. solvent ;
enter / diffuse into /eq ;
insoluble /osmotically inert / non-polar /eq ;
lipids / triglycerides / fats / oils ;
glycogen ;
plant ;
[6]
55. (a) Stage l = transcription ;

Stage 2 = translation ; 2
(b) ribosome(s) / RER ; 1
(c) tRNA carries amino acid /eq ;specific amino acids link with specific tRNAs /eq ;
tRNA has anticodon / specific base triplet ;pairs with /eq codon /
complementary triplet of mRNA ;peptide bond formed
when bond to tRNA broken /eq ; max 3
[6]
56. (a) (i) activity at 65 ºC = 35 (units), activity at 75 ºC = 47 (units) ;

percentage increase = (12 ÷ 35) × 100 ;34.28 / 34.3 (%) ; 3
(ii) increasing temperature increases kinetic energy / movement of molecules;
increases chances of collision / formation of enzyme-substrate complexes;
therefore activity increases ;optimum at 75 ºC;
above optimum enzyme becoming denatured /eq;
so active site distorted / changed in shape /
no longer complements substrate /eq ; max 4
46
(iii) stable at high temperatures / less likely to be denatured;

temperature control less important;
can be used continually / ref.. to high productivity / faster;
reduced risk of contamination by (other) microorganisms max 2
(b) activity will stop / decrease /eq ;heavy metals are inhibitors /
disrupt internal bonding / tertiary structure / denature enzymes ; 2
[11]
57. (a) (i) 42.7 ; 1

(ii) more juice extracted with cellulase only than with pectinase only /eq ;
same volume extracted with cellulase+pectinase mixture
as with cellulase only ; 2
(b) ref. to pectins in middle lamella and/or cellulose in cell walls ;
pectinase hydrolyses / breaks down/eq pectins ;
cellulase hydrolyses / breaks down/eq cellulose ;
cell contents / juices released from cell
(as cell walls broken down / softened /eq) ; 3
(c) variety ;
ripeness ;
size of pieces / surface area /eq ;
pressure applied ;
temperature ;
freshness / length of storage time ; max 2
(d) no contamination of juice with enzyme /eq ;
enzyme can be used several times ;
ref. to continuous flow ;
less enzyme needed ;
ref. to increased stability to pH / temperature / less likely to denature ; 3
[11]
58. (a) (i) galactose ; 1

(ii) 0.24 ÷ 4.8 × 100 ;
5% ; 2
(b) some people do not produce lactase ;
(therefore) cannot digest lactose / are lactose intolerant ;
milk / milk products still available to them /
ref. to they would get diarrhoea/eq if normal milk ingested ; max 2
[5]
47
59. The roles of carbohydrates in living organisms

Introduction could include
Mono, di, polysaccharides –
Ref. production by photosynthesis –
Ultimate source from producers –
Heterotrophs obtain them from producers –
Ref. energy source, conversion to other organic molecules, storage, support –
Roles
Transport –
Size and relative solubility –
Glucose in animals, sucrose in plants –
Osmotic effects described –
Metabolism
Role in Calvin cycle –
Carbon dioxide fixation and RuBP
Regeneration from triose –
Triose conversion to other compounds –
Respiration and energy release –
Ref. glycolysis –
Ref. TCA –
Synthesis of other organic compounds e.g. lipids, amino acids –
Role of pentoses in nucleic acids –
Storage
Solubility , compaction , non-osmotic effects –
Starch in plants –
Glycogen in animals –
Support / other
Plants and cellulose cell wall –
Bacteria and peptidoglycans –
Fungi and chitin –
Glycosides and cell recognition , receptors –
Scientific content: max 13
Balance: max 2
Coherence: max 2
[15]
OUTLINE SCHEME FOR MARKING ESSAYS
Scientific content
Above average
13 Excellent
11 Good
Essays in this category demonstrate a sound understanding of the topic, contain a
significant amount of material relevant to two or more units of the specification, and
suitable examples where appropriate.
48
Average
9 Slightly above average
7 Average
5 Slightly below average
Essays in this category contain factually correct and relevant material. Some areas
should show a progression from GCSE, particularly if a mark of 9 is awarded.
Below average
3 Some correct facts
1 Very few correct facts
0 No correct information
Essays in this category contain few relevant facts. The material that has been included
has little depth and barely reaches the standard expected at GCSE.
S = 13 marks
Balance
2 A balanced essay covering all the main areas outlined
Some discussion of each area covered with, suitable examples where applicable
Material all relevant to the topic
Few, if any, errors
1 Most of the main areas of the topic covered, but possibly one or two lacking
Some discussion of each of the areas chosen
Some irrelevance, either in the areas chosen or in the material within an area
Some errors
0 Very limited account, possibly only one aspect chosen
Material mostly irrelevant
Large number of errors
B = 2 marks
Coherence
2 Material logically presented, with little or no repetition
Essay has coherence, ideas are developed well; continuous prose used throughout
Essay has an introduction and a conclusion, summing up the main points
Technical terms have been used correctly
Spelling, punctuation and grammar are sound
1 Material is presented in an orderly way and some ideas developed
Continuous prose used throughout
The introduction and conclusion may be present, but brief
Technical terms are used and generally in the correct context
Spelling, punctuation and grammar are generally sound
0 Essay style not used
Material in note form or numbered points
Very poor standard of spelling, punctuation and grammar
C = 2 marks
[max 15]
49
60.
Structures Liver cell Leaf palisade cell
Mitochondria ;
Starch grains X ;
Microtubules ;
Golgi apparatus ;
Glycogen granules X;
X is incorrect. If there are no crosses, assume blanks are crosses. If a mixture of ticks and
crosses, blanks are incorrect.
[5]
61. (a) Maltose ; 1

(b) Disaccharide / reducing sugar ; 1
(c) Glycosidic (ignore qualifications, e.g. 1- 4) ; 1
(d) (i) Form plant cell walls / structural support in plants ; 1
(ii) Second mark depends on first, cannot get second mar
unless linked to a structural point.
correct structural point ; link to relevant function ;
1. large molecules / many glucoses insoluble ;

linked / polymer ;
2. (forms) straight / unbranched chains ; high (tensile) strength / “strong”

forms microfibrils / forms fibres ;
3. cross links / (hydrogen) bonds, between high (tensile) strength / forms

molecules ; microfibrils / forms fibres ;
4. forms microfibrils ; high strength / forms fibres ;
5. β (1-4) glucose links ; difficult to digest ;
6. many glucoses linked ; cellulose can be hydrolysed and

(glucose) used in respiration ;
max 2
[6]
62. (a) A = chromatid ;

B = centromere ;
C = centriole ; 3
(b) (i) Mitosis (Check spelling) ; 1
(ii) (Homologous) chromosomes not paired / no chiasma / no crossing-over / no
bivalents / results in two diploid cells / cells which have four chromosomes /
chromatids ; 1
(c) Increase number of cells / growth / replace cells / repair (of tissues) (not cells) ;
Genetically identical daughter cells /eq same chromosomes / same diploid number DNA in
each cell /eq clones ;
50
Asexual reproduction ; max 2

[7]
63. (a) A = glycoprotein / glycosidic chain / carbohydrate ;

B = phospholipid (but not “phospholipid bilayer”) ; 2
(b) (i) More sodium (ions) enters when ATP present / fewer when no ATP ;
Faster uptake when ATP present / slower when no ATP ;
Maximum concentration not reached with ATP, but max. with no ATP / description
;
Correct use of figures, e.g. with ATP 10 (to 20) times faster / 5.7(AU) more with
ATP, at 5 minutes / two comparative figures quoted ;
Fastest rate in first minute in both ; max 3
(ii) Sodium (ions) moved against / up the concentration gradient ;
Active transport / uptake ;
ATP needed to provide energy ;
To enable sodium / potassium pump to operate / to enable change in shape of
protein carrier / transport protein ;
(Some) diffusion occurs /eq passive transport ; 4
(c) To keep rate of reactions involved constant /eq temperature
affects rate of movement / diffusion across membrane /
affects kinetic energy / changes permeability of membranes /
affects enzyme activity / enzymes denatured at high / extreme temperature ; 1
[10]
64. (a) Points in (a) need not be paired

Change diameter of nozzle (e.g. “use a needle” ) / of syringe ;
Smaller nozzle ® smaller beads ;
Change flow rate / pressure applied to syringe ;
Faster flow / more pressure ® smaller beads;
Change alginate viscosity / concentration ;
Lower viscosity ® smaller beads ; 2
(b) Increase rate ;
Greater surface area (of beads) / reduces flow rate ;
Increased contact between enzyme and substrate /eq ;
More active sites available ;
If a single bead used: less enzyme ; Decrease in rate ;
Less contact between enzyme and substrate / fewer active sites ; 3
(c) (i) Increased concentration increases rate of reaction / increased rate of
production of glucose ;
No increase in rate above 0.15 mol dm-3 /eq (e.g. max. or highest) ;
Reference to increased number of collisions with active sites / enzyme ;
(At higher concentrations) rate limited by number of
active sites /eq all active sites occupied /
concentration of enzyme limiting rate ; max 3
(ii) Flow rate ;
Affects time for contact between enzyme and substrate /eq ;
OR
pH ; Affects bonding in enzyme / shape of enzyme / active sites ;
51
Denatured at extremes of pH ; max 2

(d) (i) Production of lactose-free / lactose reduced milk / dairy products /
named e.g. kitten / cat milk / production of glucose / fructose /
galactose from whey ; 1
(ii) Continuous production ;
Uses less enzyme / re-use of enzyme /eq can easily remove enzyme ;
Avoids contamination of product /
can easily separate enzyme from products ;
More stable ; max 2
[13]
65. 1 Correct reference to translation ;

2 mRNA becomes attached /eq to ribosome (in cytoplasm) ;
3 Reference to ribosome attachment site / P site or S’end / sequence /eq start sequence
(AUG) ;
4 tRNA in cytoplasm attached to specific /eq amino acid ;
5 Reference to structure of tRNA / anticodon on tRNA ;
6 tRNA (carries amino acid) to the ribosome /eq ;
7 Complementary /eq anti-codon of tRNA lines up with codon of mRNA ;
8 Two tRNA molecules held in position /eq (may be implied) ;
9 Amino acids joined by peptide bond(s) ;
10 Reference to enzyme / enzyme complex in ribosome / ATP in loading tRNA ;
11 tRNA free / released to pick up another amino acid / re-used / recycled ;
12 Ribosome moves along mRNA until reaches end / stop codon / non-sense codon /eq
(UAA, UGA, UAG) ;
13 Polypeptide chain produced ;
14 (Polypeptide) chain twisted / folded to form protein / reference to a - helix / b pleated
sheet etc ;
15 Reference to polysomes or description / free and RER ribosomes / reference to
modification (post-translation) by Golgi ;
(Accept 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 13, and 15 from diagram. Diagrams must be appropriately labelled to
gain mark.)
[max 10]
52
66. Phospholipids ;
Proteins ;
(Mono)saccharide / sugar / carbohydrate / named monosaccharide ;
Receptors / recognition sites /eq antigens ;
Endocytosis / phagocytosis pinocytosis ;
[5]
67.
Statement Glycolysis Krebs cycle
C6 compounds are involved ;
Pyruvic acid is produced X;
Carbon dioxide is produced X ;
ATP is hydrolysed X;
Reduced co-enzyme is produced ;
[5]
68. (a) A Crista ;

B (Outer) membrane envelope / (double) membrane ;
C Intermembrane space /eq inner membrane / envelope (if not given for B) ; 3
(b) Krebs /eq cycle / link reaction 1
(c) Accept measurement of 104 to 106 mm
105 ± 1 × 1000
6
105 ± 1
or
6 × 10 – 3
10.5 ± 0.1
or
6 × 10 – 4
(Allow for consequential error for measurements outside range if calculated correctly) ;
= 17 333 to 17 667 ; 2
[6]
53
69. (a) Monohybrid involves one character, dihybrid two characters /eq ;
Monohybrid one gene / locus, dihybrid two genes / loci /eq // monohybird one pair of
alleles,dihybrid two pairs of alleles involved ;
Credit for examples genotypes / phenotypes of both;
Monohybrid reference to allelic interaction at one locus /dihybrid gene interaction
between two loci / reference to epistasis (accept “eye colour” for monohybrid) ;
Heterozygous cross monohybrid gives 3:1, dihybrid 9:3:3:1 (accept correct ratios for other
specified crosses) ; Max 3
(b) Continuous has (complete) range of measurements / phenotypes, discontinuous only a few
categories /eq ;
Continuous is polygenic / controlled by a large number of genes, discontinuous one / only
a few genes ;
Continuous likely to / may be influenced by the environment, discontinuous little / no
environmental influence ;
Credit for examples of both (accept “eye colour”/“coat colour in mice” for discontinuous)
;
Allow 1st and 4th points if shown on clearly labelled sketch graphs. Axes must be
labelled. Max 3
[6]
70. (a) Mutation I - deletion;

Mutation II - insertion / addition / duplication 2
(b) Alanine ; 1
(c) If only mutation I occurred then all the following amino acid / codon / triplets / bases
sequence would be altered / frame shifted / eq Mutation II corrects mutation I only the
sequence between the two mutations is altered /eq 2
(d) Mutagen / mutagenic (agent) 1
[6]
71. (a) Must be heterozygous to score mark in (a)

Aa / XA Xa / X A Xa /eq: 1
(b) Only males have the disease / disorder /eq (accept converse) ;
(Probably) carried on the X chromosome ;
Male sufferers are produced from unaffected/eq parents ;
Recessive only expressed when no dominant allele is present /eq
females may be carriers;
Male has only one locus / allele for the disease /
disorder / no locus on Y /eq ; Max 3
(c) Person 3 / father is XAY/eq ;
(As) person 4 / mother is carrier / XAXa / Aa / heterozygous ;
Person 5 / son inherits Y from person 3 / father /eq ;
And Xa / recessive allele / disorder from person 4 / mother /eq Max 3
54
(d) Accept marks from genetic diagram. If unclear whether mother is AA or Aa, can only
score mark for person 6’s genotype.
Person 6 / father is XA Y / A /eq
Person 7 / mother is carrier /eq is heterozygous / Aa ;
All the females / daughters will be unaffected / eq ;
Half /eq of the sons / males will be unaffected /eq (or converse) ;
There is a one in four /eq chance (but not ratios)
of producing a sufferer (or converse) Max 4
[11]
72. (a) 7; 1
(b) (Repeat the experiment at) a range of closer pHs (between 6 and 8) ; 1
(c) In very /eq acidic conditions / high concentration of H+ ;
Reference to changes in R group / side group ionisation charge /eq ;
Bonding disrupted /eq ;
Shape of enzyme / active site /eq denaturation /eq ;
Substrate / urea does not bond /eq with active site ; Max 3
(d) (Change in pH) affects shape of enzyme / active site ;
Enzyme-substrate complex formed less efficiently /eq ; 2
(e) Use (buffer solution) pH7 (throughout) / optimum pH ;
Same / stated volume / concentration of urease / enzyme ;
Range of concentrations of urea / substrate ;
Use the same / stated volume of urea / substrate ;
Named variable kept constant / e.g. time, temperature /
same volume of buffer; Max 4
[11]
73. All points must be made in an appropriate context

1 Produces cells with haploid number of chromosomes /eq produces gametes in animals /
spores in plants / halves chromosome number;
2 Leads to genetic variation ;
3 Pairing of homologous chromosomes / reference to bivalent (in interphase or prophase 1) ;
4 Named stages in correct sequence for either 1st or 2nd division ;
5 Description of chiasmata / description of crossing over;
6 (Elaboration of spindle formation) e.g. reference to centrioles, microtubules
7 (Prophase) e.g. condensation of chromosomes / disintegration of nuclear envelope /
disappearance of nucleolus ;
55
8 (Metaphase 1) e.g. attachment /eq of pairs of chromosomes / bivalents to spindle fibres /

at equator ;
9 (Anaphase 1) e.g. separation of pairs of chromatids /eq homologous sets of chromosomes ;
10 (Telophase 1) e.g. chromosomes /eq at poles / decondensation / nuclear membrane reforms
/ spindle disintegrates ;
11 (2nd prophase) duplication of centrioles / reference to chromosome state (i.e. number) ;
12 (2nd metaphase) e.g. spindles at right angles / attachment of (individual) chromosomes ;
13 (2nd anaphase) e.g. separation of sister chromatids /eq (clearly described)
14 (2nd telophase ) e.g. reintegration /eq of nuclear envelope / spindle disintegrates ;
15 Division of cytoplasm / decondensation / cytokinesis in animals / formation of cell
plate /eq in plants
[10]
74. (a) (i) 1. Add enzyme to sodium alginate solution ;

2. Drop into solution with calcium ions (any salt) (allow credit for correct
alternative method) ;
3. (Strain off beads) and place in column /eq ;
4. Use same beads throughout /equal number / mass of same size bead ;
5. Use of buffer solutions ;
6. Suitable pH values, at least 5 with 1 above pH7 ;
7. Run buffer through column before starting ;
8. Standard concentration of lactose ;
9. Equilibrate at stated suitable temperature before adding to column ;
10. Use the same column for each solution (even if different beads) ;
11. Add same volume of lactose solution (to column) ;
12. Test drops of solution separately with indicator strips ;
13. Time to get standard colour / colour after stated time ;
14. Preparation of standard colour(s) / use of standard colour chart ;
15. Rinse column / beads between tests ;
16. Repetition of whole experiment ; Max 9
If enzyme not immobilised
allow points 5, 6, 8, 11, 13, 14, 16 and the following alternative points
4a. Use of same volume and concentration of lactase ;
9a. Equilibrate and test in water bath at stated suitable temp ;
Allow only to max 7
56
(a) (ii) Tabulation ;

Columns / rows with units where appropriate ;
Calculation of means ;
Calculation of rate by suitable means /eq 1/time ;
Line graph ;
Axes - pH on x, time or rate on y / intensity of colour ; Max 4
(b) Temperature difficult to control /eq ;
Rate of flow can vary / gets slower /eq ;
Possible loss of enzyme from beads ;
Sample drop size may vary ;
Beads not fully washed / previous solution may penetrate beads /
beads may vary (if different ones used) ;
End point / colour standards subjective ; Max 2
[15]
75. Treat with warm HCl;

Name of suitable stain e.g. orcein, Schiffs, Leishman’s, fuelgen, Toluidine blue ;
Detail of removal of suitable region of root tip 1.5 mm (max) ;
Break up tissue with glass rod /eq ;
Allow time for staining / warm to intensify orcein stain. ;
Cover with cover slip ;
Place in folded filter paper /eq ;
Apply firm pressure / press with thumb on cover slip ;
Avoid moving cover slip /eq ;
[max 7]
76. (Nuclear) membrane / envelope;

Glycogen ;
Lipids / fats / triglycerides oils
Plasmids ;
Flagellum /flagella;
[5]
57
77.
One role in living
Disaccharide Constituent Monomers
organisms
Glucose and galactose
Maltose Energy / food source in

(germinating) seeds
Sucrose Glucose and fructose

[5]
78. (a) A Crista / cristae

B (Outer) membrane/inter-membrane space / eq envelope;
C Matrix ; 3
(b) Aerobic respiration / description /eq link reaction / Krebs cycle
oxidative phosphorylation / electron transport chain;
Production of ATP; 2
[5]
79. (a) (Linear) sequence / order / arrangement / pattern of amino acids; 2

(b) Description of H bond / attraction between dipoles e.g δ+ and δ– /
weak electrostatic bond
Between H and O;
In amine and carboxyl groups
Reference to the α helix / secondary structure / β - sheet/β – strand ;
(Bond between) R groups in coiling / tertiary stucture / 3D shape Max 3
(c) Long chain / long strand / fibrils / reference to linear molecule
Repeating sequence of amino acids;
Many parallel strands lie side by side /eq;
Reference to a helix / β (pleated) sheet;
Collagen has triple helix; Max 3
[8]
80. (a) Palisade (mesophyll);

Reference to elongated shape / presence of (large numbers of)
chloroplasts / location e.g. near top / near upper surface
under / below epidermis / vertically orientated 2
58
(b) Photosynthesis / description of process 1

(c) Magnification [between 55 - 75mm] M;
Proportions [height – 2½ - 3½ × width] P ;
Drawn correct two cells only; D ;
Cell wall, varying thickness / chloroplasts shown C ;
Nucleus [approximately correct position] N ; 5
[8]
81. (a) A - chromatid;

B- centromere; 2
(b) Anaphase;
Chromatids separate / centromere splits
Move / pulled to (opposite) poles / ends of cell / ends of spindle to centrioles ;
By spindle fibres / microtubules 3
(c) Daughter cells genetically identical (to parent cell) /maintains
chromosome number/eq; 1
(d) Interphase / G1 / S / G2 / cytokinesis / cleavage
If interphase or named stage - growth/synthesis of organelles
synthesis / replication of DNA / division of organelles
OR
If cytokinesis - division of the cytoplasm / formation of cell plate in plants ;
Points linked. [if give ‘telophase’and then describe division of
cytoplasm allow second mark] 2
[8]
82. (a) 7 1
(b) Repeat experiment at a range of pH values at closer intervals / at
smaller intervals of pH /eq (on either side of the optimum) 1
(c) In very /eq acidic conditions / high concentration of H+;
Reference to changes in R group ionisation /eq
Bonding disrupted /eq;
Enzyme / active site changes shape / tertiary structure changes denaturation ;
Substrate / urea does not bond /eq with active site; 3
(d) Shape affected more at pH 9 than 8 / more denaturation at pH9 than 8 H converse ;
Enzyme-substrate complex formed less efficiently / eq 2
59
(e) Use (buffer solution) pH7 throughout / optimum pH ;

Same / stated concentration / volume of urea / substrate
Range of concentrations of urease / enzyme;
Use the same / stated volume of urease / enzyme;
Named variable (e.g. time / temperature / volume of buffer) kept
constant Max 4
[11]
83. (a) A Phosphate

B Deoxyribose
C (Organic) base / thymine / adenine;
D Hydrogen bond / H bond; 4
(b) Total percentage of C + G = 84 %;
Therefore T will be (100 – 84) ÷2;
= 8%; 3
(c) (i) CGC\AGU\ACG;; 2
[all correct = 2 marks, 1 error1 mark]
(ii) 3; 1
[10]
84. All points must be in an appropriate context

Diffusion
1 (Molecules / ions) move down / with a concentration gradient
2 Rate increased by larger concentration difference / higher temperatures / smaller
molecules or ions / larger surface area of membrane / small diffusion distance (or
converse) ;
3 Credit example of diffusion e.g. oxygen, carbon dioxide, water;
Facilitated diffusion 4(Molecules / ions) move down/ with a concentration gradient/eq
5 Requires protein channel / carrier in membrane;
6 Credit example of facilitated diffusion, such as glucose / amino acids / named ion
Osmosis
7 Movement of water;
8 From high / less negative water potential / Ψ to low / more negative water potential
/Ψ/eq;
9 Across partially permeable /eq membrane;
60
Active transport
10 (Molecules / ions) move up / against concentration gradient;
11 Requires protein channel / carrier in membrane;
12 Credit further details of mechanism of active transport;
13Credit example of active transport, such as sodium / potassium / proton pumps;
Endocytosis / exocytosis /pinocytosis / phagocytosis 14 Description of process;
15 Active transport / endocytosis / etc require ATP / energy;
OR
Diffusion / facilitated diffusion / osmosis do not require ATP / energy;
[10]
85. No mark scheme available
61
92.
Process Takes place against Requires energy in
a concentration the form of ATP
gradient
Diffusion X X
Facilitated diffusion X X
Osmosis X X
Active transport √ √
Any two correct boxes for one mark
[4]
93. Condensation / polymerisation ;

Deoxyribose ;
Thymine ; [watch spelling]
(double) helix ;
Hydrogen ; [accept H]
[5]
62
94.
Name of organelle Description Function
Transport of lipids / storage

Stack / group / eq, of, of lipids / modification of
(flattened / curved), lipids /
cisternae /tubules / sacs ; formation of glycoproteins /
modification of proteins /
formation of secretory / eq
vesicles / formation of
lysosomes / transport of
carbohydrates ;
Centrioles /
centrosome;
Mitochondria ; Aerobic respiration / ATP

production / ETC / oxidative
phosphorylation / Krebs
cycle;
[5]
95. (a) Phospholipid ; 1

(b) A Glycerol / propan 1,2,3 triol ;
B Ester bond / ester linkage ; 2
(c) Insoluble in water / does not dissolve in water / non-polar ; 1
(d) (Fluid because) phospholipids move (around membrane) ;
(Mosaic because) membrane contains proteins /
glycoproteins (lying amongst phospholipids) / eq ; 2
[6]
96. (a) anaphase ;

prophase ;
telophase ;
metaphase ;
[if ‘I’ or ‘II’, penalise ONCE] 4
(b) (i) (G lasts) 7.0 hrs (and cell cycle time is 14 hrs) / 18-11 ;
7 × 100 ÷ 14 ;
= 50 % ; 3
(ii) B;
DNA replication / DNA mass beginning to, increase / double ; 2
[9]
63
97. (a) (Solution) heated / boiled (with Benedict’s solution / reagent ;

Green / yellow / orange / red / brown (precipitate) ; 2
(b) Heat with acid or add sucrase ;
Neutralise or incubate [if using enzyme] ;
(Heat with) Benedict’s / repeat test / eq ; 3
(c) Same / stated, volumes of each (test) solution ;
Same / stated, volume Benedict’s solution (to each) ;
Stated / same , time / temperature (for heating) / boil in waterbath;
Weigh precipitate / colour comparison / reference to
colorimeter comparison / time taken to reach standard
or same colour / reference to rate of colour change ; max 3
[8]
98. (a) central C with R and H attached by single bonds ;

NH2 and COOH attached to carbon by single bonds ;
[accept NH3+ and /or COO–] 2
(b) (i) A Ribosomes ;
B Rough ER ;
C Golgi apparatus ; 3
(ii) (Rises by 15 units in 15 minutes)
Rate = 15 ÷ 15 ; [accept other correct figures]
=1;
unit per min ;
[allow unit mark if figures from incorrect curve] 3
(c) Radioactivity will continue to drop in (all) organelles ;
Reference to half life (of isotope) / natural drop in radioactivity over time ;
Moved out of cell / exocytosis / secreted ;
As protein / named example ;
Radioactivity will not reach zero ;
Because some, amino acids / proteins, incorporated ;max 3
[11]
99. (a) Glucose ;

Fructose ; 2
[allow either way round]
(b) Same slope / mass of products , at lower temperatures / below 43°C ; 1
64
(c) (Activity of) both increases as temp. increases up to 45°C ;

Credit manipulated figures from graph up to 43°C;
Peak / optimum , at 43 to 45°C / lower for solution
and 51 to 52°C / higher for immobilised ;
Comparison of figures between 42 °C – 60°C ;
Activity ceases at 60°C / lower for solution and 69
to70°C / higher for immobilised ; max 3
(d) Immobilised enzyme / more stable (at high
temperatures) ;
Because held in position / eq ; 2
(e) Constant / stated, temperature / time for both ; (below 43 °C )
Same / stated volume / concentration, of sucrose
solution / substrate ;
Same / stated volume / concentration, of enzyme / sucrose ;
Use buffers over range of pH ;
Mass of products determined ;
Plot graph of mass of products against pH for sucrase
solution and immobilised sucrase ; max 4
[12]
100. Award marking points only in correct context

1 Consists of amino acids held together by peptide bonds (in either) ;
2 Insulin is globular and collagen is fibrous ;
3 Hydrogen bonds hold, secondary structure / (alpha) helix / beta strands, in shape (in
either) ;
4 R groups determine, tertiary / 3D, shape (in either) ;
5 Reference to named type of bonding in tertiary structure ;
Insulin
6 Relatively small protein / 51 amino acids ;
7 Reference to, alpha helix / beta sheet ;
8 Two polypeptide chains / A chain and B chain ;
9 Reference to disulphide bonds ;
10 Reference to binding site for cell membrane receptor ;
Collagen
11 Relatively large protein / over 1000 amino acids ;
12 3 polypeptide chains / triple helix ; [ignore alpha here]
13 Hydrogen bonds between chains ;
14 Regular amino acid sequence / repeating sequence ;
15 Molecules form (micro)fibres / cross-linking between molecules ;
[10]
101. (a) A Plasma membrane / cell membrane / cell surface membrane;
65
B Centriole(s) / microtubule(s) / centrosome;

C Golgi apparatus / Golgi body / smooth ER;
D Rough ER / ribosome; 4
(b) (Accept measurement between 11 and 12 mm)
11 ÷ 12 000; OR 12 ÷ 12 000;
= 0.92; = 1.0 2
[6]
102. (a) A Glycerol / propan - 1, 2, 3 - triol

B Fatty acid (s) / fatty acid chain 2
(b) Triglyceride 1
(c) Condensation / esterification 1
(d) Energy store or source / insulation /waterproofing /
production of metabolic water / buoyancy / protection; 1
(e) insoluble / non-polar / high energy value / poor heat conductor /
low density / less dense than water (points in (e) need to be correctly
linked to the answer given in (d)) 1
[6]
103.
Statement Starch Glycogen Cellulose
Polymer of aglucose
Glycosidic bonds present
Unbranched chains only
Energy store in animal cells

[4]
104. (a) Diffusion of water molecules;

Through a partially permeable membrane;
From a region of high concentration of water molecules to a region of lower;
concentration of water molecules/eq in terms of water potential; 3
(b) Means whereby polar molecules are transported across membranes;
Molecules bind with transport proteins;
Transport protein changes shape and moves molecule across membrane;
No metabolic energy required; 3
[6]
105. (a) A = Flagellum;

C = (Peptidoglycan) cell wall;
D = (Circular) DNA / chromosome / nucleoid; 3
(b) B = location of enzymes associated with aerobic respiration;
C = maintains shape / protection / etc;
E = storage of carbohydrate / eq; 3
[6]
66
106. (a) (Lower) epidermis of leaf;

Stomata allow gaseous exchange / eq;
Protection from desiccation / eq;
Allows penetration of light to photosynthetic mesophyll; 3
(b) Correct size / magnification;
Correct proportions;
Minimum number of cells / both stomata and cells touching;
Cell wall thickness appropriate;
Accurate detail of cell contents in guard cell; 5
[8]
107. (a) Protein / polypeptide / eq 1

(b) RER has ribosomes;
Site of protein synthesis; 2
(c) Proteins / polypeptides / move to Golgi apparatus;
Ref. to protein modification;
Enclosed in membranes to form vesicles;
So most activity in vesicles after 45 minutes; 3
(d) Amino acids moving between sites / eq;
Amino acids being broken down / metabolised;
Proteins used in other parts of cells / eq;
Proteins also synthesised in mitochondria / eq; 3
(e) Exocytosis;
Vesicles move to cell membrane;
Vesicle fuses with cell mebrane;
Contents released outside cell; 3
[11]
108. (a) To keep pH constant / enzymes are affected by pH 1

(b) Rate increases as substrate concentration increases
Steady / constant / linear increase between 20 to 80* mmol dm–3;
Then begins to level off;
(*accept any quoted figure in this range) 3
(c) As substrate concentration increases, the number of collisions / number of
enzyme - substrate complexes will increase;
Therefore the rate will increase;
Until all enzymes in use / limited number of active sites;
Rate then remains constant / reaches a maximum / ref to Vmax; 3
(d) Use equal volumes of hydrogen peroxide solution;
And distilled / deionised water / buffer solution;
(accept suggested volumes); 2
67
(e) Use a water bath;

Suggested range of temperatures (at least 3 stated)
Use same substrate concentration;
Use same volume / depth of hydrogen peroxide
Allow substrate / enzyme to equilibrate before adding filter paper disc
Ref. to uniformity of discs;
Use constant enzyme concentration;
Repeat at each temperature;
Plot a graph of rate of reaction against temperature; 4
[13]
109. 1 Daughter cells have same number of chromosomes as parent cell / are genetically
identical to parent cell;
2 Concerned with growth / repair / replacement of tissues / asexual reproduction;
3 Reference to cell cycle consisting of interphase, mitosis, cell division
4 (During prophase) chromosomes condense / eq so each consists of a pair of chromatids
joined by centromere;
5 Reference to centrioles / movement / position
6 Formation of spindle by microtubules;
7 Disappearance of nucleus / nucleoli
8 Breakdown of nuclear envelope;
9 (At metaphase) chromosomes attached to spindle fibres
10 Lined up at equator of cell :
11 1 (At anaphase) centromeres split / duplicate / separation of chromatids
12 Daughter chromosomes / chromatids pulled to opposite poles of cell (at telophase)
chromosomes / chromatids reach poles of cell;
13 Formation of nuclear membrane / (daughter) nuclei formed;
14 Followed by cytokinesis (in animal cells) / or description
15 Formation of a cell plate / eq in plant cells;
[10]
110.
Feature Prokaryotic Cell Eukaryotic cell
Cell surface membrane
Plasmids X
Ribosomes
Mitochondria X
[4]
Any two correct boxes for one mark
Blanks are incorrect
Circle correct answers
Put in appropriate number of ticks for total mark
111. amino acids / polypeptides / peptides ;

peptide ; [not dipeptide] [accept peptide / hydrogen / disulphide / ionic if peptide or
68
polypeptides given above]

condensation / polymerisation ;
(α) helix / (alpha) helix ;
hydrogen / H ;
[5]
112. (a) (net) movement / eq of, molecules / ions / particles / gases / solute / named
example ;
from high concentration to low concentration / down a concentration gradient ;
[ignore references to membrane] 2
(b) concentration gradient / eq ;
temperature ;
(diffusion) distance / thickness (of membrane) ; [not ‘size’]
permeability (of membrane) ;
surface area (of membrane) ;
size of, molecules / ions / particles ;
polarity / solubility in lipids / eq ; 2
(c) (active transport) up / against concentration gradient / from low to high
concentrations / involves carriers / ATP / energy / respiration ; 1
[5]
113. (a) 1. (mRNA) is a copy of DNA ;

2. (copy of) part of DNA / eq ;
3. (copy of) one strand / sense strand ;
4. mRNA is complementary (to DNA) / mRNA made up of complementary
bases ;
5. mRNA strand, built / formed (looking for idea that mRNA strand is put
together during the process) / reference to enzyme ;
6. carries genetic code to, cytoplasm / out of nucleus / to ribosome ; 3
(b) 1. genetic information / base sequence / code, in mRNA determines
amino acid sequence ;
2. codons / base triplet on mRNA ;
3. determines amino acid ;
4. (codons) pair with, complementary triplet / anticodons, on tRNA ;
5. reference to start / stop codons / sequences / binding sequences ;
6. occurs on ribosomes ; 3
[6]
114. (a) centrioles / centrosomes ;

asters ;
no cell wall ;
[ignore chloroplasts and vacuole] 2
(b) A chromatid / chromosome / daughter chromosome ;
B spindle (fibres) / microtubules ; 2
(c) anaphase ; [ignore I or II] 1
69
(d) 80 ÷ 1000 ; [accept 80 to 83 or 8 to 8.3]

0.08 mm / 0.008 cm / 80 µm ; [accept answer consistent with measurement] 2
[7]
115. (a) pH ;
enzyme concentration ;
enzyme (solution) volume ;
substrate (solution) volume ;
total volume ; 2
(b) more collisions / complexes ;
with, enzyme / active site (and substrate) ;
in unit time / eq ; 2
(c) enzymes are working as fast as they can / reference to Vmax ;
all active sites occupied / eq ;
substrate concentration is no longer a limiting factor ;
enzyme concentration is limiting ; 2
(d) line on graph begins at zero and is below original line ;
less kinetic energy / molecules moving more slowly ;
fewer collisions (between enzyme and substrate) ;
less energetic collisions ;
in unit time / eq ; 3
[9]
116. (a) prevent, entry / exit, of water ;

by osmosis ;
which may affect / eq, organelles ; 2
(b)
Pellet Organelle
A nuclei ;
B mitochondria ;
C ribosomes ;
2
(c) glucose / monosaccharides / disaccharides / sugar ;

glycogen ;
proteins / (poly)peptides ;
enzymes / suitable named example ;
ions / named example ;
amino acids / named example ;
lipids / phospholipids / triglycerides / fats ;
microtubules / centrioles ;
microfilaments ;
RNA / mRNA / tRNA ;
[accept other correct substances present in liver cells] 2
70
(d) two membranes shown [M] ;

inner membrane shown folded [F] ;
membrane / envelope ;
intermembranal space ;
cristae ;
matrix ;
ribosomes / DNA, in matrix ;
stalked particles / ATPase ; 4
(e) to produce (large amounts) of ATP ;
by, aerobic respiration / Krebs cycle / electron transport chain ;
(because) liver cells are (metabolically) very active / eq ; 2
[12]
117. (a) A phosphate ;

B pentose / ribose / deoxyribose / 5C sugar ;
C purine / pyrimidine / (organic) base / named example ; [watch spelling] 3
(b) UCGGCAGGGCAG;;
[one mistake = 1 mark, two mistakes = 0] 2
(c) making new DNA / copying DNA ;
makes identical copies ;
new molecule has one old and one new strand ;
DNA strands separate / eq ;
each strand acts as a template ;
individual nucleotides line up against (old) strand ;
complementary base pairing ;
nucleotides joined (by DNA polymerase) ; 4
(d) one eighth / 12.5% ;
eight strands have been formed from each original strand / eq ; 2
(e) interphase / S phase ; 1
[12]
71
118. Accept points only in correct context

1. phospholipid bilayer ;
2. polar / phosphate / hydrophilic (groups of phospholipids) face outwards ;
3. nonpolar / hydrophobic / fatty acid tails face inwards ;
4. reference to cholesterol ;
5. molecules can move around ;
6. proteins present in membrane ;
7. qualification of the location of these proteins ;
8. glycosidic / carbohydrate side chains on lipids / proteins / glycolipids /
glycoproteins / glycocalyx ;
9. involvement of proteins in transport (across membrane) ;
10. by active transport / facilitated diffusion described (e.g. reference to
attachment / change in shape) ;
11. some proteins are enzymes ;
12. partially / selectively permeable / eq ;
13. reference to cell-cell interaction / recognition / antigens ;
14. reference to receptors for hormones / neurotransmitters ;
15. vesicle fusion / formation / description of membrane involvement in
exo- or endo-cytosis ;
[10]
119.
Statement Sucrose Maltose
Contains glucose
Is a reducing sugar
Contains glycosidic bonds

Is transported in the
phloem of flowering plants
Encircle CORRECT answers

Any TWO correct responses = 1 mark
Blanks and ambiguous ticks are incorrect
Put correct numbers of ticks to correspond with total mark
[4]
120. H2O ;
(di)polar ;
Hydrogen / H ;
Solvent ;
(specific) heat capacity ;
[not latent heat capacity]
[5]
121. (a) A flagellum ;

B DNA / (bacterial) chromosome ;
C cell wall ; 3
72
(b)
Marking Prokaryotic cell Eukaryotic cell
point
1 Smaller Larger ;
2 Do not have a nucleus / nucleolus Have a nucleus / nuclear envelope /
/ have a nucleoid nucleolus (allow description) / no
nucleoid ;
3 Do not have membrane-bound Have membrane-bound organelles /
organelles / absence of named presence of named membrane-bound
organelle organelle ;
-
4 Smaller / 70S ribosomes Larger / 80S ribosomes ;
5 Mesosomes / description of No mesosomes ;
infoldings
6 Circular DNA Linear DNA ;
-
7 No histones / chromosomes Histones / chromosomes ;
8 Murein / mucopeptide / Cellulose cell walls (if present) ;
peptidoglycan cell walls / no
cellulose
9 Flagellum with no microtubules / Flagellum with microtubules / 9+2
eq / reference to basal structure arrangement / reference to basal
structure ;
3
[6]
122. (a) Making more DNA ;

Molecule unwinds / strands separate ;
Each strand acts as a template / eq ;
Each molecule contains, one parental/ one new / one daughter strand ;
New DNA is identical to original DNA / identical to each other / eq ; max 3
(b) Folding of secondary structure / eq ;
To form irregular / 3D / globular shape ;
Maintained by, hydrogen / ionic / disulphide bonds / eq ;
Bonding determined by R-groups ;
Shape is important for function ; max 3
[6]
73
123. (a) 14 mm (allow 12 - 15 mm) ;

÷ 800 ;
= 17.5 / 18.0 ; 3
[allow consequential error]
(b) Only 2 cells drawn (D);
Both cells with correct magnification (M) ;
Nucleus of A has correct shape (N) ;
Drawn with single line and no additional details / structures (L) ; 4
[7]
124. (a) Reference to named stain (acetic orcein / acetocarmine / Feulgens / Schiffs) ;
Warm / heat ;
Break open tip with (mounted) needle /eq ;
Mount in stain / acid / water ;
(gently) squash under coverslip / eq ; max 4
(b) (i) A; 1
(ii) C; 1
(c) Synthesis / division / multiplication of organelles (or named organelle) ;
Growth ;
Replication of DNA/ chromosomes ;
Protein synthesis / name of specific protein being synthesised ;
Any normal cell activities, named example (e.g. respiration) ; max 2
[8]
125. (a) (i) Movement down concentration gradient / eq ;

Involves protein in membrane ; 2
(ii) (Active transport) requires, ATP/ energy ;
(Active transport) occurs against/up the concentration gradient ; 2
(b) (i) (0.05 mol dm-3 =) 90% and (0.07 mol dm-3 =) 15% ;
Difference = (90-15) = 75% ;
[allow 14% reading, no consequential error] 2
(ii) Water potential of solution is more than that of red blood cells /
allow converse ;
Water enters the cells ;
By osmosis / down water potential gradient ;
Expansion of cytoplasm / eq / increasing pressure /
stretching the membrane ; max 3
(iii) Shrink / shrivel up / crenate / eq / water would move out / exosmosis ; 1
(c) Cell wall ;
Resists expansion / eq ; 2
[12]
126. (a) (i) The production of juice is increased / more juice is produced ;
Four times as much / 15 cm3 more juice was produced ;
The rate of production increases / the graph has a steeper line with
pectinase ;
Production lasts longer ; 2
74
(ii) Enzyme digests/breaks down/ hydrolyses pectin ;

In cell walls ;
Allowing release of juice / reference to permeability ; 2
(b) (i) Inhibitor has similar shape to, substrate / pectin ;
Binds to active site ;
Prevents entry of / competition with, substrate ; 2
(ii) More juice released / juice released faster ;
Increased enzyme activity / decreased inhibition ; 2
(c) 1. Use same type / variety of apples ;
2. Same / stated mass / volume of pulp ;
3. Range of temperatures / at least three stated temperatures ;
4. Same / stated volume / concentration of enzyme / pectinase ;
5. Same time / stated time period ;
6. Measure volume of juice extracted ;
7. Plot graph of volume of apple juice vs. temperature ; 4
[12]
127. ACCEPT POINTS ONLY IN CORRECT CONTEXT

1. Contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen ;
2. Insoluble (in water) / hydrophobic ;
3. Triglycerides consist of glycerol plus three fatty acids ;
4. Joined by condensation reactions / formation of ester bonds ;
5. Correct reference to saturated and unsaturated fatty acids ;
6. Phospholipids consist of glycerol plus two fatty acids and a phosphate group ;
7. Reference to non-polar/hydrophobic tails/fatty acids and polar/hydrophilic
heads/phosphates of phospholipids ;
8. Correct orientation of phospholipids, in cell membrane / phospholipids bilayer ;
9. Role of phospholipids in cell membrane (fluidity/permeability etc) / role of
surfactants ;
10. Energy stores ;
11. Reference to energy from fats / oils, compared with carbohydrates ;
12. (mechanical) protection / packing qualified ;
13. Insulation qualified (either electrical or thermal) ;
14. Buoyancy ;
15. Qualified reference to waterproofing / protection against entry of pathogens in plants ;
[10]
75
128.
Component DNA mRNA
Cytosine present
Uracil present
Pentose sugar present
Is single stranded
[Any two correct = 1 mark]

[Blanks and alterations are incorrect]
[4]
129. Sequence / order ;

Peptide ;
Condensation / polymerisation ;
Hydrogen / H ;
(di)sulphide / covalent ; [accept sulphur]
R groups / side chains / sulphur / SH groups / thiol groups ;
[6]
130. (a) Genetically identical ;

(identical) to {each other / the parent cell} ; 2
(b)
1
(c) Daughter cells {suitable / eq} for surviving in the present conditions /
preserves desirable characteristics / eq ;
Rapid / eq ;
Only one parent is needed ; 2
[5]
131. (a) To {remove / digest} {protein / named example / blood / gravy / eggs} ;
(proteins broken down to) peptides / amino acids ;
Correct reference to solubility ;
Less {heat / energy} required / lower temperature needed /
less damage to material ; 3
(b) Do not denature at temperatures that the detergents work at / greater stability ;
76
Optimum temperature is higher / works faster than other

enzymes at higher temperature ;
Stains easier to shift at high temperatures ;
Have longer shelf-life / eq ; 2
(c) Enzymes will only {be released / start working} {during washing procedure / when
needed} ;
Less danger of harm to users ;
Increases stability of the enzyme ; 2
[7]
132. (a) Breaks the hydrogen bonds (between the strands) ; 1

(b) Condensation / polymerisation ; 1
(c) Interphase / S phase / synthesis phase ; 1
(d) Correct diagram, as below ; 3
Centromere : ;
Chromatid ;
[accept constriction for centromere]
[accept single line for chromatid]
[6]
133. (a) {Fatty acid / tails} are {hydrophobic / non-polar} ;

(so orientate themselves) away from {water / polar environment} ;
{Phosphate / heads} are {hydrophilic / polar} ;
(so can) interact with {water / polar environment} ; 3
(b) Correct measurement ; [27 mm or 37 / 38 mm]
Divide by magnification ;
Correct conversion to µm ; [answer = 0.009 or 0.012 / 0.013] 3
(c) Carbohydrate: Cell recognition / cell adhesion / eq ; 1
Protein: Transport of molecules / eq OR
receptor for hormone / eq OR enzymes ; 1
[8]
134. (a) (i) (single) membrane ;

Contains {hydrolytic / digestive / zymogen} enzymes ;
[accept suitable named enzyme]
Reference to size (accept up to 1 µm) ; 2
(ii) Isolation of enzymes ;
Break down / eq of {ingested material / bacteria} ;
Autolysis / self-digestion ;
77
Breakdown of (old) organelles ; 2

(b) 0 – 10 hours Increase in radioactivity ;
10 – 12 hours Amount of radioactivity remains constant ;
After 12 hours Fall in amount of radioactivity ;
OR
0 – 8 hours Increase in radioactivity ;
8 – 14 hours Amount of radioactivity remains relatively constant ;
After 14 hours Fall in amount of radioactivity ;
No radioactivity present in white blood cells at the beginning and some
remaining inside white blood cells at the end ; 3
(c) (hydrolytic enzymes) digesting the bacteria ; 1
(d) Degraded bacteria are expelled from cell / eq ;
By exocytosis ;
Digested molecules are (still) radioactively-labelled ; 2
(e) Not all bacteria engulfed / some {radioactivity / labelled amino acids}
still present in supernatant / eq ; 1
[11]
135. (a) Less active after inhibitor is added ;

Comparative use of figures (calculation of rates) ; 2
(b) Inhibitor attaches to part of enzyme molecule {other than active site / allosteric site} ;
Alters shape of active site / eq ;
So substrate cannot bind / enzyme-substrate complex cannot form / eq ;
Slows rate of reaction ; 3
(c) Decrease rate further ;
Because it will affect more of the enzyme molecules ;
OR
Stop reaction ;
Because it will affect all of the enzyme molecules ; 2
(d) So that rate of reaction without the inhibitor was known /
{acclimatisation / equilibration idea} /
to compare results before and after inhibitor was added ; 1
(e) {Suitable / optimum} temperature for the activity of the enzyme ;
(fluctuations) would alter rate of oxygen uptake ;
(fluctuations) would alter (rate of) enzyme activity ; 2
(f) To keep the pH constant ;
Fluctuations in pH could affect enzyme activity ;
Variations in pH could alter the ionic charges ;
Substrate molecules could be prevented from binding at the active site ; 2
(g) The concentration of the enzyme in the root tips might not be the same /
difficult to make sure that the enzyme concentration is the same in all the
samples / size of root tips vary / different stages of development / different
metabolic rates / different quantities of stored energy / reference to different
genotypes / kept in different conditions before experiment ; 1
[13]
136. Points accepted in correct context only

1. Polysaccharides are {polymers / eq} of monosaccharides / correct
general formula (C6H10O5)n ;
2. Linked by glycosidic bonds ;
78
3. (monomers are) α-glucose in {starch / glycogen} ;

4. β-glucose in cellulose ;
5. Starch made up of amylose and amylopectin ;
6. Credit reference to structure of {amylose / amylopectin} ;
7. Glycogen branched chains ;
8. Cellulose unbranched ;
9. Starch is an energy store in plants ;
10. Glycogen is an energy store in animals ;
11. (Starch or glycogen) broken down to glucose for respiration ;
12. Cellulose in plant cell walls ;
13. Hydrogen bonding between (adjacent) {chains / molecules} ;
14. Forms microfibrils ;
15. With high tensile strength / reference to turgor ;
[10]
137. Catalysts ;
Activation energy ;
Substrate ;
Active site ;
Temperature / non-active site-directed inhibitors ;
Change / increase or decrease ;
[only accept decrease if referring to inhibitor]
[6]
138. (a)
Cellulose Glycogen
1. β-glucose α-glucose
2. 4 glycosidic bonds 1, 4 and 1, 6 glycosidic bonds
3. Unbranched / straight / linear Branched / compact / eq
79
(b)
Collagen Insulin
1. Fibrous Globular
2. Three (polypeptide) chains / triple Two (polypeptide) chains / eq
helix
3. Chains held together by hydrogen Chains held together by di-
bonds / chains not held together by sulphide bonds / eq
di-sulphide bonds
4. Large / about 1000 amino acids Small / 51 amino acids
OR length can be variable OR fixed / precise length
5. Repetitive / repeating sequence No repetitive sequence
6. Sequence of amino acids may vary Sequence of amino acids does not
between molecules vary between molecules
2
[4]
139. (a) (i) Red ; 1

(ii) Test 1 shows no reducing sugar (in solution B) ;
In test 2 sugar is hydrolysed / eq ;
In test 2 solution (B) was positive ; 2
(b) 1. Add equal volumes of each solution ;
2. To equal volumes of biuret reagent ;
3. {Purple / lilac} colour produced ;
4. Compare intensity of colour / use a colorimeter ;
5. After same period of time ; 3
[6]
140.
Name of molecule Formula Structure
O
H H ;
Amino acid H H
O
N C C ;
OH
H R
CH3 (CH2)4 COOH
OR
C5 H11 COOH ;
(α) Glucose /
hexose ; C6 H12 O6 ;
[6]
141. (a) 1. Enzyme is {attached to / trapped in} (material) ;

2. An insoluble (material)
80
3. Such as {agar gel / cellulose / polyacrylamide} / reference to alginate beads /

eq ; 2
(b) 1. Can be re-used ;
Which reduces overall cost / more economical / eq ;
2. Process is continuous ;
Saves time / can be automated / reduces cost ;
3. Enzymes more stable ;
Less likely to be {denatured / affected by temperature changes / affected by
pH changes} ;
OR
Enzymes can be used at higher temperatures ;
Faster reaction / saves time ;
4. Enzyme does not have to be separated from product ;
Reduces cost / saves time ;
5. More than one enzyme can be fixed in an order ;
Greater control over process / saves time / more efficient ; 4
[6]
142. (a) DNA increases: in interphase / synthesis / S stage / phase ;

Synthesis of new DNA / replication of DNA / eq ;
DNA decreases: in cytokinesis ;
Daughter cells formed ; 4
(b) (i) mRNA is made ;
It is complementary to DNA OR DNA code is copied ; 2
(ii) Tyr Leu Phe Ser ; ;
[one error = 1 mark, 2 errors = 0 mark] 2
[8]
143. (a) Correct measurement – 78 / 79 ;

Measurement × 1000 (to give µm) ;
÷ 50 ;
[if final answer is incorrect maximum marks = 2] 3
(b) Drawing marks:
D1 Chromosomes drawn correctly ;
D2 Centrioles drawn correctly ;
81
Label marks:
Chromosomes ;
Centrioles ;
Spindle fibres ; 5
(c) Anaphase ; [ignore reference to I or II] 1
(d) Spindle fibres: Pull {centromeres / chromatids / chromosomes} {apart / to
opposite poles}
OR
{Pull / hold} chromosomes into position ;
Centrioles: {Produce / organise / assemble} spindle (fibres) / microtubules ;
OR
{ Organise / assemble} tubulin ; 2
[11]
144. (a) 1. Uptake of A increases throughout 6 hour period ;

2. Uptake of A is {proportional to time / linear} / rate of uptake of A is constant ;
3. Uptake of B increases then {plateaus / levels off} / rate of uptake of B
decreases ;
4. {Uptake / rate of uptake} of A greater than of B ;
5. Credit manipulation of figures ; 3
(b) 1. Rate of uptake greater at start of experiment as diffusion gradient is high ;
2. Rate of uptake decreases as diffusion gradients lower ;
3. {Line / rate / uptake} plateaus out when concentration of substance B inside
cell is same as concentration outside cell ;
4. Concentration inside cell doesn’t decrease ; 3
(c) (increase in temperature) increases kinetic energy (of molecules) ;
Therefore molecules move faster ; 2
(d) 1. Movement (of molecules) against concentration gradient / eq ;
2. Requires {energy / ATP} ;
3. Occurs in one direction ;
4. Involves {carrier / transporter} proteins ;
5. Which span the membrane / eq ;
6. Molecule binds to {protein / carrier} ;
7. {Protein / carrier} changes shape ;
8. Reference to {sodium / proton} pump or other named example ; 5
[13]
82
145.
Carbohydrate One role in living organisms
Glucose;
Form in which plants transport carbohydrate / energy source;
Glycogen;
In plant cell walls;
[4]
146. (a) Tissues are groups of (similar) cells performing similar functions;
Organs are a number of tissues that perform a function 2
(b) Magnification is the number of times bigger an image is than
the {specimen / original};
Resolution is the {ability to distinguish two points as separate
points / degree of detail visible} 2
[4]
147. (a) (i) Glycerol / propan 1, 2, 3 triol 1

(ii) Ester 1
(b) (Stearic acid / saturated fatty acids} have more hydrogen atoms;
{Stearic acid / saturated fatty acids} have no double carbon-carbon bonds;
{Stearic acid / saturated fatty acids} have no kinks;
[allow converse statements about unsaturated fatty acids] 2
(c) 1. Energy stores;
Qualification: {More than / twice as much as) carbohydrate
OR Insoluble / compact / minimise mass
OR Subcutaneous / adipose / blubber;
2. Protection / mechanical insulation;
Qualification: Around {organs / named organ}
OR Reference to adipose tissue
OR Ear wax giving protection against infection;
3. Waterproofing;
Qualification: Of skin / fur / feathers / insect cuticle / ear wax
OR Hydrophobic / insoluble / repels water;
4. Electrical insulation;
Qualification: Reference to myelin sheath / nerve cells /
neurones / axons / dendrons
OR Non-polar;
83
5. Heat insulation;
Qualification: Subcutaneous / adipose / blubber
OR Prevents heat loss from body;
6. Buoyancy;
Qualification: Less dense than {water / muscle};
7. Making beeswax;
Qualification: Formation of honeycomb;
8. Membrane fluidity;
Qualification: Reference to cholesterol;
9. Cell membrane structure;
Qualification: Reference to phospholipids;
10. Reference to hormones;
Qualification: As steroids;
11. Source of metabolic water;
Qualification: Reference to respiration
OR Desert adaptation 2 x 2 mark
[8]
148. (a) 1. Contains (r)RNA;

2. And protein;
3. Has two (sub-)units;
4. Binding{site/groove} to accept RNA;
5. 20-30 nm in size; 2
(b) Glycine;
Lysine; 2
R O H R
H O
(c) (i) N C C N C C
H OH
H H
Correct amino acid parts on either side;;
Carbon nitrogen back bone; 3
(ii) Condensation 1
[8]
149. (a) (i) BDAC; 1

(ii) Metaphase; [ignore I and II] 1
(b) (i) DNA replicates;
Cell division / cytokinesis; 2
(ii) Mitosis / G2 and mitosis; 1
(iii) {l5/20} hours; 1
[6]
84
150. (a) A Nucleus/chromatin/nucleoplasm;

B Mitochondrion; 2
(b) Correctly measured length;
(Length) ÷ 5000;
Correct answer in µm; 3
(c) 1. (molecules/proteins) pass into the{cisternae/eq}of the RER;
2. Vesicles {break off (from cisternae) / form};
3. (molecules) carried to Golgi / (vesicles) fuse with Golgi;
4. (proteins) concentrated;
5. Modified / carbohydrate added / become glycoproteins;
6. Vesicles {break away (from Golgi) / move to cell membrane};
7. (vesicles) fuse (with cell membrane);
8. Reference to exocytosis; 5
[10]
151. (a) (i) Sucrose is a non-reducing sugar therefore gives negative result
{with Benedict’s reagent / in table 1};
It is hydrolysed into {monosaccharides / glucose and fructose
/ reducing sugars);
The orange precipitate in table 2 indicates a higher concentration
of sucrose / eq; 2
(ii) 1. Maltose is {detected / eq} at a lower concentration;
2. Maltose is a disaccharide;
3. Therefore twice as much glucose after being hydrolysed;
4. Compared to a glucose solution of same (molarity / concentration}
eq; 2
(b) 1. Add {biuret solution (at room temperature) / KOH and CuSO4};
2. {Stated / equal) volumes of both protein solutions;
3. Control of one other variable (e.g. time, temperature, volume of biuret);
4. Purple / lilac / violet / eq;
5. Intensity comparison / {darker / eq} colour means more protein /
reference to use of calorimeter; 4
[8]
152. (a) Catalyst: 1. (Chemical that) {speeds up / increases rate of} a

reaction;
2. Without itself being changed / used over and over
again / not used up;
Activation energy: 3. Energy needed for a chemical reaction to begin;
4. Enzymes reduce it; 4
85
(b) (i) Hydrolysis; 1

(ii) Glycosidic (β-1,4) 1
(iii) 1. Use water as basis to compare effect;
2. Copper sulphate decreases rate of cellulose breakdown;
3. {Increase in concentration / higher concentrations) decreases
rate of breakdown even more;
4. After six days more cellulose broken down at lower
concentrations;
5. Credit manipulations of data to compare breakdown of
solutions at different concentrations 3
(iv) 1. Disulphide bonds maintain {(tertiary/3D)structure/shape};
2. If disulphide bonds break, the active site will be altered;
3. Cellulose will no longer fit into the active site / eq;
4. Cellulose will not be digested;
5. As copper ions increase more enzymes are affected;
6. Reference to non-active site directed inhibitor; 3
[12]
153.
Name of organelle Two features of structure One function
Golgi (apparatus /
body);
Cisternae / {flattened / membranous / {Transport / storage} of
network} {sacs / tubules}; proteins / synthesise
proteins / translation;
Ribosomes;
(Contains) {thylakoids / lamellae /
grana};
(Contains) {stroma / chlorophyll / DNA
/ starch granules};
(surrounded by) two membranes /
double membrane / envelope;
[6]
154. (a) Hydrogen / H 1

(b) Charge is not equally distributed throughout molecule / one part is
positive and the other part is negative};
Hydrogen (atoms) have (slight) positive charges;
Oxygen (atom) has a (slight) negative charge ; 2
86
(c) Idea that a lot of {energy / heat} is needed to change temperature ;

Temperature of their {environment / habitat} does not {fluctuate / change}
much / reference to {thermostable / thermobuffer};
Reference to effect on metabolic {rate / reactions}; 2
[5]
155. (a) Ribose;

Lactose;
Sucrose; 3
(b) Unbranched chains;
Made up of β glucose (molecules);
(Linked by) glycosidic bonds;
1, 4 linkages;
Reference to hydrogen bonds cross-linking chains; 3
[6]
156. (a) Four layers shown with no cells drawn;

Palisade layer narrower than spongy layer;
Epidermal layers similar width to each other and both much narrower than
mesophyll layers; 3
(b) (i) Palisade (mesophyll layer);
Mesophyll = 1 mark
Spongy (mesophyll layer);
Epidermis (upper or tower);
Xylem;
Vascular = 1 mark
Phloem; 2
(ii) It is made up of {several / more than one} tissue; 1
[6]
157. (a) Root tip / shoot tip;

Dividing cells / meristem; 2
(b) (i) To make the {chromosomes / chromatids / DNA} visible; 1
(ii) Acetic orcein / acetocarmine / Feulgens / Schiffs / any other
correctly named stain; 1
(c) To {get a single layer of cells / spread out cells}; 1
[5]
158. (a) (i) Nucleus / nucleoplasm; [allow nucleolus] 1

(ii) Condensation / polymerisation 1
(b) (i) 6; 1
(ii) GCT TGG CGG GCT TAG TGG;;
[all correct = 2 marks, one error = 1 mark, more than one error = 0 marks] 2
(c) Reference to start codon;
Reference to stop codon;
Reference to post transcription modification; 2
87
(d) 1. Occurs {on / in} ribosome;

2. Two tRNA molecules (held in position in ribosome);
3. Each carrying a specific amino acid;
4. Anticodons on tRNA;
5. Reference to binding of tRNA to complementary bases on mRNA;
6. Peptide bonds form between amino acids;
7. Ribosome moves along mRNA;
8. Until a stop codon is reached 5
[12]
159. (a) Reference to {alginate beads / other named method of immobilisation};

Description of appropriate method (e.g. mixing urease with alginate,
beads made by dropping into calcium chloride solution); 2
(b) (i) 100 ÷ 30;
3.3 a.u. per minute; 2
(ii) 1. Optimum pH is pH 7 for both immobilised and non-immobilised
urease;
2. The activity of non-immobilised urease is greater than the
immobilised at pH 7;
3. Immobilised urease is more active between pH 2 and 6 and
between pH 8 and 12 / converse;
4. Immobilised urease is active over a wider range of pHs;
5. Correct manipulation of figures to compare the activity of
immobilised urease to non-immobilised urease; 3
(iii) Active over wider range of pH:
Enzyme is more stable;
{Active site / enzyme} less likely to change shape / enzyme less
likely to denature;
Lower maximum activity:
Some {active sites / enzymes} less accessible to substrate; 2
[9]
160. (a) 1. Making more DNA;

2. Strands separate ;
3. Idea that each strand acts as a template / eq;
4. Nucleotides line up against complementary base pairs;
5. (Each) new (daughter) molecule contains one old and one new strand;
6. Reference to molecules being identical to {each other / original parent
molecule}; 4
(b) (i) DNA in B is lighter (than the DNA in A) converse;
Because A contains all heavy nitrogen;
B contains both heavy and light nitrogen; 2
88
(ii) 1. (Bacteria) in B have one heavy and one light strand of

DNA (in each molecule);
2. All newly synthesised strands will contain light
{DNA / nitrogen};
3. Some molecules will consist of only light DNA;
4. Some molecules will consist of one light strand and
one heavy strand;
5. Each type of molecule is present in equal proportions; 3
(iii) Two bands shown in correct position;
Lower band is thinner than the one shown in D and upper band is
thicker than one shown in D; 2
[11]
89
90
161.
Name of biological Smaller molecules Name of bond joining
molecule from which it is the smaller
made molecules
Fatty acids and Ester;
glycerol;
Cellulose / polysaccharide (1, 4) Glycosidic;
/ disaccharide;
Peptide;
[5]
162. Nuclear {membrane / envelope} / nucleolus;

Centrioles;
Metaphase;
Centromeres / kinetochore / chromosome;
Anaphase;
[5]
163. (a) (i) Hydrogen;

Ionic;
Disulphide; 2
(ii) It has two (polypeptide) chains / an A and a B chain / more than
one (polypeptide) chain; 1
(b) (i) {Sequence / order} of amino acids; 1
(ii) 1. Reference to bonds between R groups;
2. The R groups are always in the same position;
3. [Bonds / named bonds} will always form in the same place;
4. Reference to {hydrophilic groups on outside / hydrophobic
groups on inside}; 2
[6]
164. (a) (i) A Flagellum;

B DNA / bacterial chromosome; 2
(ii) Glycogen; 1
(iii) Made of {peptidoglycan / murein} / does not contain cellulose; 1
(b) Correct measurement: {80 / 81} mm;
Correct division: ÷ 6000;
Correct conversion to µm;
[Maximum 2 marks if answer is incorrect, correct answer: 13.3 / 13.5] 3
[7]
165. (a) (i) (Inner) membrane of mitochondrion {is folded / forms cristae};
(Inner) membrane of mitochondrion has {ATPase / stalked particles /
91
electron carriers};
Nuclear membrane has pores;
(Outer) nuclear membrane is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum;
(Outer) nuclear membrane has ribosomes; 2
(ii) Chloroplast; 1
(b) 1. Cylindrical;
2. Occur in pairs;
3. Lie at 90° to each other;
4. Made of microtubules;
5. Arranged in {triplets / nine groups};
[Maximum 2 marks from marking points 1-5]
6. Reference to spindle formation / organisation;
7. Reference to {microtubule organising centre / assembling the tubulin}; 3
[6]
166. (a) (Fluid because) phospholipids move (around membrane);

(Mosaic because) membrane contains {proteins / glycoproteins} (amongst phospholipids);2
(b) To remove the red pigment released by the cells {cut open / damaged} during preparation;1
(c) 1. (Increasing bile salt concentration) results in increase of red coloration;
2. No further increase in red coloration {between 1.6% and 2.0% /
after 1.6%};
3. Reference to linear relationship between red coloration and bile
salt concentration up to 0.6%;
4. Reference to change in gradient after 0.6%;
5. Manipulation of figures to compare gradients before and after 0. 6 %; 3
(d) 1. Disruption of membrane by bile salts increases its permeability;
2. Bile salts may emulsify lipids (within membrane);
3. Proteins (in membrane) may be affected;
4. Pigment leaks through (plasma) membrane;
5. Pigment leaks through vacuole membrane;
6. By diffusion;
7. More bile salts, {more cells break down / more membrane disrupted};
8. Reference to plateau as all cells have lost pigment / all membranes
disrupted;
9. Reference to plateau as there is no longer a diffusion gradient; 4
92
(e) Any ONE of the following regarding Beetroot 2:

was different age
was stored under warmer conditions
was stored in different conditions
had more cells damaged during preparation
had discs with skin still on them
had discs taken from a different region of the beetroot
was different species
contained different concentrations of pigment
was grown in different conditions 1
[11]
167. (a) Ring drawn around one phosphate, one sugar and one base (linked together); 1
(b) 1. Part of the DNA molecule unwinds;
2. DNA strands {separate / unzips / H-bonds break};
3. (Mono)nucleotides line up against their complementary bases;
4. Against {sense / one} strand;
5. Reference to RNA polymerase;
6. Individual mononucleotides join up by [condensation reactions /
(phosphodi)ester bonds};
7. mRNA strands separate from DNA molecule;
8. mRNA migrates into cytoplasm / eq; 5
(c) (i) Ribosomes / rough endoplasmic reticulum; 1
(ii) Ring drawn around U C G; 1
[8]
168. (a) Clarifying {wines / vinegar / fruit juices} / improves colour extraction
from fruit skins / peeling fruit skins; 1
(b) (i) Same concentration of enzyme;
Same pH;
Same time for incubation;
Same {type / age} apple;
Same temperature for filtering;
Standardisation of apple chopping; 2
(ii) The line goes up / rate increases;
Because of increase in {kinetic energy / collisions};
Reference to optimum at 40 °C 2
(iii) {Rate of production / line} decreases;
Because bonds break;
Therefore the active site changes shape / reference to denaturing
of enzyme;
Substrate will not fit / enzyme-substrate complex will not form;
Enzyme is denatured at 60 °C;
Reference to optimum at 40 °C; [only allow once, either here or in (b)(ii)] 3
93
(c) (i) Mixture D Line drawn between A and B;

Line levels out at the same maximum as curves A, B and C; 2
(ii) 1. The results show that the rate of reaction depends on the relative
concentrations of inhibitor and substrate / {B / C} have similar
shape curve to A;
2. Faster initial rate at lower concentration of inhibitor;
3. {B / C} give the same yield {as A / when no inhibitor present};
4. This shows the inhibitor must be competitive;
5. Will be binding to active site;
6. Doesn’t stop the reaction completely; 2
[12]
169. (a)
Disaccharide Monosaccharide
Galactose Glucose Fructose
Sucrose
Maltose
Lactose
[One mark for each correct row] 3

(b) Glycosidic; 1
[4]
170. Nitrogen / N;
Peptide;
{Alpha / α} helix;
Hydrogen / H;
R groups / side groups / side chains;
[5]
171. (a) A Nucleus / nucleoplasm / chromatin / nuclear {envelope / membrane};

B Chloroplast / stroma;
C DNA / chromosome / nucleoid; 3
(b) Cell wall of leaf cell is made of cellulose / bacterial cell wall is not made of
cellulose / bacterial cell wall is {peptidoglycan / mucopolysaccharide} /plant
cell wall is not made of peptidoglycan / mucopolysaccharide; 1
(c) To enable cell to move (through medium);
Rotates / eq;
Any valid reason for movement; 2
[6]
94
172. (a) (i) A Glycoprotein;

B Phospholipid; [do not allow bilayer] 2
(ii) Cell {recognition / attachment} / {receptor / eq} / antigen; 1
(iii) 1. {Fatty acids / tails} are {hydrophobic / non-polar};
2. Idea that fatty acids are in the middle of the bilayer;
3. {Phosphate / heads} are {hydrophilic / polar};
4. Idea that phosphate groups are on the outside of the bilayer;
5. Reference to {cytoplasm / tissue fluid} being {polar / eq} in nature; 3
(b) 1. The membrane is fluid;
2. (Because) {phospholipids /B} are able to move (within membrane);
3. (Therefore) proteins can move (within membrane / phospholipid bilayer);
4. Idea that there is a new arrangement of proteins; 2
[8]
173. (a) 1. Reference to named stain (acetic orcein / acetocarmine /

Feulgens / Schiffs);
2. {Warm / heat} (with the stain / acid);
3. Break open tip (with needle / eq);
4. {Mount / eq} in {stain / acid / water / glycerol};
5. (Gently) squash under coverslip / eq;
6. Warm (gently to intensify stain); 4
(b) 1. Telophase is the longest stage;
2. Anaphase is the shortest stage;
3. Correct manipulation of figures to compare any two phases;
4. Any two actual times given e.g. {prophase 29.16 mins /
metaphase 16.80 mins / anaphase 8.40 mins / telophase 33.36 mins}; 3
(c) (Use the equation to) work out actual time of each phase;
Total all four times;
OR
Add up all 4 percentages;
1200
{Substitute into equation / eq} / Multiply by ; 2
100
[9]
174. (a) Magnification How many times bigger the image is than the real size
of the specimen / eq;
Resolution The ability to distinguish two points as separate points / the
{degree / amount} of detail visible; 2
95
Number of stage microscope units

(b) ;
Number of eye piece units
× 100 (to give correct answer); 2

(c) (i) 300 / 320 (µm); 1
(ii) Two cells drawn with indication of unequal thickening of cell wall;
In correct proportions;
No cell contents shown; 3
[8]
175. (a) (i) (By adding a) buffer (solution);

Using the same area of {cloth / 1 cm2} / even spraying of cloth; 2
(ii) Starch and iodine on 1 cm2 square of cloth and 5 cm3 of buffer;
Add 5 cm3 of water (instead of enzyme); 2
(b) 1. Change in H+ concentration;
2. (Changes in pH) alter {charges / ionisation} of R groups;
3. Reference to bonds broken / eq;
4. Resulting in change in active site;
5. Reference to {substrate binding / eq} being affected;
6. Reference to (complete) {denaturation / eq} of enzyme at
extreme pHs / eq; 3
(c) 1. (It) is a {polymer / polysaccharide / eq};
2. Of α glucose (molecules);
3. (Joined by α) glycosidic links;
4. (It) consists of amylose and amylopectin;
5. Amylose {is unbranched / forms helical shape};
6. Amylopectin is branched (molecule);
7. Amylose has only 1,4 (glycosidic) bonds;
8. Amylopectin contains 1,4 and 1,6 bonds;
9. Starch molecules {can be built up into starch grains /
have a compact shape}; 5
[12]
176. (a) Stack of at least three cisternae;

Cisternae curved / showing {budding / fusing} vesicles / eq;
{Cisternae / sacs / vesicles} labelled; 3
(b) (i) Level of radioactivity falls;
Protein moving out (of the RER); 2
96
(b) (ii) 1. (In first 20 minutes) there were no secretory vesicles / only
non-radioactive material in vesicles;
2. (Because) radioactive proteins have not yet reached the vesicles;
3. (Because) {proteins / radioactivity / eq} has yet to pass into
Golgi apparatus;
4. From RER (into Golgi);
5. (After 20 minutes) reference to formation of vesicles
(from Golgi) now containing (radioactive) protein; 3
[8]
97

Biology Unit 1 Edexcel Jan 96-June 05 Mark Scheme

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Biology Edexcel unit 1 Jan 96 – June 05 Mark scheme

1. Galactosaemia is an inherited disorder that produces an inability to metabolise galactose. Babies

DNA / arbitrary units

Interphase Mitosis Interphase

Feature Prokaryotic cell Eukaryotic cell

Relative Pepsin Relative Papain

pepsin has an optimum activity at pH 2 (range 1.5 - 2);

2 can be produced in large quantities / faster;

2 chromosome number halved / haploid cells formed;

Organelle Phospholipid DNA RNA

(a) Name the parts labelled A, B, C and D.

9. The diagram below shows part of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule.

(a) Name the parts labelled A, B and C.

The apparatus used is shown in the diagram below.

The results are shown in the graph below.

(b) (i) Explain what is meant by enzyme immobilisation.

(a) (i) Plot the data on the graph paper below.

(a) (i) Plot the data on the graph paper below.

Component Subunits Chemical bond Role in transport

(a) Name the parts labelled A, B and C

The ...........nucleolus / nucleoli;......... and nuclear membrane disappear and a spindle

Concentration of silver nitrate Mass of precipitate

(a) Name the parts labelled in A, B, C and D.

22. The diagram below shows the structure of a lipid molecule.

Statement Starch Glycogen Cellulose

Glycosidic bonds present ;

Unbranched chains only ;

Energy store in animal cells ;

24. Give an account of the factors affecting enzyme activity.

18. competitive inhibitions have similar shape to substrate / eq;

25. Write an essay on the following topic.

none of which is present in animal cells. In common

Concentration of hydrogen peroxide / mmol dm 3

30. Write an essay on the following topic.

ATP binding sites

32. The diagram below shows the process of DNA replication.

33. The diagrams below illustrate one model of enzyme action.

Enzyme Substrates Enzyme-substrate Enzyme-product Products

34. The table below refers to two organic molecules.

Statement Triglyceride Glycogen

Contains only carbon ;

Glycosidic bonds present ;

Provides storage of energy ;

Occurs in flowering plants

36. Give an account of the process of mitosis.

19. formation of nuclear membrane;

37. Human Biology

Primate Amino acid sequence

Key: A = alanine D = asparagine E = glutamic acid G = glucine H = histidine

Mammal Percentage precipitation

38. Write an essay on the following.

39. Write an essay on the following.

Feature Prokaryotic cell Eukaryotic

(a) name the parts labelled A, B, C, and D.

43. Give an account of the biological significance of polysaccharides.

45. Write an essay on the following topic.

46. Write an essay on the following.

48. specificity / specific 1

49. (a) (i) A = glycerol 1

(b) exocytosis max 3