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Occasional Papers are written by the Staff of the Directorate-General for Economic and Financial
Affairs, or by experts working in association with them. The “Papers” are intended to increase
awareness of the technical work being done by the staff and cover a wide spectrum of subjects. Views
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KC-AH-11-077-EN-N
ISSN 1725.3209
ISBN 978-92-79-19328-6
doi: 10.2765/15740
© European Union, 2011

Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged.
European Commission
Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs
The Economic Adjustment Programme for Greece

Third Review - winter 2011
EUROPEAN ECONOMY Occasional Papers 77

OUTLINE OF THE REPORT
Executive summary 1
1. Introduction 4
2. Macroeconomic developments and outlook 6
3. Financial markets and financial sector developments 13
4. Programme implementation and policy discussions 17

4.1 Fiscal policy 17
4.1.1 Fiscal developments in 2010 17
4.1.2 Fiscal policy in 2011 19
4.1.3 Fiscal policy in 2012 and beyond 22
4.2 Structural fiscal reforms 26
4.2.1 Public administration 26
4.2.2 Pension and healthcare reforms 27
4.3 Fiscal financing and treasury management 29
4.4 Financial sector policies 31
4.5 Growth-enhancing structural reforms 32
4.5.1 Labour market reforms 32
4.5.2 Closed professions 34
4.5.3 Energy and transport 36
4.5.4 Investment, export and R & D promotion 37
4.5.5. Other reforms to improve business environment and
strengthen competition 38
4.5.6. Education 41
Annex 1 Assessment of compliance with required action for the

third review 42
Annex 2 Provision of data 65
Annex 3 Macroeconomic forecast 69
Annex 4 Financing needs and sources 75
Annex 5 Statement by the European Commission, the ECB and IMF on
the third review Mission to Greece 76
Annex 6 Updated programme documents 78
Letter of intent 78
Memorandum of Economic and Financial Policies 80
Memorandum of Understanding on Specific Economic
Policy Conditionality 93
Technical Memorandum of Understanding 124
LIST OF BOXES
1. Export growth drivers 10
2. State aid to financial institutions in the context of the financial crisis 15
3. From cash accounts to ESA95 accounts 20
4. Reforming the tax collection mechanism 27
5. Reforming the healthcare system: improving efficiency and
quality of health services 28
ii
6. Financing profile in a medium-term perspective 30
7. Labour market reforms 33
8. The reform of restricted professions 35
9. Reform priorities for Greece using the 'Lisbon' assessment framework
(LAF) methodology 38
10. The reform of the Hellenic Competition Commission 40
LIST OF TABLES
1. Disbursements under the economic adjustment programme 5
2. Contribution by the euro-area member states to disbursements to
Greece 5
3. Macroeconomic scenario: main features 9
4. Banking sector soundness indicators 15
5. Summary of compliance with conditionality for end-December 2010 17
6. Quantitative performance criteria and outcomes 18
7. Deficit accounting: from the deficit in one year to the next 23
LIST OF GRAPHS
1. Real GDP growth 6
2. Employment and unemployment rate 6
3. Nominal Unit Labour Cost 6
4. Exports and non-domestic industrial orders 7
5. HICP inflation developments and projections 7
6. HICP inflation main drivers developments 8
7. Current account and net external liabilities 9
8. Yield spreads 13
9. Bank deposits 14
10. Greek banks' borrowing from the ECB 14
11. Credit to private sector 14
12. Non-performing loans 14
13. Holding of Greek government debt 15
14. State primary payments 18
15. (Available) government primary balance 18
16. Public debt sustainability scenarios 26
17. T-bill auctions since May 2010 30
18. Maturing debt 30
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The report was prepared in the Directorate General Economic and Financial Affairs under the
direction of Servaas Deroose, Deputy Director-General.
Contributors:
Servaas Deroose, Uwe Böwer, Giuseppe Carone, Fotini Dionyssopoulou, Leila Fernández
Stembridge, Loukas Kaskarelis, Filip Keereman, Daniel Kosicki, Luis García Lombardero,
George Moschovis, João Nogueira Martins, Elena Pavlova, Alessandro Turrini, Milda
Valentinaitė, Peter Weiss and Ana Xavier, and Danila Malvolti. Christos Zavos was responsible
for the layout.
The report was prepared in liaison with the ECB.
Comments on the report would be gratefully received and should be sent, by mail or e-mail to:
João Nogueira Martins,

European Commission,
Unit ECFIN-F-3,
BU 1 01-140
B-1040 Brussels
e-mail: [email protected]
iv
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
A joint Commission/ECB/IMF mission met with the Greek authorities in Athens on 27 January–
11 February 2011. The mission assessed compliance with the terms and conditions of the Third
Review under the economic adjustment programme and updated conditionality for the next
reviews. Completion of the review will release the fourth tranche of financial assistance from
euro-area Member States to Greece (EUR 10.9 billion) according to the pooled-loan
agreement. Completion of the IMF review under the stand-by arrangement is expected to
release an additional EUR 4.1 billion.
The programme's objectives remain intact. The objectives of the adjustment programme are
to preserve financial stability and adequate liquidity in the banking sector, a front-loaded
reduction in fiscal deficit to restore public debt sustainability, and a change to a growth model
based on exports and investment, to ensure growth and jobs and the sustainability of the external
accounts. As this Compliance Report documents, these objectives remain intact. The
programme is broadly on track and has made further progress towards its objectives.
Going forward, there are major challenges. A number of important hurdles have emerged.
They include a tense financial situation, contagion from other peripheral economies, persistent
deficiencies in tax collection, some delays and capacity problems in delivering complex and far
reaching structural reforms. Delivering on programme targets will require much stronger resolve
to implement the agreed policies than in the past two quarters.
The main features of the macroeconomic scenario remain unchanged, but growth
composition needs reshaping. Economic activity contracted by 4.5 percent in 2010, broadly as
expected when the adjustment programme was designed in May 2010. However, available data
suggest that the downturn in domestic demand, mainly private consumption, was deeper than
expected, while exports and non-domestic orders were strong at the end of 2010. The inflexion
point of activity is estimated to sit in the last quarter of2010, while positive growth is expected
to be recorded in the second half of 2011. Underlying inflation, wage settlements and unit
labour costs are moderating, leading to improved competitiveness. The progressive rebalancing
of the economy, supportive external demand and growth-friendly reforms are expected to move
the economy back to its potential. Growth rates for 2012–14, which underlie the programme, are
prudent.
Most fiscal criteria for 2010 have been met. A severe contraction in payments towards the end
of the year offset large shortfalls in tax collection, thus resulting in the compliance with the
cash-based quantitative criteria. The ESA fiscal deficit – which has a wider coverage and refers
to underlying expenditure commitments rather than cash outflows – is estimated to have
exceeded its ceiling by 1½ percent of GDP, as already projected at the time of the previous
review in November. This slippage was in part due to the revision of historical statistics in
autumn.
Fiscal policy in 2011 aims to further reduce the deficit-to-GDP ratio to EUR 17 billion (7½
percent of GDP). However, there are significant negative risks: current projections indicate a
gap of ¾ of a percent of GDP, due to base effects, as tax revenues at the end of 2010 were
below previous estimates, and a downward revision for the yield of some fiscal measures. The
government is committed to offset this gap. It will specify permanent fiscal measures once it
1
European Commission
The economic adjustment programme for Greece
finalises its medium-term fiscal strategy in end-March (adoption in early May). In the interim,
to ensure to ensure compliance with the fiscal targets, it will compress expenditure – the same
strategy of last year, which showed increased strains through the year as arrears built up.
The government is preparing its medium-term fiscal strategy. The medium-term strategy
document will set annual spending ceilings for individual line ministries and fiscal balance
targets for all general government entities. Greece is still swimming against the recession and
the tide of increasing interest payments. As a result, to bring the deficit below 3 percent of GDP
in 2014, some 8 percent of GDP in permanent measures will be needed over the period 2012-14,
of which 2 percent has already been identified in the May 2010 programme. This additional
fiscal consolidation effort will require structural reforms in several key areas, tackling the root
causes of Greece’s fiscal imbalances. These reforms will need to cover public enterprises,
healthcare, tax policy, public employment, extrabudgetary funds, investment and military
spending.
The foreseen very ambitious privatisation and real estate development programme will be
of great support to the fiscal consolidation efforts. The government has committed to
considerably scale up its privatisation and real estate development programme, and the objective
is to realise EUR 50 billion in privatisation proceeds from now to 2015. This has the potential of
cutting the debt ratio by more than twenty percentage points of GDP over the next five years.
Furthermore, the privatisation programme is likely to increase economic efficiency and support
higher investment and exports. The government’s commitment to this process, including
determination to tackle privileges and vested interests, will be critical. If successful, this new
initiative has the potential of substantially improving the market sentiment vis-à-vis Greece.
Following a slowdown in momentum in autumn, a wave of structural reforms is now

underway. After some important reforms adopted before the summer 2010, including a
landmark pension reform and a first leg of labour reforms, structural reform efforts lost traction,
and there have been delays compared to earlier policy commitments. A law to further liberalise
the labour market was adopted at the end of the year, with a reform of collective bargaining and
other associated measures. However, its ambition was below expectations, though time is
necessary to assess its effectiveness. Several other reforms are being prepared. The removal of
unnecessary hurdles to the entry and exercise of professions is a flagship reform of the whole
adjustment programme; its implementation requires political determination against incumbents.
The reform of the national healthcare system aims at reducing costs without endangering the
quality of care. A number of business environment-related measures, such as a new investment
law, a new competition law and new rules on licensing have been adopted or are approaching
parliamentary proceedings. Irrespective of the urgency in adopting these reforms, it is critical to
ensure the quality and ambition of legislation, as well as determined and effective
implementation.
The programme has been effective in safeguarding financial sector stability. However, tight
liquidity and rising non-performing loans are putting strains on the banking system. In line with
the slowdown of economic activity and continuing deposit outflow, the annual growth rate of
credit to private sector has recently turned negative. Encouragingly, some private banks have
recently enjoyed some success in raising capital, but efforts need to be further intensified.
Several initiatives are under way. Firstly, the government will adopt a new tranche of
government guarantees in an amount of EUR 30 billion. Secondly, the Bank of Greece has
asked banks to devise and implement medium-term funding plans. The plans will aim at
reducing banks’ reliance on Eurosystem refinancing operations and state guarantees over a
2
medium-term horizon, at a pace consistent with the program’s macroeconomic and fiscal
framework. Finally, the restructuring of state banks is moving forward whilst the authorities
encourage private banks to raise capital and restructure as needed. It is essential that the
government address without delay the stability and efficiency of the banks under its control.
There is an intense debate on debt management operations to reduce the stock of

sovereign debt. These operations could cover buy-backs, the roll-over of debt or the voluntary
extension of maturities. Irrespective of the merit of those actions – which this report does not
discuss – they would only provide a modest and one-off contribution to debt sustainability in
Greece. Therefore, this debate and those actions, if implemented, must not reduce the political
determination to, or distract the public opinion from, fiscal consolidation, privatisation and
growth-enhancing structural reforms.
———————
Subject to approval by the Eurogroup, the positive assessment of compliance with

programme conditionality will release the fourth tranche of the loan from euro-area
Member States (EUR 10.9 billion). Overall, the mission concluded that the conditions for the
fourth disbursement were broadly met. The fiscal target for 2011 is within the interval of
credible outcomes, and a wave of structural reforms is being prepared. The swift elaboration and
approval of a medium-term fiscal strategy is imperative. There is no guarantee of success. More
than ever, the next steps in the implementation of the programme will require the government's
determination, political coordination and the consensus of the Greek society.
3
1. INTRODUCTION
1. This report assesses compliance with the conditions of the third review of the Greek economic
adjustment programme. The assessment is based on the Greek government's quarterly progress
report and the findings of the joint Commission/ECB/IMF review mission to Athens (27 January-11
February 2011). The mission assessed compliance with conditionality associated to the fourth
disbursement and progress towards the key programme objectives of safeguarding the stability of the
financial system, securing fiscal sustainability, and boosting competitiveness, potential growth and
jobs. The mission discussed policy challenges and updated conditionality requirements for the next
quarters. Updated memoranda were agreed with the authorities on 11 February 2011 and are attached
to this Compliance Report. *
2. In May 2010, the euro-area Member States and the IMF provided financial support to Greece
in the context of a sharp deterioration of its financing conditions. On 2 May 2010, the Eurogroup
agreed to provide bilateral loans pooled by the European Commission for a total amount of EUR 80
billion to be disbursed over the period May 2010-June 2013. The financial assistance provided by
euro-area Member States is part of a joint package, with the IMF financing additional EUR 30 billion
under a stand-by arrangement. This financial assistance package fully covers the government’s
financing needs related to its fiscal deficit and maturing medium- and long-term liabilities until the
beginning of 2012, and progressively less thereafter. During the whole programme duration, Greece
keeps its access to short-term market financing.
3. Three instalments have already been disbursed under the programme. After the fourth
disbursement, which, if approved by the Eurogroup and IMF board, is expected to take place by mid-
March 2011, four tenths of the full package will have been disbursed. Two euro-area Member States –
Ireland and Slovakia – are currently not participating in the disbursement of bilateral loans to Greece.
Given the conditions of the loan facility agreement between Greece and the euro-area partners, this
has no material impact on amounts that have already been paid or that are planned to be paid to
Greece in 2011, as the relatively small shares of those two countries to the total euro-area loan to
Greece are being redistributed among other partners. Following the Eurogroup’s statement of 28
November 2010, technical work is ongoing to align the maturities of the financing for Greece to that
of Ireland.
*
This Compliance Report is released together with the Commission Communication "Follow-up to the Council Decision
of 10 May 2010 addressed to Greece" (COM (2011) 85, of 24 February 2011).
The quarterly report submitted on 12 February 2011 (revised 23 February), by the Greek Ministry of Finance is available
for download at: http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/sgp/deficit/ countries/greece_en.htm.
During the review mission in Athens, the Commission/ECB/IMF staff teams met with the ministers of Finance; Regional
Development and Competitiveness; National Defence; Environment, Energy and Climate Change; Labour and Social
Security; Health and Social Solidarity; Interior, Decentralisation and e-Government, as well as with the governor of the
Bank of Greece. Moreover the teams met with staff of these ministries and the central bank, as well as of the ministries
of Infrastructure, Transport and Networks; Culture and Tourism; Education, Lifelong Learning and Religion; Public Debt
Management Agency, Hellenic Financial Stability Fund, Hellenic Statistical Authority, Hellenic Capital Markets
Committee and Hellenic Competition Commission. Meetings also took place with social partners, think-tanks and
several banks.
4
Table 1. Disbursements under the economic adjustment programme (EUR billion)
Past disbursements
Euro-area Member States IMF Total
1st tranche 18 May 2010 14.5 12 May 2010 5.5 20.0
2nd tranche 13 September 2010 6.5 14 September 2010 2.5 9.0
3rd tranche 19 January 2011 6.5 21 December 2010 2.5 9.0
Total past disbursements 27.5 10.5 38.0
Planned disbursements
Euro-area Member States IMF Total
4th tranche March 2011 10.9 March 2011 4.1 15.0
5th tranche June 2011 8.7 June 2011 3.3 12.0
6th tranche September 2011 5.8 September 2011 2.2 8.0
7th tranche December 2011 3.6 December 2011 1.4 5.0
10th tranche September 2012 4.4 September 2012 1.6 6.0
11th tranche December 2012 1.5 December 2012 0.5 2.0
Total planned disbursements 52.5 19.5 72.0
Total programme 110.0
Source: Commission services and IMF.
Table 2. Contributions by the euro-area Member States to disbursements to Greece (EUR million)
BE DE IE ES FR IT CY LU
May 2010 0.0 4427.9 0.0 1941.6 3325.2 2921.9 32.0 40.8
September 2010 758.8 1495.9 347.4 656.0 1123.4 987.2 10.8 13.8
January 2011 238.8 1864.4 0.0 817.5 1400.1 1230.3 13.5 17.2
MT NL AT PT SI SK FI Total
May 2010 14.8 932.5 454.0 409.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 14500.0
September 2010 5.0 315.0 153.4 138.3 102.9 0.0 392.2 6500.0
January 2011 6.2 392.6 191.2 172.3 32.4 0.0 123.4 6500.0
Source: Commission services.
5
2. MACROECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS
4. The economy is contracting as expected and the quarter of deeper contraction should be already
behind us. After an average contraction of 5½ percent (year-on-year) in the second and third quarters
of 2010, economic activity is estimated to have declined by 6½ percent in the last quarter of the year.
For the year as a whole, real GDP growth was -4.5 percent. In 2010, private consumption fell by more
than 4 percent, with a particularly strong contraction in the fourth quarter, consistent with a drop in
consumer sentiment and a fall in credit to households, which resulted in a sharp deterioration in retail
sales. In addition, employment and wage developments weighted on households' disposable income,
in particular at the end of 2010. The full effect of public sector wage and pension cuts, including the
year-end seasonal bonuses, which used to have a very large propensity to consume, materialised only
at the end of the year. In addition, investment recorded very negative readings, as business sentiment
was depressed, capacity utilisation fell well below the historical average and the supply of credit was
restrained.
Graph 1. Real GDP growth

7 3
Forecast
5 2
Break in series
3
1
1
0
-1
-1
-3
% change, q-o-q (rhs)
% change, y-o-y (lhs) -2
-5
-7 -3
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Source: EL.STAT (flash estimate of 15 February 2011) and Commission

services (forecasts).
Note: According to EL.STAT, the quarterly figures for 2009-10 are not
comparable with the figures up to 2008.
Graph 2. Employment and unemployment rate Graph 3. Nominal unit labour cost (annual growth rate)
4 16 12
3 14 10
2 Greece
12
8 EA-16
1
10
0 6
8
-1
4
6
-2
4 2
-3
Employment (% change, y-o-y) (lhs)
-4 Unemployment rate (rhs) 2 0
-5 0
-2
Jan-07 Jul-07 Jan-08 Jul-08 Jan-09 Jul-09 Jan-10 Jul-10 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Source : EL.STAT. Source : EL.STAT.
5. The strength of external demand at the end of 2010 is encouraging. Although complete data on
the composition of demand are not yet available, high frequency indicators – such as monthly data on
exports of goods and non-domestic orders – suggest a rebound in exports in autumn. This reflects an
improvement in the economic climate of Greece's main trading partners and gains in Greece’s price
and cost competitiveness. Moreover, asymmetric developments in the domestic and global markets
6
2. Macroeconomic developments
are prompting a diversion of Greek firms to foreign markets. This bodes well for the change in the
economy's growth model, with a shift of resources from the sheltered to tradable sectors.
Graph 4. Exports and non-domestic industrial orders
50 80
Exports of goods
40
(% change, y-o-y, lhs) 60
30
Industrial non-domestic orders (% 40
change, rhs)
20
10 20
0 0
-10
-20
-20
-40
-30
-40 -60
Jan-08 Jan-09 Jan-10
Sources: EL.STAT and Bank of Greece.
6. Inflation has surprised again on the high side. Whilst inflation seems having passed its peak in
September 2010 (when the annual growth rate reached 5.7 percent) it has remained stubbornly high.
For 2010, average consumer price inflation was 4.7 percent. In January 2011, the HICP increased by
4.9 percent (year-on-year). Persistently high headline inflation is driven by increases in indirect taxes,
adopted in several waves over the last twelve months. For 2010 as a whole, the tax component of the
inflation rate was in excess of 3½ percentage points. Constant-tax inflation touched negative territory
in November, and this indicator is expected to be moderate in the near future, in spite of high
commodity prices.
Graph 5. HICP inflation developments and projections (% change, y-o-y)
6
Forecast
5
2
%
-1 GR-Headline inflation
GR-At constant taxes
EA-16-At constant taxes
-2
Jan-07 Jan-08 Jan-09 Jan-10 Jan-11 Jan-12
Source: EL.STAT.
7
European Commission
Graph 6. HICP inflation main drivers developments (% change, y-o-y)
8 20 9 50
Headline inflation (lhs) Core inflation (lhs)
8 Processed food (lhs) 40
Alcohol (rhs)
Transport (lhs) 16 Energy (rhs)
7
6 30
6
20
12
5
4 10
%
%
4
8 0
3
2 -10
4 2
1 -20
0 0 0 -30
Jan-07 Jan-08 Jan-09 Jan-10 Jan-07 Jan-08 Jan-09 Jan-10
Source: EL.STAT. Source: EL.STAT.
7. The mission revisited the macroeconomic scenario in light of new, albeit limited, evidence:
• Economic activity should start growing in the second half of 2011. GDP is projected to decline
by 3 percent in real terms in 2011. This remains unchanged as compared to the previous
Compliance Report. The average growth rate for the year as a whole hides substantial differences
in quarterly growth rates – positive growth rates are expected for the second half of the year – and
a strong negative carryover coming from 2010. The composition of demand has changed with
stronger net exports and weaker internal demand as higher consumer prices compress disposable
income. Risks to the macroeconomic scenario for 2011 and onwards are balanced. These risks are
related to both the strength of external demand and domestic developments. In particular, risks to
net exports are on the upside, but less favourable employment could depress income and
consumption.
• The inflation outlook has been revised upwards. HICP inflation is projected to moderate from
4.7 percent in 2010 to 2.4 percent in 2011, despite a VAT increase in January 2011, plans to
increase excises on heating oil in autumn and the cost recovery in the tariff policy of state-owned
enterprises. The forecast has been slightly revised upwards, mostly due to revised prospects for
commodities and oil prices. Constant-tax inflation is expected to be very moderate in 2011 and
thereafter. This forecast does not yet fully reflect the impact of the ongoing structural reforms,
which will contribute to higher productivity, strengthened competition in product markets and
greater price flexibility. Disinflation could be stronger than in the central scenario. However, there
are also upward risks in relation to import prices. Headline inflation is expected to decelerate in
the course of 2011 and to remain below or around 1 percent in 2012-13.
• The labour market is adjusting fast. There is evidence of strong downward pressure on labour
costs, in particular non-basic pay, as the cuts in public sector wages spill over to the private sector
and firms endeavour to recover competitiveness, and to absorb indirect taxes in their margins and
costs. Employment contracted in 2010 and is projected to decline further by some 2½ percent in
2011, with the unemployment rate peaking at above 14¾ percent – higher than previously
projected. On the other hand, a symmetric faster rebound of employment in the recovery phase is
possible, especially if ongoing labour market reforms are implemented as planned, and the
economy is successful in swiftly reallocating resources from the non-traded sectors to tradables.
Wage growth is projected to remain very subdued in line with the national collective agreement of
July 2010 (for minimum wages, but which also plays a guiding role for other wages as well).
8
• The external deficit is narrowing, but remains high. The current account deficit was marginally
below 11 percent of GDP in 2010, three points below 2009. The improvement in 2010 resulted
mainly from a contraction in imports (by more than 6 percent in real terms), while the strong
exports in the last months of 2010 have only partially offset anaemic external demand in the first
half of the year. The current account deficit is estimated to decline to about 8 percent in 2011 and
to fall to 6¼ percent of GDP in 2012 and 5 percent in 2013. The net external debt-to-GDP ratio is
projected to increase to 134 percent in 2012 and to stabilise thereafter.
8. The success of the programme and the orderly adjustment of the Greek economy depend
crucially on a strong recovery from 2012 onwards. The economy is currently projected to grow by
1 percent in 2012 and by slightly above 2 percent in 2013 and 2014. These growth rates are well
below potential growth rate for the Greek economy, especially once important growth bottlenecks are
removed, markets are liberalized, credit flow normalizes and confidence returns. After three years of
contraction in economic activity, the potential for a more vigorous rebound is substantial, provided
implementation of programme policies proceeds as planned. However, given the necessary change in
the growth model and the need to improve price and non-price competitiveness of Greek firms,
prudent medium-term projections appear appropriate and contribute to robust fiscal planning.
Graph 7. Current account and net external liabilities

(percent of GDP)
16 150
Net external liabilities (rhs)
14 140
Current external account (deficit)
(lhs)
12 130
10 120
%
8 110
6 100
4 90
2 80
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Source: EL.STAT and Commission services.
Table 3. Macroeconomic scenario: main features
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Real GDP (growth rate) -4.5 -3.0 1.1 2.1 2.1
Domestic demand contribution* -8.0 -6.2 -1.0 0.8 1.0
Net trade contribution 3.9 3.1 1.8 1.4 1.1
Employment (growth rate) -2.8 -2.7 0.1 0.9 1.2
Unemployment rate (percent of labour force) 12.1 14.6 14.8 14.2 13.5
Unit labour cost (growth rate) -1.1 -0.5 0.2 -0.3 0.0
HICP inflation 4.7 2.4 0.5 0.7 1.0
Current account balance (percent of GDP) -10.6 -7.9 -6.3 -5.0 -4.0
Net borrowing vis-à-vis RoW (percent of GDP) -9.5 -6.6 -5.0 -3.6 -2.4
* Excluding change in inventories and net acquisition of valuables

Source : Commission services.
9
European Commission
Box 1: Export growth drivers
In Greece, economic growth over the medium term is expected to be primarily driven by external trade, as the
economy shifts to a more sustainable model. GDP growth rates have been negative since Q4-2008 and activity is
expected to shrink further in the first half of 2011, on the back of contraction in private and public consumption and
sluggish investment. Net exports is the only GDP component which is estimated to have exhibited a positive
contribution to growth in 2010. This reflected both strongly falling imports, and slightly positive growth in exports in
2010, after a 20 percent slump in the previous year. Exports are expected to rise by around 5 percent in real terms in
2011, as demand from trade partners accelerates and Greece gradually restores competitiveness. Given the
accumulated losses in export market shares during the pre-crisis decade, exploiting the potential of the
underdeveloped external sector of Greece will play a key role in driving economic activity in the coming years.
Greece is a relatively closed economy with a structural trade deficit. Considering its size, the Greek economy is
surprisingly closed, with imports at 30 percent, and exports at not more than 19 percent of GDP (2009 data). During
the last decade, the goods and services deficit was systematically above 10 percent of GDP, though it fell slightly
from 13½ percent in 2000 to 10¾ percent in 2009. The deficit in goods trade of 16½ percent of GDP in 2009 was
only partly mitigated by a surplus in services of 5¾ percent. In spite of a large unexploited potential, the currently
small size of Greek exports implies that very dynamic growth rates will be necessary for this demand component to
pull the whole economy back to growth.
Mapping the sectoral market shares and global export demand helps in identifying the opportunities and
shortcomings of the Greek export sectors. Graphs 1 and 2 show Greece's major export sectors in goods and
services, in perspective of market shares and global export dynamics. Sectors with above-average growth rates in
world markets are shown above the horizontal axis. To the right of the vertical axis, Greek export sectors that have
increased their market shares are found. The top right quadrant, therefore, identifies the most promising sectors,
benefiting from dynamic world demand and enjoying relatively large market shares. Sectors located in the top left
quadrant imply growth opportunities since world demand for these products is above-average, while Greece's market
share is still weak and could be expanded. Sectors in the bottom right quadrant, on the other hand, are well
represented in Greece's exports and could yield sizeable earnings, but world demand has not been, or is not expected
to be, dynamic. Finally, the sectors in the bottom-left quadrant are the least promising, characterised by sluggish
world demand and low Greek market shares. The size of the bubbles is proportional to the share of each sector in
total Greek exports of goods and services. This mapping suggests that Greece's most promising export sectors are
pharmaceuticals, petroleum products and transport services, while the outlook for tourism is mixed.
Graph 1. Mapping of opportunities for Greek exports of goods
7
Pharmaceuticals
compared to the average in percentage
Growth rate of sector in world market
Misc.manufactures
5
Petroleum products
3 Iron and
points (2000-2009)
steel
Non
ferrous 1 Man. of metals
-0.5 -0.3 -0.1 -1 0.1 0.3 0.5

Non-metallic Fish
Vegetables Oth.transp.
minerals
Apparel and and fruits -3 equipment
clothing Tobacco
-5 Cereals
Textiles
Electrical
machinery -7
Evolution of the Greek market share in world market in percentage points (2000-2009)
Source: Comtrade
10
Graph 2. Mapping of opportunities for Greek exports of services
6
market compared to the average (in
Computer and 4
percentage points, 2000-2009)
Growth rate of sector in world
information
Insurance
2
Construction Financial services
0
Oth.business
-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
services Communications
-2
Transport
-4 Travel
Personal, culture and

recreational services -6
Evolution of Greece's market share in the world
exports of services (in percentage points, 2000-2009)
Source: UNCTADStat
Pharmaceuticals are among the most promising export sectors. Greek pharmaceuticals are characterised by both
a growing market share and above-average world export growth over the last decade. The presence of multinational
pharmaceutical companies in Greece offers the opportunity for knowledge spill-overs and access to R&D resources
which have been scarce in Greece due to the large share of SMEs. Significant investments are underway in this sector
and an effort to promote FDI and improve the R&D framework could help to further improve competitiveness.
Greece's petroleum sector has benefited from dynamic world markets and new projects are in the pipeline.
Greece operates ten oil terminals and four major refineries with a total crude oil refining capacity of
490 000 bbl./day, of which one third is exported. Greece's oil product exports increased by 57 percent over the period
2004-09. However, the feedstock is largely imported, thereby limiting the domestic value added. Future prospects of
the petroleum sector may be enhanced by an envisaged new oil pipeline connecting Greece and Russia via Bulgaria,
bypassing Turkey's Bosporus. The pipeline is expected to commence operation in 2013.
Greece's market share of transport services has grown fast, although global dynamism in this sector was
sluggish. Greece's sea transport sector further increased its already dominant market share in recent years. The Greek
maritime fleet is the largest in the world in terms of capacity. In the short-term, prospects for shipping remain
difficult and uncertain, due to oversupply. In the medium to longer term, however, Greece could strengthen its role as
a regional transportation hub and gateway to Southern Eastern Europe, provided that the infrastructure of other means
of transport and their connectivity were sufficiently upgraded. The continuing rise in Chinese demand for
containerised exports, which already makes up a quarter of the world total, also strengthens Greek potential.
The Greek tourism sector has lost ground but bears the potential for higher growth contributions. The
contribution of tourism to GDP has been constant at around 15 percent since 1990. However, Greece has fallen
behind its most important competitors. While Greece's tourist receipts grew by 57 percent in 2000-09, they rose by
116 percent in Egypt, 178 percent in Turkey and 219 percent in Croatia during the same period. As a result, Greece's
world ranking in tourist receipts fell from rank 11 to 15. Greek tourism suffers from an over-concentration of 65
percent of supply in only four geographical regions and an intense seasonality of demand with 50 percent of arrivals
within three months. According to tourism experts, a new growth model to better develop the unexploited potentials
of the tourism sector would include facilitating investment in the tourism sector by fast-track procedures and zoning
simplifications; improving the coordination of tourism promotion efforts; creating a better marketing infrastructure
via web applications and promoting niche markets such as winter holiday homes; developing more synergies with the
culture, sports, education, medical and gastronomy sectors, and investing in technology and human resources with a
view to improving value-for-money and positioning Greece as a high-quality tourist destination. Moreover,
improving airline connections both with the European low-cost network and with long-haul emerging market origin
countries has shown to vitalise the tourism industries in other countries and could also enhance Greece's attraction as
a holiday destination.
11
European Commission
The food and beverage industry has experienced sluggish world market growth but Greek products could
capitalise on their high quality. The food and beverage industry is one of Greece's major export sectors, accounting
for around 25 percent of manufacturing value added and 12 percent of goods exports. Agriculture and fish add
another 13 percent. Greek food products generally benefit from high quality and specific characteristics. However,
the sector suffers from small average firm size, low market prices and difficulties in finding markets outside the EU.
Greece has been losing ground to its competitors, notably Spain. In Turkey, Greece's market share in the food
industry has remained constant at around 1.5 percent since the early 1990s, overtaken by that of Spain which rose
from 0.5 to 2.5 percent during the same period. In Germany, Spain's market share increased from 12 percent to 17
percent while Greece's shrank from 3 to 2 percent. Opportunities for the Greek food and agricultural sector could be
exploited by developing the market for traditional products, benefiting from the tendency to Mediterranean diets, and
healthy and high-quality products.
The Greek clothing industry has been facing structural challenges, most notably resulting from low-cost
competitors, such as China and other Asian countries. Graph 1 shows that both apparel and textile have been growing
below-average on world markets. In 2010, Greek textile exports grew by around 12 percent, catching up after a sharp
decline in the previous year. However, unless the Greek textile industry manages to move to a high-quality niche
segment, it is unlikely that the textile industry will regain structural competitiveness on world markets.
The iron/steel and mineral sectors are facing short-term difficulties despite market opportunities. Greece's iron
and steel sector enjoyed a growing market share and dynamic world demand over the last decade. However, the
Greek steel industry is relatively small, contributing only around 1 percent to the EU's annual production. Despite a
strong pick-up in global steel markets of 15 percent in 2010, Greece's output contracted by 8 percent. While Turkey's
growing steel sector exports mostly to the Middle Eastern and North African region, Greece does not seem to
capitalise sufficiently on these neighbouring dynamic markets. Greece's minerals industry, although among the EU's
largest in terms of bauxite, magnesium and nickel, has been suffering from a relatively small industrial base, lack of
adequate investment and distance from EU markets. Its world market share has increased since the beginning of the
decade, but world markets have been growing below average. In the medium-term future, the emerging Balkan
markets could offer new opportunities for growth. The privatisation of a state-owned mining company (LARKO)
could also help revitalising the sector.
12
3. FINANCIAL MARKETS AND FINANCIAL SECTOR
DEVELOPMENTS
9. Investor sentiment towards Greek sovereign debt remains very negative. The main risk
indicators – like CDS spreads and yield spreads vis-à-vis the German government paper for similar
maturities – show that financial markets keep a very sceptic view on Greece tapping financial markets
from 2012 on. Given investment restrictions and rules by international banks, insurance companies
and pension schemes, the current ratings do not help: all three rating agencies now rate Greek
government paper as junk. Fitch has recently downgraded the Greek sovereign rating (from BBB- to
BB+) and keeps a negative outlook while Moody’s (Ba1) and S&P (BB+) are reviewing ratings.
Graph 8. Yield spreads

2000
basis points
1800
1600
2 years bond
1400
10 years bond
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
Jan-07 Jan-08 Jan-09 Jan-10 Jan-11
Note: Greek government bond spreads (2-year and 10-year bonds) vis-à-vis German Bundes.
Source : Reuters
10. The liquidity situation of banks remains tight. Bank deposit declined by 16 percent since the
beginning of 2010. The sovereign debt crisis and the concomitant rating downgrade have
reduced the collateral available for ECB liquidity provision. Market volatility, the changes to the
ECB collateral framework and possible downgrades of the sovereign were grounds for further
enhancement of the liquidity cushion in the system.
11. Responding to the need to strengthen balance sheets, some modest deleveraging is ongoing.
A number of banks have expanded their balance sheets in the course of 2010, however, despite
the contracting economy. The banks increased their exposure to the Government while they
modestly deleveraged from the real economy. Total assets of Greek commercial banks increased
from EUR 454 billion at the end of 2009 to EUR 465 billion in September, driven by growing
holding of government bonds. Total loans and advances of the banking groups decreased from
EUR 308 billion to EUR 306 billion at the same time. The average loan-to-deposit ratio in
Greece was 120 percent at the end of 2010, up from about 114 percent in 2008-09. The increase
was mainly due to the shrinking deposits.
12. The banking sector remains solvent, though asset quality continued to deteriorate. Despite
better than expected net interest income in the first nine months of 2010, the Greek banks
suffered from losses on their loan and trading book. The non-performing loans increased to 10
percent in September 2010, from 7.7 percent at the end of 2009. The corresponding increase in
provisioning, especially in the domestic lending portfolio, resulted in a loss for the system on a
consolidated basis. Profitability measured by return on assets and equity fell to -0.3 percent and -
3.7 percent, respectively, during the first nine months of 2010. The average capital adequacy
ration (CAR) at the end of September was 11.4 percent, while the tier I ratio was 10.1 percent.
13. Some banks carried out successful capital increases on the market. In October, NBG raised
EUR 1.8 billion by issuing shares and convertible equity notes. A similar operation was
completed by Piraeus Bank (EUR 0.8 billion in covered bonds) in early 2011. Other
13
European Commission
opportunities for improving capital adequacy include reduction of risk-weighted assets,

including sales of subsidiaries. The latter refers to the sale by NBG of a minority stake in
Finansbank (Turkey) and the Eurobank sale of a majority stake in Polbank (Poland). Moreover,
the Hellenic Financial Stability Fund (FSF) remains available as a capital backstop.
Graph 9. Bank deposits Graph 10. Greek banks' borrowing from the Eurosystem
250 100000 25
EUR billion
90000 Borrowing from the ECB (EUR
million) (lhs)
200 80000 20
ECB liquidity as percent of bank's
70000 liabilities (rhs)
150 60000 15
50000
100 Total deposits Sight deposits 40000 10
30000
50 20000 5
10000
0 0 0
Jan-07 Jan-08 Jan-09 Jan-10 Jan-04 Jan-05 Jan-06 Jan-07 Jan-08 Jan-09 Jan-10
Source: Bank of Greece Source: IMF, FIS
14. The Greek financial system has benefited from various Eurosystem policies in 2010 and 2011.
The fixed-rate full-allotment tender procedures in the Eurosystem monetary policy operations have
eased the funding activity of all banks in the euro area, including Greek banks. Furthermore, the
already very flexible collateral framework was further broadened on 3 May 2010 based on the ECB
Governing Council's positive assessment of the Greek adjustment programme. The ECB decided to
suspend the application of the minimum credit rating threshold in the collateral eligibility
requirements for the purpose of the Eurosystem credit operations, in the case of marketable debt
instruments issued or guaranteed by the Greek State. This suspension, combined with the pre-existing
flexible collateral framework, eased the access to Eurosystem funding for all counterparties, in
particular the Greek ones. In a similar vein, the ECB’s securities markets programme (SMP) helped
contain undue volatility in sovereign bond market prices in Greece and other peripheral euro area
economies.
Graph 11. Credit to private sector (percent change, y-o-y) Graph 12. Non-performing loans
30 11
25 10
20 9
15 8
%
%
10 7
Households
Enterprises
5 6
Private sector(total)
0 5
-5 4
Jan-07 Jan-08 Jan-09 Jan-10 2007 2008 2009 2010
Source: Bank of Greece Source: Bank of Greece
14
4. Programme implementation and policy discussions
Table 4. Banking sector soundness indicators

basis 2007 2008 2009 2010-Q1 2010-Q2 2010-Q3
Capital adequacy ratio consolidated 11,2 9,4 11,7 11,7 11,2 11,4
solo (1) 12,7 10,7 13,2 12,3 12,8
Tier I ratio consolidated 9,2 7,9 10,7 10,6 10,1 10,1
solo 9,3 8,7 12,0 11,0 11,2
Return on assets (after tax) consolidated 1,4 0,7 0,2 -0,3 -0,3
solo 1,0 0,2 -0,1 -0,6 -0,6
Return on equity (after tax) consolidated 17,7 10,0 2,4 -4,5 -3,7
solo 14,8 3,2 -1,5 -8,7 -9,7
Loan to deposit ratio consolidated 106,0 114,0 113,8 122,4 120,0
Non performing loan ratio (2) solo 4,5 5,0 7,7 8,2 9,0 10,0
Coverage ratio (3) solo 53,4 48,9 41,5 42,8 43,4 43,2
Notes: (1) at the level of the individual entity; (2) Non performing loans as percentage of total gross loans; (3)
Provisions as percentage of non-performing loans.
Source: Bank of Greece.
Graph 13. Holding of Greek government debt

400
Domestic banks Other domestic entities
Foreign banks Other foreign entities
350 EA and IMF
300
250
EUR billion
200
150
100
50
0
déc-07 mars-08 juin-08 sept-08 déc-08 mars-09 juin-09 sept-09 déc-09 mars-10 juin-10 sept-10
Source : ECB and Commission services.
Box 2: State aid to financial institutions in the context of the financial crisis
State aid control is an integral part of the EU’s competition policy. Since the beginning of the current crisis, the
Commission’s interventions have contributed to maintaining financial stability while preserving a level playing-field
across Member States and financial institutions and safeguarding the real economy and the internal market. From the
competition and state aid standpoint, the Commission achieved this objective by giving legal certainty to the support
measures given by Member States and by making possible that real economy had access to credit. The absence of
state aid rules could have led to a costly and distortive subsidy race between Member States at taxpayers' expense.
Uncoordinated national action would have seriously undermined the internal market and financial stability.
Exceptional circumstances and systemic risk. From the viewpoint of competition policy, the European
Commission approached the resolution of the financial crisis in different steps. During the first phase, before the
Banking Communication was published in mid October 2008, the Commission tackled the individual state aid cases
according the Community Guidelines on State aid for rescuing and restructuring firms in difficulty (the so-called
‘R&R Guidelines’). The general erosion of confidence within the banking sector and the serious difficulties to access
liquidity, in October 2008, led to a systemic dimension of the crisis, justifying the application of the legal basis that
allows for remedying a serious disturbance to the economy of a Member State.
15
European Commission
The Commission’s communications. The 'Banking Communication' of 13 October 2008 provided an appropriate
European framework to allow rescue operations in order to stop or prevent runs on financial institutions. It indicates
how the Commission intends to apply state aid rules to state support schemes and individual assistance for financial
institutions. Support schemes such as guarantees or recapitalisation schemes must be well-targeted and proportionate
to the objective of stabilising financial markets and contain certain safeguards against unnecessary negative effects on
competition. In a second step, the 'Recapitalisation Communication' of 5 December 2008 identified a set of standards
and safeguards allowing Member States to recapitalise banks in order to ensure adequate levels of lending to the
economy. The third step was the clean-up phase of financial institutions' balance sheets by removing toxic assets and
underperforming loans. The 'Impaired Assets Communication' of 25 February 2009 provided the framework for this
phase. The ‘Restructuring Communication' of 14 August 2009 addressed the follow-up to such support measures. It
builds on three fundamental principles: (i) aided banks must be made viable in the long term without further state
support; (ii) aided banks and their owners must carry a fair burden of the restructuring costs and (iii) measures must
be taken to limit distortions of competition in the Single Market.
The phasing out process. On 2 December 2009, the ECOFIN Council emphasised the need to phase out from
various forms of temporary support for the financial sector, starting from the guarantee schemes. Since 1 July 2010,
the Commission has applied tighter conditions for the compatibility of government guarantees, by introducing (i) an
increased guarantee-fee based on a bank's creditworthiness and (ii) the new requirement of a viability plan for
beneficiaries that have recourse to new guaranteed and exceed a certain threshold of total outstanding guaranteed
liabilities. As of 1 January 2011, a restructuring plan is required from every beneficiary of a new recapitalisation or
an impaired asset measure, thus creating an incentive to accelerate the necessary restructuring.
State aid to financial institutions in Greece. In 2009, before the sovereign debt crisis, Greece had already put
together a banking rescue package which provided for liquidity and capital support to banks in Greece. This support
package has been used by all major Greek banks. Tzn banks were recapitalised in May and July 2009. As a
consequence of the capital support, the recapitalised banks have to present restructuring plans.
In 2010, following the sovereign debt crisis, euro area Member States and IMF provided financial support to the
country. In order to strengthen the Greek financial system, two important schemes with relevance in terms of State
aid control were put into place: (i) Issuance of additional government guarantees to be used as collateral in order to
obtain funding from the ECB. An additional amount of EUR 25 billion was authorised by the Commission under
State aid rules in June and December 2010. (ii) The establishment of an independent Financial Stability Fund (FSF)
as a safety net to preserve the solvency of the financial sector by providing capital support to banks. The granting of
aid was subject to a scheme which was authorized by the Commission under state aid rules in September and
December 2010.
16
4. PROGRAMME IMPLEMENTATION AND POLICY
DISCUSSIONS
15. Implementation of the programme has encountered a number of barriers. Fiscal consolidation
was held back by a less than successful fight against tax evasion and incomplete expenditure control.
The implementation of a wide and ambitious agenda of structural reforms stretched the capacity of the
Greek administration, all the more as reforms have become more complex and therefore more difficult
to design. Also, many reforms have met fierce resistance by vested interests. Moreover, while Greece
was a source of financial contagion in the first half of 2010, it is now suffering from contagion from
other peripheral economies and the political uncertainty in relation to the EU-wide facility
mechanisms.
16. The government remains committed to the programme. In 2011, this commitment will be tested in
the implementation of fiscal policy, including preparing a credible medium-term fiscal strategy and in
overcoming interest groups that oppose growth-enhancing reforms. Polls suggest that the Greek
society understands the need for, and supports, fiscal austerity and other measures to liberalise the
economy and modernise institutions.
Table 5. Summary of compliance with conditionality for end-December 2010

Overall assessment Comments
The ESA-based fiscal deficit was missed. Cash-based
Fiscal policy Partially obs erved
spending and deficit ceilings were respected.
A key healthcare reform has been adopted. A tax policy act

has been tabled in Parliament. The government announced
Structural fiscal reforms Partially observed
its privatisation plan for 2011, and decided to substantially
scale it up.
A EUR 25 billion tranche of government guarantees on

Financial sector policy Largely observed bank bonds was made available in November. The FSF is
operational, though there are lingering problems in staffing.
A new wave of structural reforms is ongoing, though with
Other structural reforms Partially observed
some delay compared to previous policy commitments
There are still issues in the prompt availability of data on
Data provision Largely observed
expenditure commitments and payment arrears.
Source: European Commission.
4.1. FISCAL POLICY
4.1.1. Fiscal developments in 2010

17. The ESA-based government deficit for 2010 is estimated at 9½ percent of GDP or EUR 22
billion. This is in excess of the target of EUR 18.5 billion (8 percent of GDP). There is still some
uncertainty about the 2010 outcome as data on the financial performance of state-owned enterprises,
extra-budgetary funds, social security and hospitals, and local government are not yet complete. There
are also uncertainties about the differences between cash and accrual accounting. For Greece, as for
all other EU Member States, the first complete set of ESA-based annual data will be available by end-
March, and validated by Eurostat in April.
17
European Commission
18. The quarterly quantitative performance criteria on a cash basis for the Q4- 2010 were met.
While the criterion on state primary spending (cash) for the fourth quarter of 2010 was met with a
large margin reflecting an under execution of payments compared to plans, the criterion on
government primary balance (cash) was respected by a very thin margin. The outcome for both
criteria was better than projected in the previous Compliance Report. However, it may have been
distorted by the accumulation of arrears and other payables. The central government debt criterion has
also been respected.
Table 6. Quantitative performance criteria and outcomes (EUR billion)

end June 2010 end September 2010 end December 2010
Actual data QPC Actual data QPC Actual data QPC
1
General government primary cash balance -3,9 -5.0 (floor) -3,6 -4.0 (floor) -5,5 -5.7 (floor)
State budget primary spending 28,4 34 (ceiling) 43 50 (ceiling) 61.1 67 (ceiling)
Overall stock of central government debt 317 342 328 342 340 366*
New guarantees granted by the central government 0,3 2,0 1,2 2,0 1,3 2,0
Accumulation of external payment arrears on
external debt contracted or guaranteed by general 0 0 0 0 0 0
government
Accumulation of domestic arrears (indicative) 1 0,0 0,8 0 3,0 (estimate) 0,0
1/ Available general government: it does not include extra-budgetary funds and public enterprises.
* Adjusted for upward revision to end-2009 stock of central government debt (original ceiling EUR 342 billion)
Source: Commission services.
Graph 14. State primary payments - 2010 Graph 15. (Available) government primary balance - 2010
(cumulative balance, EUR million) (cash basis, cumulative balance, EUR million)
70000 1500
67 000
60000 500
50 000 -500
50000
Ceilings Outcome -1500
40000
34 000
-2500
Outcome
30000
-3500
20000
-4500 -4000
10000 Floors
-5500
-5000
-5700
0 -6500
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Sources : GAO and Commission services Sources : GAO and Commission services
19. Three main features characterised the fiscal year 2010:
• The implementation of several waves of deficit-reducing measures. The full-year impact of

total measures implemented in 2010 reached EUR 22 billion (or 10 percent of GDP), of which
EUR 19.5 billion were reflected in the 2010 accounts, and EUR 2.5 billion carry over into 2011.
Out of the measures with an impact on 2010 accounts EUR 10.4 billion (or 4.4 percent of GDP)
were on expenditure and 9.2 billion (or 4 percent of GDP) on the revenue side of the budget. The
reduction in the deficit fell short of the total amount of measures, given the underlying upward
pressure on expenditure (e.g. interest, old-age pensions) and the impact of the recession on taxes
and social spending.
18
• Large shortfalls in tax collection. Revenue collection disappointed and was revised downwards
on several occasions. For the year as a whole, state revenue was EUR 4.5 billion (2 percent of
GDP) less than projected in May 2010, when the adjustment programme was designed. This result
reflects a weaker-than-projected domestic demand, and households' and corporates' liquidity
constraints. However, there is also evidence that the measures against tax evasion in the course of
2010 were not insufficiently successful and need considerable strengthening. A tax settlement
organised in the autumn 2010 was only partially successful: it collected EUR 1 billion, much
above plans, but this was at the costs of underperformance of regular tax collection.
• Underexecution of the state's spending plans. In order to offset revenue shortfalls, and
unfavourable local government and social security accounts, the Government under executed
ordinary state primary spending and military procurement-related payments by around EUR 4.9
billion (more than 2 percent of GDP) compared to the plans of May 2010. Despite this effort, the
incompleteness of the data on arrears and accounts payable do not allow to assess to what extent
this payment compression reflects durable expenditure savings or simply delays in payments.
4.1.2. Fiscal policy in 2011

20. The implementation of fiscal policy in 2011 will be challenging. In the budget for 2011 voted by
Parliament in December, the Government confirmed its commitment to meet the ESA-based fiscal
deficit target below EUR 17 billion (or 7½ percent of GDP), fully recouping the slippage of 2010. The
reduction in the government deficit-to-GDP ratio in 2011 will, therefore, amount to 2 percentage
points of GDP, instead of 0.4 points planned at the inception of the adjustment programme. Most of
the fiscal measures underpinning the 2011 deficit target have been legislated and are being
implemented.
21. Additional measures are necessary to secure the 2011 deficit target. The mission and the
government have updated the fiscal projections for 2011. The revised projections, based on current
trends, indicate that the 2011 fiscal deficit ceiling would be exceeded by ¾ of a percentage point of
GDP, unless corrective action is undertaken. This gap stems mainly from the less favourable
expectations for the tax bases (weaker internal demand), downward revisions for the yield of fiscal
measures in the state budget, as well as a base effect from the worse-than-expected 2010 outcome for
several revenue categories. Higher-than-previously projected interest expenditure also contributes to
the fiscal gap.
22. The government is committed to offset this fiscal gap. The additional budgetary savings are
expected to come from structural measures to be prepared in the context of the medium-term fiscal
strategy. In the meantime, the government will continue the strategy of compressing ordinary
spending – a strategy that was not fully successful in 2010.
23. Important results from the fight against tax evasion are indispensable in 2011. The structural
improvement of tax collection remains a crucial element of the programme, not only given its direct
impact on the fiscal accounts, but also on equity grounds. The achievement of the 2011 budgetary
targets is contingent upon an increase in total tax revenue of more than EUR 1.5 billion or some ¾
percent of GDP, compared with 2010. EUR 1.6 billion of receipts have been specifically projected in
the budget for 2011 from the fight against tax evasion, an increase in the efficiency of the tax
collection mechanism and other measures to accelerate tax-related court cases. The mission has
encouraged the Ministry of Finance accelerate and reinforce actions against tax evaders, as well as
against inertia and specific interests inside the tax administration.
19
European Commission
Box 3: From cash accounts to ESA95 accounts
As in previous reports, this box provides estimates and forecasts on the difference between available cash figures and
the ESA95 data.
Cash and accruals. The government accounts that are monitored with a monthly frequency, and on the basis of
which compliance with quarterly performance criteria are assessed, are compiled on a cash basis. The annual ESA
accounts are compiled on an accrual basis, i.e. at the time of the underlying transactions. Thus, while a delay in
payments to suppliers may temporarily improve the cash-base data, it has no direct impact on the ESA-based
accounts. An improvement in the ESA accounts from the saving side of the budget is only possible if there is an
effective deceleration in expenditure commitments.
Scope. The data available with high frequency cover only part of the general government sector. In particular,
monthly data for state-owned enterprises that are classified in the government sector and for most extra-budgetary
funds are not available, or are not yet of appropriate quality for continuous monitoring. Also the monthly local
government and social security monthly data are compiled from banking statistics, which may limit their
exhaustiveness. It is expected that data on state-owned enterprises and on extra-budgetary funds will become
progressively available on a monthly basis. Thus, the differences in scope between the data series are expect to
narrow progressively .
Table 1 shows estimates for 2010, and forecasts for 2011, of the several variables that establish the link between the
cash figures that are monitored monthly under the programme and the ESA accounts.
To be continued next page
20
Table 1 : From cash to ESA accounts -- 2010 and 2011 (EUR million)
2010 2011
Extrabudgetary funds 72 0
Military deliveries (difference with cash payments) -223 800
Single Treasury account 227 200
Tax-related time adjustment 70 -550
Direct taxes 50 -550
Indirect taxes 20 0
Social contributions 0 0
EETT (Post-telecommunication authority) -36 30
EU funds time adjustment 1271 248
Hospitals spending, accrued in 2009 and paid in 2010 375 0
Guarantees called -972 -1468
Interest accrued -715 640
Privatizations account -324 0
Intergenerational fund, Agricultural Fund (ELEGEP) and ATE Bank 276 763
Special fund for unauthorised buildings (ETERPS) 151 230
Tax refunds 300 0
Bond payments 0 -420
Accounts payable -1673 450
Health (public hospitals) -1708 450
Health (private clinics and suppliers) -70 0
Other-than-state sectors 105 0
Reclassified Public enterprise balance -360 245
Lump sum payment to public sector retirees -524 -240
Other -7 -42
Total -2092 886
General government modified cash balance -19937 -19693

General government balance (ESA 95) -22029 -18807
General government balance (ESA 95): Ceiling -18508 -17065
difference 3521 1742
Source: Commission services
21
European Commission
24. Fiscal management on the expenditure side of the budget also needs to be improved. While cash
payments were comfortably below the ceiling in 2010, the accumulation of arrears in other-than-the-
state sectors was only marginally restrained, reflecting shortcomings in the expenditure monitoring
and control. The commitment registers in each government department are still not fully operational,
with progress having been limited to the state entities. The registry needs to be made operational
shortly, and include the commitments taken by local governments, social security funds, hospitals,
state-owned enterprises and other extra-budgetary entities.
25. Reforms of budgetary institutions are progressing slowly. In line with the provisions of the organic
budget law of July 2010, the government has set expenditure ceilings for 2011 for the State and deficit
targets for the several government sectors. There has been progress in the timely provision of fiscal
data, although there are still some quality issues: monthly data availability for the government entities
other than the state remains clearly below par and prevents adequate monitoring of intra-year
budgetary developments for the government as a whole. While the situation has somewhat improved
in the social security sector and state-owned enterprises, fiscal information on local governments
remains very limited.
4.1.3. Fiscal policy in 2012 and beyond
26. The medium-term budget strategy is under preparation. In November 2010, the government
committed to announce by March 2011 the medium-term fiscal structural measures to ensure meeting
the annual fiscal targets for 2012-14. To ensure wider consultation of a technical complex document,
the government has eventually decided to finalise the medium-term fiscal strategy by May 2011. A
first draft is expected to be available for public consultation in the second half of March. The
subsequent steps in the preparation of the medium-term strategy include approval by the Council of
Ministers before mid-April and the vote of Parliamentary resolution by mid-May. The medium-term
targets are unchanged: deficits below EUR 14.9 billion (6.4 percent of GDP) in 2012, EUR 11.4
billion in 2013 (4.8 percent) and EUR 6.4 billion (2.6 percent) in 2014. Although there is no official
target for the 2015 deficit, the government indicated to aim at a 2015 fiscal deficit of 1 percent of
GDP or below.
22
Table 7. Deficit accounting: from the deficit in one year to the next
EUR million % of GDP
cumulative measures cumulative measures
2010-2014 2012-2014 2010-2014 2012-2014
2009 deficit 36150 15,4
Nominal deficit drift in 2010 3880 1,7

Identified measures 18000 18000 7,8 7,8
Impact on ratio of nominal GDP growth -- 0,4
2010 deficit 22030 9,6

Identified measures /1 14850 32850 6,6 14,5
Unidentified measures 1741 1741 0,7 0,7
Impact on ratio of nominal GDP growth -- 0,1
2011 deficit (target) 17065 7,6

Identified measures* 5575 38425 5575 2,4 16,8 2,4
Unidentified measures 2029 3770 3770 0,9 1,6 1,6
Impact on ratio of nominal GDP growth -- -0,1

Identified measures* 575 39000 6150 0,2 16,5 2,6

Identified measures* -1050 37950 5100 -0,4 15,6 2,1

1/ Including carry-over of fiscal measures enacted before May 2010.
* Measures for 2012-14 identified and quantified in the original programme of May 2010 are subject to revision.
Deficit in year t equals deficit in year t-1 plus nominal deficit drift in year t minus identified measures minus unidentified
measures (and for the ratios: plus impact on ratio of nominal GDP).
Deficit drift includes the increase in the deficit level that would take place without measures. It includes in particular the
structural increase in pension expenditure, the increase in interest expenditure and other structural increase in spending. The
deficit drift has been calculated assuming wage freeze and the implementation of the 1-to-5 rule between recruitments and exits.
It also reflects the increase/decrease in revenue because of developments in tax bases.
27. The medium-term budget strategy is a cornerstone of the programme. In 2012-14, 8 percent of
GDP of measures will be necessary to reach the deficit targets. Of this total, around 2 percent of GDP
of measures were previously identified. However, the mission advised the government to revisit the
measures planned to feature in the 2012, 2013 and 2014 budgets, and in any case to review their
yields. Given the scale of the required additional measures, continuous increases in tax rates and
across-the-board cuts in expenditure are not sustainable. The budgetary measures to reach the targets
will have to come from structural actions articulated in plans covering several areas of government
expenditure and revenue:
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European Commission
• Tax policy reform. It will aim at simplifying the tax system, broadening tax bases and facilitating
more effective tax administration to fight tax evaders, while supporting growth and investment.
Business tax code, corporate taxation, tax exemption, tax incentives and capital income tax are
expected to be the principal areas of focus. Implementing legislation is expected to be tabled in
Parliament by end-September.
• State-owned enterprises. The objective is to bring the enterprises' efficiency into line with well-
run private companies and other EU public companies. Tariff increases, restructuring, reductions
in operational costs, reprioritization of investments, and adjustments in wages and employment
are expected to reduce deficits and increase dividends.
• Extrabudgetary funds. The plan should aim at identifying entities with overlapping mandates
that can be merged, restructured, integrated into the state budget, privatised or closed.
• Public employment and public wages. The system of wages and benefits in the Greek
administration is inordinately complex and inequitable. It also provides remunerations above the
private sector for similar tasks, as revealed by a recent government report. The government will
adopt by end-June 2011 a plan which will identify ways to simplify the wage grid, including
allowances. Furthermore, the government expects that through the strict implementation of the
rule of not more than 1 recruitment for 5 exits, public employment will be reduced by more than
20 thousand per annum until 2013. The implementation of this rule requires a substantial
improvement in the government’s capacity to monitor staff movements in real time. The mission
welcomed the government's recent initiative of aligning working hours in the public sector with
those prevailing in the private sector.
• Public administration. This restructuring plan for public administration should identify services
to be rationalised, eliminate overlapping responsibilities and ensure efficient lines of command.
The plan will benefit from the findings of the ongoing functional review of central administration.
• Social spending reform. A number of social programmes may be eliminated because they
overlap with other initiatives or will be better targeted, while keeping the appropriate safety net.
As for public administration, the ongoing functional review of social programmes will contribute
to identify priorities and quantify potential savings.
• Public investment. The objective is to prioritize projects and identify budgetary savings.
Moreover, the financial oversight of the public investment programme by the Ministry of Finance
needs to be strengthened. A reassessment of public investment will also contribute to a faster
absorption of EU structural and cohesion funds.
• Military spending. Greece is one of the EU countries with the highest per capita spending on
defence. The medium-term military programming should durably contribute to the fiscal
consolidation needs, whilst preserving national defence capability.
• The medium-term fiscal strategy will also be articulated with the ongoing healthcare and
pension reforms.
28. The government has decided to substantially scale up its privatisation programme. The
government aims at collecting EUR 50 billion in privatisation and real estate development receipts.
Such a plan will contribute to reduce the debt-to-GDP ratio by almost 20 percentage points of GDP by
2015, and may help in regain investor confidence. Such an ambitious privatisation plan should be able
to put the debt ratio on a declining trend much faster than it could be achieved solely via accumulation
of primary surpluses. Although privatisation proceeds themselves do not substitute for fiscal
24
consolidation efforts, they contribute to fiscal sustainability, as the reduction in debt will lead to a
reduction in interest expenditure. Moreover, an ambitious privatisation plan will contribute to increase
the overall productivity and competition of the economy and attracting foreign capital. Privatisation
should also contribute to reduce corruption potential.
29. The mission encouraged the government to set up an appropriate governance system to
accelerate privatisation. Experience shows that large privatisation plans are more effective when a
single entity is in the lead of the whole process and takes full ownership of the assets to be privatised.
The current set-up where each ministry and a myriad of smaller entities manage and control
government assets is less effective in extracting value from assets. The mission welcomed the fact that
the government has started preparations for the compilation of a comprehensive inventory of state
assets – stakes in listed and unlisted companies, buildings and commercially-viable land – on the basis
of which the privatisation plan will be made more specific.
30. High primary surpluses and privatisation ensure sustainability. The chart below shows three pairs
of long-term debt scenarios, until 2025. For each pair there are two assumptions on nominal interest
rates 4.5 percent and 5.5 percent. Both assumptions are much below market yields, but not unrealistic
if financial markets stabilise and the determination of Greece to keep fiscal accounts in order beyond
the programme horizon is credible.
• In scenario 1, growth remains anaemic not exceeding 2 percent, and the primary surplus does not
exceed 3¼ percent of GDP (level projected for 2013): it is a scenario of insufficient and
unfinished fiscal consolidation and structural reforms. In this case, debt developments are not
sustainable. This scenario suggests that, to ensure sustainability, consolidation needs to continue
in coming years and structural reforms should be implemented with ambition to contribute to
potential growth.
• In scenario 2, nominal growth beyond 2014 is 3½ percent, practically the same as the prudent one
currently projected for 2014, while the primary surplus from 2014 onwards is 5.5 percent: a high
value, but not higher than some other high-debt EU countries managed to keep for relatively long
periods. The primary surplus is the one that is currently projected for 2014. In scenario 2,
government debt is sustainable and declines, though it will remain above 100 percent o GDP by
2025.
• Scenario 3 is the most favourable scenario: it is a derivation of scenario 2, talking into account the
government plans of privatising EUR 50 billion of assets in 2011-15. In order to reach the same
debt ratio by 2025 without privatisation, the primary surpluses would have to be above 7.5 percent
of GDP, from 2014 on, a level that does not seem realistic.
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European Commission
Graph 16. Public debt sustainability scenarios

(% of GDP)
170
Scenario 1
160
150
140
130
Scenario 2
120
110
100
Scenario 3
90
80
2006 2009 2012 2015 2018 2021 2024
Common assumptions:
The chart shows three pairs of debt scenarios. For each pair, there are two interest rate
assumptions (4.5 and 5.5 percent).
Specific assumptions:
Scenario 1: nominal growth rate: 2 percent; primary surplus stable at 3.2 percent of GDP from
2013 on; privatisation: nil.
Scenario 2: nominal growth rate: 3.5 percent; primary surplus stable at 5.5 percent from 2014
on; privatisation: nil.
Scenario 3: nominal growth rate: 3.5 percent; primary surplus stable at 5.5 percent from 2014
on; privatisation: EUR 50 billion in 2011-15.
4.2. STRUCTURAL FISCAL REFORMS
4.2.1. Public administration

31. Reforms in the institutional framework of public administration are ongoing. Two functional
reviews of the central administration and of the existing social programmes have now been launched,
albeit with substantial delay compared to initial planning. The aim is to identify actions that will
rationalise the system and to quantify potential savings. Both reviews are being conducted by the
OECD secretariat and should lead to the adoption of administrative measures by end-2011, and
contribute to the medium-term sectoral plan on public administration and social spending.
32. There have been delays in upgrading public procurement procedures. However, the Government
has prepared a draft law creating a Single Public Procurement Authority (SPPA); the law is to be
adopted by March. It should grant the SPPA the power to define public procurement policy, to
coordinate the ministries with competences on public procurement and to issue binding guidelines on
the application of public procurement rules. Savings that would result from the operation of the SPPA
are also expected to be considered in the medium-term fiscal strategy.
26
Box 4: Reforming the tax collection mechanism
The improvement of the tax collection mechanism is a key feature of the programme and it is crucial for the
achievement of such a demanding fiscal adjustment. Reforms in the tax administration area are gaining
momentum, with several steps being ongoing. This mainly concerns legislation to improve the efficiency of tax
administration and controls, putting in place an effective project management arrangement and implementing an anti-
evasion plan to restore tax discipline and improve compliance.
The government has presented a draft law, to be adopted by Parliament by end-February. It focuses on
administrative issues of the tax, audit and enforcement mechanisms, while also completing the new framework to
combat tax evasion and fraud. The bill includes (i) specific measures to combat tax evasion and tax avoidance,
(ii) reorganization of the audit and enforcement mechanisms, and (iii) improving the tax legal and administrative
framework.
• Fight against tax evasion. Within a three-year framework, the bill provides for the creation of an attorney-
general for economic crime. The new attorney will have priority jurisdiction to conduct preliminary
investigations, and supervise, coordinate and guide the conduct of tax investigations by staff (Financial Crime
Unit, tax offices, police, Coast Guard, customs, etc.). Based on the new legal and institutional framework
provided, a number of specific measures against tax evasion are planned, such as criminal prosecution for the
offense of withholding VAT; criminal prosecution for unpaid and overdue taxes owed to the State; suspension of
court sentences upon appeal not allowed for major fraud crimes, non-permission for the conversion of penalties
and fines for large evasion; enforcement of penalties prior to appeals; temporary imprisonment for tax-related
crimes; priority in audits for high probability sectors and freelancers, and increase in the rate of the payment for
cases assessed but appealed, from 25 to 50 percent of the verified amount.
• Tax and audit services restructuring. The draft law provides for the reorganization of the directorate general
for tax audits and its transformation into an operational service, instead of its current legislative and advisory
status. The aim of the reorganization is the adaptation of the audit services in the use of modern audit tools with
a view to minimising contact between the supervisory authorities and tax payers, new methodologies and
international auditing standards; and also to enable the directorate general to centrally monitor the operation of
the decentralized tax audit services. To this end, a process set up, for the assessment of tax arrears and their
separation between “recoverable” and non-recoverable”. In addition, an internal affairs department is set-up,
with a view to collecting, processing, evaluating and using information and investigating cases of corruption.
• Tax framework simplification. A number of provisions aimed at improving the taxation framework, correcting
distortions and facilitating entrepreneurship are also introduced. This includes the reduction in the corporate
income tax rate, from 24 to 20 percent (fiscal impact in 2012); the extension – for 4 more years – of the
provision on tax credits for research and technology expenditure and changes in VAT statement submission:
instead of requiring the payment of the full amount at the time the VAT forms are submitted, taxpayers in
hardship are allowed to pay only 40 percent of their due, with the remainder paid in two instalments.
4.2.2. Pension and healthcare reforms

33. The National Actuarial Authority (NAA) pursues its efforts to quantify the impact of the
pension reform. The NAA has completed the long-term projections (2009-60) on pension
expenditure by the largest pension schemes, and continues its work to extend the projections to other
schemes. These projections will be subject to a peer review by the EU Economic Policy Committee.
The currently available data suggest, as expected, that the pension reform of July 2010 has gone a
long way towards moderating pension expenditure. Other than the completion of the projections, the
next phase of the reform concerns the supplementary pension schemes, which should become
notionally-defined benefit schemes. If after the supplementary pension scheme reform, projections
indicate that the projected increase in the total public pension expenditure exceeds 2.5 percentage
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European Commission
points of GDP over 2009-60, the government is committed to adjust the main parameter of the
pension system, so as to ensure that the benchmark is not exceeded. The government will also revise
the list of heavy and arduous professions, which enjoy specific retirement conditions, to reduce it to
less than 10 percent of employment.
34. Healthcare reforms are gaining momentum. Many reform proposals are either under
implementation, adoption or development. The overarching objective of the reform is to improve the
cost efficiency of the system: keep public health expenditure at or below 6 percent of GDP, while
maintaining universal access and improving the quality of care delivery. In the short-term, the focus
will be on macro-level discipline and cost control. In a medium-term perspective, deeper structural
changes will be needed to contain spending in the context of the medium-term fiscal strategy while
improving the governance of the system.
Box 5. Reforming the healthcare system: improving efficiency and quality of health services
Important steps have recently been taken to reform the health sector in order to increase the efficiency and
quality of health services delivery. The reform aims to ensure a more rational use of services and medical goods,
reduce waste and corruption and increase productivity. Actions planned for 2011 are expected to generate at least
about ½ percent of GDP in savings, including savings of more than EUR 2.2 billion in pharmaceutical expenditure.
Several measures have been implemented so far:
• Increase in co-payments for outpatient visits to NHS facilities from EUR 3 to EUR 5 and improvements in the
ability to collect payments. This should ensure an additional revenue of about EUR 30 million while increasing
patients' awareness and reducing some unnecessary healthcare. A system of exemptions ensures that those most
vulnerable are not deterred from seeking necessary healthcare. However, the performance of this system needs to
be carefully monitored to prevent possible misuses. In the long-term, when a well–functioning primary care
system is put in place, the uniform EUR 5 co-payment can be replaced by a system whereby co-payments for
specialist care are made higher than those for primary care doctors and co-payments for emergency services are
made the highest, so as to encourage the use of primary care and reduce the use of unnecessary emergency care.
Additional efforts are being made to ensure the appropriate billing of services provided to non-residents when in
Greece.
• The all-day functioning of hospitals has been extended to 65 (out of 130 hospitals). This is projected to result
in additional hospital revenue of EUR 40 million, without a significant increase in costs.
A number of other measures are being implemented in the area of pharmaceuticals. These measures aim at
reducing unnecessary expenditure associated with over-prescription, over-pricing, waste and corruption:
• An initial price list published in September 2010 led to reduction in the price of medicines of almost 20
percent leading to important savings. This policy action may have led to savings of more than EUR 750
million. The current price list is to be replaced by an updated and complete list inducing smaller but additional
savings.
• Another measure is the publication of a negative list of medicines not reimbursed by the social security
funds and which could result in savings up to EUR 140 million within one year. This is to be coupled with
the definition of prescription guidelines and the development of a reference price system establishing a reference
price for reimbursement purposes. The government needs now to put these two measures into practice in the
coming months to ensure further savings from the reduction in unnecessary prescription of medicines (up to EUR
300 million) and a reduction in the effective price paid by social security.
28
• The government has set the target of increasing the share of generics and off-patented medicines used in
NHS hospitals to 50 percent. Further steps can be taken to ensure a faster and easier entry of generics in the
market, ensuring prescription by active substance by doctors and generic substitution by pharmacies.
• Steps have been taken to extend the pilot e-prescription system from OAEE to other social security funds.
The pilot e-prescription system for medicines has led to a reduction in the number of prescriptions and
contributed to a reduction in the average value per prescription. The extension of e-prescription has nevertheless
faced delays due to the system complexity and the initial costs involved. E-prescription is now due to be
extended to all funds by May 2011. E-prescription is expected to induce savings of EUR 1.4 billion.
• A set of measures have been legislated to induce some liberalisation of the pharmacies sector (easing
population-based restrictions, increasing opening hours, allowing new pharmacists to form partnerships with
incumbents) and reduce the effective profit margin for pharmacies (through a system of rebates). The profit
margin of wholesalers has been cut from 8 to 5.4 percent.
The centralised public procurement of medical supplies is also high in the agenda. In 2010, seven central tenders
were launched which are estimated to have resulted in savings of about EUR 300 million.
Significant efforts have been taken to improve hospital computerisation including modern accounting and billing
systems, bookkeeping of medical supplies in NHS hospitals, monitoring activity of NHS facilities, timely invoicing
and hospital spending control.
4.3. FISCAL FINANCING AND TREASURY MANAGEMENT
35. The T-bill market has remained active and issuances were successful. The Public Debt
Management Agency (PDMA) keeps organising regular T-bill auctions. In the second half of 2010,
auctions were held every month, except August and December. The short-term issuances were
successful despite negative sentiment towards longer maturities. Auctions met strong demand with
bid-to-cover ratio ranging between 3.4 to 6.3. Foreign investors regularly bought one third of the total
amount.
36. Yields on short-term securities in the primary market remained stable. Since May 2010, the
three-month T-bills have been sold at around 4 percent yield, while six-month papers were placed at
an average yield of 4.7 percent. The fall in yields in the two October 2010 auctions was short-lived.
The upward revision in the Greek government debt and contagion from other peripheral EU countries
led to downbeat market sentiment again in late autumn. As a result, the shift from shortest maturities
to longer (six-month) paper was slower than expected. PDMA intends to continue shifting to six-
month maturities in the course of 2011 and move to one-year bill issuance when market conditions
permit.
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European Commission
Graph 17. T-bill auctions since May 2010 Graph 18. Maturing debt, EUR billion
(amounts and yields)
3.0 16
14 T-bills
2.5 4.05%
26-week bills Medium and long term debt
13-week bills 12
4.65% 4.90%
2.0
10
EUR billion
4.82% 4.54%3.75%
1.5 8
6
1.0 4.10%
4
3.98% 4.82%4.10% 4.64% 3.85%
0.5
2
0.0 0
Jul-10 Aug-10 Sep-10 Oct-10 Nov-10 Dec-10 Jan-11 Feb-11 Jan-11 May-11 Sep-11 Jan-12 May-12 Sep-12
Source : PDMA Source : GAO
37. Refinancing needs are concentrated in the first eight months of 2011. Largest redemptions fall in
March, May and August when medium and long-term debt matures. These amounts will be fully
covered by international assistance loans. However, the scheduling of disbursements currently
planned for 2011 for mid March, June, September and December requires prefinancing with T-bills
and an accumulation of cash buffers.
Box 6: Financing profile in a medium-term perspective
The government debt financing profile is driven by maturity of outstanding debt and to a lesser extent by the
cash deficits in each quarter. The euro-area and IMF loans are heavily frontloaded. By end March 2011, euro-area
Member States and the IMF are expected to have disbursed EUR 53 billion or 48 percent of the total package of
EUR 110 billion. The frontloading minimises the need to borrow from the markets in distressed conditions and gives
Greece sufficient time to consolidate public finances, implement the necessary structural reforms and recover the
investors' confidence. Greece is expected to regain market access and refinance at least three-quarters of its maturing
medium and long-term debt in 2012 and to fully roll-over debts from the summer 2013 onwards.
Both the euro-area and the IMF loans have an average maturity of around 4 years. The reimbursement of each
tranche of the euro-area loans starts three years after the disbursement and is spread in eight quarterly instalments
over two years. The repayment of each tranche of the IMF loan starts slightly later: three years and one quarter after
disbursement. IMF loans are also repaid in quarterly instalments over two years.
In 2013-15, Greece will have to raise substantial funds in the market in the immediate post-programme period
to repay the euro-area and IMF loans, as well as to roll-over other liabilities. Combined with the projected
budget deficit and short-term debt amortisation, the total refinancing needs according to current projections stand at
around EUR 57 billion in 2013, EUR 81 billion in 2014 and EUR 73 billion in 2015, although sales of assets will
reduce financing needs. The repayment of euro-area and IMF loans amount to EUR 10 billion in 2013, EUR 32
billion in 2014 and EUR 38 billion in 2015.
30
High financing needs in the immediate post-programme period have a negative impact on market confidence.
Therefore, the euro-area Member States ministers agreed, in principle, to align the length of the Greek loan with the
maturities of the financing provided to Ireland: an average maturity of 7½ years. However, at the time of writing,
such a change has not yet been formally adopted. The charts below illustrates that an extension of the maturity of the
Greek loans (both past and future tranches of the euro-area bilateral loans) would avoid the hump in refinancing in
the immediate post-programme years: 2014 and 2015. The chart does not reflect the reduction in financing needs that
would result from the recently announced upscaling of the government’s privatisation plans.
Graph 1. Refinancing profile for the Greek government debt

(current conditions and extension of loan maturities)
90
EUR billion Market financing needs according to current
80 arrangement (average maturity of EU and IMF loans: 4
years)
70
60
50
40
30
Market financing needs if EU and IMF loans maturities are
20 extended to 7 1/2 years on average
10
2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
Source: Commission services
4.4. FINANCIAL SECTOR POLICIES
38. A strategy was adopted by the Bank of Greece in cooperation with the ECB to reduce banks'
reliance on Eurosystem credit. Borrowing from the ECB now represents nearly 20 percent of banks'
liabilities. The last tranche of the government guarantee scheme under which banks can issue repo-
eligible bonds was allocated to banks in December, increasing their pools of available collateral.
However, potential higher refinancing needs, on account of deposit outflows and the non-renewal of
maturing wholesale market transactions, as well as the erosion of collateral due to market volatility,
changes to the ECB’s collateral framework and possible further downgrades of the sovereign debt call
for a further enhancement of the liquidity cushion in the system. To this extent, enhancing the existing
guarantee scheme by additional EUR 30 billion appears to be necessary. Banks' access to the new
tranche should be made conditional on the adoption of medium-term funding plans. The plans should
outline the bank-specific targets and measures to reduce reliance on the Eurosystem liquidity over 2-3
year time span. At the same time, these plans have to be consistent with the macroeconomic and fiscal
frameworks under the programme and the restructuring plans requested under the EU state aid rules.
39. With an aggregate balance sheet at 210 percent of GDP, the size of the Greek banking system is
not excessive compared to other countries. Nevertheless, some downscaling seems appropriate
given the tense situation at the funding side and the broadly overlapping branch networks and
business models. In the context of the medium-term funding plans required by Bank of Greece and the
ECB, the banks will have to indicate how they intend to reduce their borrowing from the ECB.
Furthermore, to compensate for the state aid received the viability plans that the banks are expected to
submit should contain measures that limit the banks' expansion. Deleveraging will need to be in line
with the macroeconomic framework under the programme to avoid undue repercussions on the real
economy.
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European Commission
40. The Hellenic Financial Stability Fund is functioning and received its first tranche of funding.
The Board has been operating since October but staffing of the HFSF is proceeding slowly due to
legal constraints. It should be completed by mid-2011. In the meantime, solutions have been worked
out to transfer staff from the Bank of Greece or to outsource. In terms of funding, EUR 1.5 billion has
been transferred to the HFSF account at the Bank of Greece. The remainder of the EUR10 billion will
be made available on a dedicated government account, beginning two EUR 1 billion instalments
during the first two quarters of 2011. To estimate possible future needs for recapitalisation by the
HSFS the Bank of Greece conducts regular solvency forecast exercises for the Greek commercial
banks.
41. The efforts to strengthen financial sector supervision continue. Shortage of appropriately qualified
staff remains an issue, but recruitment is expected to be completed by June 2011. At the same time,
the Bank of Greece is committed to reduce remunerations of its employees as part of the overall fiscal
consolidation effort. The supervision of the insurance sector is being enhanced since the Bank of
Greece took it over in December 2010. In parallel to increasing human resources, it is undertaking a
diagnostic assessment of insurance companies' solvency and reviewing the adequacy of existing
policyholder guarantee schemes.
4.5. GROWTH-ENHANCING STRUCTURAL REFORMS
42. The adjustment programme for Greece contains a very wide agenda of structural reforms. The
aim of structural reforms is to improve the supply-side conditions of the economy, increase internal
competition and external competitiveness. Their implementation will facilitate the return of the
economy to potential growth, while strengthening this potential. Structural actions increase efficiency,
reduce prices with benefits for consumers and help shifting resources from the domestic market to
exports. Reforms need to take place in parallel as theoretical and empirical evidence shows that a
comprehensive reform programme leads to significantly better outcomes than a sequential
implementation of partial reforms. In particular, a simultaneous implementation of reforms helps to
overcome opposition from interest groups that benefit from specific restrictions and impose a burden
on the whole Greek society. Moreover, the faster reforms are implemented, the sooner they will have
an effective impact and contribute to jobs and growth.
43. Following a slowdown in momentum in autumn, a new wave of structural reforms is underway.
After a landmark pension reform before the summer, the reform momentum weakened in autumn
2010, partially reflecting the shift in political focus in the run-up to the local elections in November, a
cabinet reshuffle in September and limited administrative and operational capacity of the Greek
government. This led to delays in the implementation of reforms that were originally agreed in May
and then revised in August and November. However, a new wave of reforms is now being
implemented, under preparation or at the point of being legislated in areas such as labour market,
competition policy, access to and exercise of professions, reduction in red-tape, investment and export
promotion and restructuring of state-owned companies. It is critical that the legislation passed is in all
cases ambitious and of high quality, and that a determined and effective implementation follows
without delay.
4.5.1. Labour market reforms

44. The new labour law adopted in December has been a positive step forward, but further
adjustment may be necessary. The reform undertaken aims at enhancing the dynamism of the labour
market and improving the firms' adaptability to market conditions with a view to enhancing
competitiveness and attracting foreign investment. After a number of reforms adopted in July, the new
labour law of December reforms the mediation and arbitration system and goes in the direction of
32
moving the wage bargaining system towards the firm level, where the firm growth strategies are
decided. The government tends to see the new law and the special firm-level collective agreements
(SFLCAs, see box) as a tool for only limited wage decentralisation targeted to firms in difficulty,
rather than promoting it as a powerful instrument to increase employment and improve
competitiveness. The government has not legislated the elimination of the extension of sectoral
collective agreements to all firms in each sector. Nevertheless, the government is committed to
communicate to market players their rights as regards their access to SFLCAs, to follow up on
implementation and to build the change in mindset favourable to the use of SFLCAs, including by
reiterating the non-binding nature of the labour inspectorate report. The mission welcomed the
government’s intention in promoting and monitoring the implementation of these new SFLCAs, but
insisted that the legal framework may require further adjustment to fully deliver the expected benefits.
Box 7: Labour market reforms
In the course of 2010, Greece adopted two batches of labour market reforms. Already in July, Parliament voted
legislative changes related to overtime pay rates, severance costs, and sub-minima wages for groups at risk, such as
young and long-term unemployed. The Government and the social partners also agreed that the minimum wage
would be frozen until summer 2012, and then expected to increase in line with expected euro-area inflation (a 1.5
percent increase in July 2012 and 1.7 percent in July 2012). Although a longer period of wage freeze would have
been desirable, the agreement marked a clear change compared to the recent years' practice. A second wave of labour
market reforms was adopted in December.
The special firm-level collective agreements (SFLCAs) is a promising step towards making the wage setting
system more adequate to reflect the firms' economic conditions. Until now, firm-level agreements could only
improve wages on top of what was agreed at sector level, but could in no case establish less favourable wage
conditions (the so-called favourability principle). Moreover, the sector-level agreements have been generally
extended by the Government to all firms in each sector, including those that are not members of the employers'
associations signing the sector agreement. This practice, together with the favourability principle, may prevent wages
to properly reflect economic conditions at the firm level. According to the December law on SFLCAs, employers and
employees at firm level can now agree on remuneration conditions that are less favourable than those stipulated in
sector agreements with the view to preserve jobs. This way, the law allows each firm to adjust remuneration
conditions to their productivity, competitiveness and strategic decisions. The SFLCAs can be signed by any firm,
irrespective of their size and whether they are members of the employers' organisations that signed the sectoral
agreements or not.
Some facets of the labour law may significantly reduce the effectiveness of the SFLCAs. First, SFLCAs can only
be concluded between employers and unions. Considering the strong incidence of negotiation and transaction costs
for small firms and the possibility that small firms lack firm-level unions as a counterpart to sign the agreement,
SFLCAs may not de facto be easily available to a substantial number of firms even when both employers and a
majority of workers would be in favour. Second, the signature of an SFLCAs requires a notification procedure to, and
an opinion by, the Council of Social Oversight of the Labour Inspectorate (CSOLI). Although the CSOLI's opinion is
not binding, it generates unnecessary red tape, and a negative opinion may create social and political stigma. The first
(and only, so far) SFLCAs agreement signed in Greece after the new law was passed received a negative opinion.
Therefore, while the new law has a great potential to ensuring wages are in line with productivity and the specific
conditions of each firm, these facets may need to be revisited in the short term to ensure the SFLCAs are effective.
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European Commission
Other features included in the December law refer to:
• Collective dispute regulation procedures. Practice revealed that the mediation and arbitration procedures in
Greece were often a source of upward wage drift, as unions had privileged access to arbitration. After the reforms
adopted by the government, both employers and employees may request arbitration and mediation services. To
ensure impartiality, the board of the Mediation and Arbitration Organisation (OMED) has been reformed, freed
from government influence (the government has one observer in the OMED board with no voting right), with
paritary ensured in the representation of employers and employees and with the chairman chosen by unanimity.
Moreover, to promote social dialogue, mediation and arbitration is limited to basic pay disputes.
• Remuneration of part-time workers. Previous rules established the non-standard practice of a premium of 7.5
percent to the hourly remuneration of part-time workers (of less than four hours per day). This premium has been
abolished. The premium of 10 percent for part-time workers working overtime has also been abolished.
• Part-time shift work has been extended from six to nine months.
• The probationary period for staff joining firms was comparatively short (two months) and is now extended to
one year. This allows a longer period in the establishment of a longer-term trustful relationship between
employers and employees, and effectively reduces hiring costs.
• The maximum work period under temporary working agencies was short (12 months) and has been raised to
3 years.
A third wave of labour reforms is now under preparation. This concerns fixed-term contracts, rules on working-time
arrangements and the restructuring of the Labour Inspectorate.
• Although the conditions for fixed-term contracts in Greece do not appear particularly strict, the costs for
terminating these contracts before their term are substantially higher than elsewhere in the EU. Moreover, there is
also the need to avoid firms misuse of probationary periods (now longer than they used to be) as a substitute for
short-term fixed-contracts to cope with temporary labour needs.
• Changes in working-time regulations should enhance the adjustment of pay and working time at the firm level .
• The procedure to create firm-level trade unions is particularly long, extending in some case over more that 8
months. The government intends to accelerate the procedure to set up these unions, which would, inter-alia,
facilitate the signing of SFLCAs.
• The Labour Inspectorate should be strengthened and resourced with qualified staff, so as to ensure better
controls and higher efficiency levels in tackling undeclared work.
4.5.2 Closed professions

45. The deregulation of closed professions is a flagship reform of the whole programme and will test
the government’s determination vis-à-vis incumbents. The reform is expected to increase
competition in a long list of professions (more than 150) which were subject to rules on numerus
clausus, fixed or recommended prices, geographic restrictions or other rules which protect incumbents
and hinder competition.
• Procedure. Given the myriad of restriction on closed professions, the government decided to
adopt a two-pronged approach. For lawyers, notaries, engineers, architects, auditors and (in a
specific act) pharmacists, the new legislation explicitly removes unwarranted restrictions. For
other professions, the new act establishes the principle of professional freedom rather than
34
explicitly abrogating each of the unwarranted restrictions in force. Moreover, the law to be
adopted establishes a 4-month period during which restrictions that are justified may be
reinstated by decree. The government is confident that this approach is the most effective in
accelerating liberalisation. However, the mission expressed concerns that this legislative
technique may create legal uncertainty. Moreover, the mission was of the view that it was crucial
that the professional restrictions to be reinstated should be limited to a strict minimum and only
when public interest and economic rationale is overwhelming.
• Contents. The draft law is heading in the right direction in areas such as the new way of
calculating notaries' fees, abolishing fixed or minimum prices for the other professions.
However, legal fees which will remain for tax and social contribution reasons or in cases where
there is no explicit agreement between client and provider of service may constitute coordination
tools for providers and hinder price competition. The fact that the law keeps some territorial
restrictions to the practice of lawyers is a disappointment and reveals the strength of interest
groups. In relation to the professions not explicitly addressed in the new law and in relation to
which some restrictions may be reinstated, the missions encouraged the government to consult
widely and take into account the wider economic interest rather than to yield to specific interest
groups.
Box 8: The reform of restricted professions
There are valid reasons as to why regulation of professional services is needed. Regulations address market
failures such as asymmetry of information between customers and service providers, which requires practitioners to
possess the necessary skills. They also address externalities, as some professional services might have an impact on
third parties. In addition, some professional services produce public goods that are of value for the society in general,
hence the need for regulation.
Finding the amount of regulation that is commensurate with the protection of the general interest objectives at
stake is challenging. Restrictions on price setting, advertising, entry requirements, limits on multi-disciplinary
activities, geographical or territorial limits to the exercise of a profession, have in many instances adverse side
effects. Fixed minimum or maximum prices deprive service providers of the possibility of competing on price or
their price/quality ratio and render the establishment of new competitors less attractive. Recommended prices also
facilitate co-ordination between service providers and mislead consumers about reasonable price levels. Restrictions
based on quality concerns – such as a minimum amount of hours needed to provide a service – often fail to
acknowledge that there are more effective ways to ensure good performance. Quantitative and geographical
restrictions hinder the freedom of establishment, thereby limiting the overall number of service providers and curbing
competition. Given the need to trade off public interest with competition, a proportionality test is necessary.
However, in many countries, the proportionality is often assessed by professional chambers that are biased and
protect interest groups.
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European Commission
Greece stands out in the group of developed countries for imposing excessive requirements on regulated
professions. Indicator based evidence–e.g. the International Regulation Database–shows that the degree of regulation
of professional services in Greece is one of the highest in the OECD. To illustrate, Greek lawyers are subject to a
much higher degree of regulation relative to the OECD average: Greece has been one of the very few advanced
economies with fixed minimum prices and with a complete ban on advertising. There are also geographical
restrictions: Greek lawyers are allowed to practice within a specific area only, not in the whole national territory. The
most important restrictions on engineers and architects concern minimum fees and the method of payment of fees.
As in lawyers, current regulations provide for minimum fees not subject to contractual agreement. Current
regulations also prescribe a specific procedure whereby the Technical Chamber collects the fee owed by the client:
clients are not entitled to pay fees directly to professionals. Greek auditors are subject to minimum hours to conduct
a statutory audit and to maximum annual working hours. Lastly, notaries are by far the most regulated profession.
The profession is heavily regulated in terms of the access to and exercise of the profession. On access, there are strict
requirements including nationality, exams, and minimum and maximum age requirements to enter the profession. In
terms of market conduct, the profession has all possible forms of restrictions: on the number of notaries; ban on
multidisciplinary activities; geographical restrictions; ban on commercial communications; mandatory membership in
a regional notaries association and heavily regulated prices: currently among the highest in the EU countries with a
Latin notary system.
There is a wide scope of opportunity to lift restrictions in the Greek regulated professions without
compromising quality and consumer protection. Evidence shows that in countries with low degrees of regulation,
there are proportionally higher numbers of practitioners generating a relatively higher overall turnover. Liberalisation
also comes along with substantial moderating effects on prices and higher quality for consumers.
4.5.3 Energy and transport

46. Reforms to liberalise the wholesale electricity market are underway. After sluggish progress in
recent years, the government is now taking several steps, although further progress is needed:
• Measures to open up the lignite-fired electricity sector are in progress. The government
proposed new instruments to open up the lignite-fired electricity market by means of sales of
drawing rights arrangements in existing and future plants of the Public Power Corporation
(PPC). The Commission's in-depth assessment of these measures, including market testing, is
foreseen to be finalised by mid-February. A swift action by the government would allow the
implementation of these measures to commence as foreseen by end-March 2011.
• The awarding of hydro reserves management needs to be further specified. Access to hydro
reserves for competitors is essential to achieve fair market conditions with regard to flexibility
and competitive back-up capacity. The government intends to award the management of hydro
reserves to an Independent Commission for Hydro Reserves Management under the envisaged
independent transmission operator (ITO). However, the motivation for combining the
management of hydro reserves with network operation functions still requires further discussion.
Regarding the scenario of splitting the current Hellenic Transmission System Operator (HTSO)
into a network operator and a market operator, it needs to be specified whether the hydro
reserves management could be entrusted to the market operator. In relation to hydro reserves
management, Greece also needs to take the necessary measures to comply with the Water
Management Directive.
• The government started to implement a new system of regulated tariffs. The energy
component of regulated tariffs is expected to be transformed gradually to reflect wholesale
market prices, except for vulnerable customers. The government has adopted a revised definition
of vulnerable customers and introduced a new social tariff for this category of consumers. As a
next step, it is foreseen to abolish tariff regulation for non-residential customers by end-2011.
36
• The unbundling of network activities is experiencing delays. The government has submitted
information on the related assets and personnel to prepare the unbundling of network from
supply activities in the electricity sector; this is now being assessed by the European
Commission. The government's proposal of the organisational design of the ITO remains open
and requires further consultation.
47. Transport liberalisation has a great growth-enhancing potential. Moreover, reforms in the state-
owned transport sector are also an important element of the fiscal consolidation strategy. Since the
summer 2010, a number of laws have been approved in relation to road freight, railways (see previous
Compliance Reports) and urban transport. However, in some of these areas, there have been delays or
transition periods that reduce the effectiveness of the measures. With regards to the long-due railway
restructuring, state aid issues are still pending, while the respective business plan lacks a solid and
credible mechanism to promptly correct deviations from the plan. Tourism passenger transport
services (buses, coaches and limousines) have been a closed sector with no new entrants for several
years. The government has committed to remove restrictions in the concession of new licenses.
4.5.4 Investment, export and R&D promotion
48. The new investment law has been passed but its implementation and fiscal implications need to
be monitored. The law consists of an incentive framework for general entrepreneurship,
technological development, regional cohesion and large-scale investments. The main instruments are
tax credits, favourable loans, leasing of capital investment and limited investment grants,
differentiating between various classes of investment according to regions and company size. The law
aims at supporting private investments and the adoption of new technologies by companies
while defining a new framework for regional development. The effectiveness of the law in particular
regarding the additionality of investment and the type of investments/sectors which will get financial
support will depend on implementing decrees that are not yet adopted. The mission has insisted that
its implementation will have to avoid distortionary investment incentives and the creation of sector
privileges. The fiscal incentives will also need to comply with the medium-term fiscal consolidation
strategy.
49. The new law on fast-track licensing procedures is underway. The aim of the law is to speed up and
facilitate licensing procedures for technical professions, manufacturing activities and business parks.
This may be achieved through tight mandatory deadlines for the completion of the approval procedure
and tacit approval in case of deadlines not being adhered to. Although the law is complex, it is
innovative and addresses the right issues. However, the effectiveness of the measures will hinge on
well-specified implementing acts to be adopted in the next months.
50. The promotion of exports comprises new marketing strategies and should be complemented by
anti-red tape measure. The government presented a national export strategy to improve the external
marketing of Greek products, including the development of a national brand and an improved
information network for exporters. A strategy to accelerate the removal of bureaucratic burden for
exporters is not yet visible, though this should be tackled in legislation that the government committed
to adopt in Q2 2011, with the aim of simplifying the process of clear exports and imports.
51. The government needs to give priority to a comprehensive strategy of promoting R&D and
innovation. Action in this area, which ought to be an important pillar in any growth-oriented policy
framework, has been slow over recent months. It is therefore important that the government gives
renewed impetus to R&D policies by finalising an evaluation of all R&D and innovation related
actions and presenting an action plan aiming at enhancing the quality of, and better utilising the
synergies between, public and private R&D and innovation activities.
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European Commission
4.5.5 Other reforms to improve the business environment and strengthen competition
52. Progress to comply with the competition-enhancing Services Directive has been mixed. The
required legislative changes have been adopted only partially and important acts are still pending,
such as the legislation on retail stores or cross-border services in tourism. Work is particularly delayed
in the wholesale sector which seems to still require screening for restrictions covered by the Directive.
The government has presented a list of priority sectors where legislation is expected to be adopted by
the end of the second quarter 2011. In respect to the point of single of contact (PSC) – a tool to
simplify licensing procedures – a significant amount of information has been made available to new
service providers. However, the adoption of the necessary acts that allow the completion of all the
required procedures online is lagging behind. The mission expressed concern in respect of the use of
online procedures related to the recognition of professional qualifications, the distinction between
established providers and those providing services cross-border as well as the required simplification
of procedures.
Box 9: Reform priories for Greece using the ‘Lisbon’ assessment framework (LAF) methodology
This box identifies a number of reform priorities based on a benchmarking exercise jointly developed by the
Commission and the ‘Lisbon agenda methodology working group’ (LIME) of the Economic Policy Committee
(EPC). The methodology evaluates EU Member State's performance in 18 growth-enhancing policy areas, based on
indicators covering labour markets, product markets and, innovation and knowledge. (*)
Table 1 summarizes the results. Three benchmarks are used to assess relative performance: EU27, EU15 (the EU
member states before the latest enlargements) and EU5 (the five best EU performing countries). It is assumed that
Greece underperforms in any given policy area if the aggregate score is below -4 in at least two benchmarks.
According to this convention, the following ten policy areas warrant attention: (i) active labour market policies, (ii)
job protection and labour market segmentation, (iii) specific labour supply measures for women, (iv) sector-specific
regulation, (v) regulatory barriers to entrepreneurship, (vi) start-up conditions, (vii) openness to trade and investment,
(viii) R&D, (ix) ICT and (x) education and lifelong learning.
Table 1: Indicator-based assessment of underperforming policy areas – Greece
Aggregate Scores Overall

EU15 EU27 EU5 assessment
Level Change Level Change Level Change (indicator based)
Labour Market
Active labour market policy area -6 7 -5 10 -20 14 -
Making work pay: interplay of tax and benefits system 7 2 9 -2 9 8 +
Labour taxation to stimulate labour demand 7 -11 8 -11 4 -9 +
Job protection and labour market segmentation / dualisation -6 7 -4 7 -23 1 -
Policies increasing working time 18 -1 13 -3 18 -9 +
Specific labour supply measures for women -9 -4 -7 -2 -11 -11 -
Specific labour supply measures for older worker 7 -8 8 -6 7 -7 +
Wage bargaining and wage setting policies 2 -5 3 -7 -4 -6 =
Immigration and integration policies 9 -9 8 -6 13 -21 +
Labour market mismatch and mobility 14 12 8 7 18 10 +
Product and Capital market
Competition policy framework 8 -5 5 -1 14 -1 +
Sector specific regulation (telecom, energy) -9 -12 -10 -10 -8 -6 -
Business environment - Regulatory barriers to entrepreneurship -8 4 -6 2 -10 6 -
Business Dynamics - Start-up conditions -8 1 -7 0 -12 8 -
Market integration - Openness to trade and investment -5 -1 -1 -3 -11 1 -
Innovation and knowledge
R&D and innovation -17 12 -13 8 -21 21 -
ICT -12 -12 -8 -7 -12 -10 -
Education and life-long learning -5 5 -5 5 -7 0 -
Source: Commission services (http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/indicators/economic_reforms/Quantitative/laf/)
Note: Each of the 18 policy areas consists of a number of indicators (mostly Eurostat’s structural indicators). A weighted average of
those indicators is calculated. Then, results are standardized by the mean and the standard deviation of the benchmark. The usual
caveats of indicator-based analysis apply, in particular some indicators may not reflect the latest economic developments and the
impact of reforms recently adopted by Member States. In addition, in some areas there is a lack of indicators assessing the
efficiency and quality of spending. The table was last updated in December 2010.
38
• Active labour market policies. The available indicators show that the amounts dedicated to active labour market
policies are low in comparative terms. Labour market policy expenditure seems to rely more on passive measures
than on actives ones. Other indicators give additional evidence of the relatively low enrolment of the unemployed
and inactive in education and training, as well as relatively fewer resources devoted to employment services.
• Job protection and labour market segmentation. Information on employment protection measures shows that
in Greece, the overall strictness of protection against dismissals for regular employment is relatively lower than
for temporary employment. Strict employment protection legislation (EPL) for temporary workers, along with
higher levels of protection for permanent white-collar workers, hinders young workers, women and long-term
unemployed entry and re-entry into the labour market as well as transition into permanent contracts.
• Specific labour supply measures for women. Judging from the indicators, lower female participation seems to
be related to the relatively lower access to childcare, to underdevelopment of part-time work, as well as to the
lower presence of women in life-long learning activities.
• Sector specific regulation: telecommunications and electricity. The indicators show that prices of local and
national calls are below the EU average, whereas international calls are above. On electricity, the indicators show
that electricity prices for industrial users are relatively higher than for households. However, price setting does
not reflect fully the cost of electricity supply, thereby hindering competition. Moreover, the incumbent remains
too strong, retaining control over important access issues.
• Business environment: regulatory barriers to entrepreneurship. Propensity towards entrepreneurship is high

in Greece, as shown by the importance of self employment. However, the ‘World Bank Doing Business’
indicators point to higher number of procedures needed to enforce contracts, to register property and to deal with
licences. Longer time is also an issue in paying taxes, as well as in enforcing contracts.
• Start-up conditions. The available indicators rank Greece within the group of countries with the highest number
of procedures to start a business. The minimum cost needed to start a business is also above the EU average.
Moreover, closing a business is relatively cumbersome in terms of time and the lower recovery rates.
• Openness to trade and investment. Greece scores below average in terms of time and cost to import a
standardized cargo of goods by sea transport.
• R&D and innovation. Most of the R&D and innovation indicators point to Greece having a gap in this area:
share of high technology product in total exports, number of patent applications to the European patent office,
percentage of venture capital investments, employment in high tech sectors, the share of science and technology
graduates and domestic expenditure on R&D. The R&D intensity of the economy remains low despite efforts
made, especially through the use of structural funds. This results from the sectoral specialization, which is driven
by services and with a high share of small firms, and a low preponderance of high tech firms in overall
production.
• ICT. Most ICT indicators also point to Greece having a gap in this area. E-government usage by enterprises is
relatively high, though its use by individuals is below the benchmark. This is consistent with relatively lower
broadband penetration rates and household internet access. Indicators on ICT spending show a relatively low
expenditure on information technology as a percentage of GDP.
• Education and lifelong learning. The available indicators show that the problem is not so much on attainment
levels than on the quality of education. Indeed, secondary education attainment levels – for both males and
females – are above the EU average. However, Greek students score less well than their OECD counterparts in
the PISA tests.
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European Commission
(*) DG ECFIN and EPC (2008), ‘The LIME assessment framework (LAF): A methodological tool to compare, in the context of the
Lisbon Strategy, the performance of EU Member States in terms of GDP and in terms of twenty policy areas affecting growth,’
European Economy-Occasional Papers, 41.
53. Progress in the land and commercial registries has been slow. The absence of a proper functioning
land registry has often been an obstacle to investment and the uniform collection of property taxes. In
the case of state-owned properties, legal disputes of land and real estate property also constitute a
barrier to privatisation. So far, only an estimated 18 percent (6.5 million) of land rights have been
registered in Greece since the mid-1990s. The government is, however, increasing resources into the
land registry, so that by 2015, another 22 percent (8 million) rights will be digitised and the entire
project is finalised by 2020. The General Commercial Registry (GEMI) is foreseen to become
operational in April 2011, as soon as outstanding technical arrangements within the government and
with the Hellenic Union of Chambers has been put in place.
54. Studies on sectoral growth drivers and an action plan to remove restrictions to business need to
be made operational. The government presented preliminary results of studies on the contribution of
the tourism and retail sectors to growth and jobs. The results need to be further specified as to propose
concrete policy measures to overcome the identified legislative, administrative and other obstacles for
competition and market entry in these sectors. The government is working on an action plan to
remove 30 of the most important remaining barriers to business activity, investment and innovation.
This plan, which includes several measures in addition to those already addressed in the adjustment
programme and covers both short-term and longer-term action, is planned to be finalised and made
public by end-February.
Box 10: The reform of the Hellenic Competition Commission
The law reforming the Hellenic Competition Commission (HCC) is under discussion in Parliament at the time
this Compliance Report is published. The main features of draft law are as follows:
• The new method of appointment of the HCC president and vice-president enhances independence. Upon
the approval of the new law, the HCC president and vice-president will be selected by the Hellenic Parliament.
Currently, the President is appointed by the Ministry of Regional Development and Competitiveness. To
strengthen the HCC independence, the draft law also limits the government’s information requesting powers: the
government will only have access to information of a general nature also available top Parliament.
• The mandate of the HCC board is decoupled from the electoral cycle. The draft law provides that the
members of the board, both full and alternate members, as well as the rapporteurs are appointed for a five-year
term, which could be renewed for a further five-year period. Currently, the mandate is four years and cannot be
extended. In addition, the draft provides for the staggering of the HCC board’s mandates. This is a way of
ensuring continuity in the institution, while at the same time, providing for the rotation of the board
memebership. In addition, the draft law reduces the number of board members from nine to eight.
• The draft law sets more reasonable deadlines for the investigation and issuance of decisions. Upon approval
of the law, the HCC is expected take a decision within 12 months of a case being assigned to a rapporteur. The
current time limit of six months between the opening of proceedings and the issuance of a statement of objections
is unduly tight and does not take into account the fact that complex cases require detailed investigation.
40
• The HCC will decide on its own enforcement priorities and may reject low-priority complaints. Upon
approval of the law, the HCC should to prioritize cases according to a points-based system. The draft law
provides however that the point system will be an internal management tool; that ranking deriving from its
application will not be made public and that the Director General of the HCC may decide, if justified, on a re-
ranking of cases and submit its decision to the approval of the board. Currently, the HCC is obliged to investigate
all complaints it receives, so its discretion to set priorities, and enforce effectively and efficiently, remains
hampered.
While the mission supported the intentions of the new law, it expressed concerns that the premature termination of
the current mandate of the President and full-time board members, other than the rapporteurs, is in contradiction with
HCC as an independent agency and may effectively defeat the stated objective of strengthening the competition
commission’s independence.
4.5.6 Education
55. An independent taskforce of education policy experts is being set up. So far, education has not
been tackled by the adjustment programme. Nonetheless, the system has been costly without
providing a good quality service to the Greek society. The education sector has a critical role to play
in terms of increasing the medium- to long-term growth. While the Ministry of Education has often
stated its intention to recruit several thousands of teachers (primary and secondary) and professors
(tertiary), such an intention should fit in the overall recruitment restrictions (1-to-5), without
undermining the importance of quality, efficiency and effectiveness of the system. Available
indicators show that Greek teachers and professors have a much lighter workload and teach
substantially less hours than in other EU countries.
41
Annex 1: Assessment of compliance with required action for the third review
Table A-1: Fiscal consolidation
Actions in the Memorandum of understanding on specific policy conditionality (MoU)

Comments
(actions by end-December 2010)
Partially observed.
Criterion Reference value Outcome Comments

EUR 22 billion
(estimate - complete
ESA-based EUR 18.0 billion data will be reported by
ELSTAT by end March Not observed.
government deficit (Council Decision) and validated and
published by Eurostat
on 22 April.)
Government primary
EUR -5.7 billion EUR -5.5 Observed.
balance (cash basis)
Government achieves the quantitative performance criteria for 2010 and endeavours to reach
State primary
the government deficit target on an ESA95 basis. payments
EUR 67 billion EUR 61.1 billion Observed.
Central government
EUR 342 billion. EUR 340 billion Observed.
debt
Annual increase in
the general EUR 34.1 billion
government EUR 29 billion Observed.
consolidated gross (Council Decision)
debt
EUR 2 billion
Guarantees EUR 1.3 billion Observed.
(indicative)
Payment arrears EUR 0 (indicative) EUR 3 billion. Not observed.
42
Parliament adopts the final budget for 2011 targeting a further reduction in the general
government deficit, which in ESA95-based terms will not exceed EUR 17 065 million.
Observed.
The final 2011 budget provides information and projections on the entire general government
sector.
The final budget includes the following measures:
Carryovers into 2011 of measures adopted in May 2010:

Expenditure cuts:
wage bill (seasonal bonuses and allowances): at least EUR 400 million; Observed.
pensions (seasonal bonuses): EUR 500 million; All these measures were legislated and implemented in the course of 2010.
specific reduction in highest pensions: EUR 150 million; New estimates for:
- cuts in wage bill (seasonal bonuses and allowances): EUR 460 million;
Revenue increases: - specific reduction in highest pensions: EUR 310 million
VAT: at least EUR 750 million; - luxury goods tax: EUR 20 million;
- incentives to regularise land-use violations: EUR 250 million.
excises on fuel: at least EUR 250 million;
excises on tobacco: at least EUR 250 million;
excises on alcohol: at least EUR 50 million;
luxury good tax: at least EUR 50 million
incentives to regularise land-use violations (Ημι-υπαίθριοι), yielding at least EUR 150 million
and increased amounts in 2012 and 2013.
43
Measures previously agreed and legislated:
Expenditure cuts:
reduction in intermediate consumption by at least EUR 300 million compared to the actual
2010 level, on top of savings envisaged in the context of reforming public administration and
the reorganisation of local government;
implement legislation reforming public administration and reorganising local government
with the aim of reducing costs in comparison to current levels by at least EUR 1 500 million Observed.
in 2013, of which at least EUR 500 million in 2011; All these measures were legislated and implemented in the course of 2010.
New estimates for:
reduction in domestically-financed spending in investment by at least EUR 500 million
- reduction in intermediate consumption: EUR 350 million
compared to the actual 2010 level, while increasing revenue by giving priority to investment
projects financed by EU structural and cohesion funds; - reduction in the wage bill through fraud reducing measures: EUR 0.
freeze in the indexation of pensions, with the aim of saving at least EUR 100 million;
reduction in the wage bill through fraud-reducing measures and the establishment of the
single payment authority by at least EUR 100 million;
reduction in pharmaceutical expenditure by social security funds by EUR 500 million owing
to a reduction in pre-tax drug prices; and by hospitals by at least EUR 350 million.
44
Revenue increases:
temporary crisis levies on highly profitable firms, yielding at least EUR 1 000 million per
year in 2011, 2012 and 2013;
enforce the presumptive taxation of professionals, with a yield of at least EUR 700 million in
2011 and increasing returns in 2012 and 2013;
start phasing in a green tax, with a yield of at least EUR 150 million in 2011;
Observed.
expand the base of the real estate tax by updating asset values to yield at least EUR 270 All these measures were legislated and implemented in the course of 2010.
million additional revenue; New estimates for the expansion of the base of the real estate tax by updating assets
values: EUR 135 million.
collect revenue from the licensing of gaming: at least EUR 500 million in sales of licences
and EUR 200 in annual royalties;
increase taxation of wages in kind, including by taxing car lease payments: at least EUR 150
million;
introduce book specification of income for tax purposes yielding at least EUR 50 million;
initiate the collection of a special tax on unauthorised establishments (Αυθαίρετα) (at least
EUR 300 million per year).
45
New measures:
Expenditure cuts:
further reduction in operational expenditure by at least 5 percent yielding savings of at least
EUR 100 million;
further reduction in transfers yielding savings for the government as a whole of at least EUR Observed.
100 million. The beneficiary public entities will ensure the concomitant reduction in
expenditure so that there is no accumulation of arrears;
means-testing of family allowances from January 2011 on yielding savings of at least EUR
Observed.
150 million (after deduction of the respective administrative costs) ;
reduction in deliveries of military equipment by at least EUR 500 million compared to the Planned.
actual 2010 level; To be assessed by end-year.
further reduction in pharmaceutical expenditure by social security funds by EUR 900 million
owing to a further reduction in drug prices and new procurement procedures and by hospitals Observed.
(also including expenditure in equipment) by at least EUR 350 million;
changes in the management, pricing and wages of public enterprises yielding savings of at Observed.
least EUR 800 million; New estimate: EUR 500 million.
46
Revenue increases:
Not yet applicable.
equalisation of taxation on heating oil and diesel oil from 15 October 2011 on, with the aim of The act to equalise the taxation of heating oil and diesel oil have not yet been
fighting fraud and yielding at least EUR 400 million in 2011 net of specific measures to legislated. The specific tax benefit to heating oil to be revoked applies only in autumn
protect the less prosperous population strata; and winter (from 15 October to April); a delay in the adoption the act until now has
no material impact on tax revenue and tax expenditure.
increase in the reduced rates of VAT from 5.5 to 6.5 percent and 11 to 13 percent, yielding at
least EUR 880 million; and reduction in the VAT rate applicable to medicines and hotel
accommodation from 11 to 6.5 percent with a cost not exceeding EUR 250 million;
intensification of the fight against smuggling on fuel (at least EUR 190 million);
Observed.
increase in court trial fees (at least EUR 100 million);
New estimates for:
the implementation of an action plan to accelerate the collection of tax arrears (at least EUR - increase in the reduced rates of VAT: EUR 480 million
200 million);
The measures against tax evasion and reforming the tax administration are included
speeding up tax penalty collection (at least EUR 400 million); in the tax bill, which is expected to be adopted by Parliament by end-February. The
collection of revenue that results from the new framework of tax disputes and trials (at least one-off measures, namely the telecommunication licences and the concessions
EUR 300 million); licences, are expected to yield according to the estimates in November.
revenue from the renewal of telecommunication licences that are about to expire (at least
EUR 350 million);
revenue from concession licences (at least EUR 250 million).
47
The final budget contains:
detailed expenditure ceilings for each line ministry, local governments, and social security
funds consistent with the general government deficit target. For the medium-term fiscal
framework for 2012-14, this will be specified in the March 2011 strategy paper; Observed.
information on monthly revenue per category, and expenditure per Ministry. Updated figures
will be regularly made available online.
48
Table A-2: Structural fiscal reforms
Comments
Fighting waste in public enterprises:
Ongoing, delayed.
Government adopts a restructuring plan for the Athens transport network (OASA). The
objective of the plan is to reduce operational losses of the company and make it economically A plan has been circulated for comments to the EC/IMF/ECB. There are still
viable. State subsidies shall not exceed 40 percent of operational cost in conformity with EU shortcomings in terms of fiscal impact and enforcement mechanisms. The law on
practices. The plan includes cuts in operational expenditure of the company and tariffs OASA's restructuring has been submitted to Parliament in mid-February.
increases. The required actions are implemented by end March 2011.
Observed
Government adopts an act that limits recruitment in the whole general government to a rule of Law 3899/2010 establishes that government recruitments in the course of 2011-13
not more than 1 recruitment for 5 exits, without sectoral exceptions. Government prepares a need to fit in the rule of not more than 1 recruitment for 5 exits.
human resource plan in line with this rule. The rule also applies to staff transferred from
However, there is no comprehensive human resource plan yet. Also the absence of
public enterprises under restructuring to government entities.
regular and timely compilation of staff movements (entries, exits and transfers)
means that the enforcement of the rule cannot be monitored.
Government prepares a detailed privatization plan for the divestment of state assets and
enterprises with the aim of raising at least EUR 7 billion during the period 2011-2013, of Observed
which at least EUR 1 billion in 2011. The restructuring and privatization programme will
span the state’s holdings in rail, road transport, airports, ports, utilities, the gaming industry The government has announced the assets it intends to privatise in the course of
and real estate. Proceeds from privatisation are to be used to redeem debt and do not 2011-13. This list is to be revised given the more ambitious privatisation plans.
substitute fiscal consolidation efforts.
Accounting and control:
Partially observed.
Government ensures that the central registry for public enterprises is operational, and that The central registry has been created by a circular of 10 November 2010 sent to all
public enterprises' financial statements are available on the website of the Ministry of public enterprises and entities, but is not yet fully operational.
Finance.
Public enterprises' financial statements have been made published, since September
2010.
49
Government centralises the financial supervision of public enterprises at the Ministry of
Finance – Special Secretariat for Public Enterprises. Operational supervision of public Observed.
enterprises is ensured by the relevant ministries.
Military spending:
The new EMPAE (National Medium-Term Military Procurement Programme), to be adopted Not yet applicable as the National Medium-Term Military Procurement Programme
by Government, plans for a reduction in expenditure in the medium term that durably has not yet been adopted.
contributes to fiscal consolidation, without prejudice to national defence capability.
To improve the fiscal framework:
Government implements legislation to strengthen the fiscal framework. The following
elements should be part of the reform: introduce a medium-term fiscal framework based on
rolling three-year expenditure ceilings for central government, social security and local
governments; strengthen the position of the Finance minister vis-à-vis line ministries in both
budget preparation and execution phases (giving him/her veto power on spending decisions
and execution); introduce a compulsory contingency reserve in the budget, corresponding to 5
percent of total appropriations of government departments other than wages, pensions and
interest; the use of the contingency reserve will be decided by the Finance Minister;
Parliament does not modify the overall size of the budget at the approval stage, and focuses
on the composition of public expenditure and revenue, and reliability of projections for Partially observed.
expenditure and revenue; introduce stronger expenditure monitoring mechanisms, particularly
by implementing an appropriate control of spending commitments, through which spending
entities (line ministries, local authorities, social security funds, hospitals and other legal
entities,) will report on a monthly basis to the Treasury on their outstanding expenditure
commitments against their authorised appropriations in the budget law. To this end, the
General Secretariat of Information Systems starts developing a special information system, to
be complete by June 2011, interconnecting all public entities with the General Accounting
Office (GAO), to provide real-time data; introduce a revenue rule for the general government,
according to which the allocation of higher-than-expected revenues should be specified ex
ante in the budget; creation of a budget office attached to Parliament providing independent
advice and expert scrutiny on fiscal issues, and reporting publicly on the budgetary plans and
execution of the spending entities of the general government, and on macroeconomic
assumptions used in the budget.
50
To complete the pension reform:
Observed.
The National Actuarial Authority provides by 15 December 2010 interim long-term Long-term projections have been provided by the NAA for IKA, OGA and OAEE (in
projections of pension expenditure up to 2060 under the July 2010 legislation covering the December 2010) and OPAD (in January 2011).
main pension schemes (IKA, OGA, OAEE and OPAD).
These projections will now be scrutinised by the Commission services and peer-
reviewed by the EU Economic Policy Committee (EPC)
To modernise the healthcare system: Ongoing.
Parliament has adopted a first package of reforms proposed by the government in
Government adopts a comprehensive reform of the healthcare system and modifies the
February 2011. Policies cover a number of areas including: pharmaceuticals
allocation of health-related tasks among ministries.
reimbursement, reduction of profit margin of wholesalers and pharmacies, new
The overarching objective is to keep public health expenditure at or below 6 percent of GDP, population criteria for the establishment of pharmacies and working hours of
while maintaining universal access and improving the quality of care delivery. pharmacies, public procurement of medical supplies and medicines merging of most
In the short-term, the main focus should be on macro-level discipline and cost-control. of the existing health fund (under the new Health Agency EOPYY), allocation of
healthcare tasks to the Ministry of Health.
Regarding pharmaceuticals, the government implements measures yielding savings of at least
EUR 2 billion relative to the 2010 level, at least EUR 1 billion of which would materialise
Ongoing.
already in 2011. This would bring average public spending on outpatient pharmaceuticals to
about 1 percent of GDP (in line with the EU average) by the end of 2012. See below.
More specifically, the following measures are implemented by end of 2010:
Ongoing.
ensure full implementation of a uniform e-prescribing system, by extending the system There is progress but not yet a full implementation of a uniform and fully integrated
currently used by OAEE to all the social security funds providing health insurance; e-prescribing system for medicines by the social security funds and health facilities.
IKA is monitoring e-prescribing through scanning prescriptions. In the NHS, 60
hospitals have electronic patient prescription.
Ongoing.
define (through EOF) and publish prescription guidelines for physicians on the basis of
international prescription guidelines; EOF has proposed 30 guidelines to the relevant Ministry and until end March EOF
will have produced about 100.
51
social security funds establish a process to regularly assess the information obtained through
the e-prescribing system and vis-à-vis prescription guidelines. Assessment will be done Ongoing.
through a common dedicated unit under the authority of Health Benefit Coordination Council OPAD, IKA and OAEE have each their own unit to assess information and elaborate
(SYSPY) with support of IDIKA. Relevant sanctions and penalties will be enforced as a reports.
follow up to the assessment and as foreseen by existing rules and legislation;
a yearly report on medicine prescription is published and feedback is provided to each Ongoing.
physician on a regular basis (at least annually). The report and feedback analysis look at OPAD, OAEE and IKA are providing individual reports to physicians. The medical
prescription behaviour with reference to the most costly and mostly used medicines. prescription is monitored only in 60 out of 130 NHS hospitals.
publish the complete price list for the medicines in the market, using the new pricing Delayed.
mechanism. This list will be published by December 2010 and replace the partial list The December update of the new price list for medicines is still due. Postponed to
introduced in September. It will be updated quarterly. March 2011.
announce that caps to the price reductions used when the price list was first introduced in Not yet applicable.
September 2010 will be lifted by March 2011. Still planned for March 2011.
apply the negative list of non-reimbursed medicines and the list of over-the-counter medicines Observed.
prepared by the EOF. The negative price list of non-reimbursed medicines is to be published shortly.
Ongoing, delayed.
finalise the new positive list of reimbursed medicines using the new reference price system. Technical work on the positive list of reimbursed medicines and the full reference
price system has finished. However, until the price list is published (in March –see
above), the reference price system can not be applied.
Ongoing.
using the information made available through e-prescribing and scanning, Government collect Pharmaceutical companies have only paid a small amount of the total rebate due to
the agreed rebate from pharmaceutical companies; social security funds. They brought a legal case against the government to deem
illegal the request of the government to collect unpaid rebates over the last five years.
Observed.
introduces a monitoring mechanism allowing for developments in pharmaceutical expenditure The system to compile monthly data on NHS revenues, expenditure (including on
to be assessed on a monthly basis. pharmaceuticals) and activity has been finalised. Information is provided by 106 (out
of 130) hospitals.
52
If the implementation of the above measures is insufficient to achieve the targeted savings,
both in 2011 and for the medium term, the government will implement additional measures,
following discussions with the European Commission, the ECB and the IMF staff. Not yet applicable.
An assessment of the impact of measures will be made in the context of programme reviews
Government enforces the payment of existing co-payments for regular outpatient services in
all public hospitals and health centres and extends the 'all day' functioning of hospitals
(afternoon shift) in order to develop and improve healthcare services and increase revenue. Observed.
Government increases and enforces the co-payment of outpatient services from EUR 3 to
EUR 5 and extends co-payments to unwarranted visits to emergency departments.
Ongoing.
Government ensures greater budgetary and operational oversight of healthcare spending by The Ministry of Health has launched a web-based platform (esy.net) for gathering
the Finance Minister, and the publication of audited accounts for hospitals and health centres and assessing monthly data from NHS’s hospitals. By mid-February, more than 80
out of 130 NHS hospitals are publishing detailed financial accounts, including the
payment obligations generated in 2011.
Government creates an independent task force of health policy experts whose task is to
produce, by end May 2011, a detailed report (blue print) for an overall reform of the health Observed.
system to improve efficiency and effectiveness in the health system (both public and private). The Government has created an 11-member task force. It is chaired by Prof. Elias
This task force has access to all available information and receives adequate administrative Mossialos. It has started working.
support. It will produce an interim report by March 2011.
53
Table A-3: Financial sector regulation and supervision
Comments
The Hellenic Financial Stability Fund is fully operational and adequately staffed (by end Partially observed.
January 2011). Staff is recruited under the fastest and most flexible existing recruitment
procedure. There are still delays in staff recruitment.
Government ensures that the EUR 25-billion extension of the government-guarantees on bank
Observed.
bonds is available by the end of November 2010.
ATE announces a rights issue before end-November 2010. Observed.
The Bank of Greece commits to reduce remuneration of its staff in light of the overall effort No information available.
of fiscal consolidation. This item was initially included under actions until end September 2010.
54
Table A-4: Other structural reforms
Comments
To strengthen labour market institutions:
Observed.
Government reforms the mechanism for collective bargaining at the firm level in close Law 3899/2010 establishes that firms and their employees may sign special firm-
cooperation with social partners. The new law establishes that firm-level agreements prevail level collective agreements (SFLCA) that deviate in peius from from sector
over those under sector and occupational agreements without undue restrictions (for this agreements.
purpose, Law 1876/1990, Article 10 is amended). The conclusion of firm-level collective
agreements should not be restricted by law, notably by requirements regarding the minimum SFLCAs may be signed by any firm irrespective of their size.
size of firms entitled to engage in collective bargaining (for this purpose Law 1876/1990, SFLCAs are notified to the Council of Social Oversight of the Labour Inspectorate,
Article 6.1.b is amended). (CSOLI) which provides a non-binding opinion. The CSOLI opinion on the first
SFLCA was negative.
Not observed.
Government amends Law 1876/1990 (Articles 11.2 and 11.3) to eliminate the extension of If the sector and occupational agreements are systematically extended to all firms in
sector and occupational agreements to parties not represented in negotiations. the sector, the incentives to bargaining parties are distorted and defeat the purpose of
SFLCA.
Government adopts an act, in line with Article 73 of Law 3863/2010, revising the mediation
and arbitration system and introducing symmetric access to arbitration if parties disagree with
the proposal of the mediator without exceptions. The Mediation and Arbitration Organisation Observed.
(OMED) shall be free from government influence; this shall be reflected in the composition
of the board of directors. Its Chairman is elected by unanimity by the employers and The new OMED board is in the process of being constituted.
employees representatives. The new act indicates that mediators and arbitrators pay due
attention to cost competitiveness.
Government amends legislation to extend the probationary period for new jobs to one year
(Law 3863/2010, Article 74.2).
Observed.
Government eliminates temporal limits in the use of temporary working agencies. For this
purpose, relevant laws are amended.
Government adopts legislation to remove impediments for greater use of fixed-term contracts. Not observed.
55
Government eliminates the provision that establishes higher hourly remuneration to part-time
Observed.
workers. For this purpose Law 1892/1990, Article 38 is further amended.
Government amends current legislation (Law 3846/2010, Article 7) to allow for a more
Not observed.
flexible working-time management, …
… including part-time shift work (Article 2.3). Observed.
To reform and modernise public administration:
Functional reviews
Government proceeds with two independent functional reviews of the public administration
at central level and of all existing social programmes, which will be conducted by the OECD.
The first review on public administration will be coordinated by the Ministry of Interior. The
second review on social programmes will be coordinated by the Ministry of Labour. The
review of the central administration involves all ministries (first phase) and key subordinated Ongoing, delayed.
public entities (second phase). The review of all existing social programmes will be
comprehensive and will affect all relevant ministries. The terms of reference of both reviews,
and a precise time schedule for the second phase of the central administration review, will be
Agreement on the terms of reference between Greece and the OECD (contractor) has
agreed between both ministries and the OECD after consultation with the European
been delayed, due to legal fine-tuning. The separate contracts for the two functional
Commission, IMF and ECB staff.
reviews are expected to be signed in late February. Meanwhile, the government has
The review on central administration will be merged with the Ministry of Interior’s own launched the process with the creation of the appropriate mapping teams and
reorganisation programme. The review will: take stock of the resource use (human resources steering/coordination committees for the review of the central administration.
and procurement) to carry out government functions; identify actions to rationalise the several
departments, ensure efficiency and generate productivity gains, and quantify savings.
The review of existing social programmes will: assess the effectiveness and appropriateness
of existing social and welfare programmes; identify the least effective programmes, and
quantify savings.
56
Local administration
Government adopts the required decrees for the entry into force of the local administration
reform (Kallikrates reform). The reform yields savings of EUR 500 million in 2011 and
additional EUR 500 million per year in 2012 and 2013 for the general government as a
whole. Observed.
Government adopts a decree disallowing local governments to run deficits at least until 2014.
To ensure that savings contribute to the reduction in the government deficit. Government
reduces transfers to local government in line with planned savings and transfers of
competences to local government.
Public sector wages and human resource management
The Ministry of Finance together with the Ministry of Interior complete the establishment of
a Single Payment Authority for the payment of wages in the public sector. The Ministry of Partially observed.
Finance prepares a report (to be published by end January 2011), in collaboration with the
The draft report includes a diagnosis on wages and employment data in the public
Single Payment Authority, on the structure and levels of remuneration and the volume and
sector.
dynamics of employment in the general government. The report presents plans for the
allocation of human resources in the public sector for the period up to 2013. It specifies plans It does not contain plans for the allocation of human resources in the public sector for
to reallocate qualified staff to the tax administration, GAO, the labour inspectorate, regulators the period up to 2013.
and Hellenic Competition Commission.
Government establishes a process to simplify the remuneration system in the public sector. It
shall apply to all public sector employees. This should lead to a system where remuneration
Not observed.
reflects productivity and tasks. Government ensures that there is no increase in the wage bill
in the public sector as a result of the reform.
ASEP accelerates staff selection-related procedures for the areas which are a priority in the
Observed.
implementation of this memorandum.
Public procurement Not observed.
The contract for the provision of the IT platform has not been signed; the timetable
Government provides timetable and details for the development of e-procurement and signs
for the development of e-procurement will only be defined after the signature of the
the respective contract for the provision of IT platform.
contract.
57
To strengthen competition in open markets
Services directive
Government ensures that the point of single contact (PSC): provides relevant information on
all sector-specific and cross-cutting formalities and procedures (such as company/trade
registration and permits relating to the providers' premises); distinguishes between procedures Ongoing.
applicable to service providers established in Greece and those applicable to cross-border
Acts for the completion of all the required procedures online are pending. Concerns
providers (in particular for the regulated professions).
persist in respect of the use of online procedures related to the recognition of
Government: ensures adequate links between the PSC and other relevant authorities professional qualifications, the distinction between established providers and those
(including professional associations); allows the online completion of procedures covering at providing services cross-border as well as the simplification of procedures.
least, the procedures in the distribution services, tourism, education and construction sectors;
allows for payment of administrative fees at a distance
Government carries out a risk assessment of procedures focusing on priority service sectors
with a view to adopting solutions for electronic identification, electronic signature and
electronic documents in conformity with Commission Decision 2009/767/EC.
Observed.
Government presents a progress report outlining available online procedures, steps to be
taken over the next two quarters to finalise the electronic completion of procedures, setting
clear deadlines by service sector and procedure.
Government adopts changes to existing (sectoral) legislation in key services sectors such as
tourism, retail and private education services. New legislation should: facilitate establishment
by abolishing or amending requirements which are prohibited by the Services Directive and Ongoing with delay.
significantly reducing requirements, including those relating to quantitative and territorial The legislative changes have been partially adopted. As of 1 February 2011, the Joint
restrictions, legal form requirements, shareholding requirements, fixed minimum and/or Ministerial Decision on outdoor trade, open markets and retail stores was about to be
maximum tariffs and restrictions to multidisciplinary activities; facilitate the provision of published in the official gazette. However, other acts were still pending, such as the
cross-border services, so that providers of cross-border services are required to comply with legislation on cross border services in tourism. Work is particularly delayed in the
specific requirements of the Greek legislation only in exceptional cases (when admitted by wholesale sector which requires screening for restrictions covered by the Services
Articles 16 or 17 of the Services Directive); provide legal certainty for providers of cross- Directive.
border services by setting out in the respective (sectoral) legislation which requirements can
and which requirements cannot be applied to cross-border services.
58
Observed.
Government specifies, for priority service sectors that are key for growth, a timetable for
adopting sectoral legislation by end Q2 2011 that ensures compliance with the requirements The Government has selected the following priority areas: i) agriculture; ii) transport
of the Services Directive. services not excluded by the directive; iii) employment; iv) technical services; v)
sanitary facilities; vi) welfare and vii) other services.
Restricted professions
Partially observed.
On 31 December 2010, the government submitted draft legislation on closed
professions. The draft was broadly in compliance with the requirement; restrictions to
Government proposes legislation to remove restrictions to competition, business and trade in multidisciplinary activities and to commercial communications are expected to be
restricted professions including: the legal profession, to remove unnecessary restrictions on regulated by Presidential Decree in the first quarter of 2011.
fixed minimum tariffs, the effective ban on advertising, territorial restrictions on where The law as voted by Parliament on 17 February still requires assessment, as it
lawyers can practice; the pharmacy profession, to promote more flexible opening hours and deviates in some respects from, and is less ambitious than, the draft tabled by
reduce minimum profit margins (see also measures to modernise the healthcare system); the government.
notary profession, to reduce fixed tariffs and increase the number of notaries; architects,
covering fixed minimum tariffs; engineers, covering fixed minimum tariffs; auditing services, On pharmacies the Parliament adopted on 9 February 2011, legislation that:
covering fixed tariffs. i) reduces the minimum number of inhabitants for the establishment of a pharmacy;
ii) increases the number of pharmacies open on Saturday morning, Monday and
Wednesday afternoon in urban areas and
iii) indirectly reduces the profit margin of pharmacies by an average of 3.5 percent
down to 20 percent from the current 23.5 percent.
Government requests the Hellenic Competition Commission to issue an opinion on the
Observed.
proposed legislation.
Ongoing.
Government ensures the effective implementation of EU rules on recognition of professional
qualifications and compliance with ECJ rulings (including those related to franchised On 30 December 2010 the government informed the Commission that there were a
diplomas). It presents to the European Commission a list of pending applications and a total of 825 pending applications for recognition, of which, 314 had been examined
timetable for dealing with these applications. In particular, pending applications for by the Council for the Recognition of Qualifications. Of those, 222 applications
recognition of professional qualifications (in particular those related to franchised diplomas) concerned franchised diplomas.
should be immediately processed, with the first decisions on those applications to be
Detailed information on pending applications (e.g., professions covered, time needed
submitted to the European Commission by the end of 2010.
to issue a decision, etc.) is needed to fully comply with the requirement.
59
Transport
Building on the recently adopted railway reform law (Law 3891/2010), Government adopts a
business plan on the restructuring of the railways sector in a viable manner. By implementing
the business plan, the train operator (TRAINOSE) and infrastructure manager (OSE) break
even.
The restructuring measures envisaged in the business plan imply state aid in favour of OSE Ongoing.
Group and TRAINOSE, which will be notified to the Commission by the end of 2010. The
State aid issues not yet cleared.
business plan will be adapted to ensure compliance with State aid rules. The next review will
report on adaptations brought to the business plan to ensure its compatibility with State aid
rules.
The business plan provides an overall fiscal impact analysis, including investment and debt
and establishes monitoring and enforcement mechanisms that ensure prompt correction of
deviations vis-à-vis the plan.
Sectoral growth drivers
Government presents a report analysing the potential contribution of the tourism sector to
growth and jobs. It should identify legislative, administrative and other obstacles hindering Ongoing.
competition and market entry to the realisation of sector potential. Preliminary results of these studies were presented to the EC/IMF/ECB staff on 9
Government presents a report analysing the potential contribution of the retail sector to price February. The studies are expected to be made public in April.
flexibility, growth and jobs. It should identify legislative, administrative and other obstacles
hindering competition and market entry to the realisation of sector potential.
60
Business environment
Ongoing.
Government adopts legislation to simplify and accelerate the process of licensing enterprises,
industrial activities and professions. For this purpose, it revises inter alia Law 3325/2005, and The draft licensing law is in inter-ministerial consultation. Its effectiveness will
makes the spatial plan and Law 3333/05 for business areas operational, with the subsequent depend on the implementing regulations.
issuance of the required ministerial decisions and presidential decrees in Q1-2011.
Requirements to make the spatial plan and Law 3333/05 operational have been met..
Ongoing.
Government adopts an action plan for a business-friendly Greece with a timetable for the The government is finalising an action plan to remove 30 of the most important
removal of 30 of the most important remaining restrictions to business activity, investment barriers to business activity, investment and innovation. The plan, which includes
and innovation. several actions in addition to those in the MoU, is divided in two sections depending
on their timeline: short-term and longer-term actions.
Government adopts a law modifying the existing institutional framework of the Hellenic
Competition Commission (HCC) with the aim of abolishing the notification system for all
Ongoing. A draft acts has been assessed by the Commission services and is expected
agreements falling within the scope of Article 1 of Law 703/1977, to give the HCC the power
to be passed by Parliament before end March..
to reject complaints, to increase the independence of HCC members, and to establish
reasonable deadlines for the investigation and issuance of decisions.
Government makes the General Commercial Registry (GEMI) operational. (*).
(*) By end December 2010: the data migration from the chambers' registries to the GEMI
Delayed.
database is finalised; the joint ministerial decisions on procedures, conditions and technical
modalities are adopted; the one-stop-shop services are provided by KEP's chambers of The GEMI is foreseen to become operational in April 2011.
commerce and notaries. Any other required steps, including the automatisation of one-stop-
shop services, are finalised by March 2011.
Government accelerates the land registry and prepares a progress report and an action plan. Observed.
61
Energy
Government presents its detailed plans for the liberalisation of the energy market, including Observed.
opening up lignite-fired electricity generation to third parties in line with EU law.
The government has been discussing alternative measures with the European
Commission (DG Competition) to address the lignite case as Greece requested a
Government adopts a plan for phased transitory cost-based access to lignite-fired generation,
review of the 2009 Commission Decision. Public Power Corporation (PPC) would
taking into account the decommissioning of the power plants scheduled under the
grant the requested access of 40 percent of lignite-fired capacity to competitors by
Government's Energy Plan to meet the 20-20-20 target. This access will remain in place until
drawing rights. These measures would include transitory mechanisms and subject to a
effective implementation of the liberalisation has taken place.
market test/consultation until end February 2011.
Ongoing.
Government adopts a plan to either award the hydro reserves management to an independent
body or to assign this role to the independent system operator. The government intends to award the hydro reserves to the independent transmission
operator.
Government adopts a mechanism to ensure that the energy component of regulated tariffs
reflects, gradually and at the latest by June 2013, wholesale market prices, except for
Observed.
vulnerable consumers. Government adopts a revised definition of vulnerable consumers and a
tariff for this category of consumers.
To ensure that network activities are unbundled from supply activities, as foreseen in the Ongoing.
second and third energy liberalisation packages, Government identifies the assets and
personnel associated with the electricity transmission system and the electricity distribution The government has submitted information to the Commission on 2 February 2011
system. which now requires an in-depth assessment.
To promote investments and exports:
Government carries out an in-depth evaluation of all R&D and innovation actions, including
in various operational programmes, in order to adjust the national strategy and limit the use of Not observed.
government subsidies and guarantees.
Observed.
Government creates an external advisory council, to consider how to foster innovation,
The government has created a National Council for Research and Technology, with
strengthen links between public research and Greek industries and the development of
10 members from academia.
regional industrial clusters.
62
Observed
Government takes measures to facilitate FDI and investment in innovation in strategic sectors
(green industries, ICT, etc.) as well as measures to promote exports. These actions focus on The Investment law was adopted by Parliament on 21 January 2011.
removing rigidities and administrative constraints and must be in line with the fiscal
Export promotion measures were presented on 28/01/2011 but no clear strategy to
consolidation requirements.
alleviate the administrative burden for exporters is visible so far.
To raise the absorption rates of structural and cohesion funds
Observed.
Payment claims in the absorption of structural funds in 2010
(EUR million)
Government meets targets for payment claims in the absorption of structural and cohesion Reference
Fund Outcome Comment
funds set down in the table below. Compliance with the targets shall be measured by certified value
data. European Regional and Cohesion
2330 2372.4 Met.
Funds
European Social Fund 420 447.6 Met.
Total 2720 2820.0 Met.
Observed.
In addition, Government achieves an annual target of submitting 10 major projects 12 applications for major projects have been submitted in 2010.
applications to the Commission. In meeting absorption rate targets, recourse to non-targeted
de minimis state aid measures should be gradually reduced. Non-targeted de minimis state aid measures are progressively reduced.
Government presents a report on the activities of the task force assessing progress in ensuring
the rapid implementation and absorption of structural funds, and proposing improvements Observed.
when necessary.
63
Partially observed, delayed.
A draft bill to tackle delays in judicial procedures challenging contract awards or land
Without prejudice to the Greek Constitution, Government adopts legislation to tackle delays expropriation decisions is under consultation and expected to be adopted in the
in the implementation of public works and investment projects in general. Legislation should: course of February 2011.
shorten and simplify judicial procedures challenging contract awards or land expropriation
decisions; shorten deadlines to get permits by the Central Archaeological Council in Athens; Law 3905/2010 of 23 December 2010 includes provisions on the signature of a
simplify and shorten procedures to complete studies on environmental impact and to get the protocol between the ministries of Culture and Infrastructure for each co-funded
approval of environmental terms for infrastructure projects. major project.
A draft bill on studies for environmental impact and approval of environmental terms
is under preparation and expected to be adopted before end March..
64
Annex 2: Provision of data
This table assesses the provision of data that are specifically required in the MoU. It does not cover data that are regularly transmitted and published by
Greece under the European statistical system transmission programme, like annual and quarterly GDP accounts, inflation data, or other macroeconomic
statistics.
To be provided by the Ministry of Finance
Comment
Monthly, 15 days after

Preliminary monthly data on the state
the end of each month;
budget execution (including breakdown by
these data should also
main categories of revenue and expenditure
be included in Observed.
and by line ministry).
subsequent
transmissions in case
(Data compiled by the Ministry of Finance)
of revision.
Updated monthly plans for the state budget

execution for the remainder of the year,
including breakdown by main categories of Not observed.
revenue and expenditure and by line
the end of each month.
ministry.
65
the end of each month,
Preliminary monthly cash data on general
these data should also
government entities other than the state.
be included in Partially observed.
subsequent
of revision.
Monthly data on the public wage bill (of

general government, including a
breakdown in nominal wage and
allowances paid to government employees
per line ministry and public entity), number
of employees (including a breakdown per Monthly, 30 days after
ministry and public entities outside the the end of each month Not observed
central government) and average wage (starting in June 2010).
(including the relative shares of the base
wage, allowances and bonuses).
(Data compiled by the Ministries of

Interior and Finance)
Weekly information on the Government's

cash position with indication of sources
Weekly on Friday,
and uses as well of number of days
reporting on the Observed.
covered.
previous Thursday.
66
Monthly, no later than
15 days after the end
Data on below-the-line financing for the
of each month; these
general government.
data should also be Observed.
included in subsequent
of revision.
Data on expenditure pending payment

(including arrears) of the general
government, including the State, local
government, social security, hospitals and Quarterly, within 55
legal entities. days after the end of Observed, but quality issues remain.
each quarter.
(Data compiled by the Ministry of Finance
on the basis of basic data from the several
line ministries )
Data on public debt and new guarantees

issued by the general government to public
Monthly, within one
enterprises and the private sector. Observed.
month.
Monthly, within three

weeks of the end of
Data on public enterprises: revenue, costs, each month for the ten
Partially observed.
payroll, number of employees largest enterprises.
Quarterly within three
Number of employees, not available.
(Data compiled by the Ministry of Finance) weeks of the end of
each quarter for the
other enterprises.
67
Monthly statement of the transactions
through off-budget accounts.
Monthly, at the end of
Not observed.
each month.
(Data compiled by the Ministries of
Finance and Education)
Monthly statements of the operations on

the special accounts. Monthly, at the end of
Observed.
each month.
Report on progress with fulfilment of

policy conditionality. Quarterly before the
Observed.
respective review
Report transmitted after the review.
(Report prepared by the Ministry of starts.
Finance)
Monthly data on healthcare expenditure by Monthly, within three

the social security funds with a lag of three weeks of the end of
weeks after the end of the respective each month. Staring
quarter. with data for January
Not yet applicable.
2011 for IKA, OAEE,
(Data compiled by the Ministries of Labour OGA and OPAD, and
and Health) from April 2011 on for
the other funds
68
To be provided by the Bank of Greece
Assets and liabilities of the Bank of Weekly, next working

Greece. day.
Observed.
Assets and liabilities of the Greek banking
system - aggregate monetary balance sheet
of credit institutions.
Evolution of the external funding provided Partially observed.

by Greek banks to their subsidiaries
abroad. Frequency not respected
External funding flows for the banking,

Partially observed.
corporate and government sector, including Monthly, 30 days after
also expected developments in the 12 the end of each month.
Forward looking element missing.
months ahead.
Report on banking sector liquidity Weekly, next working

situation. day.
Quarterly, 15 days
Report on the evolution of financial after the end of each
stability indicators. quarter depending on
Observed.
data availability.
Quarterly, 15 days
Report on results from the regular quarterly after the end of each
solvency stress tests. quarter depending on
data availability.
Detailed report on the balance sheet of the Weekly, next working

Financial Stability Fund with indication day. Not observed.
and explanation of changes in the accounts.
69
Annex 3: Macroeconomic forecast
Table A1: USE AND SUPPLY OF GOODS AND SERVICES (volume)
Annual % change 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
1. Private consumption expenditure -1.8 -4.1 -4.6 0.5 1.1 1.2

2. Government consumption expenditure 7.6 -9.0 -8.5 -6.0 -1.0 -0.3
3. Gross fixed capital formation -10.4 -17.4 -7.5 -2.6 1.1 1.2
4. Final domestic demand -2.0 -7.1 -5.7 -1.0 0.8 1.0
5. Change in inventories + net acquisitions of
valuables -0.5 -0.5 -0.5 -0.2 -0.2 - 0.2
6. Domestic demand -4.1 -7.2 -5.6 -0.7 0.7 1.0
7. Exports of goods and services -18.3 -0.3 6.4 6.0 7.2 6.7
7a. - of which goods -18.0 1.0 6.5 6.4 6.0 5.9
7b. - of which services -18.5 -1.3 6.3 5.7 8.2 7.3
8. Final demand -6.6 -6.2 -3.7 0.5 2.0 2.1
9. Imports of goods and services -18.6 -11.5 -6.0 -1.5 1.5 2.1
9a. - of which goods -18.5 -15.3 -7.4 -1.5 1.5 2.1
9b. - of which services -18.9 4.9 -1.2 -1.5 1.3 2.0
10. Gross domestic product at market prices -2.0 -4.5 -3.0 1.1 2.1 2.1
Contribution to change in GDP
12. Change in inventories + net acq. of valuables -2.4 -0.1 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.0
13. External balance of goods and services 2.7 3.6 3.1 1.8 1.4 1.1
Table A2: USE AND SUPPLY OF GOODS AND SERVICES (value)
Annual % change 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
1. Private consumption expenditure -0.7 0.4 -2.4 0.9 1.7 2.3

2. Government consumption expenditure 9.8 -12.9 -8.9 -5.7 0.0 0.9
3. Gross fixed capital formation -11.4 -15.2 -6.6 -1.1 0.2 2.9
5. Change in inventories + net acquisition of valuables
6. Domestic demand -2.9 -4.5 -4.1 0.0 1.6 2.3
7. Exports of goods and services -20.2 4.6 7.5 7.0 9.0 8.5
7a. - of which, goods -18.9 6.6 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.6
7a. - of which, services -21.2 3.2 7.4 6.5 9.9 9.2
8. Final demand -5.9 -3.1 -2.3 1.2 3.0 3.5
9. Imports of goods and services -19.1 -7.9 -5.0 0.3 3.5 4.2
9a. - of which goods -20.2 -11.5 -6.5 0.3 3.6 4.2
9a. - of which, services -13.9 8.3 0.2 0.2 3.2 4.0
11. - of wich, external balance of goods and services
12. Balance of primary income with rest of the world 0.5 -0.1 -0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
13. Gross national income -0.6 -1.8 -1.6 1.5 2.8 3.3
14. Compensation of employees 1.3 -4.7 -2.9 0.2 0.4 1.1
15. Gross operating surplus and mixed income -0.9 -4.0 -3.4 1.4 5.1 5.4
16. Gross value added at basic prices 0.0 -4.3 -3.2 0.9 3.2 3.7
16a. - of which, labour costs, including self-employed 1.6 -4.7 -2.7 0.2 1.0 1.5
17. Taxes net of subsidies -9.3 19.4 9.5 4.7 0.6 0.6
18. - taxes on products -9.0 19.0 9.4 4.7 0.7 0.6
19. - subsidies on products 14.0 -15.7 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6
70 69
Table A3: COSTS AND PRICES
% change in implicit price deflator 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
1. Private consumption expenditure 1.1 4.6 2.4 0.3 0.6 1.1

2. Government consumption expenditure 2.1 -4.3 -0.4 0.4 1.2 1.2
3. Gross fixed capital formation -1.1 2.7 1.0 1.6 1.7 1.6
3a. - of which, construction 0.5 3.3 1.0 1.8 1.6 1.8
3b. - of which, equipment -0.4 3.1 0.9 1.4 2.0 1.7
4. Final domestic demand 1.1 3.0 1.8 0.6 0.9 1.2
- - - - - -
6. Domestic demand 1.2 3.0 1.6 0.7 0.9 1.3
7. Exports of goods and services -2.4 4.9 1.1 1.0 1.6 1.7
7a. - of which, goods -1.1 5.5 1.1 1.2 1.6 1.6
7b. - of which, services -3.3 4.6 1.0 0.8 1.6 1.8
8. Final demand 0.7 3.3 1.4 0.7 1.0 1.3
9. Imports of goods and services -0.6 4.0 1.0 1.8 2.0 2.1
9a. - of which, goods -2.1 4.5 1.0 1.8 2.1 2.1
9a. - of which, services 6.2 3.3 1.4 1.7 1.8 1.9
10. Gross domestic product at market prices 0.9 2.9 1.5 0.4 0.7 1.1
11. Terms of trade of goods and services -1.8 0.9 0.1 -0.8 -0.4 -0.3
11a. - of which, terms of trade of goods 1.0 1.0 0.1 -0.6 -0.5 -0.5
11b. - of which, terms of trade of services -9.0 1.3 -0.3 -0.9 -0.2 -0.2
12. HICP 1.3 4.7 2.4 0.5 0.7 1.1
Table A4: LABOUR MARKET AND LABOUR COST
Annual % change 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
1. Gross value added at 1995 basic prices -1.8 -3.7 -2.2 0.0 1.3 1.5
2. Employment ('000) -0.7 -2.8 -2.7 0.1 0.9 1.2
3. GVA per occupied person -1.1 -0.7 0.3 -0.1 0.4 0.3
4. Compensation of employees (per employee) 2.3 -1.8 -0.2 0.1 0.1 0.3
5. Unit labour costs (1995=100) 3.4 -1.1 -0.5 0.2 -0.3 0.0
6. Total population 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

7. Population of working age (15-64 years) -0.1 -0.1 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
8. Total labour force 1.2 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
-0.7 -2.8 -2.7 0.1 0.9 1.2

11. Total employment -0.7 -2.8 -2.7 0.1 0.9 1.2
11a. - of which, employees -0.9 -3.0 -2.7 0.1 0.3 0.8
11b. - of which, self-employed -0.2 -2.4 -2.6 0.0 2.0 1.8
13. Unemployment 24.7 34.8 21.3 1.3 -3.5 -5.2

Table B1: USE AND SUPPLY OF GOODS AND SERVICES (value, in EUR billion)
levels 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
1. Private consumption expenditure 174.4 175.1 170.9 172.4 175.3 179.3

2. Government consumption expenditure 45.4 39.6 36.1 34.0 34.1 34.4
3. Gross fixed capital formation 40.1 34.0 31.7 31.4 32.3 33.2
4. Final domestic demand (1+2+3) 259.9 248.7 238.7 237.8 241.7 246.9
5. Change in inventories + net acquisition of valuables as % of GDP
6. Domestic demand (4+5) 258.3 246.8 236.6 236.7 240.6 246.0
7. Exports of goods and services 44.3 46.3 49.8 53.3 58.1 63.0
7a. - of which, goods 18.5 19.7 21.3 22.9 24.7 26.5
8. Final demand (6+7) 302.6 293.1 286.4 290.0 298.6 309.0
9. Imports of goods and services 69.5 64.0 60.8 60.9 63.1 65.7
9a. - of which goods 56.8 50.3 47.0 47.2 48.9 50.9
10. Gross domestic product at market prices ( 8-9 ) 233.1 229.1 225.7 229.0 235.6 243.3
11. - of wich, external balance of goods and services
12. Balance of primary income with rest of the world -6.4 -6.5 -6.7 -6.9 -7.1 -7.3
13. Gross national income at market prices (10+12) 226.7 222.6 218.9 222.1 228.4 235.9
14. Compensation of employees 87.3 83.1 80.7 80.9 81.2 82.1
15. Gross operating surplus and mixed income 122.6 117.7 113.7 115.3 121.2 127.7
16. Gross value added at basic prices ( 14 + 15 ) 209.9 200.8 194.4 196.1 202.4 209.8
16a. - of which, labour costs, including self-employed 134.1 127.7 124.4 124.6 125.8 127.6
17. Taxes net of subsidies (18-19) 25.7 30.7 33.6 35.2 35.4 35.7
18. - taxes on products 26.1 31.0 33.9 35.5 35.8 36.0
19. - subsidies on products 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
20. Gross domestic product at market prices ( 16 + 17 ) 233.1 229.1 225.7 229.0 235.6 243.3
Table B2: LABOUR MARKET AND LABOUR COST (in EUR billion unless otherwise stated)
levels 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
1. Gross value added at 1995 basic prices 159.1 153.2 149.9 149.9 151.8 154.1
2. Employment ('000) 4757.7 4625.0 4501.6 4504.5 4544.9 4597.4
3. GVA per occupied person (1:2) 33.4 33.2 33.3 33.3 33.4 33.5
4. Compensation of employees (per employee) 28.2 27.7 27.6 27.7 27.7 27.8
5. Unit labour costs (4:3) (1995=100) 84.3 83.4 83.0 83.1 82.9 82.8
6. Total population 11260.4 11282.9 11305.5 11328.1 11350.7 11373.4

7. Population of working age (15-64 years) 7222.1 7214.9 7243.8 7272.7 7301.8 7331.0
8. Total labour force 5228.8 5260.2 5272.3 5285.5 5298.7 5311.9
9. Calculated activity rate (%) (3:2) 72.4 72.9 72.8 72.7 72.6 72.5
10. Total employment 4757.7 4625.0 4501.6 4504.5 4544.9 4597.4
11. Total employment 4757.7 4625.0 4501.6 4504.5 4544.9 4597.4
11a. - of which, employees 3096.0 3003.1 2922.0 2925.0 2933.7 2957.2
11b. - of which, self-employed 1661.7 1621.9 1579.6 1579.6 1611.1 1640.2
12. Calculated employment rate (6:2) 65.9 64.1 62.1 61.9 62.2 62.7
13. Unemployment (8 - 11) 471.1 635.2 770.7 781.0 753.8 714.6
13a. Calculated unemployment rate (%) (8:5) 9.0 12.1 14.6 14.8 14.2 13.5
71
72
C1: FISCAL ACCOUNTS AND FORECAST
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
% GDP
Total revenue 37.79 40.61 42.37 41.90 41.14 40.27

Indirect taxes 11.10 13.09 13.78 14.34 13.97 13.96
Direct taxes 8.17 7.88 8.45 8.25 8.38 7.62
Social contributions 13.10 12.95 12.68 12.29 12.02 11.79
Sales 1.72 1.89 1.90 1.87 1.82 1.76
Other current resources 2.37 2.69 3.63 3.27 3.11 3.31
Capital transfers received 1.33 2.11 1.94 1.87 1.84 1.82
Total expenditure 53.16 50.22 50.69 50.04 49.75 48.84

Intermediate consumption 7.11 5.27 4.64 4.71 4.88 4.96
Compensation of employees 13.51 12.50 12.49 12.13 11.57 11.00
Social transfers other than in kind 20.85 20.61 21.45 21.14 20.95 19.53
Interest 5.28 6.49 6.55 7.44 8.01 8.18
Subsidies 0.15 0.10 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.12
Other current expenditure 1.73 1.60 1.57 1.83 1.47 1.63
Gross fixed capital formation 3.38 2.70 2.65 2.35 2.47 2.45
Other capital expenditure 1.14 0.95 1.20 0.29 0.26 0.96
General Government balance -15.4 -9.6 -8.3 -8.1 -8.6 -8.6
Measures identified in May 2010, to be revised - 2.4 2.6 2.1
Unidentified fiscal consolidation measures 0.8 1.6 3.8 5.9
General Government balance (targets) -7.6 -6.5 -4.8 -2.6
Levels (in EUR billion)
Total revenue 88.82 93.16 95.73 96.10 97.12 98.22

Indirect taxes 26.09 30.03 31.13 32.90 32.98 34.05
Direct taxes 19.20 18.07 19.09 18.93 19.79 18.59
Social contributions 30.79 29.71 28.64 28.18 28.37 28.76
Sales 4.03 4.33 4.28 4.29 4.29 4.29
Other current resources 5.58 6.17 8.20 7.50 7.35 8.08
Capital transfers received 3.13 4.85 4.38 4.30 4.35 4.45
Total expenditure 124.94 115.19 114.54 114.78 117.45 119.11

Intermediate consumption 16.71 12.08 10.48 10.81 11.52 12.10
Compensation of employees 31.76 28.68 28.23 27.83 27.31 26.84
Social transfers other than in kind 49.01 47.27 48.47 48.50 49.46 47.63
Interest 12.42 14.89 14.81 17.07 18.92 19.94
Subsidies 0.34 0.23 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30
Other current expenditure 4.07 3.67 3.55 4.20 3.48 3.99
Gross fixed capital formation 7.94 6.20 5.98 5.40 5.82 5.98
Other capital expenditure 2.69 2.17 2.71 0.67 0.62 2.34
General Government balance (EDP) -36.15 -22.03 -18.81 -18.69 -20.33 -20.89
Measures identified in May 2010, to be revised - 5.58 6.15 5.10
Unidentified fiscal consolidation measures 1.74 3.77 8.93 14.50
General Government balance (targets) -17.07 -14.92 -11.40 -6.39
* measures for 2012, 2013 and 2014 identified and quantified (not yet implemented) in the original programme of May are subject revision
73
C2: GROSS DEBT
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
levels (EUR billion)
Government deficit (level) -36.2 -22.0 -18.8 -14.9 -11.4 -6.4

Gross debt (level)* 298.0 326.9 347.4 365.5 375.1 380.9
Change in gross debt 36.6 28.9 20.5 18.1 9.6 5.8
Stock-flow adjustment 0.5 6.8 1.7 3.2 -1.8 -0.6
% GDP
Gross debt ratio 126.8 142.5 153.8 159.4 158.9 156.2

Change in the ratio 16.5 15.7 11.2 5.6 -0.5 -2.7
Contributions:
Primary balance (+ is a deficit) 10.1 3.1 1.8 -0.9 -3.2 -5.6
“Snow-ball” effect 6.2 9.6 8.7 5.2 3.5 3.1
Of which:
Interest expenditure 5.3 6.5 6.6 7.4 8.0 8.2
Real growth effect 2.2 5.8 4.3 -1.7 -3.3 -3.3
Inflation effect -1.3 -2.7 -2.2 -0.6 -1.3 -1.8
Stock-flow adjustment 0.2 3.0 0.8 1.4 -0.8 -0.2
* the debt levels do not take into account the upward revision of the government's privatization plan, as of February 2011
74
Annex 4: Financing needs and sources 1
SUM 2010 2011 2012 2013
10Q2-13Q2 May-Jun Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1
Government deficit (cash basis) and net SOE's borrowing 58,1 3,7 7,1 3,9 5,4 6,8 7,2 2,9 3,7 3,9 5,1 2,1 3,1
Debt amortization (bonds & T-bills) 171,1 11,4 4,1 5,4 16,1 13,9 16,0 13,3 22,2 14,7 16,3 12,3 9,8
of which short-term debt 84,3 2,1 3,3 5,0 6,4 4,8 8,9 10,2 7,5 5,0 8,0 10,0 8,0
2
of which long-term debt 91,8 9,3 0,8 0,4 9,7 9,1 7,1 3,1 14,7 9,7 8,3 2,3 5,8
Public sector financing need 229,2 15,2 11,2 9,4 21,5 20,7 23,2 16,2 25,9 18,6 21,4 14,4 12,9
Rollover of short-term debt 107% 0% 198% 78% 106% 167% 109% 78% 67% 200% 113% 80% 100%
Rollover of long-term debt 48% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 74% 76% 76% 89% 100%
Gross government debt issuance 129,0 2,0 6,5 4,0 6,8 8,0 9,7 8,0 15,9 17,4 15,3 10,1 9,8
of which short-term borrowing 3 90,0 2,0 6,5 4,0 6,8 8,0 9,7 8,0 5,0 10,0 9,0 8,0 8,0
of which long-term borrowing 44,1 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 10,9 7,4 6,3 2,1 5,8
Privatisation receipts4 1,0 - - - - - 1,0 - - - - - -
5
Bank support scheme 10,0 0,0 0,0 1,5 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0 1, 0 1,0 0,5
Financial Stability Fund 1,5 0,0 0,0 1,5 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0, 0 0,0 0,0
Dedicated account 8,5 0,0 0,0 0,0 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0 1, 0 1,0 0,5
Financing gap 109,2 13,1 4,7 7,0 15,7 13,7 13,5 9,2 11,0 2,2 7, 1 5,3 3,6
Loan disbursements 110,0 20,0 9,0 9,0 15,0 12,0 8,0 5,0 10,0 6,0 6, 0 2,0 6,0
of which IMF 30,0 5,5 2,5 2,5 4,1 3,3 2,2 1,4 2,7 1,6 1, 6 0,5 1,6
of which EU 80,0 14,5 6,5 0,0 17,5 8,7 5,8 3,6 7,3 4,4 4, 4 1,5 4,4
Source: GAO, Commission services.
1. Data in this table are subject to revision.

2. Adjusted for buy-backs conducted by the Public Debt Management Agency and settlement of arrears via bond issuance.
3. Tentative schedule is based under conservative assumptions that only 3 and 6 months securities will be issued, which increases the roll-over needs.
4. Financing plan conservatively includes EUR 1 bn of privatisation proceeds. Plan will be revised to reflect the new commitment by the Greek authorities to upscale privatisation proceeds.
5. Disbursements to bank support scheme are subject to developments in financial sector.
75
Annex 5: Statement by the European Commission, the ECB and IMF on the
Third Review Mission to Greece
Staff teams from the European Commission (EC), European Central Bank (ECB), and International
Monetary Fund (IMF) visited Athens during January 27 to February 11 for the third review of the
government’s economic program, which is being supported by a EUR 80 billion loan from Euro area
countries and a EUR 30 billion Stand-By Arrangement with the Fund.
The objectives underpinning the program are to restore fiscal sustainability, safeguard financial sector
stability, and boost competitiveness—to create the conditions for sustained growth and employment.
Maintaining social fairness in shouldering the burden of adjustment in the program also remains of
paramount concern and this will continue to guide the direction of policies in the period ahead.
Our overall assessment is that the program has made further progress toward its objectives. While there
have been delays in some areas, the underlying fiscal and broader reforms necessary to deliver the
program’s medium-term objectives are being put in place. However, major reforms still need to be designed
and implemented to build a critical mass necessary to secure fiscal sustainability and economic recovery.
Regarding the outlook, the recession has to date been close to what was anticipated. Underlying inflation
has remained low in the face of rising commodity prices. Downward movement of unit labor costs should
support gains in competitiveness. Encouragingly, exports have performed well recently. We continue to
expect the economy to stabilize late in 2011.
In the fiscal area, against the sharp macro headwinds, the authorities delivered a 6 percent of GDP fiscal
adjustment in 2010, reducing the deficit to about 9½ percent of GDP. This is an impressive achievement,
but some tensions were evident in budget implementation, in particular shortfalls in revenue collections,
and problems with spending control. The program has been designed to address these problems, and the
work is progressing.
The government has begun to specify a medium term budget strategy, which will define time-bound actions
to realize the full fiscal adjustment through 2014. The reforms are complex and cover among other issues
taxation, health, public employment, and state enterprise reforms. The government is appropriately allowing
time for consultation with social partners before moving beyond the design phase to begin implementation.
The government’s full commitment to this complicated process of institutional change, not least
determination to resist vested interests, will be critical to success.
Concerning financing, the government continues to work toward securing a gradual return to bond markets
at affordable interest rates. Strong program implementation, with financial support from the international
community, remains key to achieving this. It is equally important that the government notably scales up its
privatization program, and more generally realizes better returns from its extensive portfolio of assets.
Work is proceeding to establish a comprehensive inventory of the government’s real estate assets, and to
define a phased action plan.
As to the financial sector, tight liquidity and rising non-performing loans are putting strains on the banking
system and credit is contracting. Encouragingly, private banks have recently enjoyed some success in
raising capital. It is essential that the government makes progress in addressing the stability and efficiency
of the banks under its control. The Eurosystem has been a key source of liquidity support for the system,
and this is allowing banks to gradually move towards a sustainable medium-term funding model. The
Financial Stability Fund is available to provide support to banks in the system, if needed.
Structural reforms are making progress. Legislation covering aspects of the labor market, the
liberalization of closed professions, healthcare reform, licensing, and the competition authority has either
been passed, or soon will be. The authorities’ focus must now be on implementing these laws, to make sure
the new frameworks are effective as soon as possible. To secure economic recovery, early progress on
structural reforms remains critical. The government must ensure that reforms are sufficiently ambitious and
comprehensive to tackle the deep seated structural challenges facing Greece. The next steps will focus on,
among other things, reviving the tourist industry, removing administrative barriers to exports, and
strengthening public procurement.
Next Steps. Approval of the conclusion of the third review will allow the disbursement of EUR 15 billion
(EUR 10.9 billion by the euro area Member States, and EUR 4.1 billion by the IMF). The mission for the
next program review is scheduled for May, 2011.
77
Annex 6: Updated programme documents
I. LETTER OF INTENT
Athens, 23 February 2011
Mr. Jean-Claude Juncker
President
Eurogroup
Brussels
Mr. Olli Rehn

Commissioner for Economic and Monetary Affairs
European Commission
Brussels
Mr. Jean-Claude Trichet

President
European Central Bank
Frankfurt am Main
Dear Messers. Juncker, Rehn and Trichet,
In the attached update to the Memorandum of Economic and Financial Policies (MEFP)
and
Memorandum of Understanding on Specific Economic Policy Conditionality (MoU) from
3 May, 6 August and 22 November 2010, we describe progress and policy steps towards
meeting the objectives of the economic programme of the Greek government which is
being supported by financial assistance provided by the euro-area Member States in the
context of the loan facility agreement.
We continue to make progress with our economic program:
• The quarterly quantitative performance criteria for end-December have all been
met. The ESA95 accrual deficit was above target, but at the level projected at the
time of the last review, and the overall reduction in the headline deficit in 2010 is
estimated to have amounted to a higher-than-initially targeted 6 percentage points
of GDP. However, while we managed to reduce the stock of general government
arrears at the very end of 2010, it was not enough to prevent us from missing the
indicative target.
• Fiscal-structural reforms have been moving forward. A structural benchmark
covering an actuarial study of the main pension funds was met. A benchmark on
removing barriers to effective tax administration is expected to be met in mid-
March (with tabling the legislation in parliament a prior action for the review). A
benchmark covering a study of the structure, level and dynamics of public
employment and compensation was partially met, and will be completed in the
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context of the medium-term fiscal strategy. Similarly, a benchmark on improving
statistical reporting to Elstat was also partially met, with good progress on signing
MOUs with data-providing entities, and the finalization of regulations that now
need to be formally approved by Elstat. The attached Memorandum of Economic
and Financial Policies lays out an ambitious schedule of next stage actions to
support our medium-term fiscal consolidation program, along with reforms to
revenue administration and public financial management designed to strengthen
budget implementation.
• The financial system remains stable. Private banks have had notable success in
raising capital, and state bank restructuring has started. Exceptional ECB liquidity
support has helped bridge the system to a point where banks can begin
implementing medium-term plans to adjust their funding (as discussed in the
memorandum below). The Financial Stability Fund is well-financed relative to
projected needs.
• Progress continues with structural reforms. A structural benchmark covering a
2011-13 privatization plan was met, while a benchmark covering collective
bargaining reform was partially met (and time will be needed to assess effective
implementation). The opening of restricted professions has moved forward with
legislation passed by parliament in February. Legislation concerning restructuring
of public enterprises has been approved. The attached memorandum lays out next
steps, including an expanded privatization and real estate development plan.
On this basis, we request the disbursement of the fourth installment of financial assistance
by the euro-area Member States, pooled by the European Commission, in the amount of
EUR 10 900 million.
We believe that the policies set forth in the 3 May 2010 Letter of Intent, MEFP and MoU
and subsequent updates (including the one now attached), are adequate to achieve the
objectives under the program. We stand ready to take any corrective actions that may
become appropriate for this purpose as circumstances change. We will consult with the
European Commission and the ECB, as well as with the IMF on the adoption of any such
actions and in advance of revisions to the policies contained in this letter.
This letter is being copied to Mr. Strauss-Khan.
______________________________ ______________________________
George Papaconstantinou George Provopoulos
Minister of Finance Governor of the Bank of Greece
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II. GREECE—MEMORANDUM OF ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL POLICIES
The Outlook
1. The economy remains on track to stabilize in late 2011. Industrial production,

retail trade, and construction activity point to a continued contraction of output during the
first half of 2011. Nevertheless, the recent improvements in some leading indicators (new
industrial orders; and industrial turnover for the foreign market; and economic sentiment
in manufacturing), alongside a positive contribution of net exports to GDP growth,
support program projections of a stabilization in the second half of 2011. For the full year
we continue to expect GDP to contract by about 3 percent.
2. Inflation remains on course to decline to an average of about 2½ percent in

2011. December headline inflation surprised on the upside on account of rising oil import
prices, but inflation at constant taxes is close to zero. With continuing weak domestic
demand and continued slack in the economy, the aggregate impact of commodity price
pressures and hikes in administered prices and indirect taxes should be contained.
3. Competitiveness is improving, and the current account deficit should narrow

as projected in 2011. Growth in unit labor costs has turned negative in the second half of
2010, contributing to improved competitiveness of the Greek economy. Combined with
weak domestic demand, this should help offset the impact of significantly higher import
prices (for oil and other imported commodities), and reduce the current account deficit to
around 8 percent of GDP in 2011 (from an estimated 11 percent in 2010).
4. There remain a number of challenges to overcome to secure the recovery.

Greece has achieved considerable progress in fiscal adjustment to date, but more needs to
be done to secure a lower deficit and debt, and to put the adjustment on a more
sustainable footing. Similarly, the program has successfully maintained financial stability
to date, but banks are still relying heavily on Eurosystem liquidity and face challenges
towards ensuring more sustainable funding models. Finally, favorable business
environment and supply-side conditions need to be put more firmly into place to support
an export and investment led recovery. The rest of the memorandum explains how the
program’s policy framework will be implemented to address these continuing challenges.
Fiscal Policies
5. The government’s present fiscal priority is to put the ongoing fiscal

adjustment on a clearly sustainable path. While 2010 delivered a large reduction in the
ESA95 general government deficit, from 15½ to about 9½ percent of GDP, weaknesses in
revenue collection and expenditure control persisted (and some problems with arrears
persisted). To sustainably reduce the deficit below 3 percent of GDP by 2014 we will
need to keep the 2011 budget on track, define remaining needed structural adjustment
measures, and accelerate our work to strengthen fiscal institutions and processes.
80
6. The government remains committed to achieve a €17 billion (7½ percent of
GDP general government deficit) in 2011, measured on an ESA 95 basis. Downside
risks to achieve this target exist. Current trends point to a fiscal gap of ¾ percent of GDP
for the year as a whole (due to lower projections for revenues and a revised estimate for
the yield of our measures). We will specify structural measures to address this gap once
we finalize our detailed fiscal structural reform plans in March (below). In the interim, to
ensure we continue to meet fiscal targets, we will under execute our budget.
7. A medium-term budget strategy paper is under preparation. The strategy

paper will set annual spending ceilings for individual line ministries and fiscal balance
targets for all general government entities through 2014. It will also define measures to be
taken in support of these targets. We estimate that some 8 percent of GDP in permanent
measures will be needed, some of which have already been identified in our May 2010
program. The medium-term budget strategy paper will be published for consultation in
end-March, approved by the Council of Ministers before mid-April (a structural
benchmark), and to be voted by Parliament by mid-May. It will be the basis for
preparation of the 2012 budget.
8. The measures supporting the medium-term strategy will be articulated in

plans covering several sectors and areas of government spending. The measures will
be designed with the aim to preserve the social safety net, and limit the impact of fiscal
adjustment on growth. Each sectoral plan will set a target for budgetary gains to be
realized through 2014, with the total amounting to 8 percent of GDP (and additional
contingent measures defined as well). Each plan will be available in draft form by end-
March (in some cases, more detailed plans may subsequently be produced). Each sectoral
plan will be incorporated into the medium-term budget strategy paper.
• State enterprises. The plan will be managed by the Secretariat of State Owned
Enterprises in the Ministry of Finance, in coordination with line ministries. It will
aim to bring the efficiency of the state enterprises into line with well-run private
companies and European peers. This will ensure better service to the public at
lower cost to the budget. The plan will lay out, by enterprise: tariff increases,
operating cost reductions, investment prioritizations, and wage, benefit, and
employment adjustments to improve financial results. It will define needed
changes in dividend payments and subsidy reductions to accrue savings to the
budget. The plan will establish criteria to determine which of these enterprises are
to remain in state hands, and anticipate revised state enterprise governance
legislation to provide a stronger oversight framework for them. State enterprises
defined under general government will be instructed to finalize their own detailed
implementation plans by end-June; all other state enterprises will be instructed to
finalize their plans by end-year. In both cases they will be instructed to use the
overall plan as guidance.
• Extrabudgetary funds (other legal entities of the public sector and earmarked
accounts). The plan for extrabudgetary funds will be designed and implemented
by a dedicated working group operating under the Ministry of Finance,
coordinating with the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister. The plan will aim to
81
simplify the structure of the public sector and improve the flexibility of the
budget. It will identify entities with overlapping mandates that can be merged,
accounts that can be integrated into the budget, and other entities that can be
privatized or closed (for outliving their mandate). It will also identify instances
where operational costs are out of line with private sector comparators, and define
restructuring plans. The plan will specify a two-year implementation timeline
including entities and/or accounts to be closed or merged before end-2011, and
those to be closed or merged before end-2012.
• Tax policy reforms. The tax plan will be managed by a working group
established in the Ministry of Finance. It will aim to simplify the tax system, raise
revenue in a progressive manner, and facilitate more effective tax administration,
while supporting growth and investment. The government expects the business tax
code, corporate taxation, tax exemptions, tax incentives, and capital income
taxation to be among the principal areas of focus. A more detailed version of the
plan will be articulated by end-May, to allow time to consult with tax experts. The
plan will indicate the timeline for the stages of the reform. Implementing
legislation for the first stage of the reform will be tabled in parliament by end-
September.
• The public wage bill. The plan will be managed by a joint working group of the
Ministries of Interior and Finance. A preliminary report on public compensation
and employment, to be published by end-February, unveiled a complex system of
wages and benefits, overall levels of compensation above private sector
comparators, and significant misallocation of human resources. To reduce excess
employment in the public sector, the plan will focus, among other things, attrition,
tighter policies for contract workers, and vacant job post cancelations. The plan
will identify ways to simplify the wage grid, including allowances. While
reducing the wage bill, the plan will aim for some decompression of wages across
grades and specialized career streams. The necessary legislative changes to enact
the plan will be adopted by end-June 2011 (proposed as a program structural
benchmark.
• Public administration. The plan in this area will be managed by a joint working
group of the Ministries of Interior and Finance. The plan will aim to identify
services and programs which can be rationalized (either due to private sector
alternatives, or outmoded mandate); and to streamline public organizations to
eliminate overlapping responsibilities. A more detailed version of the plan will be
prepared by end-July (allowing time to take into full account the findings of the
ongoing functional reviews of the central administration). This detailed version
will set out an implementation timeline, including actions to be taken in the
context of approval of the 2012 budgets
• Social spending reform. The plan in this area will be managed by a joint working
group of the Ministries of Interior, Labor, Health and Finance. The plan will
identify ways to streamline social programs to eliminate duplication and make
them better targeted. A more detailed version of the plan will be prepared by end-
July (allowing time to take into full account the findings of the ongoing functional
review of social programs). This detailed version will set out an implementation
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timeline, including actions to be taken in the context of approval of the 2012
budget.
• Public investment. The plan will be managed by a joint working group of the
Ministries of Regional Development, Infrastructure, and Finance. The plan will
prioritize projects, and estimate in each instance possible savings to the budget
from rescheduling projects. On this basis the plan will identify projects which can
be removed from the roster, with a view to rationalize overall spending while
speeding execution of remaining projects to support growth. The plan will set out
by end-June an implementation timeline, including actions to be taken in the
context of approval of the 2012 budget.
• Military spending. The plan will be prepared by the Ministries of Defense and
Finance (under the Government’s Committee for Foreign and Defense Policy). It
will cover military procurement and military operations spending, (with a view to
durably contribute to fiscal consolidation while preserving national defense
capabilities. The plan will set out an implementation timeline, including actions to
be taken in the context of approval of the 2012 budget, and the medium term plan
for military expenditures.
9. The government is preparing for a next phase of social security reforms,

during the latter half of 2011:
• Pensions. Confirming the ambition of the first phase of the reform, the National
Actuarial Authority’s projections suggest that the July 2010 pension reform has
gone a long way towards stabilizing spending of the main pension funds at the
2009 level (in relation to GDP). However, problems remain in the supplementary
and welfare funds, and with pensions for arduous professions. The National
Actuarial Authority is on track to complete an assessment of the main
supplementary funds by end-March 2011 (structural benchmark). We will
reform supplementary and welfare funds to eliminate imbalances in those funds
with deficits; introduce a strict link between benefits and contributions to
guarantee the sustainability of all funds, and reduce the number of existing funds.
The government will also revise the list of heavy and arduous professions to
reduce it to less than 10 percent of employees (current and future). To limit
pension spending increases to less than 2½ percent of GDP by 2060, we remain
prepared, if needed, to adjust further the parameters of the main pension funds.
Reforms will be adopted by end-September 2011 and implemented beginning
January 1, 2012, with the principal focus on the supplementary funds.
• Health. We are broadly on track with implementation of the measures
underpinning the 2011 budget (e.g. cost-reducing reforms in hospitals, co-
payments, and applying the extended negative list of non-reimbursable
pharmaceutical products). Steps have also been taken towards the full
computerization of the public hospitals. To help overcome delays in extending e-
prescribing systems, we will launch a tender by end-April to implement a
comprehensive and uniform health care e-prescribing system. Meanwhile, an
independent task force has been appointed to map out an overall reform of the
health system. It will produce an interim report by end-March, and a final report
83
by end-May 2011 defining policies and quantitative targets in specific areas,
including service provision, pharmaceutical spending, financing and governance
of the health system, and accounting and assessment systems. Using this report,
the government will adopt a time-bound action plan by end-June 2011.
10. The Ministry of Finance is moving forward with the implementation of

comprehensive fiscal institutional reforms:
• Concerning revenue administration reforms:
¾ The anti-tax evasion action plans are being implemented. The five task forces
started implementing these plans in January. The Ministry of Finance will publish
and announce the anti-evasion plans in March, and subsequently publish monthly
reports on the performance of these task forces, including a set of pre-defined
progress indicators, beginning at end-March.
¾ Barriers to effective administration are being removed. Legislation will be tabled
in parliament (prior action) to: streamline the judicial appeal process and create
an independent arbitration process; to create a new disciplinary body to accelerate
investigations of misconduct in the revenue administration; strengthen the
administrative tax dispute process and to remove a number of barriers to efficient
tax collection (e.g. simplifying debt recovery and allowing installment payments,
subject to strict controls on abuse, for taxpayers experiencing financial hardship).
¾ To institutionalize and consolidate the results of the anti-evasion plan, we remain
committed to articulate a strategic plan of medium-term reforms, and anticipate
this will be done by end-June (proposed as a program structural benchmark).
The plan will introduce a risk management framework and a large tax payer unit,
and cover the re-building of the tax audit function.
• Regarding public financial management reforms:
¾ Initiatives to strengthen spending controls are progressing. Commitment registers
are in the process of being established in line ministries and in the main general
government entities, and will provide consistent commitment and arrears data
starting in March, with limited coverage gaps. We are providing training and
technical assistance to various general government entities with the aim to
complete the establishment process during the first quarter for all social security
funds, and major local authorities. We remain committed to appointing, by end-
March, accounting officers in all line ministries and main general government
entities (with responsibility to ensure sound financial controls and proper
reporting). A presidential decree will be issued specifying the qualifications and
responsibilities of these officers, as well as the appointment procedures.
¾ Fiscal reporting is being improved. ELSTAT has now concluded Memoranda of
Understanding with 9 ministries and entities, with the aim to improve the
compilation of ESA95 general government fiscal statistics. Concerning arrears
reporting, we intend to finalize the December report by end-March, to allow extra
time to ensure full coverage of both recurrent and investment spending, and across
all line ministries, social security funds, public hospitals, extra budgetary funds,
and the largest local governments. Beginning with end-March, we will publish
monthly consolidated general government reports with revenue, expenditures and
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intra-governmental transfers for each sub-sector of the general government.
Publishing three consecutive months of consistent arrears and consolidated
general government fiscal reports (excluding small general government entities) is
proposed as a structural benchmark for end-June. To help ensure timely reports,
we will adapt the incentives of agencies and ministries; in particular we will
introduce automatic administrative and/or financial sanction mechanisms on
institutions and/or responsible officers for delays in reporting.
¾ Gaps in our budget framework will be addressed. We will amend Law 2469/1997,
by end-June 2011, to strengthen the existing legal framework requiring that
legislative proposals carrying budget burdens be accompanied by an assessment
by the Ministry of Finance. This assessment will provide an estimate of the
budgetary cost, and either certify that costs are already covered in the budget, or in
the event that costs go beyond budgeted amounts, that resources have been
identified to pay these costs.
Asset and liability management
11. The government remains focused on securing stronger market confidence

and reducing the spreads on its debt. The program remains fully financed. The
disbursements by the euro-area Member States and the IMF are expected to almost fully
cover Greece’s gross financing needs during 2011, (amortization of medium and long-
term debt, the cash deficit and full arrears clearance) and contribute significantly to
financing needs in 2012. While timely and comprehensive implementation of the program
remains key, we intend to scale up our privatization program to help reduce public debt,
facilitate a more gradual return to bond markets, and provide an additional impetus to
lower spreads.
12. The government plans to notably scale up the privatization and real estate
development program. Besides the contribution to debt reduction, this will help to
support higher investment and growth:
• A comprehensive plan through 2013 will be finalized, taking as a starting point
the existing privatization plan for 2011-13 (covering, inter alia, the railroad sector,
airports, post office, water companies, ports, and gaming companies); as well as
the state enterprise restructuring plans (which will identify entities to be sold, as
discussed above). As a key additional building block, we will complete by end-
June a first inventory of commercially-viable public real estate, including an
estimate in each instance of valuation. By end year we will extend this to other
real estate that has commercial potential. The plan will target proceeds of about
€15 billion until the end of the program, and we expect the pace of privatization
and real estate development to pick up in the following years. It will provide a
quarterly and semiannual schedule for transactions scheduled one-year and two
years ahead respectively. An initial draft of the plan will be prepared by end-
March and a final plan will be adopted by the Council of Ministers by end-July
(proposed as a structural benchmark). We will consult with the European
85
Commission, ECB, and IMF staff on any new legislative initiatives regarding
privatization.
• Development and management of the government’s real estate assets will be
strengthened. Building on the end-June inventory, the government will create a
first portfolio of major real estate assets. A second will be created after the end-
2011 inventory. These will become available for investment during the plan
period. The government will appoint, by end-March external and financial
advisors for the formation of these portfolios, and the structuring of the associated
privatization transactions. Furthermore, the government will establish a General
Secretariat of Real Estate Development under the Ministry of Finance as well as
appropriate special investment vehicles, in order to improve coordination and
accelerate the privatization and asset management program.
13. We have mapped out the near-term contours of our debt issuance program.
The public debt management authority (PDMA) will concentrate on treasury bill
issuance, where we have seen good demand. We will expand issuance to maturities of up
to a year as demand permits. We also intend in 2011 to introduce a diaspora bond
issuance program targeted at the Greek expatriate community.
Financial sector policies
14. The financial system has remained stable, and the priority is to support
banks’ efforts to restructure in an orderly manner. The banking system remains
solvent. The challenge for the government and Bank of Greece will be to facilitate
reduced dependency on Eurosystem liquidity over time while laying the basis for
sustainable growth, and to ensure an effective capital safety net.
15. Initiatives underway should help preserve sufficient system liquidity. As a

temporary measure, the government will put forward for legislative adoption a new
tranche of government guarantees for uncovered bank bonds (proposed as a structural
benchmark for end-March). The tranche will be in an amount of €30 billion, and the
guarantee scheme will be subject to approval by decision of the European Commission.
This additional liquidity should provide an adequate buffer to address liquidity issues
potentially arising from continued market volatility. The tranche will be made available,
on a bank-by-bank basis, conditioned on the adoption and implementation of medium-
term funding plans by banks.
16. The Bank of Greece has asked banks to devise and implement medium-term
funding plans. The plans will aim at reducing banks’ reliance on Eurosystem refinancing
operations and state guarantees over a medium-term horizon, at a pace consistent with the
program’s macroeconomic and fiscal framework. The plans will consist of institution-
specific measures, pertaining, for instance, to the size and composition of balance sheets,
capital structure, and operational efficiency. Preliminary drafts will be completed by mid-
April. The Bank of Greece and the ECB, in close cooperation with the EC and IMF will
assess the adequacy of these plans, which will be consistent with the EU/IMF Program
(and with the restructuring/viability plans submitted by individual banks to the EC for
86
separate approval under the competition rules). Submission of these plans to the ECB and
the Bank of Greece is proposed as a program structural benchmark for end-May 2011.
17. The restructuring of state banks is moving forward. For ATE, due diligence of
the loan portfolio, performed by a reputable international accounting firm, has confirmed
a capital need in the order of €300 to 400 million. The exact size of the capital increase
will be finalized by end-February 2011, also based on a review by the BoG, and we will
then proceed with all other necessary steps, including approval by the EC. We intend to
meet the bulk of ATE’s capital needs by relying on the surplus reserves of the HCLF, and
are on track to unbundle the HCLF’s commercial activities by end-March. We are also
taking steps towards removing barriers to state bank restructuring, and by end-March
2011 expect to table legislative changes that will place all registered bank employees
under the same private sector status, regardless of the bank ownership type. We are
committed to consider the sale of our state bank holdings, as market conditions permit.
18. We will continue to encourage private banks to raise capital and restructure
as needed. Through the sale of non-core assets, rights issues, and capital injections from
foreign parents, private banks have generally been able to keep their capital ratios well
above the regulatory minimum. Going forward we will continue to require banks to
actively raise capital on their own as needs arise, and in this context will encourage them
to explore strategic alliances with domestic and foreign banks. We will also support their
efforts to restructure operations, including by taking steps to limit bonuses and eliminate
the so called “balance sheet premium,” or equivalent measures. For viable banks (as
assessed through their business plans), the FSF will remain available as a capital
backstop.
19. The FSF is operating, and has sufficient funds for capital support. The Board
is in place, along with arrangements to second staff from the Bank of Greece and to retain
external consultants. Hiring of an appropriate level of full time staff should be complete
by end-June 2011. In terms of funding, beyond the €1½ billion available in its account at
the Bank of Greece, another €1 billion will be made available in a separate dedicated
government account to be set up by end-February 2011. The remainder of the €10 billion
foreseen for the FSF will be deposited into the dedicated government account, beginning
with a deposit of €1 billion during the second quarter of 2011. Amounts will be released
to the FSF consistent with the need for bank capital determined by program reviews.
20. Strong and effective supervision is of key importance. In this context, the
strengthening of banking supervision in terms of resources has not been commensurate
with the rising needs, but we are intensifying our efforts to address this situation. In
particular, the difficulty of hiring appropriately qualified staff has not yet been addressed,
but we now expect the ongoing hiring program to be complete by end-June 2011. The
Bank of Greece will continue to ensure prudential bank supervision and will continue to
focus on and take actions aimed at preserving financial stability in Greece.
87
21. Steps are being taken to strengthen the insurance sector. The Bank of Greece
took over insurance supervision as of December 2010, and has requested technical
assistance from the IMF to strengthen this function. We will undertake a diagnostic
assessment of insurance firms (including stress tests), and review the adequacy of existing
policyholder protection schemes. This diagnostic work, to be completed by end-June, will
inform a strategy to secure the sector, and in a manner that protects the government from
financial commitments.
Structural reform policies
22. The government remains committed to achieving enough progress with

structural reforms to spark an investment and export led economic revival in 2011.
The scope of the work necessarily remains broad, covering labor market reforms, product
and service market liberalization, and reforms to the business environment (to reduce the
red tape holding up investment).
23. Implementation of labor market reforms is underway. Legislation covering

arbitration and collective bargaining was passed in December. Concerning collective
bargaining, in order to encourage greater wage flexibility, the government allowed for
special firm-level collective agreements. These were subject to some conditions,
including the non-binding evaluation by the Labor Inspectorate (gathering representatives
of the government, social partners, and local authorities), and consent by sectoral unions
in small firms. The government will closely monitor the implementation of this reform
and underscore the right of social partners at the firm level to utilize special firm level
agreements, as well as reaffirm the nonbinding nature of the Labor Inspectorate
assessments. The government is prepared to amend the legislation by end-July if it proves
necessary to support greater firm-level wage flexibility.
24. Restricted professions are on track to be liberalized in 2011:

• A framework law will be passed by end-February (a prior action for the review):
¾ The law will remove various restrictions to competition in regulated professions.
These restrictions will include those related to quantity, geography, scale,
incorporation, prices, number of licenses, and prior conditions for licenses.
Following the passage of the legislation a 4 month period will be provided to
define exceptions to this general liberalization. These will abide by the principles
of non-discrimination, necessity and proportionality, and will be subject to
approval by the Council of State and an assessment of economic rationale. The
Ministry of Finance will produce a report evaluating implementation by end-
September 2011.
¾ The law will also address specific closed professions (lawyers, notaries, engineers,
architects, and auditors). Key changes will include: (i) for notaries, a substantial
reduction of fees (through a regressive scale) and free negotiation of prices for
high-value transactions; (ii) for lawyers, elimination of minimum prices (except
for justified cases such as legal aid); (iii) for engineers and architects, elimination
of minimum fees; and (iv) for auditors, a two-year sunset clause for the regulation
of working hours (minimum-per-audit and maximum-per-year working hours).
88
• A separate law, also to be legislated by end-February, will address the closed
pharmacist profession. It will permit incorporation, increase operating hours,
reduce fixed profit margins, and reduce the minimum population criterion for
opening new pharmacies.
• To minimize any ambiguity in this reform, the Ministry of Finance will address a
circular to competent ministries in order to list the professions subject to
liberalization principles and requesting that Ministries take all necessary
administrative steps to implement the law within 4 months.
25. We will also undertake some industry-specific liberalization during 2011.

Reports analyzing reforms in the tourism and retail trade sectors and their potential
contribution to employment, growth and disinflation, remain under preparation. The
diagnostic work has been completed, and we anticipate that recommendations and time-
bound action plans will be available by end-April. Beyond these key industries another
important focus will be the liberalization of the energy sector, including: (i) competitive
access to lignite fired generation capacity; (ii) the gradual deregulation of tariffs; (iii) the
unbundling of transmission and distribution from generation; and (iv) a plan awarding
hydro management to an independent body.
26. Key business environment reforms recently legislated are being implemented,
while we prepare new initiatives for later in the year:
• Parliament will in March approve a new law for the competition authority,
and new licensing laws. The competition law will aim to increase the efficiency
and effectiveness of the competition authority; strengthen the independence and
continuity of its Board; maintain its financial capacity, and reinforce its
governance and accountability. The licensing law will set a deadline for issuing
necessary opinions (with a non-response to provide for tacit agreement) and a
deadline for granting licenses. The companion law covering environmental
permits will set a deadline for issuing necessary opinions (with a non-response to
provide for tacit agreement, without prejudice to other environmental legislation);
and a deadline for granting permits. It will also provide for a reclassification of
environmental impact categories in line with EU average practices, and for
coordination of licensing procedures by electronic means.
• We are working to implement these and earlier laws. To operationalize the
licensing law, we will issue the necessary presidential decrees (by end-June). To
complete the preparations for one-stop shops, we will complete the data migration
from the Chambers to the General Commercial Registry, and issue all Ministerial
decisions required by the law by end-March. To set in motion the framework for
approvals of large investment projects, we will issue the necessary ministerial
decisions and transfer experts in the evaluation of projects from other public
entities by end-June. We intend to issue a report by end-June covering the status
of implementation of all business environment reforms.
• A number of additional reforms should be finalized during 2011. We will
amend legislation to remove administrative burdens on exports by end-September;
accelerate progress towards a well-functioning land registry; and minimize legal
89
and administrative impediments to the implementation of public works and
investment projects. We will also adopt legislation by end-March to establish a
Single Public Procurement Authority with the mandate to issue opinions on new
legislation affecting public procurement; draft standardized tender documents of a
binding nature; and perform effective control functions.
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Table 1. Greece: Quantitative Performance Criteria
(Billions of Euro, unless otherwise indicated)
2010 2011 Medium Term 5/
Dec-10 Mar-11 Jun-11 Sep-11 Dec-11 Dec-12 Dec-13

Adjusted
Progr. 1/ Progr. 1/ 7/ Act. Progr. 2/ Progr. 2/ Progr. 2/ Progr. 2/ Progr. 3/ Progr. 4/
Performance Criteria (unless otherwise indicated)
1. Floor on the modified general government primary cash balance -5.7 -5.7 -5.5 -2.0 -4.3 -4.0 -3.2 2.4 7.4
2. Ceiling on State Budget primary spending 67 67 61 15 30 45 63 68 69
3. Ceiling on the overall stock of central government debt 342 366 340 394 394 394 394 .. ..
4. Ceiling on the new guarantees granted by the central government 2.0 2.0 1.3 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0
5. Ceiling on the accumulation of new external payments arrears on external
debt contracted or guaranteed by general government 6/ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Indicative Targets
6. Ceiling on the accumulation of new domestic arrears by the general
government 0.0 0.0 [3.0] 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
1/ Cumulatively from January 1, 2010 (unless otherwise indicated).

5/ Indicative targets.
6/ Applies on a continuous basis from January 1, 2010 onward.
7/ Adjustor for upward revision to end-2009 stock of central government debt.
Table 2 Greece: Structural Conditionality
Measures Macrocritical relevance Status
End-December structural benchmarks

1. Publish a detailed report by the ministry of finance in cooperation with the single payment authority on the structure and levels of Reduces wage escalation. Improves transparency of Partially observed (with delay). A report was completed in January
compensation and the volume and dynamics of employment in the general government. public sector employment. and published in February, that covered part of the general
government.
2. Adopt new Regulation of Statistical Obligations for the agencies participating in the Greek Statistical System. Enhance confidence in fiscal reporting and support the Partially observed (with delay). MoUs between key data-providing
formulation of fiscal policy. institutions and ELSTAT have been drafted and have been signed.
The regulation now must be apporved by ELSTAT
3. Prepare a privatization plan for the divestment of state assets and enterprises with the aim to raise at least €1 billion a year during the Reduces state intervention in the real economy; improves Observed
period 2011-2013. market efficiency; and cuts fiscal contingencies.
4. The National Actuarial Authority to produce a report to assess whether the parameters of the new system significantly strengthen long- Reduces budgetary costs of ageing and improves long- Observed
term actuarial balance. term fiscal sustainability. Increases labor force
participation.
Prior actions:
1. Table legislation to: (i) streamline the administrative tax dispute and judicial appeal processes; (ii) remove impediments to the exercise Removes legal and administrative impediments to tax Expected to be observed.
of core tax administration functions (e.g. centralized filing enforcement and debt collection, indirect audit methods, and tax returns collection.
processing); and (iii) introduce a more flexible human resource management system (including the acceleration of procedures for
dismissals and of prosecution of cases of breach of duty). (Structural becnhamrk for end-February)
2. Pass a framework law removing restrictions to competition in regulated professions (as defined in the EU Services Directive), Liberalizes services sector with the aim to strengthen Expected to be observed.
addressing specific closed professions (lawyers, notaries, engineers, architects, and auditors) competition and improve efficiency.
End-March structural benchmarks
2. Appointment of financial accounting officers in all line ministries and major general government entities (with the responsibility to Improves control and transparency of budget
ensure sound financial controls). expenditures.
3. Pass legislation to separate the core consignment activity from the commercial activities of the HCLF. Fosters banking sector stability.
4. The National Actuarial Authority to produce a report for the main supplementary funds to assess whether the parameters of the new Reduces budgetary costs of ageing and improves long-
system significantly strengthen long-term actuarial balance. term fiscal sustainability. Increases labor force
participation.
End-April structural benchmarks
5. Publish the medium-term budget strategy paper, laying out time-bound plans to address: (i) restructuring plans for large and/or loss Supports fiscal consolidation.
making state enterprises; (ii) the closure of unnecessary public entities; (iii) tax reform; (iv) reforms ot public administration; (v) the public
wage bill; and (vi) military spending.
Proposed new structural conditionality

6. Government to put forward for legislative adoption a new tranche of government guarantees for uncovered bank bonds (end-March Assures sufficient banking system liquidity.
2011).
7. Commercial banks to submit medium-term funding plans to the ECB and the Bank of Greece (end-May 2011) Aims at reducing banks' reliance on Eurosystem
refinancing operations and state guarantees over the
medium term.
8. Articulate a strategic plan of medium-term revenue administration reforms to fight tax evasion (end-June 2011). Institutionalizes and consolidates the results of the anti-
evasion plan.
9. Publish three consecutive months of consistent arrears and consolidated general government fiscal reports (excluding small local Supports measures to reduce arrears across general
governments) (end-June 2011). government.
10. Adopt the necessary changes to enact the plan to reform the general government personnel system (end-June 2011) Supports the medium term fiscal adjustment plan.
11. The Council of Ministers to adopt a comprehensive privatization plan through 2015 (end-July, 2011). Upscaled privatization program to contribute to debt
reduction and to support higher investment and growth.
GREECE
Memorandum of Understanding
on
Specific Economic Policy Conditionality
(third update)
23 February 2011
The quarterly disbursements of bilateral financial assistance from euro-area

Member States are subject to quarterly reviews of conditionality for the duration
of the arrangement. The release of the tranches will be based on observance of
quantitative performance criteria and a positive evaluation of progress made with
respect to policy criteria in Council Decision 2010/320/EU of 10 May 2010 (as
amended), the MEFP and in this Memorandum. These criteria have been updated
and further specified during the February 2011 review.
Annex 1 on data provision is part of the Memorandum and how well it has been
respected will be considered in the assessment of compliance.
The authorities commit to consult with the European Commission, the ECB and
the IMF staff on adoption of policies falling within the scope of this
Memorandum allowing sufficient time for review. They will also provide them
with all requested information for monitoring progress during program's
implementation. Government provides a quarterly report in line with Article 4 of
Council Decision 2010/320/EU.
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1. Actions for the fourth review (actions to be completed by end Q1-
2011)
i. Fiscal consolidation
Government rigorously implements the budget for 2011 in line with this
Memorandum.
The Ministry of Finance ensures tight supervision of expenditure commitments

by the government departments, including extrabudgetary funds, the public
investment budget, social security funds and hospitals, local governments and
public enterprises, and effective tax collection, to secure the attainment of the
programme quantitative criteria (Article 1 (2 and 3) of Council Decision
2010/320/EU, as amended, and Table 2 of the MEFP).
The Ministry of Finance releases 1/14 of the annual budgetary appropriation

(excluding wages, pensions and interest) per month to each ministry. The
remaining budgetary appropriations will not be released before September 2011,
and may be cancelled by the Ministry of Finance, according to the need to
respect the government deficit ceiling.
Government clears payment arrears accumulated in 2010 and reduces those of

previous years.
Medium-term budgetary planning
Government prepares a medium-term budgetary strategy paper which identifies

permanent fiscal consolidation measures of at least 8 percent of GDP, (some of
which have already been identified in May 2010), plus a contingency reserve
that will ensure the achievement of deficit targets up to 2014, and that the debt-
to-GDP ratio is put on a sustainable downward path.
The strategy paper will be published for public consultation before end-March,
adopted by the Council of Ministers by mid-April and voted by Parliament by
mid-May. It will be the basis for preparing the 2012 budget.
The medium-term strategy paper includes, in particular:
− prudent macroeconomic forecasts;

− baseline revenue and expenditure projections for the state and for the other
government entities;
− a description of permanent fiscal measures, their timing and quantification;
− annual spending ceilings for each ministry and fiscal targets for other
government entities through 2014;
− post-measures fiscal projections for general government in line with the
deficit and debt targets;
− longer-term debt projections based on prudent macroeconomic projections,
stable primary surpluses from 2014 on, and privatisation plans.
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The medium-term strategy will be articulated with the ongoing healthcare and
pension reforms and with specific sectoral plans. The sectoral plans (draft plans
to be available by end-March), will cover in particular:
− state-owned enterprises;
− extrabudgetary funds (legal entities of the public sector and earmarked
accounts);
− tax policy reforms;
− public wage bill;
− public administration;
− social spending;
− public investment and
− military spending.
Each sectoral plan will be managed by interministerial taskforces to be appointed

by end February.
ii. Structural fiscal reforms
Revenue administration reforms
Government launches an anti-tax evasion plan. The plan includes quantitative

performance indicators to hold revenue administration accountable.
Government adopts legislation to streamline the administrative tax dispute and

judicial appeal processes, centralises filing enforcement and debt collection,
indirect audit methods and tax return processing, and adopts the required acts
and procedures to better address misconduct, corruption and poor performance
of tax officials, including prosecution in cases of breach of duty and a more
flexible recruitment process to appoint and promote good performers (based on
principles of meritocracy, objectivity and transparency).
Government starts publishing monthly reports of the five anti-tax evasion

taskforces, including a set of progress indicators.
Public financial management reforms
To strengthen expenditure control, Government
− adopts an act specifying the qualification and responsibilities of accounting

officers to be appointed in all line ministries and major government entities
with the responsibility to ensure sound financial controls;
− appoints financial accounting officers;
− accelerates the process of establishing commitment registries. It will make
operational registries covering the whole general government (except the
smallest entities).
Government presents a detailed action plan with a timeline to complete and

implement the simplified remuneration system. This plan will be based on the
95
results of the report published by the Ministry of Finance and the Single
Payment Authority.
Government prepares a medium-term human resource plan for the period up to

2014 in line with the rule of 1 recruitment for 5 exits. 1 The plan will include
tighter rules for temporary staff, cancellation of vacant job post and reallocation
of qualified staff to priority areas.
Government starts publishing monthly data on staff movements (entries, exits,

transfers among entities) of the several government departments.
To complete the pension reform
The National Actuarial Authority (NAA) submits comprehensive long-term

projections of pension expenditure up to 2060 under the adopted reform. The
projection will be peer-reviewed and validated by the EU Economic Policy
Committee and the European Commission, IMF and ECB staff. The projections
shall encompass the main supplementary (auxiliary) schemes, based on
comprehensive set of data collected and elaborated by the NAA.
Asset management
Government starts compiling the inventory of state-owned assets, including

stakes in quoted and non-quoted enterprises, and commercially viable real estate
and land. Government provides an interim report – including a first list of assets
– and describes steps taken to ensure that the first part of the inventory will be
ready by June 2011.
Government appoints financial advisors for the formation of real estate and land
portfolios, and the structuring of the associated privatisation transactions.
Proceeds from privatisation are to be used to redeem debt and do not substitute
fiscal consolidation efforts.
Fighting waste in public enterprises
With the aim of fighting waste and mismanagement in state-owned companies,

Government adopted an act by end 2010 that:
− Cuts primary remuneration in public enterprises by at least 10 percent at

company level (applicable from January 2011 on);
− Limits secondary remuneration to 10 percent of primary remuneration at
company level (applicable from January 2011 on);
− Establishes a ceiling for gross earnings of EUR 4 000 per month (12
payments per year) (applicable from January 2011 on);
− Increases urban transport tariffs by at least 30 percent;
− Establishes actions that reduce operating expenditure in public companies
between 15 to 25 percent, according to the specific needs of enterprises.
1
This rule is without sectoral exceptions; it also applies to staff transferred from public enterprises to
other government entities.
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These measures should be immediately effective and yield annual fiscal savings
of at least EUR 800 million compared to 2010.
Government publishes an action plan for restructuring state-owned enterprises

and other public entities leading to the closure of non-viable enterprises and
extra-budgetary funds that have outlived their original purpose.
In particular, Government adopts and starts implementing a legal act and a

business plan for the restructuring of the Athens transport network (OASA). The
objective is to make the company economically viable. Subsidies shall not
exceed 40 percent of operational cost in conformity with EU practices. The plan
includes cuts in operational expenditure of the company and tariff increases. It
includes a fiscal impact analysis and sensitivity analysis and includes monitoring
and enforcement mechanisms (including performance indicators and predefining
correcting mechanisms in case of deviation from the plan). The required legal act
is adopted by end February 2011, while restructuring starts to be effective by end
March 2011.
Government publishes monthly information on the accounts of public enterprises

classified in general government with a lag of three weeks, based on the central
registry for public enterprises.
Government revises the framework law (Law 3429/2005) on state-owned

corporate governance, with the aim of adopting management in accordance with
international best practices. The new framework law requires auditing of the
companies accounts at least with semi annual frequency (quarterly frequency for
at least the ten largest state-owned enterprises by turnover) and the strengthening
of enterprises' internal controlling, strengthens rules on asset management and
introduces more flexibility in working practices.
When restructuring state-owned enterprises, or preparing them for privatisation,

specific attention will be given to timely clear state aid issues.
Local administration
Government monitors the implementation of the recently adopted acts on the

restructuring of local government, the no-deficit rule (at least until 2014) and the
transfers paid to local government. It continues the implementation of legislation
reforming public administration and reorganising local government with the aim
of reducing costs and increasing revenue by at least EUR 1 500 million in 2013,
of which at least EUR 500 million in 2011 and additional EUR 500 million in
2012.
To modernise the health care system
Building on important reforms already undertaken over the recent months, in

particular the move towards the integration of the primary healthcare, changes in
the supplies system and progress in hospital computerisation, Government
continues to implement the comprehensive reform of the health care system
97
started in 2010 with the objective of keeping public health expenditure at or
below 6 percent of GDP, while maintaining universal access and improving the
quality of care delivery.
Government has taken measures yielding savings on pharmaceuticals of at least

EUR 2 billion relative to the 2010 level, of which at least EUR 1 billion in 2011.
This will bring average public spending on outpatient pharmaceuticals to about 1
percent of GDP (in line with the EU average) by end 2012.
More specifically, the following measures are implemented by end March 2011:
Governance
Government implements the provisions of Article 31 and 32 of Law 3863/2010.

In particular, the Health Benefit Coordination Council (SYSPY):
− establishes new criteria and terms for the conclusions of contracts by social
security funds (including OPAD) with all healthcare providers, and all other
actions envisaged in Article 32 with the aim of achieving the targeted
reduction in spending;
− initiates joint purchase of medical services and goods to achieve substantial
expenditure reduction (of at least 25 percent compared to 2010) through
price-volume agreements.
Comprehensive E-prescribing
Government takes all necessary measures in order to extend in a cost-effective

way the e-prescribing of medicines, diagnostics and doctors' referrals to all
social security funds, health centres and hospitals. To this extent, in compliance
with EU procurement rules, Government speeds up and finalises the necessary
tendering procedures to implement a comprehensive and uniform health care
information system (e-health system).
Each social security fund together with SYSPY establishes a process to regularly
assess the information obtained through the e-prescribing system and produces
regular reports (at least on a six-monthly basis) to be transmitted to the
competent authorities in the Ministry of Labour, Ministry of Health, Ministry of
Finance and ELSTAT. Monitoring and assessment is done through a dedicated
common unit under SYSPY. On the basis of the information available and the
assessment conducted, a yearly report is published and feedback is provided to
each physician. Sanctions and penalties will be enforced as a follow up to the
assessment.
Hospital computerisation and monitoring system
Government (Ministry of Health) completes the programme of hospital

computerisation. In particular, building on the web-based platform esy.net, it
finalises the process of centralisation of information. The Ministry of Health
creates a dedicated service/unit to collect and scrutinise data and produce
monthly and annual reports. A copy of these reports is transmitted to the
98
competent authority in the Ministry of Finance. Government takes measures to
ensure the integration and consolidation of hospitals' IT systems.
Government takes measures to improve the accounting, book keeping (of

medical supplies) and billing systems, through:
− finalising the introduction of double-entry accrual accounting systems in all

hospitals;
− the use of the uniform coding system and a common registry for medical
supplies developed by the Health Procurement Commission (EPY) and the
National Centre for Medical Technology (EKEVYL) for the purpose of
procuring medical supplies;
− the calculation of stocks and flows of medical supplies in all the hospitals
using the uniform coding system for medical supplies;
− the timely invoicing of treatment costs (no later than 2 months) to Greek
social security funds, other EU Member States and private health insurers for
the treatment of non-nationals/ non-residents;
− the use of e-prescribing for all medical acts (medicines, referrals,
diagnostics, surgery) in all NHS facilities.
Increasing use of generic medicines
Government takes measures to ensure that at least 50 percent of the volume of

medicines used by public hospitals by end of 2011 is composed of generics with
price below that of similar branded products and off-patent medicines, in
particular by making compulsory that all public hospitals procure pharmaceutical
products by active substance.
Pricing of medicines
Government
− moves the responsibility of pricing medicines to EOF and all other aspects of
pharmaceutical policy to the Ministry of Health, to rationalise licensing,
pricing and reimbursement systems for medicines;
− under the new law, reduced the profit margin of pharmacies on retail prices
directly to 15-20 percent, or indirectly by establishing a system of rebates for
pharmacies with sales above a designated threshold.
− reduces the profit margin of wholesale companies distributing
pharmaceuticals by at least one third.
− updates and publishes the complete price list for the medicines in the market,
using the new pricing mechanism. Continue to regularly update it on a
quarterly basis;
− lifts the caps to the price reductions used when the price list was first
introduced.
Prescribing and monitoring
Government
− publishes the prescription guidelines for physicians defined by EOF on the
basis of international prescription guidelines;
− publishes the new positive list of reimbursed medicines using the new
reference price system developed by EOF.
99
Accounting and control
By end February, Government starts publishing monthly data on healthcare

expenditure for at the least the main social security funds (IKA, OAEE, OGA
and OPAD) with a lag of three weeks after the end of the respective month (see
annex 1).
Task force
The independent task force of health policy experts created at the end of 2010
produces, in cooperation with the European Commission, the ECB and the IMF,
an interim policy report with initial indications on the necessary revisions to the
policies implemented recently and the improvements for the years to come. To
accomplish this, the taskforce has access to all necessary information on health-
related issues from the relevant ministries and government agencies and health
funds upon request and through dedicated fact-finding meetings. It receives
adequate administrative support.
iii. Financial sector regulation and supervision
Government transfers, by end February, EUR 1 000 million to a dedicated

government account opened by the General Accounting Office. Funds from this
account are regularly released to the Hellenic Financial Stability Fund to ensure
the latter keeps a cash balance of EUR 1 500 million and if programme reviews
of bank capital suggest that the resources are necessary. The release of the funds
is subject to agreement by the European Commission, ECB and IMF staffs.
Government puts forward for parliamentary adoption a new tranche of

government guarantees for uncovered bank bonds. This tranche will amount to
EUR 30 billion. The guarantee tranche is subject to approval by the European
Commission.
Government tables legislation with the aim of unbundling the core consignment
activity of the Loan and Consignment Fund from deposit-taking and loan
distribution activities.
FSF is adequately staffed.
Government tables legislation that places all registered banks' employees under
the same private sector status, regardless of the bank ownership.
To support banks in their effort to restructure operations, Government takes steps

to limit bonuses and to eliminate the so called 'balance-sheet premium,' or other
equivalent measures.
The Bank of Greece commits to reduce remuneration of its staff in light of the
overall effort of fiscal consolidation.
100
iv. Structural reforms
To strengthen labour market institutions
Government reforms legislation on fixed-term contracts and on working-time

management.
Government simplifies the procedure for the creation of firm-level trade unions.
To reform and modernise public administration
Public procurement
Government adopts legislation establishing the Single Public Procurement

Authority with the mandate, objectives, competences, powers and schedule for
entry into force in line with the Action Plan agreed with the European
Commission in November 2010. Government transmitted the draft law to the
Commission for review and an assessment of compliance with the Action Plan.
Government launches the development of an e-procurement IT platform and sets

intermediate milestones in line with the Action Plan. This includes: testing a
pilot version, availability of all functionalities for all contracts and phasing-in of
the mandatory use of e-procurement system for supplies, services and works
contracts.
Better Regulation
Government adopts measures needed to implement the 'Better Regulation

agenda', covering in particular the areas of codification, impact assessment, the
reduction of administrative burdens and the 'Better Regulation' structure.
To improve the business environment and enhance competition in open

markets
Government adopts legislation to remove unjustified or disproportionate

restrictions to competition, business and trade in restricted professions including:
− the legal profession, to remove unnecessary restrictions on fixed minimum

tariffs, the effective ban on advertising, territorial restrictions on where
lawyers can practice;
− the notary profession, to reduce fixed tariffs and increase the number of
notaries;
− the pharmacy profession, to permit incorporation, increase operating hours
and reduce the minimum population criterion for opening new pharmacies;
(voted in February);
− architects and engineers, covering fixed minimum tariffs;
101
− auditing services, covering fixed tariffs, minimum hours per case and
maximum annual working hours. 2
It publishes the opinion of the Hellenic Competition Commission on this

legislation.
Government screens the statutes of the professional chambers to identify rules on

access to, and exercise of, the profession, and on pricing, that are against the new
law on restricted professions and EU law. The necessary changes to these
statutes are adopted by June.
Government takes measures ensuring that providers of services are not subject to
requirements which oblige them to exercise a given specific activity exclusively,
or which restrict the exercise jointly or in partnership of different activities,
except in the circumstances and under the conditions set in the Services
Directive.
Government takes measures to remove complete prohibitions on commercial

communications by the regulated professions and to ensure that professional
rules on commercial communications are non-discriminatory, justified by an
overriding reason relating to the public interest and proportionate.
Recognition of professional qualifications
Government continues to take all necessary measures to ensure the effective

implementation of EU rules on recognition of professional qualifications,
including compliance with ECJ rulings (inter alia, related to franchised
diplomas). It updates information on the number of pending applications for
recognition of professional qualifications, and sends it to the Commission. 3
Government publishes a report analysing the potential contribution of the

tourism sector to growth and jobs. It should identify legislative, administrative
and other obstacles hindering competition and market entry to the realisation of
sector potential.
Government publishes a report analysing the potential contribution of the retail

sector to price flexibility, growth and jobs. It should identify legislative,
administrative and other obstacles hindering competition and market entry to the
realisation of sector potential.
Competition policy
Government finalises the adoption of a law modifying the existing institutional

framework of the Hellenic Competition Commission (HCC). It ensures the
2
Government establishes a two-year sunset clause for minimum and maximum working hours.
3
This information specifies since when applications are pending, number of applications per profession,
nature of diploma (franchised or not) and a timetable for dealing with pending applications, and
includes decisions on the recognition of franchised diplomas.
102
HCC's independence, effectiveness and accountability, and warrants continuity
in the operation of the HCC board. The new law abolishes the notification
system for all agreements falling within the scope of Article 1 of Law 703/1977,
grants the HCC the power to reject complaints and to prioritize cases effectively
and establishes reasonable deadlines for the investigation and issuance of
decisions.
Investment and licensing laws
Government adopts all presidential decrees and ministerial decisions necessary

for the implementation of the law on aid for private investment to promote
economic growth, entrepreneurship and regional cohesion, and ensures
accordance with the fiscal consolidation requirements
Government ensures the acceleration of the environmental licensing by

committing the authorising authority to proceed with the approval procedure
after a specified time period.
Commercial and land registry
Government makes General Commercial Registry (GEMI) and one-stop shops

for business start-ups operational.
Government provides sufficient resources for accelerating the completion of the

land registry, with a view to tendering cadastral projects for additional 4 million
rights by December 2011, completing the works for the large urban centres by
2015 and completing the overall project by 2020.
Business-friendly Greece
Government starts implementing the measures identified by the action plan for a
business-friendly Greece according to the timetable for the removal of the 30
most important remaining restrictions to business activity, investment and
innovation.
Export and R&D promotion
Government pursues an up-to-date and in-depth evaluation of all R&D and

ongoing innovation actions, including in various operational programmes, and
presents an action plan for policies aimed at enhancing the quality and the
synergies between public and private R&D and innovation, as well as tertiary
education. This action plan identifies a clear timetable for relevant measures to
be taken, taking the budgetary impact into account and harmonising these actions
with other relevant initiatives in these areas (in particular the investment law).
Government finalises the creation of an external advisory council, to consider

how to foster innovation, strengthen links between public research and Greek
industries and the development of regional industrial clusters.
103
Government presents an action plan with a view to abolishing the requirement of
registration with the exporter's registry of the chamber of commerce for
obtaining a certificate of origin by September 2011.
Services directive
Government ensures that the point of single contact (PSC) distinguishes between
procedures applicable to service providers established in Greece and those
4
applicable to cross-border providers (in particular for the regulated professions).
Government:
− ensures adequate links between the PSC and other relevant

authorities (including professional associations);
− allows the online completion of procedures covering at least,
the procedures in the distribution services, tourism,
education and construction sectors as well as in food and
beverage services, services of the regulated professions –
including the recognition of professional qualifications –,
real estate services, and business services.
Government completes the adoption of changes to existing (sectoral) legislation

in key services sectors such as tourism, retail and private education services.
New acts should:
− facilitate establishment by:

abolishing or amending requirements which are prohibited by the
Services Directive; and
significantly reducing requirements, including those relating to
quantitative and territorial restrictions, legal form requirements,
shareholding requirements, fixed minimum and/or maximum tariffs
and restrictions to multidisciplinary activities;
− facilitate the provision of cross-border services, so that providers of cross-

border services are required to comply with specific requirements of the
Greek Law only in exceptional cases (when admitted by Articles 16 or 17 of
the Services Directive).
− provide legal certainty for providers of cross-border services by setting out
in the respective (sectoral) legislation which requirements can, and which
requirements cannot, be applied to cross-border services.
Energy
Government commences implementation of plan for opening up lignite-fired

electricity generation to third parties.
Government presents detailed plans for ensuring a maximum market opening as

regards the non-interconnected system.
4
This will be done by the Ministry of Interior based on information provided by the relevant ministries.
104
Government commences implementation of its commitment to award the hydro
reserves management to an independent body.
Government starts to implement the mechanism to ensure that the energy

component of regulated tariffs reflects, gradually and at the latest by June 2013,
wholesale market prices, except for vulnerable consumers.
In order to ensure that network activities are unbundled from supply activities as
foreseen in the second and third energy liberalisation packages, the following
measures are implemented:
− Government adopts a Decision on the modalities of unbundling of the

transmission system operator in line with the third energy liberalization
package, ensuring timely management appointments, and adopts necessary
legislation to ensure the creation of fully unbundled electricity and gas
transmission system operators by March 2012.
− Government ensures the creation and effective operation of an independent
Distribution System Operator, in line with the second and third energy
liberalisation packages.
Government transfers to RAE (Regulatory Authority for Energy) all regulatory

powers assigned to EU energy regulators in the third energy liberalisation
package (licensing, network access, network charges, market monitoring, etc).
Government adopts measures to ensure the independence of RAE (impartial and

transparent nomination of board, management authority with regard to budget
and personnel, etc. in line with the third energy liberalisation package).
Transport
Government adopts a new regulatory framework to facilitate the conclusion of

concession agreements for regional airports. The new regulatory framework
should contribute to the development of the tourism sector and be mindful of
preventing anticompetitive practices and foresee appropriate oversight of the
allocation and operation of concessions, in full respect of state aid rules.
Government adopts a law that removes the current restrictions on the provision
of services for occasional passenger transport by buses, coaches and limousines
and which guarantees that any operator that meets clearly specified criteria
related to professional capacity has unlimited access to the market. The cost for
granting and renewing of licenses shall not exceed the administrative costs
related to the licensing procedure and shall be levied in proportion to the number
of vehicles licensed. The method for calculating the fees must be transparent and
objective and shall not lead to over recovery of costs incurred.
To upgrade the education system
Government establishes, by end February 2011, an independent taskforce on

education policy with the purpose of indicating specific policy measures aimed
at increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of the public education system
105
(primary, secondary and higher education) and reach a more efficient use of
resources.
Government adopts legislation to shorten deadlines and simplify procedures on

contract award and land expropriations (including the deadlines needed for the
relevant legal proceedings).
Government carries out an evaluation the time-saving effects of the legislation
− on contract awards and land expropriation,

− on permits by the Central Archaeological Council in Athens,
− on environmental licensing (see below 'business environment').
Government submits a timetable for the preparation, selection and

implementation of different types of projects (including scenarios of legal
proceedings), derived from the above legislation. The timetable will serve as a
benchmark for monitoring of projects.
106
2. Actions for the fifth review (actions to be completed by end Q2-2011)
Memorandum, and the fiscal consolidation measures in the budget.
Government stands ready to define and enact additional measures if needed to

reach the budgetary targets.
The Council of Ministers adopts the medium-term budgetary strategy paper by

end April, to be voted by Parliament by mid-May.
Government proceeds with an in-depth revision of the functioning of

secondary/supplementary public pension funds (including welfare funds and
lump-sum schemes). The aim of the revision is to stabilise pension expenditure,
guarantee the budgetary neutrality of these schemes, and ensure medium- and
long-term sustainability of the system. The revision should achieve:
− the reduction in the number of existing funds;

− the elimination of imbalances in those funds with deficits;
− the stabilisation of the current spending at sustainable level, through
appropriate adjustments to be made from 1 January 2012;
− the long-term sustainability of secondary schemes through a strict link
between contributions and benefits.
This reform contributes to achieve the overarching target of reducing the overall
(basic, contributory, supplementary and any other related scheme, including
lump sums at retirement) increase of public sector pension spending, over the
period 2009-60, to under 2.5 percentage points of GDP.
The reform of the secondary (supplementary) schemes is designed in close

consultation with European Commission, IMF and ECB staff, and its estimated
impact on long-term sustainability is validated by the EU Economic Policy
Committee. The parameters of the new secondary notional defined-contribution
system ensure long-term actuarial balance, as assessed by the National Actuarial
Authority.
If the projections by the National Actuarial Authority show that, even after the
reforms of the supplementary schemes, the projected increase in the total public
pension expenditure would exceed the limit of 2.5 percentage points of GDP
over 2009-60, Government revises also the main parameters of the pension
system provided by Law 3863/2010. The revision is designed in close
consultation with the European Commission, the IMF and the ECB staffs.
107
Government substantially revises the list of heavy and arduous professions, and
reduces its coverage to no more than 10 percent of employment. The new list of
Difficult and Hazardous Occupations (Law 3863/2010) shall apply with effect
from 1 July 2011 to all current and future workers.
The Bank of Greece commits not to grant pension privileges to its staff and to
revise the main parameters of its pension scheme to align them with those of
IKA.
Military spending
The new National Medium-Term Military Procurement Programme, 2011-25,

which is expected to be adopted by May 2011, plans a reduction in military
expenditure that durably contributes to fiscal consolidation, without prejudice to
national defence capability.
Asset management
Government publishes an inventory of state-owned assets, including stakes in

listed and non-listed enterprises and commercially viable real estate and land. It
also provides estimated values of these assets. The inventory will continue to be
updated until end-year to ensure it is comprehensive.
Government establishes a General Secretariat of Real Estate Development in

order to improve coordination and accelerate the privatisation and asset
management program and takes appropriate steps to the creation of special
investment vehicles,
On the basis of this inventory, privatisation plans are revised and accelerated
targeting total proceeds of at least EUR 15 billion during the programme period.
The pace of privatisation and real estate development is expected to pick up
further in the following years.
Government privatises its stake in Casino Mont Parnes and extends the
concession of the Athens International Airport.
Government takes additional measures to promote the use of generic medicines

through:
− compulsory doctors' e-prescription by active substance;

− associating a lower cost-sharing rate to generic medicines that have a
significantly lower price than the reference price (lower than 60 percent of
the reference price) on the basis of the experience of other EU countries;
− setting the maximum price of generics to 60 percent of the branded medicine
with similar active substance.
108
Government extends the use of capitation payment of physician, currently used
by OAEE, to all contracts between social security funds and the doctors they
contract. The new payment mechanism starts for each new contract renewed in
2011 and for all contracts from 2012. It defines a minimum number of patients
per doctor, on the basis of the experience of other EU Member States.
Government moves towards greater equalisation across funds regarding

contribution rates and minimum benefit packages, with the aim of full
equalisation by 2012, building on Law 3655/2008.
To reduce costs and improve quality of care for patients, Government:
− adjusts public hospital provision by implementing joint management / joint

operation between small scale hospitals and big hospitals within the same
district and health region;
− revises the activity of small hospitals in a move towards specialisation in
areas such as rehabilitation or cancer treatment where relevant;
− in districts with more than one hospital (excluding university hospitals) use a
joint management / joint operation system;
− increases mobility of healthcare staff (including doctors) within and across
health regions.
The independent task force of health policy experts created at the end- 2010
produces, in cooperation with the European Commission, the ECB and the IMF,
its final policy report by end May 2011, with specific recommendations on
revisions to the policies implemented so far. The report and policies proposals
cover the following areas:
− Health system governance in order to reduce the fragmentation of the

system;
− Financing: pooling, collection and distribution of funds;
− Harmonization of health packages across funds;
− Service provision and incentives for providers including:
integration between private and public provision;
primary care vis-à-vis specialist and hospital care;
efficiency in the provision of hospital services;
pharmaceutical consumption;
human resources;
− Public health priorities, health promotion and disease prevention;
− Data collection, health technology assessment and assessment of
performance;
− Expenditure control mechanisms.
The report will provide quantitative targets in the fields above, in order to
contribute to keep public expenditure on health as a ratio to GDP constant at, or
below, 6 percent. On the basis of this report, the Government adopts an action
plan by end June 2011, including a timetable for concrete actions.
109
Internal controllers are assigned to all major hospitals.
Government ensures that the programme of hospital computerisation allows for a

measurement of hospital and health centres activity. To that end, the
Government defines a core set of activity and expenditure indicators in line with
Eurostat, OECD and WHO health databases. ELSTAT starts providing data in
line with the System of Health National (joint questionnaire collection exercise).
Government ensures that the programme of hospital computerisation allows for

the setting up of a basic system of patient electronic medical records.
By end-May, Government starts publishing monthly data on healthcare

expenditure by all social security funds with a lag of three weeks after the end of
the respective month (see Annex 1).
Wages and human resource management in the health care sector
The Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Labour, in cooperation with the
Ministry of Finance prepare a regular annual report (the first one to be published
by end-May 2011), on the structure and levels of remuneration (including fees
provisions to consultants and doctors) and the volume and dynamics of
employment in the hospitals, health centres, and health funds. The report will
present plans for the allocation of human resources for the period up to 2013. It
specifies any plan to reallocate qualified and support staff within the NHS and
health funds.
iii. Financial sector regulation and supervision
Government transfers EUR 1 000 million to a dedicated government account

opened by the General Accounting Office. Funds from this account are regularly
released to the Hellenic Financial Stability Fund to ensure the latter keeps a cash
balance of EUR 1 500 million and if programme reviews of bank capital suggest
that the resources are necessary. The release of the funds is subject to agreement
by the European Commission, ECB and IMF staffs.
The capital increase of ATE is completed.
FSF is fully staffed.
Bank of Greece hires qualified staff to be able to strengthening banking

supervision.
Bank of Greece undertakes a diagnostic assessment of insurance firms.
110
iv. Structural reforms
To modernise public administration
Functional reviews
Government assesses the results of the first phase of the independent functional
review of central administration, including operational policy recommendations.
The functional review of existing social programmes is finalised.
Government adopts legislation establishing a simplified remuneration system

covering basic wages and allowances that applies to all public sector employees
ensuring that remuneration reflects productivity and tasks: this reform should be
part of an overall reform of Human Resource management in the public sector.
Public procurement
Government undertakes a thorough review of the system of redress against

award procedures and the role to confer to the Single Public Procurement
Authority in agreement with the European Commission.
Government undertakes a review identifying areas to increase the efficiency of

the public procurement system on all outside the Single Public Procurement
Authority, as specified in the Action Plan. The review includes conclusions and
actions in agreement with the European Commission.
Government takes measures on commercial communications by the regulated

professions and on multidisciplinary activities, in accordance with the Services
Directive.
Government adopts all presidential decrees necessary for the implementation of

the law on fast-track licensing procedure for technical professions,
manufacturing activities and business parks.
Recognition of professional qualifications
Government removes prohibitions to ensure that holders of franchised diplomas

from other Member States have the right to work in Greece under the same
conditions as holders of Greek degrees.
The independent taskforce on education publishes a detailed blueprint for

improvement of the efficiency and effectiveness in the use of resources in the
public education system. This blueprint includes concrete policy
111
recommendations that the Ministry of Education takes into account for
implementation.
Government completes the reform to strengthen the Labour Inspectorate, which

should be fully resourced with qualified staff. Quantitative targets on the number
of controls to be executed should be set for the Labour Inspectorate.
Government adapts legislation on tackling undeclared work to require the

registration of new employees before they start working.
To improve the business environment and enhance competition in open

markets
Services Directive
Government adopts legislation on the services sectors of agriculture, transport,

employment, technical services, sanitary facilities, welfare, wholesale and other
priority identified in the Q4-2010 progress report. Government specifies, for any
remaining sectors, a timetable for adopting sectoral legislation by end-2011 that
ensures full compliance with the requirements of the Services Directive.
Government adopts legislation and takes other structural actions to implement

the findings of the report analysing the potential contribution of the tourism
sector to growth and jobs in the Greek economy.
Government adopts legislation and takes other structural actions to implement

the findings of the report analysing the potential contribution of the retail sector
to price flexibility, growth and jobs in the Greek economy.
Government adopts legislation to simplify and shorten procedures to complete

studies on environmental impact and to get the approval of environmental terms
with a view to reducing the number of projects subject to environmental
licensing and the duration of approval procedures to EU average levels.
Government implements an action plan to abolish the requirement of registration

with the exporter's registry of the chamber of commerce for obtaining a
certificate of origin.
Government reviews and codifies the legislative framework of exports (i.e., Law
936/70 and Law Order 3999/59), simplifies the process to clear customs for
exports and imports and gives larger companies or industrial areas the possibility
to be certified to clear cargo for the customs themselves.
112
Government meets targets for payment claims in the absorption of EU structural

and cohesion funds set down in the table below. Compliance with the targets
shall be measured by certified data. In addition, Government achieves a semi-
annual target of submitting 5 major project applications to the Commission. It
provides data on expenditure for non-targeted de minimis state aid measures
declared to the Commission in 2010.
Government adopts and implements the appropriate acts to ensure the smooth
and timely implementation of structural-fund programmes in the framework of
the recent local administration reform.
Table 1: Targets for payment claims in the absorption of Structural and

Cohesion Funds (programming period 2007-2013) to be submitted between 2010
and 2013 (in EUR million)
2010 2011 2012 2013

European Regional Fund and target: 2 330.0
2 600 2 850 3 000
Cohesion Fund outcome: 2 372.4
target: 420.0
European Social Fund 750 880 890
outcome: 447.6
Target of first half of the year - 1 105 1 231 1 284
Target of second half of the
- 2 245 2 499 2 606
year
target: 2 750
Total annual target 3 350 3 730 3 890
outcome 2 820
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3. Actions for the sixth review (to be completed by end Q3-2011)
Memorandum. Government stands ready to enact additional measures if needed
to comply with the budgetary targets.
Government adopts an act to equalise the taxation of heating oil – to be

applicable from 15 October 2011 on – with the aim of fighting fraud and
yielding at least EUR 400 million in 2011, with a carry-over of EUR 320 million
in 2012, net of specific measure to protect the less prosperous population strata.
Government adopts a draft budget for 2012 aiming at a further reduction of the
general government deficit in line with the programme and including the detailed
presentation of consolidation measures amounting to at least 2.2 percent of GDP,
including the following measures (these measures and their yield will be
revisited during the fourth review taking into account the medium-term fiscal
strategy):
− Reduce public employment on top of the rule of 1 recruitment for each 5

5
exits in the public sector; the reduction in public employment on top of the
1-to-5 rule should allow savings of at least EUR 600 million;
− Establish excises for non alcoholic beverages, for a total amount of at least
EUR 300 million;
− Continue the expansion of the base of the real estate tax by updating asset
values to yield at least EUR 200 million additional revenue;
− Continue the reorganisation of local government, contributing by at least
EUR 500 million in savings to the reduction of the general government
deficit;
− Nominal freeze in pensions yielding savings of at least EUR 250 million;
− Continue to increase the effectiveness of the presumptive taxation of
professionals, with the aim of collecting at least additional EUR 100 million;
− Reduction of current and capital transfers to public enterprises by at least
EUR 800 million following their restructuring;
− Make unemployment benefits means-tested (aiming at savings of EUR 500
million);
− Collect further revenue from the licensing of gaming of at least EUR 225
million in one-off sales of licences and increase the annual yield from
royalties by an addition EUR 400 million;
− Further broadening of VAT base with the aim of collecting at least
additional EUR 300 million;
− Fully implement the green tax and increase its annual yield by least EUR
150 million;
− Increase the collection of a special tax on unauthorised establishments by an
additional EUR 100 million;
− Reduction in domestically-financed spending in investment by at least EUR
500 million compared to the actual 2011 level, while increasing revenue by
5
The rule also applies to staff transferred from public enterprises under restructuring to government entities.
114
giving priority to investment projects financed by EU structural and
cohesion funds.
ii. Fiscal structural reforms
Tax reform
Government tables legislation to simplify the tax system, raise revenue in a

progressive manner and facilitate more effective tax administration.
Asset management
Building on the inventory of commercial state-owned real-estate assets (to be

published by June) Government elaborates a medium-term plan to divest state
assets, revises the privatisation receipts planned for 2011-13 and extends the plan
through 2015.
Government privatises Hellenic Defense Systems and the State Lottery Tickets.
Government starts the implementation of the measures recommended by the

independent task force on health care.
iii. Structural reforms
Government promotes, monitors and assesses the implementation of the new

special firm-level collective agreements. It ensures that there is no formal or
effective impediment to these agreements and that they contribute to align wage
developments with productivity developments at firm level, thereby promoting
competitiveness and creating and preserving jobs. It provides a report on its
assessment. Any necessary amendment to the law on sectoral collective
bargaining is adopted before end-July 2011.
Government ensures full operation of the 'Better Regulation Agenda' to reduce

the administrative burden by 20 percent compared with 2008.
Public procurement
Government ensures that the e-procurement framework is fully operational, and

creates a common website for the publishing of all procurement procedures and
outcomes.
115
To improve the business environment and strengthen competition in open
markets
Government changes legislation to mitigate tax obstacles to mergers and

acquisitions such as the non-transfer of accumulated losses, together with the
company and the complex computation of 'excessive benefit' (Law 3522/2006,
Article 11) in the transfer of private limited companies.
Government presents an impact assessment evaluating Law 3853/2010 on

simplification of procedures for the establishment of companies in terms of the
savings in time and cost to set up a business.
Government abolishes the requirement of registration with the exporter’s registry

of the chamber of commerce for obtaining a certificate of origin.
In the implementation of the new law on the opening of restricted professions,

Government promptly adopts the necessary decrees, administrative orders or
circulars. Restrictions to be reinstated should consider public interest, the need to
promote competition and takes into account international best practice.
Government consults widely before the adoption of these restrictions.
Government publishes a report on the implementation of the legislation on

regulated professions with a view to assessing whether further measures are
needed.
Services Directive
Government ensures that the PSC (point of single contact) is fully operational
and that the completion of procedures by electronic means is possible in all
sectors covered by the Services Directive.
Governments prepares, and starts implementing, an action plan for the

improvement of the effectiveness and efficiency of the education system taking
into account the measures recommended by the independent taskforce.
Government launches an internal pilot web-based monitoring tool of procedures

for approval of project proposals and for implementation of public projects.
116
4. Actions for the seventh review (actions to be completed by end Q4-
2011)
Government achieves the target for the 2011 general government deficit of not
more than EUR 17 065 million and other quantitative performance criteria.
Parliament adopts the final budget for 2012 targeting a further reduction of the
general government deficit which, in ESA95-based terms, should not exceed
EUR 14 916 million.
ii. Fiscal structural reforms
Asset management
Government publishes the second part of the state's assets inventory.
Government privatises DEPA, LARKO, TRAINOSE (at least 49 percent,

including shares management with the new shareholders), and sells concession
SPVs in relation to the Egnatia motorway and accelerates the divestment of
|public real estate.
Government defines a hospital case-based costing system to be used for

budgeting purposes from 2013.
The independent taskforce of health policy experts produces an implementation

report, revising the policies implemented so far.
iii. Structural reforms
Functional reviews
Government assesses the results of the second (final) phase of the independent
functional review of central administration. Government adopts legislation and
measures to implement the operational recommendations of the first phase of the
functional review of public administration at central level and of the full review
of existing social programmes.
Public procurement
Single Public Procurement Authority starts its operations with the necessary
resources to fulfil its mandate, objectives, competences and powers as defined in
the Action Plan.
117
To improve the business environment and strengthen competition in open
markets
Energy
Government removes regulated tariffs for customers except households and

small enterprises (as defined in the second and third energy liberalisation
packages).
Government starts publishing a bi-annual progress report on the implementation

of the law on quality assurance in primary, secondary and higher education.
To raise the absorption rates of Structural and Cohesion Funds
Government meets targets for payment claims in the absorption of EU structural

and cohesion funds set down in Table 1. Compliance with the targets shall be
measured by certified data. In addition, Government submits 5 additional major
project applications to the Commission, in view of achieving an annual target of
submitting 10 major projects. In meeting absorption rate targets, recourse to non-
targeted de minimis state aid measures should be gradually reduced. Government
provides data on expenditure for non-targeted de minimis state aid measures co-
financed by the structural funds.
Government introduces the fully-operational web-based open-access monitoring

tool of procedures for approval of project proposals and for implementation of
public projects.
Government ensures that the managerial capacity of all managing authorities and
intermediate bodies of operational programmes under the framework of the
National Strategy Reference Framework 2007-13 has been certified according to
the standard ISO 9001:2008 (quality management).
Government presents a report on the activities of the task force assessing

progress in ensuring the rapid implementation absorption of structural funds, and
proposing improvements when necessary.
Government provides an impact assessment of legislative measures since 2010 to

accelerate the absorption of structural and cohesion funds adopted since May,
and indicates any further measures.
118
5. Actions for the eight review (actions to be completed by end Q1-2012)
Memorandum, and Council Decision 2010/320/EU.
Government implements the reform of the secondary/supplementary pension

schemes, by merging funds and starting the calculation of benefits on the basis of
the new notional defined-contribution system. Government freezes nominal
supplementary pensions and reduces the replacement rates for accrued rights in
funds with deficits, based on the actuarial study prepared by the National
Actuarial Authority. In case the actuarial study is not ready, replacement rates
are reduced, starting from 1 January 2012, to avoid deficits. All funds set up a
computerised system of individual pension accounts.
Pricing of medicines
Starting from 2012, pharmacies profit margins should be calculated as a flat

amount or flat fee combined with a small profit margin with the aim of reducing
the overall profit margin to no more than 15 percent.
Social security funds start publishing an annual report on medicine prescription.

Individual prescription reports are regularly (at least annually) fed back to each
physician. The annual report and the individual prescription reports look at
prescription behaviour with particular reference to the most costly and most used
medicines.
119
Annex 1. Provision of data
During the programme, the following data shall be made available to the
European Commission, the ECB and the IMF staffs on a regular basis.
To be provided by the Ministry of Finance
Monthly, 15 days
Preliminary monthly data on the state budget after the end of
execution (including breakdown by main each month; these
categories of revenue and expenditure and by data should also
line ministry). be included in
subsequent
(Data compiled by the Ministry of Finance) transmissions in
case of revision.
Updated monthly plans for the state budget

execution for the remainder of the year,
Monthly, 30 days
including breakdown by main categories of
after the end of
revenue and expenditure and by line ministry.
each month.
Monthly, 30 days
after the end of
Preliminary monthly cash data on general each month, these
government entities other than the state. data should also
be included in
(Data compiled by the Ministry of Finance) subsequent
transmissions in
case of revision.
Monthly data on the public wage bill (of general

government, including a breakdown in nominal
wage and allowances paid to government
employees per line ministry and public entity),
Monthly, 30 days
number of employees (including a breakdown
after the end of
per ministry and public entities outside the
each month
central government) and average wage
(starting in June
(including the relative shares of the base wage,
2010).
allowances and bonuses).
(Data compiled by the Ministries of Interior and

Finance)
Monthly data on staff: number of employees, Monthly, 30 days

entries, exits, transfers among government after the end of
entities; per ministry. each month
(starting in March
120
2011).
Weekly information on the Government's cash

Weekly on Friday,
position with indication of sources and uses as
reporting on the
well of number of days covered.
previous
Thursday.
Monthly, no later
than 15 days after
the end of each
Data on below-the-line financing for the general
month; these data
government.
should also be
included in
subsequent
transmissions in
case of revision.
Data on expenditure pending payment

(including arrears) of the general government,
including the State, local government, social Quarterly, within
security, hospitals and legal entities. 55 days after the
end of each
(Data compiled by the Ministry of Finance on quarter.
the basis of basic data from the several line
ministries )
Data on public debt and new guarantees issued

by the general government to public enterprises
and the private sector.
Data on maturing debt (planned redemptions per Monthly, within

month, split between short- and long-term debt. one month.
Data on planned monthly interest outflows.
121
Monthly, within
three weeks of the
end of each month
for the ten largest
Data on public enterprises: revenue, costs, enterprises.
payroll, number of employees and liabilities Quarterly within
(including maturities of public enterprises' three weeks of the
debts) end of each
quarter for the
(Data compiled by the Ministry of Finance) other enterprises.
Quarterly for the
maturities of
public enterprises'
liabilities.
Monthly statement of the transactions through

off-budget accounts. Monthly, at the
end of each
(Data compiled by the Ministries of Finance and month.
Education)
Monthly statement of the operations on the

Monthly, at the
special accounts.
end of each
month.
Report on progress with fulfilment of policy

Quarterly before
conditionality.
the respective
review starts.
(Report prepared by the Ministry of Finance)
Monthly data on healthcare expenditure by the Monthly, within

social security funds with a lag of three weeks three weeks of the
after the end of the respective quarter. end of each
month. Starting
(Data compiled by the Ministries of Labour and with data for
Health) January 2011 for
IKA, OAEE,
OGA and OPAD,
and from April
2011 on for the
other funds
122
To be provided by the Bank of Greece
Weekly, next
Assets and liabilities of the Bank of Greece.
working day.
Assets and liabilities of the Greek banking Monthly, 30 days

system - aggregate monetary balance sheet of after the end of
credit institutions. each month.
Monthly, 15 days
Evolution of the external funding provided by
after the end of
Greek banks to their subsidiaries abroad. 6
each month.
External funding flows for the banking, Monthly, 30 days

corporate and government sector, including also after the end of
expected developments in the 12 months ahead. each month.
Weekly, next
Report on banking sector liquidity situation.
working day.
Quarterly, 15 days
after the end of
Report on the evolution of financial stability
each quarter
indicators.
depending on data
availability.
Quarterly, 15 days
after the end of
Report on results from the regular quarterly
each quarter
solvency assessment exercise.
depending on data
availability.
Detailed report on the balance sheet of the Weekly, next

Financial Stability Fund with indication and working day.
explanation of changes in the accounts.
6
All forms of debt instruments and capital, as well as net deposits provided to subsidiaries abroad.
123
GREECE: TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING
February 22, 2011
1. This Technical Memorandum of Understanding (TMU) sets out the

understandings regarding the definitions of the indicators subject to quantitative
targets (performance criteria and indicative targets), specified in the tables annexed
to the Memorandum of Economic and Financial Policies. It also describes the
methods to be used in assessing the program performance and the information
requirements to ensure adequate monitoring of the targets. We will consult with the
Fund, European Commission and ECB before modifying measures contained in this
letter, or adopting new measures that would deviate from the goals of the program,
and provide the European Commission, ECB and the Fund with the necessary
information for program monitoring.
2. For program purposes, all foreign currency-related assets, liabilities, and flows
will be evaluated at “program exchange rates” as defined below, with the exception
of the items affecting government fiscal balances, which will be measured at current
exchange rates. The program exchange rates are those that prevailed on April 30,
2010. In particular, the exchange rates for the purposes of the program are set €1 =
1.3315 U.S. dollar, €1 = 125.81 Japanese yen, €1.135 = 1 SDR.
General Government
3. Definition: For the purposes of the program, the general government includes:
• The central government. This includes:
o The entities covered under the State Budget as defined in Chapter 2 of
the Law 2362/1995 as being modified by Law 3871/2010 regarding
“Public Accounting, Auditing of Government Expenditures and Other
Regulations,” and other entities belonging to the budgetary central
government.
o Other entities or extra-budgetary funds (EBFs) not part of the State
budget, but which are, under European System of Accounts (ESA95)
rules (“ESA95 Manual on Government Deficit and Debt”), classified
under central government. This includes ETERPS
o The following state enterprises and organizations included by the
National Statistical Service (ELSTAT) under the definition of central
government (ATTIKO METRO, ETHEL, ISAP, HLPAP, TRAM,
ELGA, HELLENIC DEFENCE SYSTEMS S.A., OSE, TRAINOSE,
ERT, ELECTROMECHANICA KYMI LTD, OPEKEPE, KEELPNO,
EOT, INFORMATION SOCIETY IN GREECE, Unit for the
Organization and Management of Development Projects S.A.).
References to individual companies are understood to include all of
their subsidiaries which are to be consolidated under IFRS
requirements.
124
• Local government comprising municipalities, prefectures, and regional
governments including their basic and special budgets, including all agencies
and institutions attached thereto, which are classified as local governments
according to ESA 95.
• Social security funds comprising all funds that are established as social
security funds in the registry of ELSTAT.
• Other extra budgetary entities included by ELSTAT under general
government, which are not yet counted under central government.
• This definition of general (central) government also includes any new funds,
or other special budgetary and extra budgetary programs that may be created
during the program period to carry out operations of a fiscal nature. The
government will inform IMF, European Commission and ECB staff of the
creation of any such new funds, programs, or entities immediately. The
general (central) government, as measured for purposes of the program
monitoring in 2010, shall not include entities that are re-classified from
outside general (central) government into general (central) government during
the course of 2010. During the course of 2011, such reclassified entities will
be included, as specified below. Entities that are reclassified during the course
of 2011 from outside general (central) government into general (central)
government will be excluded for the 2011 program monitoring.
4. Supporting material: The Ministry of Finance (MoF) will provide to the

European Commission, ECB and IMF detailed information on monthly revenues
and expenditures, domestic and foreign debt redemptions, new domestic and foreign
debt issuance, change in the domestic and foreign cash balances of the central
government at the central bank of Greece, all other sources of financing including
capital transactions, and arrears of the general government. Data will be provided
within four weeks after the closing of each month. The Bank of Greece will provide
detailed monthly data on assets and liabilities of local authorities, social security
funds, ETERPS (and other extra-budgetary funds), and state enterprises included in
the definition of general government in line with monetary survey data.
III. QUANTITATIVE PERFORMANCE CRITERIA, INDICATIVE CEILINGS, AND

CONTINUOUS PERFORMANCE CRITERIA: DEFINITIONS AND REPORTING STANDARDS
A. Floor on the Modified General Government Primary Cash Balance

(Performance Criterion)
5. Definition: The modified general government primary cash balance

(MGGPCB) is defined as the modified general government cash balance (MGGCB)
minus interest payments by the state budget. The MGGCB is defined as the sum of
the cash balances of the ordinary state budget, the cash balance of the public
investment budget, minus the change in stock of arrears from line ministries, the
change in net financial assets of local government, the change in net financial assets
of social security funds, the change in net financial assets of ETERPS, the change in
125
net financial assets of reclassified public enterprises (RPEs). Privatization receipts
and the proceeds from the sale of land and buildings will be excluded from cash
receipts. Net lending operations by the state budget will be recorded as cash
expenditures.
• The cash balance of the ordinary state budget. The cash balance of the
ordinary state budget will be measured from above the line, based on ordinary
budget revenues (recurrent revenue plus non-recurrent revenue, including
NATO revenues, minus tax refunds) minus ordinary budget expenditures
(ordinary budget expenditures will exclude amortization payments but include
salaries and pensions; grants to social security funds, medical care and social
protection; operational and other expenditure; returned resources; payments in
exchange of claims of insurance fund for the personnel working in the Public
Electricity Company; interest payments; transfers for the settlement of past
debt, payments for military equipment procurement on a cash basis; NATO
expenses, capital transfers to social security funds or other entities by bonds;
and called guarantees where the state or central government assumes payments
on behalf of entities outside of the general government) of the ordinary state
budget as published monthly on the official website of the General Accounting
Office of the Ministry of Finance, and in line with the corresponding line
items established in the ordinary state budget.
• The cash balance of the public investment budget. The cash balance of the
public investment budget will be measured from above the line, based on
investment budget revenues minus investment budget expenditures of the
investment state budget as published monthly on the official website of the
General Accounting Office of the Ministry of Finance, and in line with the
corresponding line items established in the investment state budget.
• The change in the stock of arrears from line ministries. The change in
stock will be measured on a cumulative basis, from January 1, 2011 onwards
as the stock of arrears prevailing at the time of measurement of the PC minus
the stock of arrears prevailing at end-December 2010. The stock of arrears will
reflect all arrears outstanding, irrespective of the time period in which the
unpaid commitments were entered into. The stock of arrears of line ministries
or other spending bodies with a vote in the budget (including the Secretariat
General of Information/Secretariat General of Communication, Secretariat
General of Prefectures, Presidency of the Hellenic Democracy, and the
Hellenic Parliament) will include any arrears (as defined under subsection C)
related to the activities of the ordinary and investment budgets. Data will be in
line with the monthly publications of state budget arrears, published on the
Ministry of Finance website, and are expected to be based on the data from the
commitment registers.
• The change in net financial assets of local governments is defined on a
transactions basis, as the change in the total of financial assets minus financial
liabilities of local authorities adjusted for valuation changes by the Bank of
Greece.
126
o Financial assets include (but are not limited to) deposits of local
governments in the Bank of Greece and deposits of local governments
in domestic credit institutions. Deposits will be measured at face value
excluding accrued interest in line with recording for monetary survey
data.
o Financial liabilities include (but are not limited to) short and long term
loans from domestic credit institutions to local governments, measured
at face value, consistent with recording for monetary survey data.
• The change in net financial assets of social security funds is defined on a
transactions basis, as the change in the total of financial assets minus financial
liabilities of social security funds, adjusted for valuation changes by the Bank
of Greece; minus the change in the stock of arrears of public hospitals (NHS
hospitals) to entities outside of the general government.
o Financial assets include
Deposits of social security funds in the Bank of Greece and
deposits of social security funds in the domestic credit
institutions and deposits held either directly or indirectly
through the IKA mutual fund. Deposits are measured at face
value excluding accrued interest, consistent with reporting
requirements for monetary survey data.
Holdings of shares quoted on the Athens Stock Exchange held
by social security funds either directly or indirectly through the
IKA mutual fund).
Direct or indirect holdings of Mutual Fund units issued by
Greek management companies (other than the IKA mutual
fund).
Holdings of central government bonds, including short and
long-term securities issued domestically, long-term securities
issued abroad operated from Bank of Greece accounts, and
indirect holdings through the IKA mutual fund. Holdings will
be measured at nominal value.
Bank bonds issued abroad.
o Financial liabilities include the short and long term loans from
domestic credit institutions to the social security funds, measured
consistently with monetary survey data.
o The change in the stock of arrears of public hospitals (NHS hospitals)
to entities outside of the general government. Data on arrears of
hospitals should be available within four weeks of the end of each
month. The change in stock of arrears will be measured on a
cumulative basis, from January 1, 2011 onwards as the stock of arrears
prevailing at the time of measurement of the PC minus the stock of
arrears prevailing at end-December 2010. The stock of arrears will
reflect all arrears outstanding, irrespective of the time period in which
the unpaid commitments were entered into, but will exclude the 5.34
billion hospital arrears to pharmaceutical companies which were
incurred by end-2009 to the extent these are still outstanding. The
127
stock of arrears of public hospitals will include any arrears (as defined
under subsection C) related to the activities of the 135 NHS hospitals.
Data will be in line with the monthly publications of hospital arrears,
published on the Ministry of Finance website, and are expected to be
based on data from the commitment registers.
• The change in net financial assets of ETERPS is defined on a transactions
basis, as the change in the total of financial assets minus financial liabilities of
ETERPS, adjusted for valuation changes by the Bank of Greece.
Deposits of ETERPS in the Bank of Greece and deposits of
ETERPS in domestic credit institutions. Deposits will be
measured at face value excluding accrued interest in line with
recording for monetary survey data.
Holdings of shares, held by ETERPS, quoted on the Athens
stock exchange.
Holdings of Mutual Fund units issued by Greek management
companies.
Holdings of central government bonds.
Other bonds issued abroad.
o Financial liabilities include the short and long term loans from the
domestic credit institutions to ETERPS, measured consistently with
monetary survey data, or other lending from the Bank of Greece.
• The change in net financial assets of reclassified public enterprises (RPEs)
is defined on a transactions basis, as the change in the total of financial assets
minus financial liabilities of RPEs, adjusted for valuation, minus the amount
of guarantees called from entities which are consolidated within the general
government.
Deposits of RPEs in the Bank of Greece and deposits of RPEs
in the credit institutions (domestic and foreign). Deposits will
be measured at face value excluding accrued interest.
Holdings of shares, held by RPEs quoted on the Athens Stock
Exchange.
Holdings of Mutual Fund units issued by Greek management
companies.
Holdings of central government bonds.
Other bonds issued abroad.
o Financial liabilities include the short and long term loans from the
domestic credit institutions to RPEs, measured consistently with
monetary survey data, short and long term loans from the foreign
banking system, as well as loans from the EIB or other official lenders.
6. Other provisions.
o For the purpose of the program, the primary expenditure of the central
government that is monitored excludes payments related to bank
128
support, when carried out under the program’s banking sector support
and restructuring strategy. Transactions that may be excluded from the
balance include loans to financial institutions and investments in equity
of financial institutions (requited recapitalization); unrequited
recapitalization; purchases of troubled assets; and operations related to
the FSF. However, any financial operation by central government to
support banks, including the issuance of guarantees or provision of
liquidity, will be immediately reported to IMF, European Commission
and ECB staff.
o For 2010, the change in the net financial assets of social security funds
will be increased by the change in net financial assets of AKAGE (on a
cumulative basis from January 1, 2010 onward, adjusted for valuation
changes) in case these are not yet included in the net financial assets of
social security funds.
o For 2010, the following items will be excluded from calculations:
Capital transfers to social security funds or other entities by
bonds;
Settlement of past debt;
Called guarantees;
Changes in the stock of arrears of public hospitals (NHS
hospitals) to entities outside of the general government;
Change in net financial assets of ETERPS; and
Changes in the stock of arrears to line ministries.
o The change in net financial assets of RPEs will be excluded during
2010, as well as for the end-March and end-June PCs in 2011.
However, for the measurement of the end-September and end-
December 2011 PCs, the change in net financial assets of RPEs will be
included, measured on a cumulative basis from January 1, 2011
onward.
o Capital transfers to social security funds or other entities by bonds shall
exclude bond issuance for settlement of end-2009 health related
arrears, and the settlement related to the judiciary liabilities, and to the
compensation for former Olympic Airways employees.
7. Supporting material.
• Data on cash balances of the ordinary and state budgets will be provided to the
European Commission, ECB and IMF by the General Accounting Office in
the Ministry of Finance within three weeks after the end of each month. Data
will include detailed information on revenue and expenditure items, in line
with monthly reports that are published since January 2010 on the official
website of the Ministry of Finance. Data will also include data on capital
transfers to social security funds or other entities in bonds, and called
guarantees.
• Data on net financial assets of local authorities and social security funds,
extra-budgetary funds including ETERPS, AKAGE, and reclassified public
129
enterprises will be provided to the IMF, European Commission and ECB by
the GAO in cooperation with the Statistics Department of the Bank of Greece
within four weeks after the end of each month. Monthly data on arrears of
public hospitals (NHS hospitals) will be provided by the Ministry of Health
and arrears of line ministries by the Ministry of Finance within four weeks
after the end of each month.
B. Ceiling of State Budget Primary Spending (Performance Criterion)
8. Definition: The state budget primary spending consists of state budget

spending (spending of the ordinary state budget plus spending of the public
investment budget) minus interest expenditures paid by the state budget plus the
change in the stock of the arrears of line ministries to entities outside the general
government, in line with the definitions provided above. Primary expenditure of the
central government that is monitored for the Performance Criterion excludes any
cash payments related to bank restructuring, when carried out under the program’s
banking sector restructuring strategy. Costs that may be excluded from the balance
include loans to financial institutions and investments in equity of listed and non-
listed financial institutions (requited recapitalization); unrequited recapitalization;
and purchase of troubled assets. However, any financial operation by central or
general government to support banks, including the issuance of guarantees or
provision of liquidity, will be immediately reported to European Commission, ECB
and IMF staff.
9. Other provisions. Capital transfers to social security funds by bonds and
called guarantees from outside the general government will be excluded from
primary spending during 2010. The change in the stock of arrears of line ministries
will also be excluded during 2010 for the monitoring of the PC. However, for 2011
onward, such exclusion will no longer apply.
10. Supporting material. The General Accounting Office of the Ministry of
Finance will provide monthly expenditure data of the ordinary and investment state
budget, as defined above. The ministry of Finance will further provide monthly data
on the stock of arrears of line ministries.
C. Non-Accumulation of Domestic Arrears by the General Government

(Continuous Indicative Target)
11. Definition. For the purpose of the program, domestic arrears are defined as
the unpaid invoices that have past the due date by 90 days. In case no due date is
specified on the supplier contract, an unpaid commitment is considered to be in
arrears 90 days after the initiation of the invoice. Data will be provided within four
weeks after the end of each month. The continuous non-accumulation of domestic
arrears is defined as no accumulation of arrears at the end of every month during
which quarter the indicative target is being monitored. This does not include the
arrears which are being accumulated by the Civil Servants’ Welfare Fund.
12. Supporting material. The Ministry of Finance will provide consistent data
on monthly expenditure arrears of the general government, as defined above. Data
130
will be provided within four weeks after the end of each month and will also include
accounts payable overdue for more than 30 and 60 days.
D. Ceiling on the Overall Stock of Central Government Debt (Performance

Criterion)
13. Definition. The overall stock of central government debt will refer to ESA95
central government debt, which includes the state debt, debts of extrabudgetary
funds and public enterprises that are consolidated into the central government, and
other ESA 95 adjustments. It will be defined for the purposes of the program as total
outstanding gross debt liabilities. It will include, but not be limited to, liabilities in
the form of securities and loans. It will exclude accounts payable. Debt will be
measured at nominal value. The program exchange rate will apply to all non-euro
denominated debt. Inflation indexation will apply to inflation indexed debt, using
the relevant index as specified in the debt instrument. For the purposes of the
program, the ceiling on the stock of central government debt will exclude debt
arising from payments for bank restructuring, when carried out under the program’s
banking sector restructuring strategy (this does not cover the debt related to the
Financial Stability Fund). This includes loans to financial institutions and
investments in equity of financial institutions (requited recapitalization); unrequited
recapitalization; and purchase of troubled assets. However, any financial operation
by the central government to support banks, including the issuance of guarantees or
provision of liquidity, with the exception of Hellenic Republic intermediation in
repos between foreign and domestic financial institutions will be immediately
reported to IMF, European Commission and ECB staff.
14. Other provisions. For 2010, the definition of central government debt will
exclude the reclassified public enterprises, debts of extra-budgetary funds, and other
ESA 95 adjustments.
15. Adjusters. For 2010, the ceiling on the overall stock of central government
debt will be adjusted upward (downward) by the amount of any upward (downward)
revision to the stock of end-December 2009 central government debt of 298.9
billion. For 2011, the ceiling on the overall stock of ESA95 central government debt
will be adjusted upward (downward) by the amount of any upward (downward)
revision to the stock of end-December 2009 ESA95 central government debt of
322.9 billion.
16. Supporting material. Data on the total stock of central government debt
will be provided to the European Commission, ECB and IMF staff by the General
Accounting Office consistent with the ESA95 definition no later than 30 days after
131
E. Ceiling on New Central Government Guarantees (Performance Criterion)
17. Definition. The ceiling on the new central government guarantees shall
include new guarantees granted by the state, as well as new guarantees granted by
any other entity that is classified under ESA95 under central government, but
exclude guarantees to entities whose debt is covered under the ceiling on the stock
of central government debt as defined in paragraph 13 and 14. The ceiling shall
exclude guarantees to support banks and exclude guarantees related to EIB financed
loans. New guarantees are guarantees extended during the current fiscal year. The
latter shall include also guarantees for which the maturity is being extended beyond
the initial contractual provisions.
18. Other provisions. For the end-December 2010 PC on new central

government guarantees, these factors shall be included on a cumulative basis
starting October 1, 2010.
19. Supporting material. All new central government guarantees will be

reported in detail, identifying amounts and beneficiaries. The General Accounting
Office will provide the data on a monthly basis within three weeks after the end of
each month. Non-state entities classified under the central government shall report
the new guarantees they extended to the General Accounting Office on a monthly
basis within three weeks after the end of each month.
F. Non-Accumulation of External Debt Payment Arrears by the General

Government (Continuous Performance Criterion)
20. Definition. For the purposes of the program, an external debt payment arrear
will be defined as a payment on debt to non-residents contracted or guaranteed by
the general government, which has not been made within seven days after falling
due. The performance criterion will apply on a continuous basis throughout the
program period.
21. Supporting material. The stock of external arrears of the general

government will be provided by the General Accounting Office with a lag of not
more than seven days after the test date.
G. Overall Monitoring and Reporting Requirements
22. Performance under the program will be monitored from data supplied to the
EC, ECB and IMF by the Ministry of Finance, the General Accounting Office, and
Bank of Greece. The authorities will transmit to the IMF, EC and ECB staff any
data revisions in a timely manner.
132
IV. MONITORING OF STRUCTURAL BENCHMARKS
23. Pension reform. Parliament adopted separate laws reforming pensions for
the public and private sector in mid-July, ahead of the end-September deadline
under the program. An actuarial evaluation of this law is currently underway. The
National Actuarial Authority will complete an assessment of the effects of the
reform on the main pension funds by the end of December 2010, which will be
expanded to include the largest auxiliary pension funds (including ETEAM,
TEADY, MTPY) by end of March 2011. This actuarial assessment will determine
whether further adjustments to the pension system would be needed to contain the
increase in pension spending 2010-2060 at 2.5 percentage points of GDP. Any
needed adjustments to the parameters of the main pensions and the reform of the
auxiliary and welfare funds will be completed by end of June 2011 in consultation
with the EC/IMF/ECB; and enacted by end of December 2011.
24. Public financial management reforms. The authorities will publish (i)
monthly reports on arrears of the general government using data from commitment
registers; and (ii) monthly consolidated general government reports with revenue,
expenditures and intra-governmental transfers for each sub-sector of the general
government. For the purposes of the benchmark, the reports will begin with end
March 2011 data. The reports will include both ordinary and investment budget
arrears across all line ministries, public hospitals, and the largest social security
funds, extra-budgetary funds and local governments, with the latter defined as
follows.
• The “largest” social security funds will cover at least the top 50 funds in terms
of spending as from ELSTAT reporting.
• The “largest” extra-budgetary funds will cover 80 percent of existing extra
budgetary funds, including at least all public enterprises classified under the
general government, ETERPS, and the top 100 entities in terms of expenses as
from ELSTAT reporting.
• The largest local governments will be defined to include at least the 100
largest local authorities in terms of population out of the 324 authorities as
defined under the “kallikrates” law.
To meet the benchmark, 3 consecutive months of reports will need to be published.
133

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EUROPEAN

© European Union, 2011

The Economic Adjustment Programme for Greece

EUROPEAN ECONOMY Occasional Papers 77

2. Macroeconomic developments and outlook 6

3. Financial markets and financial sector developments 13

4. Programme implementation and policy discussions 17

Annex 1 Assessment of compliance with required action for the

The report was prepared in liaison with the ECB.

João Nogueira Martins,

Following a slowdown in momentum in autumn, a wave of structural reforms is now

There is an intense debate on debt management operations to reduce the stock of

Subject to approval by the Eurogroup, the positive assessment of compliance with

Graph 1. Real GDP growth

Source: EL.STAT (flash estimate of 15 February 2011) and Commission

Graph 4. Exports and non-domestic industrial orders

Sources: EL.STAT and Bank of Greece.

Graph 5. HICP inflation developments and projections (% change, y-o-y)

Graph 6. HICP inflation main drivers developments (% change, y-o-y)

Source: EL.STAT. Source: EL.STAT.

Graph 7. Current account and net external liabilities

Source: EL.STAT and Commission services.

Table 3. Macroeconomic scenario: main features

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

* Excluding change in inventories and net acquisition of valuables

Box 1: Export growth drivers

Graph 1. Mapping of opportunities for Greek exports of goods

-0.5 -0.3 -0.1 -1 0.1 0.3 0.5

Graph 2. Mapping of opportunities for Greek exports of services

Personal, culture and

Graph 8. Yield spreads

opportunities for improving capital adequacy include reduction of risk-weighted assets,

Source: Bank of Greece Source: IMF, FIS

Source: Bank of Greece Source: Bank of Greece

Table 4. Banking sector soundness indicators

Graph 13. Holding of Greek government debt

Source : ECB and Commission services.

Table 5. Summary of compliance with conditionality for end-December 2010

A key healthcare reform has been adopted. A tax policy act

A EUR 25 billion tranche of government guarantees on

4.1. FISCAL POLICY

4.1.1. Fiscal developments in 2010

Table 6. Quantitative performance criteria and outcomes (EUR billion)

19. Three main features characterised the fiscal year 2010:

• The implementation of several waves of deficit-reducing measures. The full-year impact of

4.1.2. Fiscal policy in 2011

Box 3: From cash accounts to ESA95 accounts

To be continued next page

Total -2092 886

General government modified cash balance -19937 -19693

Source: Commission services

4.1.3. Fiscal policy in 2012 and beyond

Nominal deficit drift in 2010 3880 1,7

2010 deficit 22030 9,6

Nominal deficit drift in 2011 11626 5,1

2011 deficit (target) 17065 7,6

Nominal deficit drift in 2012 5455 2,4

2012 deficit (target) 14916 6,5