Transform Tables

The Fourier Transform
F ( j ) = 1 f (t ) = 2
f ( t )e

jt
dt
jt
F ( j ) e
f ( t ) F ( j )
Fourier Transform Properties

Symmetry: Linearity: Scaling: Conjugation: Time Shifting Frequency Shifting Modulation F (t ) 2f ( j) a1 f 1 (t ) + a2 f 2 ( t ) a1 F1 ( j) + a2 F2 ( j) f ( at ) 1 j F a a
f * (t ) F * ( j)
e j0t f ( t ) F ( j( 0 ))
1 1 F ( j ( 0 )) + F ( j ( + 0 )) 2 2 f 1 (t ) f 2 (t ) F1 ( j) F2 ( j) 1 f1 (t ) f 2 (t ) F1 ( j) F2 ( j) 2 df ( t ) jF ( j) dt t 1 f ( )d j F ( j) + F (0) () f (t ) cos 0
f ( t ) e j F ( j)
Time Convolution: Frequency Convolution: Time Differentiation: Time Integration: Parsevals Theorem
f (t )
f (t ) dt
2
1 2
F ( j) d
2
Fourier Transform Pairs

Description Unit impulse Unit step Signum function D.C.
(t )
u( t )
F ( j) 1
() +
2 j 2 () 1 a + j
sgn(t )
1 j
1 at Exponential decay e u( t )
Description Exponential x t Two sided exponential Gaussian Function
f (t ) te at u(t )
F ( j) 1
( a + j ) 2
2a a + 2
2
ea t
et
2
/ 2 2
2 e
2 / 2
Complex exponential Sine
e j0t sin 0 t cos 0t

1, 0, t T /2 t >T /2
2 ( 0 )
Cosine Rectangular pulse

Sinc pulse
[ ( + 0 ) + ( 0 )]
T sin T / 2 T / 2
j ( + 0 ) ( 0 )
0 sin 0t / 2 2 0t / 2 1 t / T , 0, 2 sin 2 0t / 2 0t 2 t T t >T
1, 0,
0 / 2 > 0 / 2
2
Triangular pulse Triangular frequency pulse 100% raised cosine pulse
sin T / 2 T T / 2
sin t / T cost / T t / T 1 4 2 t 2 / T 2
0 1 t / 0 , > 0 0, 0 (1 ) / T T , T 1 + cos T ( (1 ) / T ) / 2 / 2, (1 ) / T (1 + ) / T (1 + ) / T 0,
}]
The Laplace Transform

F ( s) = f ( t )e st dt
0
Where 0 is to the right of all the singularities of F ( s) f ( t ) F ( s)
1 0 f (t ) = F ( s)e st ds 2j 0 j
+ j
for t 0
Laplace Transform Properties

Linearity: Scaling: Time Shifting Exponential multiplier Time Convolution: Time Differentiation: nth derivative: Time Integration: Periodic function period T Initial value: a1 f 1 (t ) + a2 f 2 (t ) a1 F1 ( s) + a2 F2 ( s) 1 s F a a f ( t )u( t ) e s F ( s) f ( at )
e at f (t ) F ( s + a ) f 1 (t ) f 2 (t ) F1 ( s) F2 ( s)
df ( t ) sF ( s) f ( 0) dt d n f (t ) sn F ( s) sn 1 f (0) sn 2 f (1) ( 0) f ( n 1) (0) n dt t 1 f ( )d s F ( s) 0

1 1 e sT
f (t )
f ( t )e
0
st
dt
Final value:
f (0) = lim sF ( s) s f ( ) = lim sF ( s) s0
Laplace Transform Pairs

Description Unit impulse Unit step Unit ramp Acceleration function nth order ramp
(t )
u( t )
f (t ), from t = 0
F ( s) 1 1 s 1 s2 1 s3 n! s n +1
t 1 2 t 2 tn
Description Exponential decay Exponential rise Exponential x t Exponential x tn Difference of exponentials Sine
f (t ), from t = 0 e at 1 e at te at t n e at e at e bt
F ( s) 1 s+a a s( s + a ) 1
( s + a)2
n!
( s + a ) n +1
ba ( s + a )( s + b)
sin t sin(t + ) t sin t e at sin t cost cos(t + ) t cost e at cost sin t t cos t e at [sin t t cos t ]
Phase advanced sine Sine x t Exponentially decaying sine Cosine Phase advanced cosine cosine x t
s + 2 cos + s sin s2 + 2
2
(s
2 s
2
+ 2
( s + a)2 + 2
s s + 2 s cos sin s2 + 2
2
(s
s2 2
2
+ 2
Exponentially decaying cosine Trigonometric function Exponentially decaying trig. fn. Hyperbolic sine Hyperbolic cosine
s+a
( s + a)2 + 2
(s
2 3
2
+ 2
2
(( s + a )
2
2 3 + 2
sinh t cosh t
s 2 s 2 s 2
The Z-Transform
F ( z ) = f ( n) z n
n=0
f ( n) =
1 z n 1 F ( z )dz 2j C
for n 0
where C is the unit circle. f ( n) F ( z )
Z-Transform Properties
Linearity: Time Shifting Exponential multiplier Time Convolution: Differentiation: Summation: Periodic function period N Initial value: Final value: a1 f 1 (n) + a2 f 2 (n) a1 F1 ( z ) + a2 F2 ( z ) f ( n m)u(n m) z m F ( z ) z a n f ( n) F a nf (n) z
f 1 (n) f 2 (n) F1 ( z) F2 ( z ) F ( z) dz z f (k ) F ( z) z 1
k =0
z N N 1 f ( n) f n z n N ( ) 1 z n=0 f (0) = lim F ( z ) z z 1 f ( ) = lim F ( z) z1 z
Z-Transform Pairs
Description Unit impulse Unit step Unit ramp Acceleration function kth order ramp Exponential
( n)
u(n)
f (n), from n = 0
F ( z) 1 z z 1 z
n 1 2 n 2 nk an
( z 1)2 1 z( z + 1) 2 ( z 1) 3
d z ( 1) z dz z 1 z za
k k
Description Exponential x n Exponential / n Difference of exponentials Sine Exponentially decaying sine Cosine Exponentially decaying cosine Hyperbolic sine Hyperbolic cosine
f (n), from n = 0 na n an / n a n bn
sin n
F ( z) az
( z a)2
z ln z a z(b a ) ( z a )( z b) z sin z 2 z cos + 1 za sin 2 z 2az cos + a 2
2
a n sin n
cos n
a n cos n
sinh n cosh n
z[ z cos ] z 2 z cos + 1 z 2 za cos z 2 2az cos + a 2 z sinh 2 z 2 z cosh + 1 z[ z cosh ] 2 z 2 z cosh + 1

2

Transform Tables

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The Fourier Transform

Fourier Transform Properties

Fourier Transform Pairs

Description Exponential x t Two sided exponential Gaussian Function

Complex exponential Sine

e j0t sin 0 t cos 0t

Cosine Rectangular pulse

0 sin 0t / 2 2 0t / 2 1 t / T , 0, 2 sin 2 0t / 2 0t 2 t T t >T

Triangular pulse Triangular frequency pulse 100% raised cosine pulse

The Laplace Transform

Where 0 is to the right of all the singularities of F ( s) f ( t ) F ( s)

Laplace Transform Properties

df ( t ) sF ( s) f ( 0) dt d n f (t ) sn F ( s) sn 1 f (0) sn 2 f (1) ( 0) f ( n 1) (0) n dt t 1 f ( )d s F ( s) 0

f (0) = lim sF ( s) s f ( ) = lim sF ( s) s0

Laplace Transform Pairs

where C is the unit circle. f ( n) F ( z )

z N N 1 f ( n) f n z n N ( ) 1 z n=0 f (0) = lim F ( z ) z z 1 f ( ) = lim F ( z) z1 z

z[ z cos ] z 2 z cos + 1 z 2 za cos z 2 2az cos + a 2 z sinh 2 z 2 z cosh + 1 z[ z cosh ] 2 z 2 z cosh + 1

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