Unit 1: Internetworking Overview

Lesson 1-4: Structured Cabling Systems

At a Glance
This lesson describes both physical and logical organization of networks.
Topologies described include bus, ring, star, and hybrid. This unit also
covers TIA/EIA 568 structured cabling standards, which govern the
installation of local area networks. In order to design, install,
troubleshoot, and maintain networks, administrators must have a solid
understanding of these topologies and cabling standards.

What You Will Learn

After completing this lesson, you will be able to:
• Identify and describe the elements that are recommended for
structured cabling networks.
• Diagram bus, star, ring, and hybrid topologies.
• Compare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages of bus, star,
ring, and hybrid topologies.
• Select the appropriate topology for a particular set of network
requirements.
• Create a questionnaire for an administrator to use when planning or
expanding a network.
• Select and estimate the cost of cabling for a given network.

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Tech Talk
• Active HubType of hub that monitors, amplifies, and regenerates
signals. Signals are strengthened in active hubs. The opposite of a
passive hub.
• AttenuationThe weakening of a signal as it travels over connection
media; also referred to as signal degradation.
• Bus TopologyNetwork topology where computer devices are
connected in a row to a continuous length of cable segment. Each end
of the cable segment must be terminated by means of a terminating
resistor.
• Logical TopologyLogical topology describes the actual path of data
signals through a network. It does not refer to the physical layout of
the network.
• Passive HubType of hub that does not take an active role in
maintaining, processing, or regenerating signals. A passive hub serves
only as a physical connection point for computer devices. The opposite
of active hub.
• Patch Panel Connection point located in a secure closet and used to
terminate the horizontal and vertical cables.
• Physical TopologyThe attributes and physical setup, not logical
topology, of a network. Physical topology describes the physical
connections and arrangement of the internetworking devices.
• RedundancyNetworking redundancy refers to the additional
equipment or measures taken to ensure continuous operation of a
network. One example is having an extra server available in case one
goes down.
• Ring TopologyClosed network with no beginning or end point.
Computer devices are all connected to one main cable segment in a
continuous fashion. Termination devices are not necessary. All
computers have equal access to the network.
• Star TopologyTopology that uses point-to-point wiring. There is a
central hub, which receives and transmits signals over the network.
Each computer device is connected to a hub, not directly to the other
computers.
• TerminatorDevice connected at the end of each wire segment in bus
networks. Terminators absorb transmission signals, which prevent
them from bouncing back and causing interference.

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Elements of Structured Cabling Systems

When computer networks were first designed, future expansion and/or
upgrading needs were not anticipated. Original networks were small,
often as few as two or three computers and a printer connected together in
the same office. Existing equipment was cabled together in a somewhat
haphazard manner and networks that went beyond single-site locations
were neither envisioned nor planned for. There was no need for cabling
and networking standards.
As networks grew, and became common, it became apparent to vendors
that standards needed to be implemented to provide interoperability.
Initial structured cabling standards were vendor specific, for example,
Token Ring networks by IBM and Ethernet networks by Digital
Equipment Corporation. These standards were adequate at that time
since networks still did not extend beyond single-site office locations and it
was common to have equipment from only one vendor.
As networks expanded to include several offices and buildings,
corporations became more dependent upon networking to conduct everyday
business transactions. This created interoperability issues; one location
may have IBM equipment, another Compaq, and so on. The inability to
network with other locations became an economic issue. Also, vendor
specific standards made worldwide internetworking nearly impossible.
The need for permanent, interoperable, industry-wide structured cabling
standards become necessary for a global economy.
In the early 90s, the Telecommunications Industry Association/Electronic
Industries Association (TIA/EIA) developed industry-wide,
internetworking, structured cabling standards. The TIA/EIA 568-
standard, which you learned about in the Cabling lesson, attempts to make
the installation of computer networks as efficient and consistent as the
installation of telephone systems. The 568 standard breaks down the
installation of wiring within a building into manageable pieces and governs
wiring specifications for 10BASE-T, 100BASE-TX, 100BASE-T4, 100VG-
AnyLAN, LocalTalk, Token Ring 4 and 16 Mb/s, and FDDI.
When designing or expanding networks, system administrators use current
TIA/EIA 568 cabling specifications as a guide. This helps ensure both
backward and forward compatibility for networks. Backward/forward
compatibility means that new equipment functions with already existing
networking devices and also takes into account future expansion
requirements.

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Structured cabling specification 568 makes recommendations for the

following basic elements of networks:
• Building Entrance RequirementsSpecifications for the point at
which outside cabling enters a building.
• Equipment RoomStorage area for the more expensive, complex
equipment, often the existing telecommunications closets.
• Backbone CablingCabling (often referred to as vertical) that
carries the signals from equipment room to equipment room, between
floors, and to and from the building entrance connections.
• Horizontal CablingTransmission media that carries signals from a
same floor equipment room to the various work areas.
• Work AreaAny area where the computer workstations, printers, etc.
are located, typically office space.

Building Entrance Requirements

The building entrance requirements are simply the specifications for the
point at which the cabling enters a building. The specifications include
recommendations for the type of connecting and surge protection devices.
The standard also specifies the placement of the cabling used to connect
the inside wiring to other buildings.

Equipment Room

The equipment room is typically the existing telecommunications closet. It

can be any secure storage area where the communications racks, cables,
and other more expensive hardware devices, such as patch panels, hubs,
switches, and routers are located.
A locked equipment room helps prevent the theft of equipment and data
security and also helps prevent accidental damage from untrained
individuals.
The TIA/EIA 568 standards recommend that the equipment room be
located in the middle of the office space, if possible. In this way, the cables
that run from the equipment room to the work areas can be approximately
the same lengths, and at the same time adhere to the maximum length
standards. This helps ensure reliable transmission of data.

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Backbone Cabling

Backbone cabling is the wiring that runs vertically between floors and/or
between equipment rooms. Backbone cabling provides the
interconnections between equipment rooms and the building entrance site,
including cross-connects, patch cords, and terminators. Backbone cabling
can also extend between buildings.
When planning a network it is a good idea to double or even triple the
length of backbone cable that is needed for installation. This provides for
expansion and the ability to run redundant connections.

Backbone Cabling Connects Equipment Rooms

Backbone
Cable
Backbon
Limit Depends on
Cable Type
Cable
e

Patch Cable
6 Meter Limit

The wiring used for backbone cabling may be either copper or fiber optic.
Recommended backbone cable maximum distance limitations include:
• Voice grade 100 ohm UTP 800 meter limitation
• STP data grade 150 ohm 90 meter limitation
• Multimode 62.5/125µm fiber 2,000 meter limitation
• Patch cable 3 - 6 meter limitation

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When using copper wire for backbone cabling, avoid sources of high level
electromagnetic or radio frequency interference (EMI/RFI). Fiber optic
cable, although more expensive, has distinct advantages over copper since
it can be run in locations such as elevator shafts or alongside power lines
with no EMI/RFI affects. Since backbone cabling is stationary and there is
less of it used, spending more money per unit length for high-speed
backbone fiber optic cable is often the best choice. Recently, the price of
fiber optic cable was reduced making this the current backbone cable of
choice.

Horizontal Cabling

Horizontal cable is the physical media that runs from the wall jack at the
workstation outlet to the termination in the equipment room. It also
includes the cable run from the wall outlet to the workstation, and the
cable in equipment closets that connects hubs, switches, and so on. These
short pieces of cable are called patch cords or patch cable. There is a 3-
meter limit from the wall jack to the workstation and a 6-meter limit
between equipment in the telecommunications closet.

Horizontal Cabling

Horizontal
Horizonta
Cable
lCable
90 Meter Limit

Patch Cable
3 Meter Limit

Patch
Cables
Most often, horizontal cable is routed directly from the wiring closet to the
workstation, without splices, cable junctures, or taps. By eliminating
splices, cable junctures and/or taps, the potential for faulty connections
and electrical noise is reduced. Although not necessary, it is recommended
that horizontal cabling be rated for category 5 use.

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Maximum transmission speeds for horizontal cable are:

• Category 3 up to 16 MHz
• Category 4 up to 20 MHz
• Category 5 up to 100 MHz
Maximum recommended distance limitation for horizontal cable:
• 100 meters total
• Maximum of 3 meters from wall jack to workstation
• Maximum of 6 meters in the telecommunications closet
• Maximum of 90 meters from telecommunications closet to wall jack
Cable lengths from the computer workstation running to the hub in the
equipment room may not exceed 100 meters, including the patch cable.
The distance from the closet to the workstation should not exceed 90
meters. This leaves only 10 meters. It is strongly recommended that less
than 3 meters be used for workstation-to-wall-outlet patch cable and less
than 6 meters for patch cable in the wiring closet. The wall jack outlet
must have a minimum of two ports, one for voice grade transmissions and
one for data grade transmissions. Recommended horizontal cabling
includes:
• 4-pair 100 ohm UTP
• 2-pair 150 ohm STP
• 2 fiber 62.5/125µm optical
When installing horizontal cable, it is important to avoid any sources of
electromagnetic interference (EMI), such as elevator motors, portable
heaters, electrical wiring, air conditioning, metal beams, and walls.
Horizontal cable may be run under carpets, along ceiling tiles, over beams
or frames, through wiring trays, through firewalls, or even as conduit back
to the wiring closet. Cable lengths should be tested after installation and
before equipment is attached.
Fiber optic cable is not subject to the same distance limitations, nor is it
subject to EMI/RFI, however it is fragile and expensive and should only be
installed by qualified technicians.

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Work Area

The work area components include the computers, telephones, patch

cables, adapters, and so on. Workstations are connected to the wall outlet
by patch cables.
It is recommended that one wall jack be for category 5 wiring, and a second
jack for UTP category 5, STP cable, or fiber optic cable. A network planned
for future expansion often has six outlets. It is specified that category 5
cable be terminated with an 8-pin, RJ-45 wall jack; STP to a 4-position
shielded token ring connector, and, fiber optic to a SCFOC/2.5 duplex
connector. We will discuss these connectors later in the course.

Check Your Understanding

♦ Why are industry-wide, interoperable internetworking standards

for cables important?

♦ List the elements of the TIA/EIA 568 structured cabling

specification recommendations.

♦ What are building entrance requirements?

♦ Describe an equipment room/wiring closet.

♦ Fiber optic cabling is more expensive and more difficult to install

than copper cabling. Why might a network administrator choose
fiber optic cabling for backbone wiring?

♦ Name several sources of EMI.

♦ Wiring that runs from the equipment closet to the individual

workstations is called what?

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♦ Wiring that runs from the equipment closet on one floor to the
equipment closet on other floors and to the building entrance point
is called what?

♦ What is a work area? What are the recommendations for maximum

cable lengths and wall jack outlets.

Network Topologies
Networking “physical” topology is simply where the workstations and cable
are physically placed. The “logical” topology is not where the devices are
physically positioned, it is the actual path the data signal takes when
transmitted. You can see where workstations are located, but you cannot
see the route taken by the data. When planning a reliable network,
administrators must consider several factors p rior to selecting the physical
and logical topology. Such factors include, ease of maintenance and
management, cost, traffic, security, reliability, and redundancy. There are
several topology choices, including bus, ring, star, and hybrid topology.

Bus Topology

When computers were first networked together, they were simply

connected to one cable segment in a series. This physical setup is called
bus topology. In bus topology, data signals travel the entire length of the
cable from device to device. Each end of the cable is terminated, thus
preventing signal bounce back. Data signals are transmitted to the entire
network and devices can send data at any time. Small networks do well
with this topology, but problems increase significantly when the network
becomes too large.

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Bus Topology

Termi
nator
Terminator

Bus topology advantages:

• Inexpensive to maintain
• Requires less cable
• Does not require extensive training
• Good choice for small networks
Bus topology disadvantages:
• Difficult to isolate malfunctions because of series connections
• When one device fails, all devices fail
• Heavy traffic causes considerable slowdowns and network crashes
Bus topology requires less cable than other topologies since it is a
continuous series and not a point-to-point network. This keeps the costs
down. Extending bus topology is accomplished by joining two cable
segments with a connector or by adding repeaters. This can create
transmission delays and errors. Technically speaking, bus networks are
easy to use and understand and do not require extensive training. As
networks grow, the excess traffic can slow the network or cause it to crash.
All of these factors made it an excellent topology choice for small workplace
and home networks in the prelimary stages of networking.

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Bus Topology Extended with Repeater

Terminator
with ground Transceiver
cable

Repeater

Transceiver

Troubleshooting bus topology is complicated because it is difficult to isolate

problems. When one device malfunctions, that device can cause an entire
network to fail. Expansion also creates problems. When making
modifications to the network, the entire network must be disabled. Bus
topology can make maintenance and troubleshooting challenging because it
is difficult to isolate problems. This, in effect, cancels the inexpensive
advantage. Although the easiest and least expensive, bus topology is not
practical in large, multi-room, multi-floor, multi-building installations
where frequent interruptions in service might be necessary and could
cause considerable problems.
Of the various topology schemes, it uses the least amount of cable, because
it is a continuous and not a point-to-point topology. If you are looking for a
small inexpensive, easy to understand network, bus topology may be the
answer.

Ring Topology

Like bus topology, all computer devices are connected to the same cable
segment. However, it is one continuous connection with no beginning or
end point. Termination is not required. The signal flows in only one
direction in ring topology and each device in the ring receives the signal
and examines it. If the transmission is not intended for that device, the
signal is regenerated and passed on to the next device in the ring.
Ring topology advantages:
• Provides equal access for all devices on the ring
• Easier to manage and maintain than bus topology
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• Very reliable
• Handles high volume traffic well
Ring topology disadvantages:
• Difficult to isolate malfunctions
• Expansion of network disrupts services for all
Each device has equal access to the network and is guaranteed access
at regular intervals. This is important in a business where regular
movement of data is essential, such as checks or other banking
transactions.
Ring Topology

B
Da
ta
ta
Da

A Cable C
Hub

Da ta
ta Da
D

In ring topology, a token travels from computer to computer until it

reaches a node waiting to transmit data. The data then attaches to the
token and is delivered to the receiving device. The token then continues
around the ring looking for another device waiting to send data.
Ring topology is easier to manage and maintain than bus topology, is more
reliable than a bus, and it handles traffic well. On the negative side, it
does require more cabling than a bus, especially if the computer devices
are far apart. Expansion of a ring network disrupts data transmission for
all.
If your network has high traffic, and you are looking for a reliable network
where each workstation has equal access, ring topology may be the answer.
Token Ring and Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) networks use
token passing ring topologies.
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Star Topology

Star topology is a point-to-point architectural design where all computer

devices are connected to a central hub, through which all data signals must
travel. There are both active and passive hubs. Passive hubs send data
without amplification; active hubs amplify data signals.

Star Topology

A
Data
C
Hub
Da
ta

Star topology advantages:

• Easy to install and upgrade
• Easier to manage and maintain that bus and ring topologies
• Central hub makes troubleshooting easy
Star topology disadvantages:
• Hub failure causes entire network to go down
• More expensive for cabling
In star networks, the logical transmittal of data is similar to bus topology
but only one computer can transmit data at a time. The physical
topologies are quite different. The physical hub of the star acts to logically
connect all devices as if to a single cable segment. Star is the easiest
topology to install, upgrade, and manage.

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Computer devices are attached directly to central hubs via patch cable.
Each patch cable connects to a port on the hub. Small hubs usually have 4,
8, or 16 ports. Larger hubs may have up to 512 ports. Cabling is more
expensive than for other topologies since each device must be connected
directly to the hub
When a device on a star topology network fails, it does not disrupt the
other computer devices. Similarly, if you add a new device, service to other
nodes continues uninterrupted. However, if the hub fails, the entire
network goes down. 10BASE-T is one of the most popular star topology
networks.

Hybrid Network Topology

Hybrid topology is any combination of bus, star, and ring topology, for
example, a star-bus configuration. With a star-bus network, several hubs
can be connected on a bus segment to several star topology segments.

Hybrid Topology

Token
Internet Ring

Router

10BaseT
LAN

10BaseT
LAN

Switch

More often than not, hybrid topology is commonplace in large networks

because it is allows combining subnetworks, each employing the least
expensive, most efficient topology.

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Check Your Understanding

♦ List several factors an administrator must consider when planning

a network.

♦ Why must cable segments on a bus network be terminated?

♦ What are some advantages of bus topology?

♦ What is one major disadvantage of star topology?

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Try It Out
Network Topologies
In the connectivity lesson, you diagramed all the devices and workstations
connected to your network. When administrators design network
topologies, they often use software applications to illustrate the topology.
Using a computer, generate designs for four different network topologies,
bus, ring, star, and hybrid topologies. Print out your networks and save in
your portfolio.

Materials Needed

• Word processing application (e.g., MS Word)

• Network diagram from Lesson 2
• Actual network design from your instructor
Open a word processing application. Directions shown here are for
Microsoft Word 6.0. (If you use another word processing application, check
with your instructor for vendor specific directions.)
1. In the toolbar, click View. Scroll down to Toolbars and check Drawing.

2. The following drawing toolbar will appear on the screen.

3. Diagram and label a bus topology with at least five nodes.

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4. Highlight the Text box on the Drawing toolbar.

5. Move the pointer to where you want to draw a box, which will represent
the computers. The pointer changes to a crosshair. Hold down the left
mouse button and drag to create the box. For each computer device in
your diagram, draw a textbox.
6. To move the textbox, bring the pointer to the edge of the box until it
changes to a cross with arrows. Hold down the Shift key and move the
box so it is where you want to place the computer.
7. You can size the text box by bringing the pointer to the edge or corner
of the box until the pointer turns to a two-sided arrow. Hold down the
left mouse button and size your text box.
8. Highlight the Line button on the Drawing toolbar.

9. Draw in lines to connect the computer devices. Use the lines to create a
bus topology. Label the diagram Bus Topology.
10. Print your bus topology diagram and place it in your portfolio.
11. Create three more diagrams. One for star, one for ring, and one for a
hybrid topology. Put them in your portfolio.
12. Contact your school’s network administrator and ask what type of
network topology the school uses.
13. Which type of topology does your school network use?
14. Using the hand drawn diagram you created for the connectivity lesson,
and the information you received from the school network
administrator, create a computer diagram of how your school may be
wired.
15. Obtain the actual topology documentation for your school’s network
from your teacher.
16. Re-create the diagram to accurately reflect your school’s topology.

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Rubric: Suggested Evaluation Criteria and Weightings

Criteria % Your Score

Active engagement 15
Accurate computer diagram of a bus, star, ring, 60
and hybrid topology.
Labeled diagrams placed in portfolio 10
Diagram of your school’s network topology 15
TOTAL 100

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Stretch Yourself
Star Network
In this lesson, you learned the different types of wiring topology for
networks. You have to be connected to the network in order to transmit
data. In the connectivity lesson, you installed a NIC. In this activity, you
will design a star and bus network topology and experience what happens
when a network connection is broken.

Materials Needed

• Cables
• Networking equipment, e.g. a hub and several computers
• Computer file enabled for sharing

Star Network

Work in groups of four and set up a star network.

1. Verify that all four nodes are securely connected to the hub in a star
format.
2. Check the NIC connection on each workstation to be sure there is a
secure connection. Have your instructor check your star network.
3. Use one of the nodes as a server and the other three nodes as clients.
Your instructor will tell you which computer will serve as the server
and which will be the clients.
4. Clients should access a folder from the server. Make sure that you are
able to access and use the shared folder as specified by your instructor.
5. Leave the folder open and remove the NIC connection from the server.

♦ Record in the space below what happens.

Answer: The connection will fail.

♦ Explain why this happened. Are the other devices able to stay
connected? Why?

Answer: The computers are not longer connected together.

6. Reconnect the computer to the network.

♦ Are you still connected to the shared file?

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Rubric: Suggested Evaluation Criteria and Weightings

Criteria % Your Score

Participation and teamwork 15
Detailed notes of what happened when 25
disconnected from the network
Thoughtful analysis and comparison of bus and 30
star networks
Understanding of the OSI model and its 30
relationship to this network activity
TOTAL 100

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Network Wizards

Network Design

Materials Needed

• Spreadsheet application
• Drawing application
• Cable cost analysis prepared for Stretch Yourself, Lesson 3
Work with a partner to create a list of questions you should ask a client
who has hired you to build a network. The client wants to know which
type of cable you plan to use and why, how much the cable will cost, and
why you selected the particular topology. The client also wants you to
submit a proposal that defends your choice of cabling and network design.
After you create your questionnaire, role-play with your partner. One of
you will assume the role of client, and the other the role of the network
designer. The client will answer all the questions for a fictitious company
of his/her choice. The network designer will record all of the answers.
When the questionnaire is complete, you will both analyze the
requirements and determine the appropriate topology. Create a computer
diagram of the proposed network for the client. Prepare a spreadsheet that
shows a cost analysis of the cable needed to complete the job. The cost
analysis should include the type of cable, length of cable, cost of each type
of cable, and the total cable cost. Use the cost information you gathered in
the cabling lesson.
Submit a proposal to the client indicating the suggested network topology.
Include a summary to convince the client that this is the best, most cost
efficient design for her/his needs. Your proposal must also defend your
cable choices. Attach the computer diagram and cable cost analysis
spreadsheet to your proposal.

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Rubric: Suggested Evaluation Criteria and Weightings

Criteria % Your Score

On time delivery of client proposal 10
Computer diagram of proposed network 10
Completeness of questionnaire 20
Accurate analysis of client needs 20
Accuracy and completeness of cable cost analysis 10
spreadsheet
Content and quality of client proposal 30
TOTAL 100

Summary
In this lesson, you learned the following:
• To identify and describe the elements that are recommended for
structured cabling networks.
• To diagram bus, star, ring, and hybrid topologies.
• To compare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages of bus,
star, ring, and hybrid topologies.
• To select the appropriate topology for a particular set of network
requirements.
• To create a questionnaire for an administrator to use when planning or
expanding a network.
• To select and estimate the cost of cabling for a given network.

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Review Questions Name___________________

Lesson 1-4: Structured Cabling Systems

Part A

1. When planning a network, an administrator must

a. Anticipate the potential for future growth.
b. Take an inventory of existing hardware and software.
c. Determine the needs of the organization.
d. Determine the best physical and logical topology.
e. All of the above.

2. Cabling that carries the signals from equipment room to equipment

room, between floors and the building entrance cabling.
a. Patch cable
b. Backbone cable
c. Horizontal cable
d. All of the above

3. What is the office space where computers are located called?

a. Work area
b. Equipment room
c. Building entrance
d. Horizontal cabling room
e. Backbone cabling room

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4. The cabling that carries the signals from the equipment room to the
various work areas.
a. Workstation cabling
b. Patch cabling
c. Horizontal cabling
d. Backbone cabling

5. Electromagnetic interference is not a problem for which cable?

a. Category 5 UTP
b. STP cable
c. Coaxial cable
d. Fiber optic cable

6. List five networking elements covered by the TIA/EIA 568 standards.

Part B

1. Diagram a bus network topology.

2. Diagram a star network topology.

3. Diagram a ring network topology.

Part C

1. List the advantages and disadvantages of bus network topology.

2. List the advantages and disadvantages of star topology.

3. List the advantages and disadvantages of ring topology.

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Part D

1. You have been asked to create a network for five computers. Low cost
is important and it is unlikely that the network will expand. Which
network topology would you recommend and why?

2. Which topology would you recommend for a network that will be

reconfigured frequently, must be very reliable, and is easy to
troubleshoot without bringing down the entire network? Why?

3. You are designing a network for an automobile factory. There are lots
of motors and fluorescent lights. Cost is not a factor. Each of the
workstations must have equal access to the network. Which topology
would you choose? Why?

4. Refer to question number 3. Which type of cable would you recommend

for this network? Why?

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Scoring

Rubric: Suggested Evaluation Criteria and Weightings

Criteria % Your Score

Part A: Identify and describe the elements that are 25
recommended for structured cabling networks
Part B: Diagram and explain bus, star, ring, and hybrid 25
topologies.
Part C: Compare and contrast the advantages and 25
disadvantages of bus, star, ring, and hybrid topologies.
Part D: Select the appropriate topology for a particular set of 25
network requirements
TOTAL 100
Try It Out Diagram and explain bus, star, ring, and hybrid 100
topologies.

Stretch Yourself 100

Network Wizards Questionnaire and estimate 100
FINAL TOTAL 400

References
Aschermann, Robert (1998). MCSE Networking Essentials for Dummies.
IDG Books Worldwide, Inc. Foster City, California.
Bert, Glen (1998). MCSE Networking Essentials: Next Generation
Training Second Edition. New Riders Publishing Indianapolis, Indiana.
Carol, J. T. & Love, R.D. (1995). Dedicated Token Ring. In The Token
Ring Consortium Report [Online]. University of New Hamphsire
InterOperability Labs. Available:
www.iol.unh.edu/consortiums/tokenring/MACs_n_PHYs/Fall95/Special_Feature.ht
ml. [1999, April 30].

Chellis, James; Perkins, Charles; & Strebe, Matthew (1997). MCSE

Networking Essentials Study Guide. Sybex Inc., Alameda, California.
Derfler, Jr., Frank J., & Freed, L. (1998). How Networks Work, Fourth
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 Lesson 1-4: Structured Cabling Systems

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