MECHANICAL ALLOYING IN BIOMEDICAL

INDUSTRY
PRASUN JINDAL AND SAMBEET TIADY --- 2ND YEAR
DEPARTMENT OF METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING
IT BHU VARANASI

THE HIGHEST INTENSITIES OF PEAKS

AND THEIR SMALLEST BROADENING
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION WERE DETECTED IN THE
MECHANICAL
MECHANICALALLOYING-
ALLOYING-MECHANICAL
MECHANICALPROCESSING
PROCESSINGISISAA TI-10TA-10NB ALLOY. AT THIS
SOLID
SOLIDSTATE
STATEALLOYING
ALLOYINGTECHNIQUE
TECHNIQUEBYBYREPEATED
REPEATEDCOLD
COLD COMPOSITION THE GRAIN SIZE INCRESES
WELDING
WELDINGAND
ANDFRACTURING
FRACTURINGIN
INHIGH
HIGHENERGY
ENERGYBALL
BALLMILL.
MILL. FROM 25nm TO 90nm.
(C) Ti-10Ta-10Nb
IT CONSISTS OF TWO STEPS:
IT CONSISTS OF TWO STEPS: RESULT
RESULT
1.THE
1.THEBALL
BALLMILL
MILLWHERE
WHERETHE
THEMATERIALS
MATERIALSTO TOBE
BEALLOYED
ALLOYEDARE
ARE
COMBINED
COMBINEDAND ANDGROUND
GROUNDTOTOAAFINE
FINEPOWDER
POWDERSUBSTANCE.
SUBSTANCE. •THE
•THEBALL
BALLMILLING
MILLINGPROCESS
PROCESSOF
OFTHE
THEINVESTIGATED
INVESTIGATEDALLOYS
ALLOYSLED
LEDTO
TO
2.2.SINTERING
SINTERINGAND ANDLATER
LATERAPPLYING
APPLYINGHOT
HOTISOSTATIC
ISOSTATICPRESSURE
PRESSURE
(HIP)
(HIP)TO
TO FUSE
FUSETHE
THEELEMENTS
ELEMENTSTOGETHER.
TOGETHER. THE FORMATION OF THE MIXTUREOF AMORPHOUS
THE FORMATION OF THE MIXTUREOF AMORPHOUS AND AND
NANOCRYSTALLINE
NANOCRYSTALLINEMETASTABLE
METASTABLEα-TIα-TISOLID
SOLIDSOLUTION
SOLUTIONWITH
WITH
THE
THEBASIC
BASICNEED
NEEDOF
OFMECHANICAL
MECHANICALALLOYING
ALLOYINGCOMES:
COMES: AVERAGE
AVERAGECRYSTALLITE
CRYSTALLITESIZE
SIZEOF
OF10
10nm
nmAND
ANDPARTICLE
PARTICLESIZE
SIZEOF
OF5mm
5mm
•WHEN
•WHENTHE
THECOMPONENTS
COMPONENTSOFOFALLOY
ALLOYARE
AREINSOLUBLE
INSOLUBLEIN WITH
IN WITHSMALL
SMALLVARIATION.IN
VARIATION.INCHEMICAL
CHEMICALCOMPOSITION
COMPOSITIONOFOF
LIQUID
LIQUIDSTATE.
STATE. PARTICULATE
PARTICULATEPARTICLES.
PARTICLES.
•WHEN
•WHENANY
ANYOF
OFCOMPOSITION
COMPOSITIONOF
OFALLOY
ALLOYISISDIFFICULT
DIFFICULTTO
TO
MELT.
MELT. •THE
•THECONSOLIDATION
CONSOLIDATIONOF OFTHE
THEMILLED
MILLEDPOWDERS
POWDERSBY BYPULSE
PULSEPLASMA
PLASMA
SINTERING BROUGHT ABOUT THE FORMATION OF TWO-PHASE
SINTERING BROUGHT ABOUT THE FORMATION OF TWO-PHASE α+β α+β
METALLURGICAL
METALLURGICALAPPLICATION
APPLICATIONIN
INBIOIMPLANTS:
BIOIMPLANTS: STRUCTURE
STRUCTURETHUS
THUSULTRA
ULTRAHIGH
HIGHPRESSURE
PRESSURE(UHP)
(UHP)BASED
BASEDON
ON
TITANIUM & ITS ALLOYS HAVE REPLACED STAINLESS STEEL
TITANIUM & ITS ALLOYS HAVE REPLACED STAINLESS STEEL && BRIDGEMAN
BRIDGEMANMETHOD
METHODWASWASAPPLIED
APPLIEDFOR
FORTHE
THECONSOLIDATION
CONSOLIDATIONOF OF
Co-Cr
Co-CrALLOYS
ALLOYSFOR
FORBIOIMPLANTS
BIOIMPLANTSBECAUSE
BECAUSETHEY
THEYHAVE:
HAVE: MILLED
MILLEDPOWDERS
POWDERSIN INORDER
ORDERTO
TORETAIN
RETAINTHE
THENANOCRYSTALLINE
NANOCRYSTALLINE
STRUCTURE
STRUCTUREININBULK
BULKSAMPLES.
SAMPLES.
• •LOW
LOWMODULUS
MODULUSOFOFELASTICITY
ELASTICITYLIKE
LIKEBONE.
BONE.
• •HIGH
HIGHCORROSION
CORROSIONRESISTANCE.
RESISTANCE.
•GOOD
•GOODBIOCOMPATIBILTY .
BIOCOMPATIBILTY . THE Ti-10Ta CONSISTS
•HIGH
•HIGHMECHANICAL
MECHANICALPROPERTIES.
PROPERTIES. MAINLY OF α PHASE AND
THE GRAIN SIZE WAS UPTO
SOME
SOMEBIOCOMPATIBLE
BIOCOMPATIBLEELEMENTS LIKE-Ta,
ELEMENTSLIKE- Ta,Zr,
Zr,Nb,
Nb,Fe,
Fe,Cr
Cr 25 nm. THE PHASE CHANGE
HAVE
HAVEFOUND
FOUNDAPPLICATIONAS
APPLICATIONASTHETHEADDITIONS
ADDITIONSTO TO
Ti TEMPERATURE IS REDUCED
Ti-ALLOYS
-ALLOYSINSTEAD
INSTEADOF
OFVV&&AlAlRECENTLY
RECENTLY
CONSIDERED
CONSIDEREDAS
ASTOXIC
TOXICELEMENTS.
ELEMENTS. TO 740 C. BUT STILL α IS
Fig. 2. TEM bright, dark field (BF, DF) MORE
ITS micrographs and corresponding selected area
ITSWELL
WELLKNOWN
KNOWNTHATTHATTITANIUM
TITANIUMANDANDTANTALUM
TANTALUMARE
ARE diffraction pattern of
DIFFICULT
DIFFICULTTO
TOMELT
MELTEVEN
EVENINININERT
INERTATMOSPHERE,
ATMOSPHERE,DUE
DUETHEIR
THEIR Ti-10Ta (SADP) alloy after UHP sintering.
HIGH REACTIVITY AND DIFFERENT SPECIFIC WEIGHTS. THAT
HIGH REACTIVITY AND DIFFERENT SPECIFIC WEIGHTS. THAT THE Ti-10Nb CONSISTS OF α+ β
ISISWHY
WHYMECHANICAL
MECHANICALALLOYING
ALLOYINGISISELABORATED
ELABORATEDFOR
FOR PHASE WITH GRAIN SIZE UPTO
PRODUCTION
PRODUCTIONOFOFTHESE ALLOYS. .
THESEALLOYS 50 nm. IT REDUCES THE PHASE
CHANGE TEMPERATURE TO 700
C THUS α + β PHASE BOTH ARE
PRESENT DURING SINTERING.
Fig.3. TEM bright, dark field (BF, DF)
micrographs and corresponding selected
area diffraction pattern (SADP)C of Ti-10Nb
EXPERIMENT
EXPERIMENT alloy after UHP sintering.
Ti-10Ta-10Nb β PHASE
POWDERS OF TITANIUM (OF 110 ΜM
POWDERS OF TITANIUM (OF 110 ΜM SIZE AND SIZE AND BECOMES MORE DOMINATING
PURITY
PURITY>99.9%),
>99.9%),TANTALUM
TANTALUM(OF (OF150
150ΜMΜMSIZE
SIZE WITH GRAIN SIZE INCREASED
AND
ANDPURITY99.98%)
PURITY99.98%)ANDANDNIOBIUM
NIOBIUM(OF (OF100
100ΜM
ΜM UPTO 90 nm THIS HAPPENS
SIZE
SIZEAND
ANDOFOFPURITY>
PURITY>99.8%)
99.8%)WERE
WEREUSEDUSEDASAS BECAUSE PHASE CHANGE
STARTING
STARTINGMATERIALS.
MATERIALS.THE THEPOWDERS
POWDERSWERE WERE Fig. 4. TEM bright, dark field (BF, DF) micrographs TEMPERATURE IS FURTHUR
INITIALLY BLENDED TO THE
INITIALLY BLENDED TO THE DESIRED DESIRED and corresponding selected area diffraction pattern LOWERED THUS β IS FORMED
COMPOSITIONS
COMPOSITIONSOF OFTI-10TA,
TI-10TA,TI-10NB
TI-10NBANDANDTI-10TA-
TI-10TA- (SADP) of Ti-10Ta-10Nb alloy after UHP sintering. MORE EASILY
10NB
10NB(IN
(INAT.%)
AT.%)UNDER
UNDERARGONARGONATMOSPHERE
ATMOSPHEREIN IN CONCLUSION
AAGLOVE-BOX CONCLUSION
GLOVE-BOXAND ANDSUBJECTED
SUBJECTEDTO TOBALL
BALLMILLING
MILLING 1.1.The
Theultra
ultrahigh
highpressure
pressureconsolidation
consolidationledledtotoaadifferent
differentstructure
structureofofalloys
alloys
FOR
FORUPUPTO
TO8080HRS
HRSININAAHIGH
HIGHENERGY
ENERGY depending on the chemical composition of the sintered alloy. In the Ti-10Ta
PLANETARY MILL (FRITSCH PULVERISETTE P5/4) depending on the chemical composition of the sintered alloy. In the Ti-10Ta
PLANETARY MILL (FRITSCH PULVERISETTE P5/4) alloy
alloytwo-phase
two-phaseα+β α+βstructure
structureexisted
existedwith
withthetheααphase
phaseasasaadominating
dominatingone,one,inin
AND
ANDTHEN
THENSINTERED
SINTEREDAT AT650650°C
°CUNDER
UNDERULTRA
ULTRA the
HIGH theTi-10Nb
Ti-10Nballoy
alloythethetwo-phase
two-phaseα+βα+βstructure
structurewas wasalso
alsoobserved
observedbut
butwith
withaa
HIGHPRESSURE
PRESSUREOF OF44GPGPUSING
USINGTHE THEBRIDGMAN
BRIDGMAN slightly
slightlylarger
largerfraction
fractionofofthe
theββphase
phaseand
andthetheTi-10Ta-10Nb
Ti-10Ta-10Nballoy
alloyconsisted
consisted
METHOD.
METHOD. mainly
mainlyofofthe
theααphase
phasewith
withaaminor
minorcontent
contentofofthetheααphase.
phase.
2.2.The
Thegrain
grainsize
sizeofofalloys
alloysafter
afterUHP
UHPsintering
sinteringchanged
changedfrom
from2525up
uptoto90
90nm
nm
IN a AND b THE with
RELATIVELY LOWER withan anincrease
increaseofofcontent
contentofofthe
theelements
elementsstabilizing
stabilizingthe
theββphase
phaseininthe
thealloy.
alloy.
The
Thenucleation
nucleationand
andgrowth
growthofofthe
theββphase
phaseduring
duringsintering
sinteringwere
weremajor
major
PEAK OF INTENSITY factors,which
AND BROADENED factors,whichcontrolled
controlledthethefinal
finalstructure
structureofofthe
thesintered
sinteredalloy.
alloy.
SHAPE SHOWS NANO ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
CRYSTALLINE NATURE
THE PAPER WAS BASED ON THE RESEARCH PAPERS OF JAN DUTKIEWICZ, WOJCIECH, AND LUCYNA
OF THE SAMPLE JAWORSKA. THE CLASS LECTURES OF BNS SIR AND MUKKOPADHYAY SIR ALLOWED US TO UNDERSTAND THE
Fig. 1. X-ray diffraction patterns alloys after UHP sinterining THERMODYNAMICS AND X RAY DIFFRACTION PATTERNS RESPECTIVELY OF THE EXPERIMENT STUDIED.
(a) Ti-10Ta, (b)Ti-10Nb