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    Biology Edexcel A2 Unit 5 Notes

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    Abigail Falola
    This document summarizes key components of the musculoskeletal and respiratory systems: 1. It describes tendons as inelastic connectors between muscle and bone that do not stretch, ligaments as elastic connectors between bones that allow movement, and cartilage as a flexible and shock-absorbing tissue found at joints. 2. It outlines the four main stages of cellular respiration: glycolysis, the link reaction, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. 3. It provides an overview of the processes that occur during each stage, including the production of ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation.

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    Biology Edexcel A2 Unit 5 Notes

    Uploaded by

    Abigail Falola
    5K views2 pages
    This document summarizes key components of the musculoskeletal and respiratory systems: 1. It describes tendons as inelastic connectors between muscle and bone that do not stretch, ligaments as elastic connectors between bones that allow movement, and cartilage as a flexible and shock-absorbing tissue found at joints. 2. It outlines the four main stages of cellular respiration: glycolysis, the link reaction, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. 3. It provides an overview of the processes that occur during each stage, including the production of ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation.

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    Biology Edexcel A2 Unit 5 notes

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    This document summarizes key components of the musculoskeletal and respiratory systems: 1. It describes tendons as inelastic connectors between muscle and bone that do not stretch, ligaments as elastic connectors between bones that allow movement, and cartilage as a flexible and shock-absorbing tissue found at joints. 2. It outlines the four main stages of cellular respiration: glycolysis, the link reaction, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. 3. It provides an overview of the processes that occur during each stage, including the production of ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    5K views2 pages

    Biology Edexcel A2 Unit 5 Notes

    Uploaded by

    Abigail Falola
    This document summarizes key components of the musculoskeletal and respiratory systems: 1. It describes tendons as inelastic connectors between muscle and bone that do not stretch, ligaments as elastic connectors between bones that allow movement, and cartilage as a flexible and shock-absorbing tissue found at joints. 2. It outlines the four main stages of cellular respiration: glycolysis, the link reaction, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. 3. It provides an overview of the processes that occur during each stage, including the production of ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation.

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    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 2

    Topic 7 & 8

    05 March 2011
    13:40 Allows the cartilage to
    absorb shock and not
    break but also to allow
    BONE
    movement of the bone
    TENDON by being flexible
    The tendon does - Strong
    not stretch meaning - Inelastic
    that the muscle - Muscle to the bone
    CARTILAGE
    works on the bone
    - Hard
    and not on
    - Flexible
    stretching the
    tendon.

    LIGAMENTS SYNOVIAL FLUID


    The ligaments - Elastic - Lubricant
    stretch to allow the - Bone to bone - Absorbs shock
    bone to move and
    keep the bones in
    place SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE

    Muscle movement

    Muscle move in ANTAGONISTIC pairs around joints because muscles are only able to contract
    and pull on a bone.
    The muscle that CONTRACTS to cause the EXTENSION of the muscle is called the EXSTENSOR
    muscle
    The corresponding muscle is called the FLEXOR muscle

    Respiration

    THERE ARE 4 STAGES:


    - Glycolysis
    - The Link Reaction
    - The Krebs Cycle
    - The Electron Transport Chain

    GLYCOLYSIS
    The splitting of glucose

    Glucose (6-Carbon)

    The glucose is phosphorylated to make it


    2 x ATP more reactive as glucose is highly
    unreactive

    2x ADP

    2 x 3 Carbon Intermediate Compound


    GYLCOLYSIS
    This ATP is formed by substrate
    level phosphorylation this is
    2 x NAD 4 x ADP + Pi because glucose is at a higher
    energy level than it's substrate.
    The energy given off allows ATP
    to form
    2 x Reduced NAD 4 x ATP

    Unit 5 Page 1
    to form
    2 x Reduced NAD 4 x ATP

    2 x Pyruvate (3-Carbon)

    NAD

    The LINK REACTION When hydrogen is releases it is


    taken up by the co-enzyme NAD
    CO2 Reduced NAD which is then carried by the
    electron transport chain

    2 x Acetyl Co-enzyme A (2-Carbon)

    The removal of CO2 is decarboxylation


    6 carbon compound

    4C compound CO2
    FAD
    The KREBS CYCLE NAD 2 x NAD
    The NAD is formed when the
    2 x Reduced NAD compound is dehydrogenated and the
    Reduced FAD 5C 2 x Reduced NAD NAD accepts the H atom or ion
    CO2 compound

    ATP

    ATP is formed by
    oxidative
    phosphorylation

    The Electron Transport Chain

    1. Reduced NAD/FAD carry H atoms to transport chain on the inner


    mitochondrial membrane
    2. The H+ and electron is released, the e- is accepted by the electron carrier
    molecule and passed in a series of redox reactions
    3. The H+ ions move across the membrane creating a high concentration of
    H+ ions. The energy is provided from the redox reactions
    4. The H+ ions diffuse down the electrochemical gradient
    5. This stimulates the activation of the ATPase enzyme to catalyse the
    production of ATP

    Unit 5 Page 2

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