The Orchid Garden Company
The Orchid Garden Company
The Orchid Garden Company
Group Member
2
Preface
In this project offer to seven knowledge areas include background and significant of
industry, industry profile, marketing feasibility study, technology feasibility study, financial
analysis, risk management and project summary to offer necessary information that realistic
to investor to establish in potential success and profit estimate.
This project would offer the objective point to study about orchid history and
industry, domestic and international market, process to determine segmentation and making
decision to right targeting. Moreover, project refers to future cost estimate and calculation to
profit earning in future to making inverting, reject unsuccessful operation activities and
analysis.
All and all, we appreciate to thank you necessary advisor Mr. Chaiyawat Thongintr,
the expert consultant, professor and supporter for this project. During project preparing, he
offer opportunity to learning about right ways of project and giving suggestion to adjust this
project to be right project. Moreover, he encouragement to help adjustment project problem
and suggesting to feasibility project, then we would like to say very thankful of him
performance. And last one , we would like to thank you all of information source such as
Chiang rai orchid association, Pongsri orchid farm in Phang, Chiang mai, Kun Dang Orchid
Chiand rai farm and all of advisor that they giving to me and provice right souce to pur
project.
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Content
Group Member____________________________________________________a
Preface___________________________________________________________b
Table of content____________________________________________________c
List of table_______________________________________________________e
Chapter 1 Introduction
Action plan________________________________________________________14
Situation of industry_________________________________________________23
Business strategies__________________________________________________25
Marketing Analysis_________________________________________________31
PEST Analysis_____________________________________________________32
Competitor analysis_________________________________________________38
Customer Analysis__________________________________________________49
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Marketing Mix strategies_____________________________________________52
Sale forecast_______________________________________________________65
Marketing expense__________________________________________________70
Conclusion ________________________________________________________75
Product process____________________________________________________85
Service process____________________________________________________110
Location _________________________________________________________114
Organization Management___________________________________________161
CITES __________________________________________________________161
Depreciation cost___________________________________________________177
Conclusion _______________________________________________________179
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Financial statement_________________________________________________181
Income Statement__________________________________________________182
Balance sheet______________________________________________________187
Business risk______________________________________________________194
Strategies risk_____________________________________________________196
Operation risk_____________________________________________________198
Financial risk______________________________________________________200
Payback period_____________________________________________________201
Chapter 7 Summary
Project Summary___________________________________________________206
Biogeography _____________________________________________________208
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List of figure
Figure1.1: Thai‟s Orchid trade market 20
Figure: 1.3 The number and ratio of young people live with their parent in Japan__25
List of table
Table: 1 Orchid types export ___________________________________________30
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Table: 19 Job descriptions__________________________________________165
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Executive summary
Orchid Garden Company is orchids provide and export into nine market. Our
company focuses to Japan market, because several of Japan cultures require many flowers
such as art of Ikebana, Kamiyubetsu festival, Hana Matsuri etc... Moreover, Thailand is
number one of orchids provides and exporting in nowadays refers by quality of Thai‟s orchid
and appropriate growth factors.
Orchid Garden Company has two of core product for 2 targeting group, for national market
company offer about blooming orchids to Japan‟s architecture or organizer company.
However, domestic customer company offers flask orchids that important to new orchid
grower and Bonita.
All and all, company always develop new seed by breed and expand new seed into
market. In future, company will expand market cover China as much as possible.
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
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Chapter 1 Introduction
Nowadays Thailand is big orchid‟s exporter in Asia, moreover any countries around the
world prefer orchid from Thailand is best beautiful in the world.
Thailand has many abundant resources to grow orchid, in the Thailand that
appropriate to young plant, however different of seeds always require different of resources.
For example Paphiopedilum charlesworthii* is one of orchid usually growth at North of
Thailand, or Paphiopedilum niveum* also growth well in south of Thailand depend on degree
of temperature around nursery. In addition, any kind of soil or grit that different concerning
to growth rate of young plant, some of orchid such as Dendrobium* and Oncidium* are
cannot growth in soil and grit, but they are growth at coir. Paphiopedilum* and
Phalaenopsis* are the orchids that growth well at soil and grit. Moreover, water, light, air
also important too. (Orchid, 1999)
In other word, around 5,000US millions that Thailand got from exported orchids into
international market, (2009) and second export order. The first targeting stand on Asia such
as Japan, China and Cambodian, because FTA (Free trade area) will provide easy ways for
export to worldwide around this stages and second targeting stand on United State, Russia
and United Kingdom. Some of festival such as Flower festival in Japan require from
Thailand‟s orchid, Chrysanthemum from Sri Langa and roses from Northland, even though
flower festivals create more profits to another exporting countries. In additional, Orchid from
Thailand has more colorful and perfection about structure and Thai‟s scientist always create
new seeds for create competitor advantages of Thai‟s orchid such as Natalia, Yellow Chiang-
rai, Chiang-mai Pink etc all most well to selling in the world. Moreover, Ministry of Foreign
Affairs, Kingdom of Thailand focus to next period about Thai‟s orchids export will
increasing around 10-20 percentages and economic of scale too. (Orchid situation, 2010)
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All and all, Thai‟s orchids always attach to international market and provide more
seeds to serve in different of market‟s expectation, moreover Department of export promotion
will support to exporter in small business until larger and advertising to attract and support
people in appropriate local start to growth orchids and led them to exporting to international
market.
1.2 Objective
- To study the orchids growth process.
- To study international market.
- Learning about competition in international market.
- To study about influence factors to growth orchids.
- Learning about advantages and comparing with competitor.
- Learning about several of seeds.
- Learning about export, rule of export, legal etc…
- Learning about investor process and focus on profit point.
1.3 Benefit
- Gain knowledge about orchids growing process.
- Able to apply the knowledge in real job in the future.
- Able to operate or manage the business to be success.
- Have ability and skills to separate seeds of orchids.
- Add more experience, that over interesting.
- Created good attitude about exporting business.
- Can determine and control all of the cost in business.
- Create thinking process to adapt for solving problem.
- Can determine and competition in international market.
- Know about process to crate business and exporting.
- Provide the opportunities to teaching for local people
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-
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Financial Annual report
Determine cost
9. Study and management
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CHAPTER 2
INDUSTRY PROFILE
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Chapter 2 Industry Profile
Nature of industry
Orchids are popular flower that people always use to decoration in the celebration
events. In ancient times, orchid is Greek languages and identify by Theophrastus (Enquiry
into Plants, 370-285 B.C) he is Greek philosopher that descript to meaning is “In reference to
the tuberous which many species of the genus bear at the base of the stem”. In 1753,
Linnaeus he is Sweden‟s botanist that recollection plants „name in the word and write down
on Species Planetarium, once of plant including orchids too. Moreover, John Lindle
modified the name of the family Orchidanceae. So, he always kept in old names “Orchis” to
identity in the genus Orchis and use this word to identified name of the largest family of
flowering plants”(Oakes Ames, 1942).
In accent times, Thailand has many seeds of orchids around the files, in generally
orchids would like to growth well as forest environment with humid stones. So, people in
ancient would like to brings orchids from the forest to their living stages for growing, the
reasonable to growing is not trade, however they would to use orchids for decoration their
stages. People use the concept of similar nature they bring orchid and growth it up in the
trees, because they believe to orchids will growth well when the live up the tress. Professor,
Rapee Sarik he is father of orchid in Thailand, so he is researcher, botanist and scholar that
spend to orchids researched after their graduated and he support orchid exporting in the
ancient. He started to growth in local seeds orchids and developed seeds by breed to different
stem to get new seeds. This is the beginning of Thai‟s orchid period and continues to
developing more to export and create good images in word wide. (Thai Orchids Father,
2001)
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Nowadays, Thailand has big exporting about orchids in the word, because Thailand has
appropriate nature environment and provide good qualities and seed.
In generally, orchid‟s families stand on 650 families; however people offering to growth
only 100 seeds and in Thailand can identifies to 16 seeds that can fine include, Aerides,
Arachnis, Ascocentrum, Bulbophyllum, Cattleya, Cymbidium, Dendrobium, Doritis,
Grammatophyllum, Oncidium, Paphiopedilum, Phalaenopsis, Renanthera, Rhynchostylis,
Vanda and Vandopsis (Orchid detail, 2007)
1. Aerides
Aerides is one of Vanda seeds usually fine in Thailand, India, Vietnam,
Cambodian and Philippine. Aerides has more 40 families and growth well at forest
environment and people always breed it for decoration rather than export. Aerides in
Thailand such as Aerides multiflora, Aerides rosea, Aerides crassifolia etc…
2. Arachnis
Arachnis is rare seeds always fine in Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia and Lao.
Arachnis has 15 seeds that growth well at humid atmosphere and popular to growth
for decoration rather than export. Arachnis in Thailand such as Arachnis hookeriana
and Arachnis flos-aeris.
3. Ascocentrum
Assocentum is small orchids and colorful usually fine in Sri langa, Burma,
Indonesia and Thailand. Ascocentrum has 4 seeds and growth well as humid
atmosphere and enough light, because Ascocentrum always sensitive in light.
Asococentum in Thailand such as Ascocentrum curvifolium, Ascocentrum miniatum
and Ascocentrum ampullaceum.
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4. Bulbophyllum
Bulbophyllum or people call “Lion seeds” that identified name by Aubert du
Petit Thouars in 1822. In natural can fine more than 2,000 seeds of its spread in
Australia, Africa, Vietnam, Philippine and Thailand; however in Thailand have 140
seeds of it. Most of all are Epiphytic orchid and growth well as humid stone
atmosphere. Bulbophyllum in Thailand such as ulbophyllum annandalei,
Bulbophyllum siamense, Bulbophyllum crassipes etc…
5. Cattleya
Cattleya is popular orchids that people usually growth for exporting; moreover
this seeds has strong anti environment factors and fast to growing. In normally,
Cattleya has big flows that people considerate to the sign of orchids, moreover
Cattleya always sensitive with light that require 5-6 hours for absorb light per day.
Cattleya in Thailand have a real seeds and breed seeds such as Brandi, Tubtim Sayam,
Chia Lin etc…
6. Cymbidium
Cymbidium is Epiphytic orchid always fine on tree compositions and fine in
Madagascar, Sri langa, India, Japan and Thailand. Cymbidium is not popular in
market, because difficult process to growing and sensitive in environment.
Cymbidium in Thailand has 18 seeds such as Cymbidium finlaysonianum,
Cymbidium lowianum, Cymbidium hybrid etc…
7. Dendrobium
Dendrobium is number one of orchids that people always growth for exporting
by cut off flower. More than 1,200 seeds that people fine and growth usually as
China, Singapore, Sri Langa, India, Indonesia and Thailand is larger courtiers that
growing in world wide. In Thailand can fine more than 150 seeds that growth in forest
environment, and botanist spread to 20 types of Dendrobium‟s families such as
Dendrobium chrysotoxum, Dendrobium thyrsiforum, Dendrobium pulchellum etc…
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8. Doritis
Doritis is forest orchids always growth well as stone or wood, because Doritis
require organic substance to living. Doritis always find as Malaysia, Thailand,
Cambodian, Indonesia and Lao, Doritis in Thailand such as Doritis pulcherrima,
Doritis pulcherrima var coerulea. Doritis pulcherrima var chumpurnensis etc…
9. Grammatophyllum
Grammatophyllum is epiphytic orchid that growth well as humid atmosphere
and forest , in nature find around 11 seeds, however in Thailand fine only one of seed
is Grammatophyllum specious or people call Giant Orchid.
10. Oncidium
Oncidium is one that people growth to exporting, in addition would import by
Amarican and Euro. Oncidium is small orchids that colorful, moreover wasy to
growth and strong too. Oncidium in Thailand such as Oncidium Goldiana, Oncidium
flexuosum, Oncidium shacelatum etc…
11. Paphiopedilum
Paphiopedilum or people call “Lady's Slipper”, because characteristic of
orchids similar to lady‟s shipper. Normally, people can fine Lady's Slipper around
stone or wood and growth well at forest temperature. Lady's Slipper is rare orchids,
sometimes legal will convening to exporting. In Thailand has 10 seeds of Lady's
Slipper such as Paphiopedilum callosum, Paphiopedilum charlesworthi,
Paphiopedilum villosum etc…
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12. Phalaenopsis
Phalaenopsis always fine as Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Philippine.
Phalaenopsis is strongest orchid, because flows and live until 2 weeks to 1 month. In
addition, Phalaenopsis in Thailand has only 3 seeds that fine in nowadays include
Phalaenopsis cornucerv, Phalaenopsis lowii and Phalaenopsis deliciosa.
13. Renanthera
Renanthera or people call “ Red Dendrobium ” usually fine in China, Burma,
Cambodian, Thailand and Philippine. Renanthera growth well in ventilate atmosphere
and light. Nowadays botanist fine only 10 seeds in the world, especially in Thailand
have 2 seeds include Renanthera coccinea and Renanthera isosepala.
14. Rhynchostylis
Rhynchostylis that Thai people call “Elephant orchid” in ancient time,
Rhynchostylis always fine in Thailand and Philippine. Dr. Rapee Sarik, famous
scientist and botanist in Thailand succeed to breed Rhynchostylis and create new
seeds name‟s “Red Rhynchostylis gigantea”. In ancient time Rhynchostylis are
difficult to fine, but nowadays people interesting to breed more then make quantities
is enough to word wide marketing. Rhynchostylis in Thailand such as Rhynchostylis
retus, Rhynchostylis Chorchalood, hynchocentrum Ladda Gold etc
15. Vanda
Vanda creates to cerebration Sir William Jones he is scientist and botanist in
Asia that spend time to study about Vanda in 1795. However in 1820 Dr. Robert
Brown uses the word “Vanda” to create seeds and use longtime until present.
Normally can fine Vanda as India, Sri lanka, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand and
China. Vanda growth well as topical environment and temperature not over 10
forensic. Vanda require more to absorb light until 8-10 hours per day, so in Thailand
fine around 14 seeds such as Vanda teres , Vanda coerulea, Vanda denisoniana etc…
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16. Vandopsis
Vandopsis is growth well as rain forest and always fine as Malaysia, South of
china, Burma, Thailand and Cambodian. Vandopsis is small orchid and new seed in
world fine around 8 seeds, so Vandopsis in Thailand such as Vandopsis gigantean,
Vdps. Parishii, Vdps. Lissochiloide etc…
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Situation of Industry
increasing from 2009 around 2.94 percentages in Japan, however in USA and EURO the
percentages of export is decreasing around 2.25 percentages (figure.2.1) In Japan markets,
Thai‟s orchids have spaces to growth and sharing for the profit, because FTA ( Free Trade
Area) would help any exporter from Thailand decreasing another feed such as Custom Tax,
Duty Tax, etc… This is the opportunity for Orchids grower in Thailand will focus to
exporting their product to Japan Market.
In 2010 (Jan-Oct) the averages of Thailand exporting Orchid to Japan can generate to
2 kinds of orchid stand on cut of orchids and orchid(Stem), so around 46 percentages for cut
of orchids and another for orchids (stem). (figure 2.2)
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In general, stem‟s orchid would prefer morn on Japan market, because many of
inappropriate factors in Japan such as atmosphere, land, infrastructures etc. Moreover, cost
for growing in Japan expensive than Thailand‟s growth cost. (figure 2.3) Depend on prices of
supplier on situation.
Product/Service
1. Product
1.1 Vanda
1.2 Cattleya
Company Vision
Company Mission
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Business Strategies
Corporate Strategies
Orchid Garden Company is new business that involve to Japan‟s Market, so orchid
garden company will generate appropriate is Growth Strategies as
Orchids exporting in this year are more fortunate, because more of government
supporting export business and importer in Japan market would like to order more of
orchids, so this is opportunities that orchid garden will offer product to involve
market.
Orchid garden company will focus to serving quantities to middle-man to make them
loyalty and imprecision to order in next times by the concept “Believe”(in chapter 3)
Orchid garden company will show guarantee certification from both of Thailand and
Japan companies to serving quality product to customer.
Business level
In generally, Orchid export companies are more competitor stand on domestic and
international competition (between countries), so the effect from many competitors will make
company loss of opportunities to growth. However company would like to use Different
Strategies and Corporative strategies to competitor and gain more profits.
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1. Service Different
marketing is create different service for customer, for example company will
provide the fast transportation from Chiang-mai to middle-man that is save
time than other company in middle of Thailand exporter.
2. Quality Different
Corporative Strategies
Function Strategies
1. Marketing strategies
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Company offer quantities of product by using standard transportation and
decreasing risk of damaging.
Provide promotion for small business and gardener for attract them to
sending more products and get increasing rate of selling.
2 Customer analysis
In general, flower for Japanese is similar to family in longtime, because Japan people
always live in big families include to all of families structure such as ten nature and
working ages live with their parent (see at figure 2.2.1), so company generate to 2
dimension group include customer in celebration opportunities that high demand, but
is not stable and customer in daily life using that have low demand, but consistency.
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Figure: 1.3 The number and ratio of young people live with their parent in
Japan.
(Source: http://mblog.manager.co.th/varitlim/Tokyo-Diary-10/)
Financial Strategies
Provide the fund and generate to collecting future budget.
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CHAPTER 3
MARKETING
FRASIBILITY
STUDY
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Chapter 3: Market Feasibility Study
Market Analysis
Japan Import tax collected almost all kinds of flowers; the rate is percents chance of
exports to grow flowers in the Japanese export market. Because of the advantage does not occur
in the event, when compared to the flower exporters to Japan as the other. (Value, 2009)
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Table:
1 Orchid types export
Technology
Political
Orchid plants are major export of Thailand, which is assigned to a plant in the
Product Champion is able to do high-income and export volume increased every year from
data export orchid Certified pest free of standards and Plant Services Division of Plant and
Agricultural Materials in 2543 valued at 1765 million and add more value to 1,806 million in
2548, with major export markets are Japan, America, Italy and Germany, respectively.
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From the competition of the world's trade is now becoming more serious due to the
liberalization of trade agreements of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the
preparation of a free trade zone of Thailand (FTA) at requires trading partners to reduce trade
barriers by way of the tariff and quota imports, however, importing countries have
advantages in efficiency of production and purchasing power of high-set trade barriers which
are no tax (non-tariff barrier) with the emphasis on standards and quality production without
environmental impact or health and also that some countries have rules in terms of exports to
countries with more partners. For example
Economy
Orchid Flower interesting as to a variety of colorful shapes, sizes and smells have a
long vase life compared to cut flowers. The export growth tends orchids. The demand
continues to rise in the Thai market as the country‟s 1 exporter of orchids due to the growth
of world export markets particularly in Japan.
Orchid market
The import value of approximately U.S. $ 61 million in the year 2552 imported from
Thailand was ranked first 51.89 percent of the value of U.S. $ 31.8million. Taiwan followed
by 21.5 percent worth 13.2 million New Zealand dollars worth 14.44 percent
of 8.8 million dollars, Malaysia, 7.3 percent of the value of U.S. $ 4.4
million and 2.74 percent of Vietnam worth U.S. $ 1.68 million. (Market, 2010) Japan –
Imports HS 060313 Orchids And Buds, For Bouquet
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Annual Import flower to Japan (Million US$) Share (%) Change (%)
Country
Rank
Thai orchid exports maintain ratio was ranked first in the world.
For the year 2550 the world's orchid trade higher than U.S. $ 155million. (equivalent
to approximately 5337 million) by the Thai exporting country orchid cut flower world's
number one, especially orchids, tropical, and in 2550 the Thai portion orchid export cut
flowers, up to 70 percent of the market followed, by Singapore, New Zealand, South
Korea and Australia etc.
(Source http://www.positioningmag.com )
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Import – export
Imports in 2548, Thailand imported about 0.16 million tons of orchids worth 5.71
million volume increase compared with the year 2547 of 0.08 million tons worth 3.39 billion
baht, respectively. Import from orchids of 0.957 million tons, worth 13.59 million baht, an
increase compared to the year 2547, which imported 0.21 million tons worth 2.73 billion baht
within percent increase 68.43 and 390.47, respectively. The majority of imported trees,
flowers and orchids from Japan
Exports in the year 2548 Thailand sent about 21.2 million tons of flowering orchids worth
2538 million volume increase compared with the year 2547 value of 18.63 million tons, 2136
million, respectively. And exports from orchids were 30 million tons worth 446.67 million
baht; an increase compared to the year 2547 exported 26.3 million tons, worth 344.6 million
baht per cent increase 18.82 and 29.6, respectively. Mostly, send orchids to Japan, from
Thailand, America, Italy, Hong Kon
Import orchids
Million tons Million baht
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Export orchids
The social and environment are the importance factor that leads to know the potential
customer behavior. (Export, 2010)
Fondness of consumers
support the demand of a growing market especially biam Yom Hydro for consume up to 100-
120 million per year, which spoke for more than 50% imported from Thailand.
Orchid cut flower demand in Japan continued to expand. Because Japan has many festivals
that are popular flowers for Mother's Day gifts such as months of marriage in May, June and
December, fathers or bon Festival in August, including the use of cut flowers on a daily basis
to organize the wedding party, including the use of decoration such as hotel. (behavior,
2010)
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Technology
achievements. So, we will bring technology to use in our business for fast service, easy to
contact and comfortable. Technology helps and supports our business following; provide
system of order with customer, opportunities of larger market, security system such as
security cameras and fast to transportation. In addition, technology helps us to store
customer‟s data, communication system such as make communicate to suppliers and
customers.
Technology provides the tools for business to increase its productivity and
profitability.
The site will help us to assess the benefit of technology in our business.
-Utilizing cleaner production to reduce wastage in the manufacturing process.
-The use of information technology and electronic commerce to reduce costs and
open up new markets.
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Competition Analysis (3C Analysis)
Competitor Analysis
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In continual development of both quality and service for the past 20 years, we
also entirely focus in quality management system, good ethical initiative as well as fairness
treatment to our employees as TOC employee is our prestigious assets. This is a clear proof
that we were accredited ISO 9001:2000 in 2001, recognized ETI Base Code ( Ethical Trading
Initiative) from Moody as well as recognized the Good Governance Award from Puey
Ungpakorn Institution.
We continue to strive to provide the best quality fresh-cut orchids to our valuable
customers under the guiding principles of: 1. Trust in Quality2. Mind to Service3. Uniform in
Production4. Tie to Improvement (Orchids T. , 2010)
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Because of the outstanding character, Our product already well known in world
market for example V. Pachara Delight, FCC/JOGA .
In the nursery, we have one head of growing department and his duty is to maintain
and do treatment to orchid itself. He has about 12 people to support him. In these contact
grower nurseries, mainly are growing our products depending on the environment for each
individual area which we‟ve set up the choice of varieties best suited for each location. These
include Orchdis Vanda and Dendrobium farms. Our main export market is Indonesia, USA
and other Asian countries namely,China,HongKong,Malaysia,Taiwan etc.
OurExportMarket
Our main export market is Indonesia, USA and other Asian countries namely, China,
HongKong,Malaysia, Taiwanetc.
Our annual export is about 1,800,000 seedlings per year to Indonesia market alone,
which have a huge local market share. Market in Asia is starting to grow and expand since
2001. Starting 2003, the market is increasing significantly. Until now, we export not less than
120,000 – 150,000 seedlings of dendrobium and 6,000 blooming size of Vanda every month.
For local market, we have a store at the flower market for the local wholesaler from
all over Thailand, they come to buy direct or have the orchids sent to them by train to their
location.
For Orchids Exhibition booth Sale, we participate in many local orchids exhibition
which organized by the Orchids committee all year round at least 6 times per years. This
helps us meet directly with the buyer and sometime oversea clients who come to the show
and make their order from us.
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Quality and Service
Pachara Orchids Intertrade Co., Ltd. committed to give the best quality and service to
all customers and supported by superior, professional standard service. In this way,
management is able to forge a long term relationship with customers and contribute their
success.
We give the best possible solution to each individual client as according to their
location and climatic type of each countries. Also we give advice on fertilizer and how to
grow the plants and treatment for flowering period. We also travel to give educated orchids
related seminar program to the government organization in some countries like Indonesia,
Serang in July 2006. This is to make us closer to our customers and learn from the feedback
directly from each nursery.
(Orchids P. , 2009)
Mana Orchid Farm is a big orchid farm on a 200 rais area in Nakorn Patom province
which is near Puttamontol, or just about five minutes from Bangkok. This is a country-level
source of knowledge and development for the Dendrobium orchid. The farm area is divided
into many parts i.e., grocery, parterre fro plant and cut-flower, parterre for flower-pot, and the
parterre for develop and test the species. Orchid is a fashion product that needs a variety of
new unique colors which are up to date, so the new species of orchid will always be
introduced to the market.
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Mana Orchid Farm has been developing many orchid species, and today they have
more than 10 shades of various colorful hybrids with great quality in hundreds of
species. We are proud to be a part of orchid development farm. For more than 10 years, we
have emphasized on the continual development of the species. As a result, we have gained
acceptance widely in orchid society. One of the most proudly result is the Crop Species
Protection Patent, which is the first protection right in Thailand.
(orchid, 2009)
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Farm Good air ventilation and clean water is one most important for growing
orchids. Our farm is located in an agricultural area where the environment is perfect for
orchid growing. From the total area of 160 acres, 30 acres is full of production. With the
concept of environment friendly, we use chemicals as the last choice or as less as possible.
Reduction in pesticide and fungicide use is our major objective. We also apply the biological
techniques such as using sticky trap or control pest population by enemy insect.
For our contracted farms, we are working closely together with them. Group meeting
is always organized to discuss about new knowledge or growing technique, problem found
and proper solution. We always give them the idea of the customer‟s requirements and
preferences. This is to ensure the highest quality and to fulfill our customer‟s need.
(Siamflower, 2005)
International Competitor
Thailand is the major exporter of orchids in the world. These facts make Thailand
have competitors that want to share orchids market. Therefore Thailand has to develop
production and exportation in order to enhance the potential more than the competitors. Now
we can generate the international competitor into 4 countries that exported orchids in to Japan
markets includes Taiwan, New Zealand, Malaysia and Vietnam. (situation J. M., 2010)
New Zealand
New Zealand offers their product into Japan market (See at Figures: 3.2.2 The
destination of New Zealand Exports) This is the stronger export product in New Zealand. In
addition New Zealand has appropriate factors to produce flower such as atmosphere, land
quality, service and transportation etc. Moreover New Zealand expect to increasing
percentages to export orchids around 16 % from last years. (market, 2010)
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Taiwan
The second exporter that offer orchid to Japan market, because Japan market offer
high quality of orchids that Taiwan can provided. Then Taiwan and Thailand are the couple
competitors also developed their products and expand the opportunities for export product
into Japan Market. (See at Table: 3.2.1 Taiwan Exported Statistic in 2009 (Taiwantrade,
2010)
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Malaysia
Malaysia has less degree of factor to produced orchids than both before countries in
term of lower varieties traded, farm size and destinations of the produce. However, Malaysia
focus to provide the qualitative product in to market this is the advantages that many nice
markets import orchids from Malaysia. (See at Table 3.2.2 Malaysia Orchids export
summaries (Situation, 2010)
Vietnam
Vietnam has the annual average of 70,000,000 of orchids export in 2002 that create
income around 20 percentages of gross national profit. The advantages of Vietnam‟s orchids
include favorable climate conditions, high quality of land and easy to develop and adept
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factors when customer expectation changing. In addition, many nice markets always prefer
orchids from Vietnams such as Japan, China, Hong Kong, Singapore etc.. (Travel, 2010)
Competitive Analysis
We are study about competitive cultivation and export of orchids Thailand company
by using five force to analyze the possibilities of our business and other factor for
competitive with competitors.
selling cheap orchids seed , after that villager can cultivate orchids. Villager can sale young
plant, cut orchids to my company. We give high price more than it he buy orchids seed.
emphasize about fast service, create impression to customer, goods qualities and make
everything to standard for customer impress.
Customer Analysis
Before opening the business, we have to specify the expect customer of our business
at the beginning. Orchid Garden Company can divide customer in 2 groups by
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1. Customer more than 65 years old is group is group the most pay of orchids.
Group pay of orchids about 11,000-14,000 Yen/year.
2. Customer less than 65 years old have pay of orchids less than Customer more
than 50 years old to half (Japan, 2009) (Japan P. o., 2011)
dimension group include customer in celebration opportunities that high demand, but is not
stable and customer in daily life using that have low demand, but consistency such as
housewife . The amount of Japanese is Elders. The most behavior of customer must choose
goods qualities, transportation standards, easy to contact trading
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STP Analysis
1.
Segmentation
1.1
Blooming orchid
Company set targeting is Women Exotic Beauty flower household group of Japanese
(Demography) who love and believe in traditional of Japan culture (Psychographic).
1.2
Bottle orchids
Company set segmentation is Thai orchid grower and gardener (Demography) that have
second job on exporter (Psychographic).
2.
Target Market
According to Japan research and development has result about high average of
woman in Japan will develop and increasing more that past time,(see at figure:3.2.3 Japan
population averages) technology and education, because people in Japan prefer to using
orchid for all of festival. (cited, 1996) So company will order and fine new flower such as
orchid, carnation and rose. In generally, people in Japan more offer several of flower to
decorate in Japan flower festivals, many activities use several flower. In other word, Thai
orchid gardener and grower in nowadays always increasing rather than part times for
government supporting to unemployed using their times to growth and sold to hold company
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for exporting. In addition, that makes countries reputation and increasing GNP. (see at
appendix 1 Thai orchid growing list)
3.
Positioning
The company exporting value for cut-flowers orchids, and orchid plant
In 2009, so we start by contact with agency to provide convenience to exporting then us
focuses on different product on alternative process, because we would like use short-
transportation than other company. We offer transportation at Chiang-mai airport that provide
short-time to exporting and maintenance quality of product, because cut of orchid will
sensitive with temperature and environment. More over value of Thai orchids always better
that other country in Japan. (see at figure 3.2.4 Thai orchid value in Japan)
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Marketing Mix Strategy
We offer the 7Ps Strategies include
Vanda 8.9
Mokara 3.69
Arantheras 0.52
Aranda 0.48
Mokara 3.7
Oncidium 0.44
Oncidium 3.1
Vanda 0.13
Catleya 2.7
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In addition, Thailand is number one of exporter in Japan‟s market that offering more than
1,000 millions. (export, 2005) Moreover Japanese considerate to choice the best color for any
ceremony events, because they believe that color would show about fortunate, such as white color
will show that people always happiness and red color in Japan normally using in the cerebration
event or special occasion, another varieties of factor that influence to Japanese‟s decision. (Horajan,
2009)
Flask orchid is available all around of Thailand; normally prefer by botanist that
appropriate to experimentation to seeking new evolution, nowadays we offer the popular
orchids plant that Thai gardener request. So Vanda is one of preferring to growth and breed
with other seeds such as Vanda4N with Mokara grade 3.
Product proportion
In generally, we are the exporter‟s company that always focusing to currency details,
then we have 3 dimensions about prices strategies.
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Loss Leader Strategies
55
Figure. 3.8 Loss Leader Strategies (Bottle)
In other word, cost of orchids is not stable depend on economic, marketing and
situation. So we focusing to quantities to sell morn in the low cost, the averages of orchids for
exporting take about 60-70% of estimate cost, suppose center cost is estimate cost we can get
around 60 baths per kilograms, however if we are deducing prices that lower that center
market we will get around 48 bath per kilogram. It is enough for the new business that early
involve to market and easy attracting customers.
uncertainly situation. Moreover the currency situation is not stable and always rapid changes.
If I were business in Japan is possible to pay different currency rate, so the
Way for locking currency exchange rate will help investors can planning to future budget. In
addition, we choice to contact with HSBC Bank Company, because they offer in specific rate
and premiums, and in Japan is rapid currency changes that make currency exchanges risk (see
at Figures. 3.2.2 Japan Yen Variance) (Variances, 2001)
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.
From the company policy, we offering product to flower‟s agency who has
expert about Japan‟s regulation and tax requirement. However they require to pay
commission around 9.5-10 percentages per net sale, this cost exclude transportation
cost and any cost from production stage to distribution. We choice Flower Auction
Japan Inc (JAL) the company that responds to operation at Ota markets the big
wholesale market in Japan. We choose JAL, because their company will take care in
all of regulation and property requirement by Japan government.
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3.3.1.1 Flower Auction Japan Inc (JAL)
The Flower and Ornamental Plant Department of Ohta Market that offer
flower and plant market of organizer and create them from all over Japan, moreover
the market, not only prefer the flowers but also a large number of florists,
floriculturalists and diverse information congregate. (action, 2005)
Ota Floriculture Auction Co., Ltd. is a Japan-based company mainly engaged in the
floriculture wholesale business. The Company's businesses include the wholesale of flowers,
the management of training institutions, the retail of seedling and flowers, the operation of
think tanks, the leasing of warehouses, as well as the commission agency business of flowers
and related materials. The main products of the Company are cut flowers and potted plants.
Its cut flowers include chrysanthemums, Western orchids, roses, carnations, lilies, tulips,
alstromerias, callas, gloriosa, Eustoma grandiflorum, statice, gerberas, gypsophila,
delphiniums, sweat peas, leather ferns, cycads, cherries, peach blossoms, pines and purple
willows, among others. Its potted plants include Western orchids potted plants, ornamental
foliage plants, flower plants and seedlings, among others. The Company has three
subsidiaries, two associated companies and two affiliated companies. (information, 2010)
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3.3.2 Whole sale market
3.3.2.1 Ota or Ohta Market
The larger market that people also call “Wholesale Flower Market” that offer more
than 2,000 flowers that make colorful place. The history of Ota market, start the years of
Keicho when the Tokugawa Shogunate was opened, a fruit and vegetable market was opened
in Yatsujigahara, Edo (around modern-day Suda-cho, Kanda). Based on the market, Kanda
Market was developed. Ebara Market was opened together with Kamata Supply Station
(Kamata Branch) in 1936 by combining a few wholesale markets. Officially becoming a
market in 1880, it has been told that Omori Market originated in the Edo period when
neighborhood fishermen brought fish and seashells to sell. In 1989, these 3 markets and 1
branch were combined and reborn as Ohta Market. Regarding the flower and ornamental
plant department, 9 private regional wholesale markets which existed in the Jonan area were
combined. Currently, it is comprised of 2 wholesalers (1 of which is FAJ) and 20
intermediate wholesalers. (Source: From Market Guide 1995, published by Metropolitan
Central Wholesale Market), we focus to sending product to this market after 1 or 2 years
when we expert for export. This way will deduce the commission cost that pay for agency.
(market O. , 1995)
3.3Orchid association
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3.3. 1 Thai orchid export association
Thai orchid export association start to manage and support exporter in 1966 by
conform Thai commercial act. Nowadays association support to all of exporter would want to
involving in new market and provide information to new orchid exporter. Moreover
association is the alternative ways to destitution several of orchid that member sold to only
member such as flask orchid, Orchid 3N and 4 N. (Thai orchid export association profile,
2010)
Higher rate for purchasing than marketing price. Example market prices are 23
Baths, then we would like to purchasing around the 25-27 (Depend on
qualities, flower structure, and quantities)
In addition, we offer the ways for local people who want to exporting their
product, but not enough to budget, so we would collect to products and
exporting to Japan market. This way will save the cost for transfer and we
require commission fee and provide the opportunities for people, who most
serve product to company.
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Benefit for partnership
Product
Discount rate Tax Exception Credit Product serving guarantee insurance
Sub-
Exporter * * * * *
Seller * - - - *
This method will improve company images and create more advantages between
company and social. We focus in local people are better world of mount (WOM), create
satisfaction to them and make them royalty
Alternative to advertising, we focus to joint in many event and show in country and
outside. (Orchid Event 2554, 2009)
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Public event
Monthly Event 2554
Month Events
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Association event
Thai orchid export association member meeting
State:
Remark: Only member to discussion about price per year and exchange experience
Sale Forecast
Our product
Blooming orchid
Flask orchid
We forecast by using loss leader price strategies to offer lower price than market
rate and advertising in chiang-rai association member meeting to announcement in product
and begin to promote product. Moreover we forecast to produce 2000 bottle of orchid in first
times and 20 % increasing in half of year.
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Local product
Blooming orchid
We offer the opportunities for people on location who want to export their orchid‟s
plant into Japan market and then I would like to make contact to collect commission on 8 %
their net prof
Flask orchid
Any one who can make orchid qualities at least 2N orchids(see information at
product and service process in Chapter 4) company would purchasing in high rate and offer
opportunity for bring their product to sold in domestic areas. Sometimes we would attract
their product to e- channel
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Table: 11 Five-years Sale forecast
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Year 2 Sale forcast
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Auguest Sep Oct Nov Dec Year 2
Percent sale 20% 10% 30% 40% 50% 20% 10% 5% 15% 30% 50% 80%
Our product Unit Value Unit Value Unit Value Unit Value Unit Value Unit Value Unit Value Unit Value Unit Value Unit Value Unit Value Unit Value Unit Value
Blooming orchid 0.00 ฿0.00 0.00 ฿0.00 0.00 ฿0.00 0.00 ฿0.00 0.00 ฿0.00 0.00 ฿0.00 0.00 ฿0.00 0.00 ฿0.00 0.00 ฿0.00 0 ฿0.00 0 ฿0.00 0 ฿0.00 0 ฿0.00
Flask orchid 7086.48 ฿744,080.34 6377.83 ฿669,672.30 7653.40 ฿803,606.76 8418.74 ฿883,967.44 9260.61 ฿972,364.18 6482.43 ฿680,654.93 5834.19 ฿612,589.44 5542.48 ฿581,959.96 6096.72 ฿640,155.96 7011 ฿736,179.35 8413 ฿883,415.23 10938 ฿1,148,439.79 89115.10 ฿9,357,085.69
total 7086.48 ฿744,080.34 6377.83 ฿669,672.30 7653.40 ฿803,606.76 8418.74 ฿883,967.44 9260.61 ฿972,364.18 6482.43 ฿680,654.93 5834.19 ฿612,589.44 5542.48 ฿581,959.96 6096.72 ฿640,155.96 7011 ฿736,179.35 8413 ฿883,415.23 10938 ฿1,148,439.79 89115.102 ฿9,357,085.69
Percent sale 20% 30% 40% 50% 20% 10% 5% 15% 30% 50% 80%
Local product
Blooming orchid 0.00 ฿0.00 0.00 ฿0.00 0.00 ฿0.00 0.00 ฿0.00 0.00 ฿0.00 0.00 ฿0.00 0.00 ฿0.00 0.00 ฿0.00 0.00 ฿0.00 0 ฿0.00 0 ฿0.00 0 ฿0.00 0.00 ฿0.00
Flask orchid 7545.68 ฿792,296.74 9054.82 ฿950,756.09 10865.78 ฿1,140,907.31 11952.36 ฿1,254,998.04 13147.60 ฿1,380,497.84 9203.32 ฿966,348.49 8282.99 ฿869,713.64 7868.84 ฿826,227.96 8655.72 ฿908,850.76 9954 ฿1,045,178.37 11945 ฿1,254,214.04 15528 ฿1,630,478.26 124004.45 ฿13,020,467.55
Total local sale 7545.68 ฿792,296.74 9054.82 ฿950,756.09 10865.78 ฿1,140,907.31 11952.36 ฿1,254,998.04 13147.60 ฿1,380,497.84 9203.32 ฿966,348.49 8282.99 ฿869,713.64 7868.84 ฿826,227.96 8655.72 ฿908,850.76 9954 ฿1,045,178.37 11945 ฿1,254,214.04 15528 ฿1,630,478.26 124004.45 ฿13,020,467.55
Total Year 2 sale 14632.16 ฿792,296.74 15432.65 ฿1,620,428.39 18519.18 ฿1,944,514.07 20371.10 ฿2,138,965.48 22408.21 ฿2,352,862.03 9203.32 ฿1,647,003.42 14117.17 ฿1,482,303.08 13411.31 ฿1,408,187.92 14752.44 ฿1,549,006.72 16965 ฿1,781,357.72 20358 ฿2,137,629.27 26466 ฿2,778,918.05 213119.555 ฿22,377,553.24
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Year4 Sale forcast
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Auguest Sep Oct Nov Dec Year 4
Percent sale 100% 10% 30% 40% 50% 20% 10% 5% 15% 30% 50% 80%
Our product Unit Value Unit Value Unit Value Unit Value Unit Value Unit Value Unit Value Unit Value Unit Value Unit Value Unit Value Unit Value Unit Value
Blooming orchid 10000.00 ฿1,690,000.00 9000.00 ฿1,521,000.00 10800.00 ฿1,825,200.00 11880 ฿2,007,720.00 13068.00 ฿2,208,492.00 9148 ฿1,545,944.40 8232.84 ฿1,391,349.96 7821.20 ฿1,321,782.46 8603.32 ฿1,453,960.71 9894 ฿1,672,054.81 11873 ฿2,006,465.78 15434 ฿2,608,405.51 0 ฿21,252,375.63
Flask orchid 2701.02 ฿378,142.38 2430.92 ฿340,328.14 2917.10 ฿408,393.77 3208.81 ฿449,233.15 3529.69 ฿494,156.47 2470.78 ฿345,909.53 2223.70 ฿311,318.57 2112.52 ฿295,752.64 2323.77 ฿325,327.91 2672 ฿374,127.10 3207 ฿448,952.51 4169 ฿583,638.27 33966.29 ฿4,755,280.45
total 12701.02 ฿2,068,142.38 11430.92 ฿1,861,328.14 13717.10 ฿2,233,593.77 15088.81 ฿2,456,953.15 16597.69 ฿2,702,648.47 11618.38 ฿1,891,853.93 10456.54 ฿1,702,668.53 9933.72 ฿1,617,535.11 10927.09 ฿1,779,288.62 12566 ฿2,046,181.91 15079 ฿2,455,418.29 19603 ฿3,192,043.78 33966.289 ฿26,007,656.08
Percent sale Stable
Local product
Blooming orchid 0.00 ฿0.00 0.00 ฿0.00 0.00 ฿0.00 0.00 ฿0.00 0.00 ฿0.00 0.00 ฿0.00 0.00 ฿0.00 0.00 ฿0.00 0.00 ฿0.00 0 ฿0.00 0 ฿0.00 0 ฿0.00 0.00 ฿0.00
Flask orchid 5000.00 ฿525,000.00 5000.00 ฿525,000.00 5000.00 ฿525,000.00 5000.00 ฿525,000.00 5000.00 ฿525,000.00 5000.00 ฿525,000.00 5000.00 ฿525,000.00 5000.00 ฿525,000.00 5000.00 ฿525,000.00 5000 ฿525,000.00 5000 ฿525,000.00 5000 ฿525,000.00 60000.00 ฿6,300,000.00
Total local sale 5000.00 ฿525,000.00 5000.00 ฿525,000.00 5000.00 ฿525,000.00 5000.00 ฿525,000.00 5000.00 ฿525,000.00 5000.00 ฿525,000.00 5000.00 ฿525,000.00 5000.00 ฿525,000.00 5000.00 ฿525,000.00 5000 ฿525,000.00 5000 ฿525,000.00 5000 ฿525,000.00 60000.00 ฿6,300,000.00
Total Year 4 sale 17701.02 ฿525,000.00 16430.92 ฿2,386,328.14 18717.10 ฿2,758,593.77 20088.81 ฿2,981,953.15 21597.69 ฿3,227,648.47 5000.00 ฿2,416,853.93 15456.54 ฿2,227,668.53 14933.72 ฿2,142,535.11 15927.09 ฿2,304,288.62 17566 ฿2,571,181.91 20079 ฿2,980,418.29 24603 ฿3,717,043.78 93966.289 ฿32,307,656.08
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Year5 Sale forcast
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Auguest Sep Oct Nov Dec Year 5
Percent sale 100% 10% 30% 40% 50% 20% 10% 5% 15% 30% 50% 80%
Our product Unit Value Unit Value Unit Value Unit Value Unit Value Unit Value Unit Value Unit Value Unit Value Unit Value Unit Value Unit Value Unit Value
Blooming orchid 10000.00 ฿1,780,000.00 9000.00 ฿1,602,000.00 10800.00 ฿1,922,400.00 11880 ฿2,114,640.00 13068.00 ฿2,326,104.00 9147.60 ฿1,628,272.80 8232.84 ฿1,465,445.52 7821.20 ฿1,392,173.24 8603.32 ฿1,531,390.57 9894 ฿1,761,099.15 11873 ฿2,113,318.98 15434 ฿0.00 0 ฿19,636,844.27
Flask orchid 1667.54 ฿233,455.31 1500.78 ฿210,109.78 1800.94 ฿252,131.73 1981.04 ฿277,344.91 2179.14 ฿305,079.40 1525.40 ฿213,555.58 1372.86 ฿192,200.02 1304.21 ฿182,590.02 1434.64 ฿200,849.02 1650 ฿230,976.37 1980 ฿277,171.65 2574 ฿360,323.14 20969.91 ฿2,935,786.92
total 11667.54 ฿2,013,455.31 10500.78 ฿1,812,109.78 12600.94 ฿2,174,531.73 13861.04 ฿2,391,984.91 15247.14 ฿2,631,183.40 10673.00 ฿1,841,828.38 9605.70 ฿1,657,645.54 9125.41 ฿1,574,763.26 10037.95 ฿1,732,239.59 11544 ฿1,992,075.53 13852 ฿2,390,490.63 18008 ฿360,323.14 20969.907 ฿22,572,631.19
Percent sale Stable
Local product
Blooming orchid 0.00 ฿0.00 0.00 ฿0.00 0.00 ฿0.00 0.00 ฿0.00 0.00 ฿0.00 0.00 ฿0.00 0.00 ฿0.00 0.00 ฿0.00 0.00 ฿0.00 0 ฿0.00 0 ฿0.00 0 ฿0.00 0.00 ฿0.00
Flask orchid 5000.00 ฿525,000.00 5000.00 ฿525,000.00 5000.00 ฿525,000.00 5000.00 ฿525,000.00 5000.00 ฿525,000.00 5000.00 ฿525,000.00 5000.00 ฿525,000.00 5000.00 ฿525,000.00 5000.00 ฿525,000.00 5000 ฿525,000.00 5000 ฿525,000.00 5000 ฿525,000.00 60000.00 ฿6,300,000.00
Total local sale 5000.00 ฿525,000.00 5000.00 ฿525,000.00 5000.00 ฿525,000.00 5000.00 ฿525,000.00 5000.00 ฿525,000.00 5000.00 ฿525,000.00 5000.00 ฿525,000.00 5000.00 ฿525,000.00 5000.00 ฿525,000.00 5000 ฿525,000.00 5000 ฿525,000.00 5000 ฿525,000.00 60000.00 ฿6,300,000.00
Total Year5 sale 16667.54 ฿525,000.00 15500.78 ฿2,337,109.78 17600.94 ฿2,699,531.73 18861.04 ฿2,916,984.91 20247.14 ฿3,156,183.40 5000.00 ฿2,366,828.38 14605.70 ฿2,182,645.54 14125.41 ฿2,099,763.26 15037.95 ฿2,257,239.59 16544 ฿2,517,075.53 18852 ฿2,915,490.63 23008 ฿885,323.14 80969.907 ฿28,872,631.19
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Marketing expense
Advertising expense
Event fee
Event fee that our company spend to cost for promote product such as reservation
stage to show product, insurance show land or maintenance stages etc…
Domain rent
Our company spend 1,500 Bath per month to rental domain for create website to
promote and communicate in our products. In website would tell about our product,
promotion, prices averages and new update in Thai market and Japan market.
Radio
Our company expect to advertise though radio in second year around May – Sep,
because we would like to announcement in local people would want to sold our product such
as flask orchid our company would purchasing in standard price and sending to customer. In
generally, we offer Fm 96.5, Fm 101.5 etc… to communicate in local first.
New paper
This ways would help our company to involving local supplier by using local
newspaper and continence to expand in national news paper in future. In addition, news
papers in local ares such as Chiang rad, Man Chiang Rai etc…
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Billboard
Many product can sell by using billboard advertising then we expect to using
billboard in fourth years, because this year‟s our product would strange and enough to
customer demand.
Magazine
Orchid Garden company Magazine that we product to promote our product in early
times, so distribution to expand magazine in first time we expect at Chiang rai orchid
association, and plan to put this magazine in retail shop and flower shop.
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Table: 12 Five-years marketing expense
71
72
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Conclusion
Japan‟s Market is large market also reputation in any product such as rubber, orchid,
honey etc… So intern of Thailand and Japan has a stable relationship such as FTA, JETPA
that show about visible contract that make easy opportunities for wide producer. In term of
product, the orchids are also sensitive to environment and difficult to maintain. Then the
packaging also important too when exporting to long-way transportation.
All and all, we focusing to five-year sale forecasting that using base numeric by the
averages of Thailand export in 2009. So Thai government will support people who want to
export in international market that make exporter have abilities to bargaining and equalities
when they get the larger problem such as trade Barrie, legal to unexpected item.etc…In
additional, we forced to 21,000,000 baths to support to another pay
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CHAPTER 4
TECHNOLOGY
FEASIBILITY
STUDY
76
Chapter 4 Technology Feasibility Study
Product Characteristic
1. Vanda
Vanda are the Monopodium normally gardener didn‟t breed by pullate*, but it
also growing by stem and air root. In general, Vanda can generate into 4 kinds of
characteristics that considerate by specific leaves include Vanda Terete leaves, Vanda
strap leaves, Vanda nook leaves, and Vanda shaped leaves or people call Vanda fish
bone. Orchids Garden Company offer Vanda strap leaves and Vanda terete leaves,
because both of orchids has the special characteristics that Japan market and other
market would prefer that call 4N* The characteristic of Vanda strap leaves are similar
to v-shaped and arrange nearly between leaf to leaves, moreover Vanda flat leaves has
blunt and strong leaves. Nowadays Vanda strap leaves has around 10 seeds. However
Orchid Garden Company offer only 3 of real seeds and 1 of artificial seeds, because
some of seeds are the CITES* seeds that protect to commercial activities such as
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Real seed
1. Vanda denisoniana
Vanda denisoniana has slim and tall leaves, long-stem and orange-yellow
color. Normally Vanda denisoniana usually growth well at north of Thailand and best
78
2. Vanda lilacina
Vanda lilacina always growth well at north and minder-east of
Thailand. Normally, Vanda lilacina has a deep arrange of leaves and big white
color with small violet petal and best times to bloom at January-May
(Lilacina, 2010)
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3. Vanda hookerriana
Vanda hookerriana is the terete leaves that small leaves than other seeds.
Moreover Vanda hookerriana has violet-white colors depend on period of
growth. Normally, it growth well at south of Thailand on best gloom times at
Jun-August. (Hookerriana, 2010)
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1 Artificial seeds
81
2. Cattleya
Cattleya is the symbol of orchids that people observed. Cattleya has a big and
colorful petal that attract to people interesting. Normally, Cattleya is the sympodium
growth style that used root with growth structure. In accent time, people usually fine
Cattleya growth well as topical temperature in north of Thailand. In addition, Cattleya
can generate into 2 types of characteristics that considerate by specific leave
characters includes mono and poly leaves. Orchid garden company offer both of
specific types, because Cattleya growth well and strong at inconsistency temperature.
Cattleya mono leaves also provide only one or two flower per one bloom times.
Moreover Cattleya mono leaves has big and colorful of petals that make people more
interesting. In addition, Cattleya mono leaves always growth well at topical
atmosphere and best blooming times at Jun-September. However Cattleya poly leaves
are similarly to mono leaves, but provide more of flowers around 3-5 per period of
bloom and smaller than mono leaves flowers. In generally, Cattleya seeds that
appropriate in north of Thailand atmosphere are the mix seed between Cattleya with
other nearly seeds that generate to 3 types by among of real seeds that breed to new
seed include 2 seeds breed, 3 seeds breed and 4 seeds breed such as Epilaeliocattleya
(2 seeds breed), Epicatonia (3 seeds breed), Potinara (4 seeds breed) etc… (Cattleya,
2010) (Cattleya Q. S., 2010)
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Bottle orchid
Bottle orchids are the sub-product of Garden Orchid Company that provide by
technology to breed stem and growth. This process always part of scientific technology to
attract and lead stems cell increase the percentages of breed and provide opportunities
gardener loss of younger stem to commercial and growing. Nowadays gardener would
provide and develop seeds to breed new seeds. Bottle of orchid can provide by cut of front
and back bulb, this method require to clearing atmosphere and material, expert people also
Bonita and scientific person. (idea, 2006)
This method is using times to carrying around 1 year until seed can sale. Normally
Bonita will using clear bottle to put in orchid cell and breed in appropriate temperature in
bottle. Bottle of orchid are always sensitive with environments that require taking care more
than other breed process.
In generally, 1 of bottle will provide young stem of orchid around 35-40 stems
depend on abilities of Bonita and environment. Sometime if Bonita more expert in bottle
orchids would fortunate to get 4N orchids that important to create new main seeds for breed.
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4N Orchid
4N Orchid is a set of chromosomes than normal. It is an orchid that was strange and
preferably a different species. Often have a set number of chromosomes 2n = 36 pairs,
sometimes 32 or 38 pairs, but 4N have chromosomes more than 2N. Normally, 4N include
Big and strong petal, Colorful, Long and big stem and leaves, and insensitive with
consistency environment. We can fine big orchid that people call 4N has petals aroung 7 inc
and colorful. This product would prefer by all of orchid expert, but nowadays cannot fine 4N
orchid in market because most of orchid grower prefer to using 4N orchid to breed rather than
sale.(see at Figure:4.1.7 Orchid compare (2N and 4N)
2N 4N
84
Product process
Nowadays, people always interesting to growing orchid for sell, because this
business are the individual business that can make decision by self. Then make the orchid
market more competition rather than part times, many company try to fine the ways the
attract people by their product and make opportunities to expand business in future. In
addition, customer will focusing to company service that attract them to prefer in product
such as promotion, advertising, packaging etc..All of all are important to create service to
customer. Our company focusing on fast delivery product from produces stages to customer
destination to make them satisfy and loyalty. Then we separate service into of 2 methods
include
Service-from-supple
Local gardener, local orchid Supplier contact promise
grower
Quality checking
1.2N
Order and receive
2. Quality
3. Seeds
1. Contract with local garden and orchid grower that nearly company to fine the best
seed of orchid
2. Create supplier contract promise that guarantee with company and supplier. Our
company focusing to local supplier and make them loyalty.
3. Checking quality base on 2N specification, because our company would like to
using orchids for breeding new seed and create flaking orchid.
4. Order and receive orchid in requirement.
85
The Orchid Production Process
Propagating Orchids
There are six main techniques currently used to propagate orchids and these are:
division, back bulbs, keiki, aerial cuttings, meristem or tissue culture, and seed . All of the
techniques are discussed in detail below and all but two are commonly employed in the home
or greenhouse. The two which aren't commonly employed at home are propagation by seed
and meristem tissue culture as these need laboratory conditions to maintain sterility.
Firstly we will take a look at division, the most commonly used method of propagating
orchids
DIVISION
Division simply means splitting the plant in to two or more parts each with at least
one new shoot and each will produce a fully grown mostly flowering size plant that is capable
of flowering the following season
This is one of the simplest methods of producing more plants of the same variety or
species. Many new to growing orchids are apprehensive about cutting their treasured plant in
to two or more parts but there are reasons that this is not only useful in terms of increasing
your stock but beneficial to the plant. Splitting a plant will often encourage the plant to
produce more shoots of a better quality and with much more vigor than would be the case if
left to it's own devises. The reason for this new vigor is entirely natural and is the plants
response to being placed under threat and of course the introduction of new fresh potting
medium which the plant will take full advantage of.
86
Only divide plants where each division will have at least three back bulbs and each
division should have at least one new growth. If your division has less than three back bulbs
then it may not have enough strength to flower the following season and may take three or
more years to come back to flowering size.
Division of plants is best undertaken in the early spring just as new growth starts;
this will ensure that each division has a full growing season to establish itself so that it can
flower the following season.
BACK BULBS
Back bulb propagation is a method of producing a new plant from old previously
flowered or unflowered back pseudobulbs which are usually leafless, plants grown this way
may take 2 to 3 years or more to reach flowering size.
Another simple method of propagation but this one may take many years to obtain a
flowering size plant. Essentially the process involves the removal of older back bulbs -
preferably at re potting time - and placing them under 'ideal' growing conditions to induce
rooting.
If you can induce a back bulb to throw out roots then you are half way to obtaining a new
plant. It is important to remember though when removing back bulbs that in order to keep the
parent plant at flowering size that it, or any divisions should still have at least two good back
bulbs and a growth.
87
Because the bulb is grown from the same plant what you will be left with is the same
plant in two different pots, not strictly a clone but the idea is the same as both or all of the
plants will be identical (they are actually all the same plant) and so this is an ideal way for the
amateur to obtain many plants from their favourite Cymbidium for example.
AERIAL CUTTINGS
Aerial cuttings are very common on many of the cane Dendrobiums such as Nobile.
If placed under stressful growing conditions then some Dendrobiums will instead of
developing flower buds will produce small plants in their place - fine for increasing your
stock but not if you want flowers!
Aerial cuttings are very easy to take as the plant is almost fully grown before being
removed from the parent plant. Since this type of propagation does not involve fertilization
the new plant will be the same as it's parent.
Meristem tissue culture is not really suitable for attempting at home as the sterility
usually can't be achieved, you can of course buy flasks of the finished tissue cultures for
growing on but this process will take between 3 and 5 years to get a flowering size plant.
88
SEED
Re Potting Orchids
Most orchids will require re potting every 12 - 19 months. Here we will show you
the correct procedure and time of year you should do it.
Phalaenopsis orchids will require re potting every 12 - 18 months as they continually strive to
get out of their pots and assume the more natural 45 degree angle.
89
They are quite resilient orchids and do not mind careful
root trimming so long as they get the required
temperature and humidity afterwards.
The 'compost' used in this procedure is large grade orchid bark or orchid compost, the
difference between bark and compost is that orchid compost has added peat and will need
watering less often whereas bark is just the bark on its own.
90
Now that the plant is more manageable it is time to
remove it from the pot.
Tip the plant on its site and squeeze the sides of the pot
to loosen the old compost then carefully but firmly pull
out the plant, use the very base of the plant to hold on to
during this process.
Once you have the plant out of the pot it is a good time to take a look and see if there are any
pest on it, in this case all is clear. If your plant has any pests then you should remove them and
treat the plant with the appropriate substance.
Phalaenopsis orchids will often have dead roots under
the surface, this is perfectly normal and you can tell the
difference easily. Live roots are white/grey and dead
ones are brown. The outer covering of live roots is also
firmly attached to the core but a dead roots outer
covering simply slips off whilst holding it leaving a kind
of thin wire behind.
91
Once you have established that the roots are alive and
that there are no pests on the plant is it time to position
it in the pot.
92
All that's needed now is labelling of the plant so you
know what variety or species it is.
Division is a very simple way of propagating your favorite species or variety of orchid. It
involves finding the natural break between the two or more parts of the plant and dividing down
this natural split. Here we are dividing a Beallara City of Glasgow 'Langley Pride' AM/RHS but
you can use this method on almost any plant which grows pseudobulbs such as Odontoglossum
and types, Cymbidium, Coelogyne and Miltonia plus the clump forming varieties such as
Dracula, Masdevallias and Paphiopedilums.
93
This plant has reached the limit for this size pot and is in need of division or repotting. The plant
is in need of either dividing or repotting when the new growths have reached the very edge of the
pot and any future growth has to take place outside the edge of the pot - above left
94
naturally but the roots are firm to the touch and not soft
as is the case with a rotten root.
Gently pull the plant in opposite
directions making sure that each part has
at least 3 bulbs and one new growth, the
aim of doing this is to establish where
the plant has a natural split.
95
Re planting an Odontoglossum orchid, Coelogyne or Cymbidium
You will now need to remove the old compost from around the roots and trim away any brown,
soggy, dead roots. Cut the dead roots off right up to the base of the plant and this will ensure that
they don't rot upwards and affect the rhizome or bulbs.
This is also the time to remove any ferns or other plants growing in the pot - weeds - for that is
what they are should be removed otherwise they will quickly clog up the open compost mix with
their 'normal' root system and use up and nutrients you give the plant. Many of the ferns you
may find growing in orchid pots are very suitable as house plants in their own right and can, if
you want, be potted and given to friends as gifts.
Carefully trim back any white growing roots to about 4
inches and use them to help anchor the plant in the new
compost.
Your division
A pot with sufficient space for two seasons
growth
A suitable grade of orchid compost - more
The label for the plant
96
Starting with a clean pot, add some larger pieces of bark
or some polystyrene chunks in to the bottom to allow
swift drainage.
97
to hold the plant in one hand whilst
filling the pot with compost using the
other.
Make sure that the bulbs rest on the
surface of the compost and are not
buried in it. They may need pulling up
a little to get the level just right.
Using your thumbs press heavily on the compost to
compact is sufficiently to hold the plant steady. The
open nature of the compost will prevent you from over
compacting it so don't be afraid to apply pressure.
98
Division of Paphiopedilum Orchids
Division is a very simple way of propagating your favorite species or variety of orchid. It
involves finding the natural break between the two or more parts of the plant and dividing down
this natural split. Here we are dividing a Paphiopedilum but you can use this method on almost
any plant which grows pseudobulbs such as Odontoglossum and types, Cymbidium, Coelogyne
and Miltonia plus the clump forming varieties such as Dracula, Masdevallais and
Paphiopedilums.
99
After removing the pot you should see plenty of
living roots which have filled and used used the
compost, (see opposite) . The roots of
Paphiopedilums have brown or even black roots
with lighter or white tips.
100
Gently pull the plant in opposite directions
making sure that each part has at least 3 old
growths and one new growth, the aim of doing
this is to establish exactly where the plant has a
natural split.
Once you have established where the natural
split is you can apply stronger pressure to split
the plant fully in to two or more parts. See
below
101
Carefully trim back any growing roots to about 4
inches and use them to help anchor the plant in
the new compost. Avoid breaking or cutting any
shorter roots as these will be the ones that will
establish the plant first. See below
102
The easiest way of adding compost is to
holdthe plant in one hand whilst filling the pot
with compost using the other.
Make sure that the bulbs rest on the surface of
the compost and are not buried in it. They may
need pulling up a little to get the level just
right.
Using your thumbs press heavily on the
compost to compact is sufficiently to hold the
plant steady. The open nature of the compost
will prevent you from over compacting it so
don't be afraid to apply pressure.
103
Finally label your new plant and give it a good
soaking from the top, do this twice with 2
hours between to ensure the compost is damp
and then leave it for two to three weeks before
watering again. During the first 6 to 8 weeks
keep the plant in a shady position and leave
well alone (other than watering) to give the
new brittle roots time to get a hold in the new
compost
This process involves the complete removal of the back bulbs either previously flowered or
unflowered and so is quite a shock to the parent plant, the back bulbs are the plants store of food
and water for use in times of drought or a bad season. This is unlikely to occur in cultivation as
we tend them all year round giving them the optimum conditions for growth and so really the
back bulbs can be removed without too many problems provided a few basic rules are adhered
to. ALWAYS make sure that the plant you are using for propagation will be left with at least two
back bulbs (or back growths) and a new growth, this will keep it at flowering size and it will be
capable of flowering in the following season. Only remove bulbs from plants which are healthy
and strong, a weak plant will probably not survive the shock of having its older food stores
removed and it's roots trimmed. Keep both the 'cutting' and the parent in a higher humidity until
new growth is seen.
104
Here we are using a Beallara which has
become too large for it's pot and is need of
repotting. Any new roots and bulbs the
plant produces outside the rim will not
come in to contact with the compost and so
feeding will also be a problem.
105
bacteria which may be present. Take care
not to damage the dormant buds (eyes)
which are at the base of the bulb.
There are now two choices open to you, you can
either place the cleaned bulbs individually in to
clear plastic bags of moist (not wet!) compost or
sphagnum moss and hang them in the highest and
warmest part of the greenhouse (see opposite) or
you can place the bulbs in individual pots of fine
grade compost. see below
Both of the above methods work well but take differing levels of looking after, the plastic bag
method takes less as they need not be disturbed until signs of roots are seen through the clear
bag.
Once you have seen the bulbs have roots and/or shoots it is time to pot them on.
You can either place them in to individual pots or in to communal trays. In either case us a
medium grade compost this time and again label each pot or tray so you know what it is you're
growing. By the following spring the plants will be large enough to put in to larger pots which
should have sufficient room for two years (seasons) growth, after this two years growth they
should be either flowering size or near flowering size.
Congratulations - you have now produced your first orchids using the back bulb method.
106
How to propagate orchids using the keiki method, usually Phalaenopsis orchids
We have all seen the common 'Spider Plant' which grows new plants along adventitious
out shoots. The Phalaenopsis plant does a similar trick but along the flower spike where
side shoots or buds may have
developed. If you examine a Phalaenopsis flower spike you will notice along it's length
approximately 2 to 3
small bracts (nodes) which are held tightly to the main stalk. Under normal
circumstances these small bracts
will remain just that, small bracts and are often overlooked. When a Phalaenopsis has
finished flowering you
can cut the flower spike back to just above one of these 'nodes' to induce a fresh flower
spike to develop from it
A keiki is a small plant which grows from one of the nodes along the stem instead of a
branch. The reason for this is the accumulation of growth hormones at that point, this
can be either natural (as in this case) or it can be induced by the application of keiki
paste which is concentrated form of the correct growth hormones.
Whether you use Keiki paste or one forms naturally 14 to 26 weeks after it first
appeared you should have a small Phalaenopsis plant growing from the node
(see top photo), some Phalaenopsis work better than others with the Keiki paste but it
is always worth having a go!
After six months the plant should be large enough to remove from the parent and potted
up in to it's own pot. Phalaenopsis grown this way should reach flowering size 18
107
months to 2 years after they first appeared.
Carefully remove the small plant from theYou can use the small sections of stem
flower spike by cutting the stem 1 to 2 incheseither side of the plant to anchor it in
either side of the plant, this will ensure that youplace - see below
don't damage the roots of the Keiki. (below)
108
Remember to label the plant so that you know
which variety it is and the date you removed it
from the parent
Orchid Care
Cymbidiums are known for their large spikes and long lasting blooms. The two main types of
Cymbidiums are standards and miniatures.
Light - Unlike most other orchids, Cymbidiums like a lot of light. They thrive best with full
sun and, during the hottest parts of the day, partial shade. If the leaves start to burn, reduce
the amount of sun received. In cooler areas (such as coastal California) the plants can tolerate
full sun all day. The leaves should be a medium to golden green in color, not dark green like
most plants.
Water - Cymbidiums produce vegetative growth during the spring and summer months, and
need the most water during this time. Keep the pot evenly moist but do not let the roots sit in
water or they will rot. Reduce watering after the pseudo bulbs finish growing at the end of
summer.
109
Fertilize - During the growth period (spring and summer), fertilize once or twice every two
weeks using a fertilizer high in Nitrogen such as a 30-10-10. During the fall and winter,
fertilize about once per month with a fertilizer higher in Phosphorous such as a 10-30-20.
There are also specially formulated Cymbidium fertilizers that can be found at many
nurseries and garden centers.
Potting - Once the potting media starts to decompose (or about every two years) it is a good
idea to repot the Cymbidium. Shake all the excess soil from the roots and separate the pseudo
bulbs if desired. Then place the plant in a water retentive potting mix such as a medium grade
mixture of fir bark, peat moss and perlite. Be sure to place the plant in the pot with the old
pseudo bulb towards the outside so that the new growth has more room to grow
.In the Store - Keep the plants in a cool, shady place to lengthen the life of the blooms.
Water in small amounts once per week. (Preparing orchid P. o., 2002) (orchid h. t., 2010)
110
Service process
Service-to-customer (Domestic)
Advertising and
exchange product with Receiver ordering and
association member checking
Announcement
promotion and make
Checking qualities
contact with them
before sending
Sending product to
Service after sold
customer
5. Feedback
111
Service-to-customer (National)
This process express to national market
6. Feedback
112
Direct service process
1. Direct customer
2. Call customer
Sold an service
3. website customer
113
4. After service process
Compensat
ion
Considerate Direct
problem problem
Indirect
problem
Alternative
way
114
Location
Orchid Garden Company is located in the Muang, Chiang Rai province . The front
line Chiang Rai - Mae Sai Road is about 120 meters. 8 kilometers to the Chiang Rai
International Airport, and 2 kilometers from Mae Fah Luang University.
115
Figure: 4.9 Local map
116
Figure: 4.10 Layout
117
Tenement structure
118
Tenement area should be used sheets, cement and sand lay the floor pathway to
prevent flooding and easy operation. The tables are orchids. Should have a width of 1
meter long, 15-20 meters, depending on the size of the house and leave 1 to 1.2 meter
wide corridor rack on which the orchid type root Wanda currency remained high from
the ground about 2.5 meters apart, each approximately 40-50 cm, and approximately
every four should leave about 1 meter wide walkway. Planting orchids with root
systems, semi air Cattleya genus requires planting the good drainage and water
holding capacity and wet bar, such as compression or coconut shell, coconut shell. By
the beginning of orchids tied to bamboo embroidery on the plant. Or use wire
stretched along the length of approximately 4 per table, and then tied adjacent to the
tree about Not to hold the tree down to the roots and start growing faster. Should not
be planted together tightly compressed, and the bouquet of flowers. plant. Or use wire
stretched along the length of approximately 4 per table, and then tied adjacent to the
tree about to seize the from falling, and the roots start growing faster. Should not be
planted together tightly compressed, and the bouquet of flowers
Roofing Tenement
1. Glass
119
3. Film
Ground Tenement
1. Ground
2. Sand.
3. Ground stone
5. Concrete floor
Tenement structure.
5. Structural Concrete.
Equipment Tenement
1. Saran
120
2. Aluminet
4. Clip.
6. Brace
121
Machine/Tools/ Equipments
Solar Fountain
122
Cooling Truck
Forklift
123
Tank spray drug
Syringe orchid
Fertilizer
124
Food Supplements orchid
125
(Springer)
(Water drip)
126
Plastic flowerpot (round)
Flowerpot holes.
127
Seeding grow tray
Wire
Fertilizer basket
128
Plastic grill
Plastic flag
Slan
Soil
129
Coconut flake
Coir
Shelf orchid
130
Pump
No Details Price(baht)
Cooling Truck
3 850,000
Easy Fog(fog system)
4 35,000
Forklift
5 220,000
Scissors cut branches
6 400
Springer
7 12,500
8
Water drip
9 3.00
Tank spray drug
10 550
For diseases in plant
40.00
pathology
11
Fertilizer
12 60.00
Food Supplements orchid
131
(set) 300
13 Syringe orchid
Size
1 inch.
4 inch. 1.20
6 inch. 1.40
7 inch. 3.20
8 inch. 2.70
9 inch. 4.00
10.00
10 inch.
14.50
11 inch.
132
24 15.00
Plastic flowerpot (edge)
Size
2 inch.
1.20
3 inch.
1.30
4 inch.
1.40
6 inch.
3.10
8 inch.
9.50
10 inch.
25 13.50
Flowerpot holes
Size
27 Slan 15.00
28 1,100
Soil
29 10.00
Coconut flake
30 25.00
Coir
31 1.00
Shelf orchid
32 2,200
Pump
33 3,500
133
Table: 15 Machine, Tools and Equipment cost
Machine/Tools/ Equipments
Qualification
CPU Intel Core i3 type Monitor case
frequenc 3.2 GHz Monitor 21.5 นิว้ LCD + Touch
screen
hard disk 1000 GB Memory 2048 MB
Graphic card ATI Radeon HD 5450
system Windows 7 Home Guarantee 3 ปี (On-site 1 ปี )
Premium 64-bit
Print : 3,500.00 ฿
134
• 4 x 6" (4R) borderless photo in approx. 41secs.
• Hybrid system – pigment black ink ensures sharp black text and lines even when
printed over an image
• iPhone\
• Playstation 3
Scan
Copy
• Reproduces second generation copies accurately with Dual Colour Gamut Processing
Technolog
Convenient
• Self-opening paper output tray opens automatically at the start of each print job and
prevents paper jams
• Quick Start allows you to begin key-operation a few seconds after powering on
• Auto Scan Mode via MP Navigator EX simplifies complicated scanning steps, and
automates all document detection, cropping, scanning and saving procedures.
135
Paper Size A4, A5, B5, LTR, LGL, 4 x 6", 5 x 7", 8 x 10", Envelopes (DL, COM10)
• NEW Full HD Movie Print: Capture and print out your favorites moments (only .mov
files created by Canon digital cameras) (printer, 2010)
Tool Kit, Composed of Screwdriver, Pliers and LED Spotlight, Measures 21.9 x 12.4 x
12cm
LED combined tools composed of screwdriver handle, LED spotlight, precision screwdriver,
sockets and screwdriver bits
Packing:
Color box
24 pieces/carton
136
Lamp
Lamp light
Square profiled aluminum housing concealed with two extruded welding side covers for high
IP rating
Anodized aluminum reflector and clear tempered glass lens are designed to optimize light
distribution
137
Gas-tight silicon rubber seal made for wet locations
Dimension: 900mm
Color temperature:
6,000-7,000K (W1)
3,000-4,000K (W2)
4,000-5,000K
138
Life expectancy: 50,000-80,000 hours
Wicker Dining Furniture Set, Includes 6 x Sofa Chairs and Table, Made of Aluminum
and PE Rattan
Rattan and cushion colors: white, black, brown, natural, red, purple and brown
Includes:
1 x table
6 x sofa chairs
Waterproof cushion
139
14-inch Desk/Electric Fan with Independent Wind Direction Control and Height
Adjustable
3 speeds
Voltage: 220V
Frequency: 50Hz
Height adjustable
Level oscillation
Size: 14-inch
Visitor/Office Chair with Chrome Steel Frame and Ø25 x 1.6mm Tube
140
Key Specifications/Special Features: 1,200.00 ฿
LED display
141
Triple water-leakage protection
Dark room intake hole can take quantity water one time
Specification:
Power consumption:
Pump: 30W
Compressor: 100W
142
Natural water tank: 12L
Weight: 35.5kg
Wall Clock, Made of Plastic, with LCD Display, Customized Dials are Welcome
Made of plastic
143
Refrigerator 92L DC solar fridge
Power consumption:60W
Input voltage:DC12V/24V
Capacity:82L-fridge 10L-freezer
Product size(mm):470(L)*475(W)*815(H)
Carton size(mm):505(L)*535(W)*855(H)
N.W. /G.W(KG):23/26
Accessory(optional):AC/DC adaptor
Loading quantity:88pcs/20GP,184pcs/40GP,276pcs/40HQ
144
Extinguisher, Available in Different Specifications
Capacity: 5L
Capacity: 6kg
Toilet Set with Flush Button on Top of Tank, Measures 680 x 365 x 785mm
145
Bathroom Faucet with High Pressure Ceramic Valve
Single handle basin faucet, basin tap, basin mixer, lavatory faucet, bathroom faucet,
bathroom mixer, and bathroom tap
Now we use Taiwan MS cartridge (we can use different brand cartridge as per customer‟s
requirement,Such as Sedal, Vernet)
146
Ceramic Basin Combined with Pedestal Sized 570 x 480 x 470mm, Matching with
Similar Toilet and Bidet
Fireproof File Cabinet with 2 Model No.s for Paper- and Media-protection, Changeable
Dial Lock
1 hour fire-resistant
Body: 50mm
147
Drawer front: 72mm
First number in model: stands for drawer quantity for paper-protection (prevent fire)
Second number in model: stands for drawer quantity for media-protection (prevent magnet)
Temperature inside paper drawer and inside disc drawer are controlled under 115.5 and 52°C
under 1,000° (report no.: 2003-0567)
Instruction available
Bookcase with/without Door, Available in Oak, Gray, Beech, Maple, Cherry, Mahogany
Features:
148
Delivery: in semi-knock-down structure
Size: 800 x 315 x 730mm, 800 x 315 x 1,200mm, 800 x 315 x 1600 MM, 800 x 315 x
1,800mm
Caller ID Phone, 48 Incoming (14 Digit)+10 Outgoing (32 Digit) with Visual Ringing
Indicator
Backlight
Flash key
Mute key
149
Visual ringing indicator
LCD adjustable
Speakerphone
Plain Paper Fax Machine with MH/MR Coding Mode and 15s Transmission Time
150
Document type: A5-A4
Weight: 4.6kg
Power consumption:
Standby: 2W
Maximum: 90W
151
Color: white
Advanced function:
Automatic forward, draft dulcet chord ring, built-in user instruction, double format CID, one-
touch speed dialing personal station, mark design
Hanging File Folders with Suspension Type, Made of Paper, Weighs 160 to 230g
Material: paper
CCTV Plastic Dome Color CCD Camera with 3.6mm Board Lens, OSD, DWDR, and
Digital White Balance
152
Key Specifications/Special Features: 150.00 ฿
Descriptions:
Sony CCD
Weight: 200g
153
Magnetic White Board with U-Type Aluminum Frame, Various Sizes are Available
Full concealed metal installation accessories, convenient use and firm installation
154
LCD TV with OSD Multiple Language and Automatic PAL/NTSC Conversion
Channel search in automatic, manual, and network search various channel editing
155
Process and Packaging
Harvest period.
Vanda on the currency cut flowers bloom almost all the bouquet or bouquet
How to harvest
• Duration cut flowers. Should the morning after fertilizer to 2-3 days ago.
• Transport by cart to the house, avoiding areas where the sun shines.
• Bouquet of flowers selected according to the size of the export bundle 10 per panicle
• The transport company to export cars to use cold room temperature 12-15 degrees Celsius.
• Add liquid life at the end of the inflorescence stem. Paste desiccate
156
• Be kept in cold storage temperature 8-12 degrees C Humidity 85-95 percent for about 1-2
hours before packaging. If the temperature is 8 o C-10o C should not be stored longer than 1
hour if temperatures above 10 o C - 12 o C should not be stored less than 2 hours if it is the
rainy season. High humidity in the atmosphere. Should reduce the relative humidity lower
than 85% - 95%.
2. Wrapped bouquet of flowers bouquet of 10 white paper with some By placing the
adsorbent ethylene near the inflorescence. Pp plastic bag, then put another layer is not
pierced.
• Transportation by car Cold Temperature 12o - 15 o C to the airport (Orchid havest, 2010)
Logistic Management
1. Times
2. Prices
3. Contract life times
4. Service
5. Insurance
157
Then we get 4 of export my product include
1. TNT Express
TNT Express offer logistic service around the world by the vision “Sure We
Can”. Company generate destination in to 1-9 that offer in different prices,
because their confirm to service guarantee such as 60 minute booking,
optional insurance to all of product, customer clearance express. TNT separate
type of package to express into 2 types include express and economy package.
(Express, 2010)
2. Fed EX
FedEx is more reputation in nowadays, they provide express to 200 countries around
the world and so popular in business network. Fed EX separate service in to 6 types
that different include
158
Fed Ex provide express on this concept to Time-definite, customs-cleared, door-
to-door delivery to more than 200 country 1, 2 or 3 days,
2.2 FedEx International Economies
Fed Ex offer the concept of Economical, day-definite, customs-cleared, door-to-
door delivery to major centers destinations in 2-4 days.
2.3 FedEx International Priority Freight
FedEx offer the concept of time-definite, premium airfreight service for
international shipments containing unitized, single pieces or skids above 68kg,
delivery in 1, 2 or 3 days.
2.4 FedEx International Economy Freight
FedEx offer on concept of an economical, day-definite, customs-cleared, door-to-
door service for shipments greater than 68kg destined to major markets in Asia,
U.S., Canada and Mexico. Transit times are typically 2-4 business days.
A speed and reliability of FedEx that offer with specialized expertise of your own
broker, moreover unlimited number of commodities per air waybill, and delivery
either door to broker, or door to broker to destination.
159
3. DHL Express
DHL express is the popular companies that offer by people around the world. DHL
generate logistics to two ways include ship and air transportation. Moreover DHL can
send product to any companies that need to send up for promotion and
experimentation. DHL separate service into 2 types include DHL Economic Select
and DHL GLOBALMAIL BUSINES that offer in different rate and delivery times.
(see at table 4.4.3 DHL Time Definite) (service, 2010)
Time Definite
160
4. UPS express
new innovation and improved express experience that conduct by customer‟s
feedback. UPS still better about t shipment's status and have insurance access to tools
for controlling your shipments to delivery. UPS offer service into several of
destination by worldwide express concept to submit product to more than 200
countries on time different. (see at table 4.4.4 UPS Service table guideline) (service
U. , 2010)
161
Our company considerate to prefer DHL expresses, because DHL Company would
offer Asia-service and provide the opportunities to Asia-company. This is the goods point to
develop marketing in the future for example, we focus to Japan market and would like to
expand new market in China in the future, so company will offer in same-line service that
mean such as Thailand-to-China-to-Japan that save cost rather than express to only one
destination. (See at table.4.4.5 express compare)
Express Compare
Cost/Types DHL same line service One destination
China 2500 2500
Japan 500 3000
Hong Kong 300 1800
Singapore 800 2000
Total 4100 9300
* This service is the DHL express easy
* for rate of 10-20 kg(include box)
Organization management
CITES
CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna
and Flora) is an international agreement between governments. Its aim is to ensure that
international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival.
Widespread information nowadays about the endangered status of many prominent species,
such as the tiger and elephants, might make the need for such a convention seem obvious. But
at the time when the ideas for CITES were first formed, in the 1960s, international discussion
of the regulation of wildlife trade for conservation purposes was something relatively new.
With hindsight, the need for CITES is clear. Annually, international wildlife trade is
estimated to be worth billions of dollars and to include hundreds of millions of plant and
animal specimens. The trade is diverse, ranging from live animals and plants to a vast array
of wildlife products derived from them, including food products, exotic leather goods,
wooden musical instruments, timber, tourist curios and medicines. Levels of exploitation of
162
some animal and plant species are high and the trade in them, together with other factors,
such as habitat loss, is capable of heavily depleting their populations and even bringing some
species close to extinction. Many wildlife species in trade are not endangered, but the
existence of an agreement to ensure the sustainability of the trade is important in order to
safeguard these resources for the future.
1. Logo
Orchid Garden Company provides logo to advertising and Show Company images
to customer. We considerate to build logo size of standard company‟s logo and set
up in front of company place. In addition, logo includes orchid images (Main
point), company name (Orchid Garden Company), and using green color because
green color show about relaxing, environment, friendly etc…
163
2. Company post
We provide this post for set up on anything that is company assets such as car,
machines, building, product packaging etc… Company post detail include Orchid
image (Main point), company name (Orchid garden company), company address
number (87 M. 10 Nang-lae,Muang, Chiang-rai 57110 ), Company telephone
number(053-665444,081-1795143), and using green color too.
164
Labor
Organization Chart
Executive Director
Assistant manager
165
Job description
Marketing manager Marketing plan, control 4ps, STP forecasting, PEST analysis, report to
top manager
Financial manager Control organization cost, profit, debt and all of organization assets ,
report to top manager
Controller manager Control all of staff, product, process and report to top manager
Human resource manager Recruitment, selecting, control human working quality and report to top
manager
Engineering manager Repair equipment, upgrade machine and dealing with innovation
First-line manager
Account manager All of Organization cost analysis and record to report to financial
manager
Purchasing manager Purchase analysis and control to purchase organization supply, report to
marketing manager
Quality manager Control all of product quality, staff, process, management in
organization and report to controller manager
Customer service manager control all of customer problem, complain and analysis to report to
marketing manager
Training manager Control staff well-being, training staff and evaluation staff quality and
report to HR manager
Non-manager
Producer staff Produce product such as baking, packing, cleaning and report to quality
manager
Public relationship staff Give information about company, operation and suggestion
Repair and control staff Repair and maintain company equipment and machinery report to
financial manager
Product quality analysis Analysis product quality and process, record information and report to
quality manager
Customer care staff Take care all of customer when they meet problem about product and
record to report to customer care manager
166
Time allocation management
Pre-operation cost
Repair cost
Office cost Unit Price per Value
unit
Floor tile 3200 60 48000
Color Pain 6 1070 6420
Glass Windown 20 890 17800
Ceiling tile 2400 70 56000
Roof tile 4000 20 80000
Total 208220
167
Equipment cost
Cost Total Value
Office 780000
Laboratory 2700000
Staff room 120000
Store 1600000
Total 5200000
Investment cost
Cost type Unit Price per Useful life annual Dep Month Dep
unit per year
Solar Fountain 5 ฿ 40,000.00 5 ฿ 40,000.00 ฿ 3,333.33
Control humidity 20 ฿ 9,500.00 5 ฿ 38,000.00 ฿ 3,166.66
temperature, time
Cooling Truck 5 ฿ 850,000.00 20 ฿ 212,500.00 ฿
17,708.33
Easy Fog(fog system) 8 ฿ 35,000.00 5 ฿ 56,000.00 ฿ 4,666.67
Forklift 3 ฿ 220,000.00 20 ฿ 33,000.00 ฿ 2,750.00
Scissors cut branches 100 ฿ 400.00 2 ฿ 20,000.00 ฿ 1,666.67
Springer 32 ฿ 12,500.00 5 ฿ 80,000.00 ฿ 6,666.67
Water drip 1500 ฿ 3.00 1 ฿ 4,500.00 ฿ 375.00
Tank spray drug 30 ฿ 550.00 5 ฿ 3,300.00 ฿ 275.00
Syringe orchid 50 ฿ 190.00 1 ฿ 9,500.00 ฿ 791.67
Fertilizer basket 25000 ฿ 1.00 1 ฿ 25,000.00 ฿ 2,083.33
Seeding grow tray 1500 ฿ 15.00 2 ฿ 11,250.00 ฿ 937.50
Plastic grill (1inch) 2000 ฿ 1 ฿ 32,000.00 ฿ 2,666.67
16.00
Plastic grill (3.5inch) 1000 ฿ 1 ฿ 18,000.00 ฿ 1,500.00
18.00
Plastic flag (100piece) 500 ฿ 1 ฿ 25,000.00 ฿ 2,083.33
50.00
Coir(1 bag) 10000 ฿ 1 ฿ 200,000.00 ฿
20.00 16,666.67
Wire 3 inch (120piece) 500 ฿ 1 ฿ 110,000.00 ฿ 9,166.67
220.00
Wire 4 inch (120piece) 200 ฿ 1 ฿ 64,000.00 ฿ 5,333.33
320.00
Wire coil soft head 500 ฿ 1 ฿ 17,500.00 ฿ 1,458.33
35.00
Plastic flowerpot (round)
Size
168
1 inch. 10000 ฿ 1 ฿ 7,000.00 ฿ 583.33
0.70
3.5 inch. 5000 ฿ 1 ฿ 6,000.00 ฿ 500.00
1.20
4 inch. 3000 ฿ 1 ฿ 4,200.00 ฿ 350.00
1.40
6 inch. 2000 ฿ 1 ฿ 6,400.00 ฿ 533.33
3.20
7 inch. 2000 ฿ 1 ฿ 5,400.00 ฿ 450.00
2.70
8 inch. 1000 ฿ 1 ฿ 4,000.00 ฿ 333.33
4.00
169
9 inch. 1000 ฿ 1 ฿ 10,000.00 ฿
10.00 833.33
Logical cost
171
Office cost Unit Price per Total Month
price value dep
172
Bathroom 700.00 7000 583.33
Faucet 10
173
Engineering staff 3 230 per day 6800
Product quality analysis 2 290 per day 8700
Customer care staff 2 260 per day 7800
Management Analysis
Overhead cost Useful unit Cost per unit Total Cost per
month
Insurance 5 units NA NA NA
Electricity
Orchid garden company focus to calculate electronic base on province electronic authority
with number of electronic supply, expense for installing , but we except cost of shopping such flue,
gas etc…
1. 15 % include July-Sep
2. 7% include Nov-Feb
3. 3% include Mar-J
174
Electronic Supply Expense
Orchid Garden Company prefer water supply to cleansing equipment, poring orchids,
scientific process etc. We focus to using at lead 27-28 unites per day, 833-834 units per month
(supply, 2010)
175
Water Supply Expense
Telephone expense
Company install telephone around 4-5 depend on stages, so we focus to using intra telephone
at staff room, store to protect staff using telephone out of duties. In addition in office using normal
line telephone to contract customer.
176
Tariff Expense
Administration cost
Registration cost
177
Table: 21 Five year Depreciation
Year 1
Cost Total Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Oct Sep Nov Dec
value
Land 10,050, 837, 837, 837, 837, 837, 837, 837, 837, 837,5 837,5 837,5 837,5
000 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 00 00 00 00
Buildi 5,020,0 4183 4183 4183 4183 4183 4183 4183 4183 41833 41833 41833 41833
ng 00 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 3 3 3 3
Equip 5,200,0 4333 4333 4333 4333 4333 4333 4333 4333 43333 43333 43333 43333
ment 00 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 3 3 3 3
Labo 2,068,0 1723 1723 1723 1723 1723 1723 1723 1723 17233 17233 17233 17233
r 00 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Over 417,408 3478 3478 3478 3478 3478 3478 3478 3478 34784 34784 34784 34784
head 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
Logis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
tic
cost
Total 20,714, 1726 1726 1726 1726 1726 1726 1726 1726 17261 17261 17261 17261
208 184 184 184 184 184 184 184 184 84 84 84 84
Year 2
Cost Total Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Oct Sep Nov Dec
value
Land 10,050, 837, 837, 837, 837, 837, 837, 837, 837, 837,5 837,5 837,5 837,5
000 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 00 00 00 00
Buildi 5,020,0 4183 4183 4183 4183 4183 4183 4183 4183 41833 41833 41833 41833
ng 00 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 3 3 3 3
Equip 5,200,0 4333 4333 4333 4333 4333 4333 4333 4333 43333 43333 43333 43333
ment 00 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 3 3 3 3
Labo 206,800 1723 1723 1723 1723 1723 1723 1723 1723 17233 17233 17233 17233
r 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Over 417,408 3478 3478 3478 3478 3478 3478 3478 3478 34784 34784 34784 34784
head 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
Logis 81600 6800 6800 6800 6800 6800 6800 6800 6800 6800 6800 6800 6800
tic
cost
Total 20,975, 1746 1746 1746 1746 1746 1746 1746 1746 17468 17468 17468 17468
808 851 851 851 851 851 851 851 851 51 51 51 51
178
Year 3
Cost Total Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Oct Sep Nov Dec
value
Land 10,050, 837, 837, 837, 837, 837, 837, 837, 837, 837,5 837,5 837,5 837,5
000 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 00 00 00 00
Buildi 5,020,0 4183 4183 4183 4183 4183 4183 4183 4183 41833 41833 41833 41833
ng 00 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 3 3 3 3
Equip 5,200,0 4333 4333 4333 4333 4333 4333 4333 4333 43333 43333 43333 43333
ment 00 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 3 3 3 3
Labo 206,800 1723 1723 1723 1723 1723 1723 1723 1723 17233 17233 17233 17233
r 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Over 417,408 3478 3478 3478 3478 3478 3478 3478 3478 34784 34784 34784 34784
head 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
Logis 97920 8160 8160 8160 8160 8160 8160 8160 8160 8160 8160 8160 8160
tic
cost
Total 20,978, 1748 1748 1748 1748 1748 1748 1748 1748 17482 17482 17482 17482
532 211 211 211 211 211 211 211 211 11 11 11 11
Year 4
Cost Total Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Oct Sep Nov Dec
value
Land 10,050, 837, 837, 837, 837, 837, 837, 837, 837, 837,5 837,5 837,5 837,5
000 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 00 00 00 00
Buildi 5,020,0 4183 4183 4183 4183 4183 4183 4183 4183 41833 41833 41833 41833
ng 00 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 3 3 3 3
Equip 5,200,0 4333 4333 4333 4333 4333 4333 4333 4333 43333 43333 43333 43333
ment 00 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 3 3 3 3
Labo 206,800 1723 1723 1723 1723 1723 1723 1723 1723 17233 17233 17233 17233
r 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Over 417,408 3478 3478 3478 3478 3478 3478 3478 3478 34784 34784 34784 34784
head 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
Logis 88128 7344 7344 7344 7344 7344 7344 7344 7344 7344 7344 7344 7344
tic
cost
Total 20,968, 1747 1747 1747 1747 1747 1747 1747 1747 17473 17473 17482 17473
740 395 395 395 395 395 395 395 395 95 95 11 95
Year 5
Cost Total Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Oct Sep Nov Dec
value
179
Land 10,050, 837, 837, 837, 837, 837, 837, 837, 837, 837,5 837,5 837,5 837,5
000 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 00 00 00 00
Buildi 5,020,0 4183 4183 4183 4183 4183 4183 4183 4183 41833 41833 41833 41833
ng 00 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 3 3 3 3
Equip 5,200,0 4333 4333 4333 4333 4333 4333 4333 4333 43333 43333 43333 43333
ment 00 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 3 3 3 3
Labo 206,800 1723 1723 1723 1723 1723 1723 1723 1723 17233 17233 17233 17233
r 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Over 417,408 3478 3478 3478 3478 3478 3478 3478 3478 34784 34784 34784 34784
head 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
Logis 105756 8813 8813 8813 8813 8813 8813 8813 8813 8813 8813 8813 8813
tic
cost
Total 20,986, 1748 1748 1748 1748 1748 1748 1748 1748 17488 17488 17488 17488
368 864 864 864 864 864 864 864 864 64 64 64 64
Conclusion
The core products of company are orchids that can separate into 2 types include
Vanda and Cattleya. We offer there blooming orchid into Japan market by using DHL
express because focusing to provide easy way for Asia-group transportation. Moreover
flasking orchid would sale to Thai gardener and grower. For this method we can focus to fine
4N orchid to using prefect breed in future.
In location we have 25 rai near Mae Fau Luang University, because this stages are
old orchid plant place and owner transmitting to empty land, but still building. This great
point to save my cost for building such as office, laboratory etc…
In the company management we offer logo and company post in green color and
considerate to recruited staff in 4 line include Top-line manager, Middle-line manager, First-
line manager and staff line manager. So we focusing in local people and improving them to
practice and development.
and require tariff to make sure about financial term will not mis
180
CHAPTER 5
FINANCIAL
ANALYSIS
181
Chapter 5 Financial statement
This chapter would concerning about company budget, revenue and express, all of
that include in financial statement that generate in to 3 financial structure as
Income statement
Income statement is the statement that defines in expresses and revenue of company
by considerate to current profit and lost to determine result in future. In generally, we can
estimate that income usually determine by revenue minus express that people call “Financial
equation”. This statement would offer the appropriate activities to get of opportunities.
Normally, income statement would increasing when company activities is achievable
(Income statement defination, 2010)
Balance Sheet
182
Table: 22 Five-year /income statement
Expense
Marketing expense 33500 2500 1500 1500 1930 2100 33500
Depreciation 341302 341302 341302 341302 341302 341302 341302
Logistic expense 10312.5 11687.5 13062.5 24062.5 30250 21312.5 19250
Administation expense 3800 0 0 0 0 0 0
Other expense 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total expense 388914.5 355489.5 355864.5 366864.5 373482 364714.5 394052
Earning before interes and Tax -36914.5 63710.5 116255.5 1186467.5 1763378 1122003.5 949213
Interest paid 6666.66 6666.66 6666.66 6666.66 6666.66 6666.66 6666.66
Taxable income -43581.16 57043.84 109588.84 1179800.84 1756711.34 1115336.84 942546.34
Taxe (34%) 0 19394.9056 37260.2056 401132.2856 597281.8556 379214.5256 320465.7556
Net income -43581.16 37648.9344 72328.6344 778668.5544 1159429.484 736122.3144 622080.5844
183
Year2 Income Statement
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Spt
sale
Our product ฿0.00 ฿0.00 ฿0.00 ฿0.00 ฿0.00 ฿0.00 ฿0.00 ฿0.00
Local product ฿1,536,377.00 ฿1,620,428.00 ฿1,944,514.00 ฿2,138,965.00 ฿2,352,862.00 ฿1,647,003.00 ฿1,482,303.00 ฿1,408,187.00 ฿1,54
Net sale ฿1,536,377.00 ฿1,620,428.00 ฿1,944,514.00 ฿2,138,965.00 ฿2,352,862.00 ฿1,647,003.00 ฿1,482,303.00 ฿1,408,187.00 ฿1,54
Cost of good sold
Begening inventory ฿21,949.00 ฿800.00 ฿3,087.00 ฿1,852.00 ฿2,037.00 ฿6,723.00 ฿1,568.00 ฿706.00 ฿
Goods purchase ฿528,150.00 ฿633,780.00 ฿760,550.00 ฿836,640.00 ฿920,290.00 ฿644,210.00 ฿579,740.00 ฿550,760.00 ฿60
Total avalable ฿550,099.00 ฿634,580.00 ฿763,637.00 ฿838,492.00 ฿922,327.00 ฿650,933.00 ฿581,308.00 ฿551,466.00 ฿60
Ending inventory ฿800.00 ฿3,087.00 ฿1,852.00 ฿2,037.00 ฿6,723.00 ฿1,568.00 ฿706.00 ฿1,341.00 ฿
cost of good sold ฿549,299.00 ฿631,493.00 ฿761,785.00 ฿836,455.00 ฿915,604.00 ฿649,365.00 ฿580,602.00 ฿550,125.00 ฿60
Gross profit/lost ฿987,078.00 ฿988,935.00 ฿1,182,729.00 ฿1,302,510.00 ฿1,437,258.00 ฿997,638.00 ฿901,701.00 ฿858,062.00 ฿94
Expense
Marketing expense ฿43,100.00 ฿9,100.00 ฿9,100.00 ฿10,100.00 ฿9,100.00 ฿9,600.00 ฿59,100.00 ฿9,600.00 ฿
Depreciation ฿341,302.00 ฿341,302.00 ฿341,302.00 ฿341,302.00 ฿341,302.00 ฿341,302.00 ฿341,302.00 ฿341,302.00 ฿34
Logistic expense ฿14,437.50 ฿15,125.00 ฿18,562.50 ฿19,937.50 ฿22,000.00 ฿8,937.50 ฿13,750.00 ฿13,062.50 ฿1
Administation expense ฿3,800.00 ฿0.00 ฿0.00 ฿0.00 ฿0.00 ฿0.00 ฿0.00 ฿0.00
Other expense ฿0.00 ฿0.00 ฿0.00 ฿0.00 ฿0.00 ฿0.00 ฿0.00 ฿0.00
Total expense ฿402,639.50 ฿365,527.00 ฿368,964.50 ฿371,339.50 ฿372,402.00 ฿359,839.50 ฿414,152.00 ฿363,964.50 ฿36
Earning before interes and Tax ฿584,438.50 ฿623,408.00 ฿813,764.50 ฿931,170.50 ฿1,064,856.00 ฿637,798.50 ฿487,549.00 ฿494,097.50 ฿57
Interest paid ฿16,666.65 ฿16,666.65 ฿16,666.65 ฿16,666.65 ฿16,666.65 ฿16,666.65 ฿16,666.65 ฿16,666.65 ฿1
Taxable income ฿567,771.85 ฿606,741.35 ฿797,097.85 ฿914,503.85 ฿1,048,189.35 ฿621,131.85 ฿470,882.35 ฿477,430.85 ฿56
Taxe (34%) ฿193,042.43 ฿206,292.06 ฿271,013.27 ฿310,931.31 ฿356,384.38 ฿211,184.83 ฿160,100.00 ฿162,326.49 ฿19
Net income ฿374,729.42 ฿400,449.29 ฿526,084.58 ฿603,572.54 ฿691,804.97 ฿409,947.02 ฿310,782.35 ฿315,104.36 ฿37
184
Year3 Income Statement
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Spt
sale
our product ฿2,109,375.00 ฿1,898,438.00 ฿2,278,125.00 ฿2,505,938.00 ฿2,756,532.00 ฿1,929,572.71 ฿1,736,615.44 ฿1,649,784.67 ฿1,
Local product ฿525,000.00 ฿525,000.00 ฿525,000.00 ฿525,000.00 ฿525,000.00 ฿525,000.00 ฿525,000.00 ฿525,000.00 ฿
Net sale ฿2,634,375.00 ฿2,423,438.00 ฿2,803,125.00 ฿3,030,938.00 ฿3,281,532.00 ฿2,454,572.71 ฿2,261,615.44 ฿2,174,784.67 ฿2,
Cost of good sold
Begening inventory ฿21,466.00 ฿7,091.00 ฿2,558.00 ฿1,552.00 ฿1,708.00 ฿5,636.00 ฿1,314.00 ฿591.00
Goods purchase ฿350,000.00 ฿350,000.00 ฿350,000.00 ฿350,000.00 ฿350,000.00 ฿350,000.00 ฿350,000.00 ฿350,000.00 ฿
Total avalable ฿371,466.00 ฿357,091.00 ฿352,558.00 ฿351,552.00 ฿351,708.00 ฿355,636.00 ฿351,314.00 ฿350,591.00 ฿
Ending inventory ฿7,091.00 ฿2,558.00 ฿1,552.00 ฿1,708.00 ฿5,636.00 ฿1,314.97 ฿591.00 ฿1,124.00
cost of good sold ฿364,375.00 ฿354,533.00 ฿351,006.00 ฿349,844.00 ฿346,072.00 ฿354,321.03 ฿350,723.00 ฿349,467.00 ฿
Gross profit/lost ฿2,270,000.00 ฿2,068,905.00 ฿2,452,119.00 ฿2,681,094.00 ฿2,935,460.00 ฿2,100,251.68 ฿1,910,892.44 ฿1,825,317.67 ฿1,
Expense
Marketing expense ฿44,700.00 ฿2,500.00 ฿9,100.00 ฿9,100.00 ฿9,530.00 ฿9,700.00 ฿52,300.00 ฿9,100.00
Depreciation ฿341,302.00 ฿341,302.00 ฿341,302.00 ฿341,302.00 ฿341,302.00 ฿341,302.00 ฿341,302.00 ฿341,302.00 ฿
Logistic expense ฿550,110.00 ฿495,000.00 ฿594,000.00 ฿646,800.00 ฿718,740.00 ฿503,250.00 ฿452,760.00 ฿430,320.00 ฿
Administation expense ฿3,800.00 ฿0.00 ฿0.00 ฿0.00 ฿0.00 ฿0.00 ฿0.00 ฿0.00
Other expense ฿0.00 ฿0.00 ฿0.00 ฿0.00 ฿0.00 ฿0.00 ฿0.00 ฿0.00
Total expense ฿939,912.00 ฿838,802.00 ฿944,402.00 ฿997,202.00 ฿1,069,572.00 ฿854,252.00 ฿846,362.00 ฿780,722.00 ฿
Earning before interes and Tax ฿1,330,088.00 ฿1,230,103.00 ฿1,507,717.00 ฿1,683,892.00 ฿1,865,888.00 ฿1,245,999.68 ฿1,064,530.44 ฿1,044,595.67 ฿1,
Interest paid ฿23,333 ฿23,333 ฿23,333 ฿23,333 ฿23,333 ฿23,333 ฿23,333 ฿23,333
Taxable income ฿1,306,754.69 ฿1,206,769.69 ฿1,484,383.69 ฿1,660,558.69 ฿1,842,554.69 ฿1,222,666.37 ฿1,041,197.13 ฿1,021,262.36 ฿1,
Taxe (34%) ฿444,296.59 ฿410,301.69 ฿504,690.45 ฿564,589.95 ฿626,468.59 ฿415,706.57 ฿354,007.03 ฿347,229.20 ฿
Net income ฿862,458.10 ฿796,468.00 ฿979,693.24 ฿1,095,968.74 ฿1,216,086.10 ฿806,959.81 ฿687,190.11 ฿674,033.16 ฿
185
Yea4 Income Statement
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Spt
sale
our product ฿2,068,142.38 ฿1,861,328.14 ฿2,233,593.77 ฿2,456,953.15 ฿2,702,648.47 ฿1,891,853.93 ฿1,702,668.53 ฿1,617,535.11 ฿1,77
Local product ฿525,000.00 ฿525,000.00 ฿525,000.00 ฿525,000.00 ฿525,000.00 ฿525,000.00 ฿525,000.00 ฿525,000.00 ฿52
Net sale ฿2,593,142.38 ฿2,386,328.14 ฿2,758,593.77 ฿2,981,953.15 ฿3,227,648.47 ฿2,416,853.93 ฿2,227,668.53 ฿2,142,535.11 ฿2,30
Cost of good sold
Begening inventory ฿4,486.00 ฿1,271.00 ฿2,287.00 ฿1,371.00 ฿1,708.00 ฿4,979.00 ฿1,162.00 ฿523.00
Goods purchase ฿350,000.00 ฿350,000.00 ฿350,000.00 ฿350,000.00 ฿350,000.00 ฿350,000.00 ฿350,000.00 ฿350,000.00 ฿35
Total avalable ฿354,486.00 ฿351,271.00 ฿352,287.00 ฿351,371.00 ฿351,708.00 ฿354,979.00 ฿351,162.00 ฿350,523.00 ฿35
Ending inventory ฿1,271.00 ฿2,287.00 ฿1,371.00 ฿1,708.00 ฿4,979.00 ฿1,162.00 ฿523.00 ฿994.00 ฿
cost of good sold ฿353,215.00 ฿348,984.00 ฿350,916.00 ฿349,663.00 ฿346,729.00 ฿353,817.00 ฿350,639.00 ฿349,529.00 ฿34
Gross profit/lost ฿2,239,927.38 ฿2,037,344.14 ฿2,407,677.77 ฿2,632,290.15 ฿2,880,919.47 ฿2,063,036.93 ฿1,877,029.53 ฿1,793,006.11 ฿1,95
Expense
Marketing expense ฿215,500.00 ฿3,500.00 ฿2,500.00 ฿9,100.00 ฿2,500.00 ฿10,530.00 ฿10,700.00 ฿95,100.00 ฿1
Depreciation ฿341,302.00 ฿341,302.00 ฿341,302.00 ฿341,302.00 ฿341,302.00 ฿341,302.00 ฿341,302.00 ฿341,302.00 ฿34
Logistic expense ฿550,110.00 ฿495,000.00 ฿594,000.00 ฿646,800.00 ฿718,740.00 ฿503,250.00 ฿452,760.00 ฿430,320.00 ฿47
Administation expense ฿3,800.00 ฿0.00 ฿0.00 ฿0.00 ฿0.00 ฿0.00 ฿0.00 ฿0.00
Other expense ฿0.00 ฿0.00 ฿0.00 ฿0.00 ฿0.00 ฿0.00 ฿0.00 ฿0.00
Total expense ฿1,110,712.00 ฿839,802.00 ฿937,802.00 ฿997,202.00 ฿1,062,542.00 ฿855,082.00 ฿804,762.00 ฿866,722.00 ฿82
Earning before interes and Tax ฿1,129,215.38 ฿1,197,542.14 ฿1,469,875.77 ฿1,635,088.15 ฿1,818,377.47 ฿1,207,954.93 ฿1,072,267.53 ฿926,284.11 ฿1,13
Interest paid ฿33,333.30 ฿33,333.30 ฿33,333.30 ฿33,333.30 ฿33,333.30 ฿33,333.30 ฿33,333.30 ฿33,333.30 ฿3
Taxable income ฿1,095,882.08 ฿1,164,208.84 ฿1,436,542.47 ฿1,601,754.85 ฿1,785,044.17 ฿1,174,621.63 ฿1,038,934.23 ฿892,950.81 ฿1,09
Taxe (34%) ฿372,599.91 ฿395,831.01 ฿488,424.44 ฿544,596.65 ฿606,915.02 ฿399,371.35 ฿353,237.64 ฿303,603.27 ฿37
Net income ฿723,282.17 ฿768,377.84 ฿948,118.03 ฿1,057,158.20 ฿1,178,129.15 ฿775,250.27 ฿685,696.59 ฿589,347.53 ฿72
186
Yea5 Income Statement
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Spt
sale
our product ฿2,013,455.31 ฿1,812,109.78 ฿2,174,531.73 ฿2,391,984.91 ฿2,631,183.40 ฿1,841,828.38 ฿1,657,645.54 ฿1,574,763.26 ฿
Local product ฿525,000.00 ฿525,000.00 ฿525,000.00 ฿525,000.00 ฿525,000.00 ฿525,000.00 ฿525,000.00 ฿525,000.00
Net sale ฿2,538,455.31 ฿2,337,109.78 ฿2,699,531.73 ฿2,916,984.91 ฿3,156,183.40 ฿2,366,828.38 ฿2,182,645.54 ฿2,099,763.26 ฿
Cost of good sold
Begening inventory ฿7,936.00 ฿1,167.00 ฿2,100.00 ฿1,371.00 ฿1,386.00 ฿4,574.00 ฿1,068.00 ฿480.00
Goods purchase ฿350,000.00 ฿350,000.00 ฿350,000.00 ฿350,000.00 ฿350,000.00 ฿350,000.00 ฿350,000.00 ฿350,000.00
Total avalable ฿357,936.00 ฿351,167.00 ฿352,100.00 ฿351,371.00 ฿351,386.00 ฿354,574.00 ฿351,068.00 ฿350,480.00
Ending inventory ฿1,167.00 ฿2,100.00 ฿1,371.00 ฿1,386.00 ฿4,574.00 ฿1,068.00 ฿480.00 ฿912.00
cost of good sold ฿356,769.00 ฿349,067.00 ฿350,729.00 ฿349,985.00 ฿346,812.00 ฿353,506.00 ฿350,588.00 ฿349,568.00
Gross profit/lost ฿2,181,686.31 ฿1,988,042.78 ฿2,348,802.73 ฿2,566,999.91 ฿2,809,371.40 ฿2,013,322.38 ฿1,832,057.54 ฿1,750,195.26 ฿
Expense
Marketing expense ฿105,500.00 ฿1,500.00 ฿2,500.00 ฿4,500.00 ฿10,100.00 ฿60,100.00 ฿10,100.00 ฿10,450.00
Depreciation ฿341,302.00 ฿341,302.00 ฿341,302.00 ฿341,302.00 ฿341,302.00 ฿341,302.00 ฿341,302.00 ฿341,302.00
Logistic expense ฿500,100.00 ฿450,000.00 ฿540,000.00 ฿588,000.00 ฿653,400.00 ฿457,500.00 ฿411,600.00 ฿391,200.00
Administation expense ฿3,800.00 ฿0.00 ฿0.00 ฿0.00 ฿0.00 ฿0.00 ฿0.00 ฿0.00
Other expense ฿0.00 ฿0.00 ฿0.00 ฿0.00 ฿0.00 ฿0.00 ฿0.00 ฿0.00
Total expense ฿950,702.00 ฿792,802.00 ฿883,802.00 ฿933,802.00 ฿1,004,802.00 ฿858,902.00 ฿763,002.00 ฿742,952.00
Earning before interes and Tax ฿1,230,984.31 ฿1,195,240.78 ฿1,465,000.73 ฿1,633,197.91 ฿1,804,569.40 ฿1,154,420.38 ฿1,069,055.54 ฿1,007,243.26 ฿
Interest paid ฿50,000.00 ฿50,000.00 ฿50,000.00 ฿50,000.00 ฿50,000.00 ฿50,000.00 ฿50,000.00 ฿50,000.00
Taxable income ฿1,180,984.31 ฿1,145,240.78 ฿1,415,000.73 ฿1,583,197.91 ฿1,754,569.40 ฿1,104,420.38 ฿1,019,055.54 ฿957,243.26 ฿
Taxe (34%) ฿401,534.66 ฿389,381.86 ฿481,100.25 ฿538,287.29 ฿596,553.59 ฿375,502.93 ฿346,478.88 ฿325,462.71
Net income ฿779,449.64 ฿755,858.91 ฿933,900.48 ฿1,044,910.62 ฿1,158,015.80 ฿728,917.45 ฿672,576.66 ฿631,780.55
187
Year 1 Balance Sheet
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug
Assest
Cash ฿4,511,700 ฿4,511,700 ฿4,380,804 ฿4,275,269 ฿4,881,326 ฿5,875,851 ฿6,437,105 ฿6,8
Totl current assest ฿4,511,700 ฿4,511,700 ฿4,380,804 ฿4,275,269 ฿4,881,326 ฿5,875,851 ฿6,437,105 ฿6,8
Fixed assest
Land,Building, Equipment and repair cost and฿15,451,386
other ฿15,487,957 ฿15,690,103 ฿16,573,229 ฿17,125,523 ฿16,866,042 ฿16,925,791 ฿17,0
Total property ฿15,451,386 ฿15,487,957 ฿15,690,103 ฿16,573,229 ฿17,125,523 ฿16,866,042 ฿16,925,791 ฿17,0
Total assest ฿19,963,086 ฿19,999,656 ฿20,070,907 ฿20,848,498 ฿22,006,849 ฿22,741,893 ฿23,362,896 ฿23,9
Equity
Reture earning -฿45,215 -฿8,644 ฿62,607 ฿840,198 ฿1,998,549 ฿2,733,593 ฿3,354,596 ฿3,9
Total equity ฿19,963,086 ฿19,999,656 ฿20,070,907 ฿20,848,498 ฿22,006,849 ฿22,741,893 ฿23,362,896 ฿23,9
Equity
Reture earning ฿8,282,158 ฿8,683,707 ฿9,210,891 ฿9,815,564 ฿10,508,469 ฿10,919,516 ฿11,231,398 ฿11,5
Total equity ฿28,297,158 ฿28,698,707 ฿29,225,891 ฿29,830,564 ฿30,523,469 ฿30,934,516 ฿31,246,398 ฿31,5
Equity
Reture earning ฿14,293,563 ฿15,087,831 ฿16,065,325 ฿17,159,094 ฿18,372,981 ฿19,177,741 ฿19,862,732 ฿20,
Total equity ฿34,320,229 ฿35,102,831 ฿36,080,325 ฿37,174,094 ฿38,387,981 ฿39,192,741 ฿39,877,732 ฿40,
188
Year 4 Balance Sheet
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug
Assest
Cash ฿20,995,321 ฿21,189,681 ฿21,491,157 ฿21,862,512 ฿22,308,449 ฿22,499,475 ฿22,639,892 ฿22,
Totl current assest ฿20,995,321 ฿21,189,681 ฿21,491,157 ฿21,862,512 ฿22,308,449 ฿22,499,475 ฿22,639,892 ฿22,
Fixed assest
Land,Building, Equipment and repair cost and฿24,514,259
other ฿25,028,443 ฿25,658,586 ฿26,327,890 ฿27,043,581 ฿27,611,306 ฿28,140,086 ฿28,
Total property ฿24,514,259 ฿25,028,443 ฿25,658,586 ฿26,327,890 ฿27,043,581 ฿27,611,306 ฿28,140,086 ฿28,
Total assest ฿45,509,580 ฿46,218,125 ฿47,149,743 ฿48,190,401 ฿49,352,031 ฿50,110,781 ฿50,779,978 ฿51,
Equity
Reture earning ฿25,451,247 ฿26,203,125 ฿27,134,743 ฿28,175,401 ฿29,337,031 ฿30,095,781 ฿30,764,978 ฿31,
Total equity ฿45,509,580 ฿46,218,125 ฿47,149,743 ฿48,190,401 ฿49,352,031 ฿50,110,781 ฿50,779,978 ฿51,
Equity
Reture earning ฿35,931,676 ฿36,984,535 ฿38,274,835 ฿39,707,826 ฿41,297,085 ฿42,327,953 ฿43,272,186 ฿44,1
Total equity ฿55,981,676 ฿56,999,535 ฿58,289,835 ฿59,722,826 ฿61,312,085 ฿62,342,953 ฿63,287,186 ฿64,1
189
Table: 24 /five-year statement of cash flow
190
Year 3 Cash Flow
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Au
Operation Cash Flow
Net income ฿2,270,000 ฿2,068,905 ฿2,452,119 ฿2,681,094 ฿2,935,460 ฿2,100,252 ฿1,910,892 ฿1,
Marketing expense ฿44,700 ฿2,500 ฿9,100 ฿9,100 ฿9,530 ฿9,700 ฿52,300
Logistic expense ฿550,110 ฿495,000 ฿594,000 ฿646,800 ฿718,740 ฿503,250 ฿452,760 ฿
Depreciation ฿341,302 ฿341,302 ฿341,302 ฿341,302 ฿341,302 ฿341,302 ฿341,302 ฿
Increase or (Decrease) inventory ฿14,375 ฿4,533 ฿1,006 -฿156 -฿3,928 ฿4,321 ฿723
Tax Change ฿443,163 ฿409,169 ฿503,557 ฿563,457 ฿625,335 ฿414,573 ฿352,874 ฿
Total operation cash flow ฿876,350 ฿816,401 ฿1,003,154 ฿1,120,591 ฿1,244,481 ฿827,105 ฿710,934 ฿
191
Year 5Cash Flow
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug
Operation Cash Flow
Net income ฿2,181,686 ฿1,988,043 ฿2,348,803 ฿2,567,000 ฿2,809,371 ฿2,013,322 ฿1,832,058 ฿1,75
Marketing expense ฿105,500 ฿1,500 ฿2,500 ฿4,500 ฿10,100 ฿60,100 ฿10,100 ฿1
Logistic expense ฿500,100 ฿450,000 ฿540,000 ฿588,000 ฿653,400 ฿457,500 ฿411,600 ฿39
Depreciation ฿341,302 ฿341,302 ฿341,302 ฿341,302 ฿341,302 ฿341,302 ฿341,302 ฿34
Increase or (Decrease) inventory ฿6,769 -฿933 ฿729 -฿15 -฿3,188 ฿3,506 ฿588
Tax Change ฿588,569 ฿559,382 ฿681,700 ฿755,207 ฿835,710 ฿548,053 ฿503,423 ฿47
Total operation cash flow ฿639,447 ฿636,792 ฿782,571 ฿878,006 ฿972,048 ฿602,861 ฿565,045 ฿53
192
CHAPTER 6
RISK
MANAGEMENT
193
Chapter 6 Risk Management
Business risk is the chance that a company will not have enough money to meet its
operating expenses. It is a risk that a company might run out of cash before it can pay its bills
and secure the supplies it needs to stay open. There are two main components to business
risk: financial and economic. Financial risk is related to how the company manages its
income and expenses. If it has a lot of debt, payments can eat into its cash reserves, leaving it
without enough left over to pay its other obligations. Economic risk is related to market
conditions. Even a company without debt may find its earnings constrained by a downturn in
its industry or a recession. (Business risk, 2011)
194
Description of the Model
The concepts of closeness to the core business and market attractiveness can be
combined to analyze the risk of investing in new offerings. The proximity of the new offering
to the core business is measured by its proximity to current offerings and current markets.
Close to Core Distant from Core Close to Core Distant from Core
Business Business Business Business
High Market High Market Low Market Low Market
Attractiveness Attractiveness Attractiveness Attractiveness
195
investment, both in the market may be a attractiveness
terms of resources benefit since it will be
and expertise. less lucrative for
Proceed only if the competitors.
long-term corporate
strategy is intended to
develop in this way.
Source: (http://www.brs-inc.com/models/model19.asp)
External risks refer to risks external to the business itself. These risks are largely
outside your control once you have bought the business, and can include all or some of the
following:
196
1. Customer demand
We also seek to enhance consumer demand for our brands and brand initiatives
through extensive marketing, product and brand communication programmes. And we
continue to focus on supply chain improvements to speed up creation-to-shelf timelines.
Given the broad spectrum of our Group‟s product offering, retailer feedback and other early
indicators, we view the overall risk from consumer demand shifts as unchanged versus the
prior year. Changes in consumer demand continue to have a medium likelihood of occurrence
and could have a potential medium impact on our Group‟s financial results. (customer
demand, 2010)
2. Competition
Any company can easily lose market share because of a failure to properly consider changes
in its markets and the actions of competitors. However, companies often do not gain clarity
on whether competition risk can manifest itself through delivering a poor service in
comparison to their competition, in delivering a higher priced product / service than their
competition or in missing a particular opportunity within a market segment which a
competitor has not.
Such companies may become over-reliant on products with declining sales, fail to
adapt to new consumer tastes, stick with a flawed pricing strategy, or fail to integrate
technology as effectively as their peers.
Many other variables can impact the competitive position of a company, including
training, marketing, location, policies, branding, recruitment and reward schemes.
While analysis of competition risk can appear complex and daunting, failure to
manage this risk can lead to disastrous consequences. (risk C. , 2011)
197
3. Economy
The possibility that an economic downturn will negatively impact an investment. For
example, launching a luxury product immediately before or during a recession carries a great
deal of economic risk. Economic risk is closely related to political risk as government
decisions impacting the economy may also affect an investment. For example, a central bank
may raise interest rates or the legislature may raise taxes, and this may result in economic
conditions impacting an investment.
4. Political
To limit these risks, we proactively utilize a regionally diversified supplier base which
establishes a certain protection against unforeseen changes in regulations and also allows us
to shift production to other countries at an early stage if necessary.
At the end of 2008, nearly all apparel-specific safeguard measures against China
expired based on the World Trade Organization (WTO) accession agreements. However,
various governments sought protection against imports by applying trade defence
instruments, such as anti-dumping measures, on a broader scale. (Risk, 2011)
1. Operational Risks
198
The risk occurs with employee of orchid company that organization must be confronting with
risk. The employee in each position or functional can make risks. May be due to a lack
of care or lack of knowledge of them, result to consequences of error
may create difficulties in solving; the customer does not trust the system.
Therefore, the orchid company is setup a control measures to ensure and reduce of Human
Error following;
(1) Provide knowledge and understanding of the system, how to work properly.
(2) Share the responsibility a control and monitoring of work with each other.
In the past, the statistics showed that the difficulties arising from the machinery and
equipment, less time most problems arise from the drilling data Hacker, attacks intentionally,
fire, natural disasters, different.
In addition, power failure. Protection is a way to reduce the technical risks of this type
down.
Building and computer room design and construction standards for building
construction, fire protection. The security measures are in - the building
The safety equipment such as fire alarms. Fire extinguishers, temperature and
humidity control.
199
Electrical installations and equipment are to be adequate with short circuit protection
and power backup systems.
A backup computer center at another building.
System Backup and Recovery.
A contingency plan and test periodically
2. Technological Risks
Identifying vulnerabilities and threats provides company management with a view of the risks faced
by the company given the enabling role of information technology. Once these risks have been
identified, an appropriate technology risk management strategy can be developed and
implemented. (risk T. , 2011)
3. Financial risk
Financial risk refers to the risks that businesses run when making investments, planning for
the future and conducting day-to-day operations. All businesses run some risk in making
financial decisions. Some of these risks are external, depending on outside factors and
decisions made by other organizations and consumers. Other risks are internal and deal with
the chance that the strategies and actions the business leaders choose may have negative
effects on operations. (risk F. , 2011)
200
Net present value Discount rate 10 %
NPV 10 % Net income NPV
Year 1 ฿7,919,820
Year 2 ฿5,513,776
Year 3 ฿11,319,955
Year 4 ฿10,605,759
Year 5 ฿10,701,448 ฿7,051,321
Payback Period
Sale revenune
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5
฿7,919,820 ฿5,513,776 ฿11,319,955 ฿10,605,759 ฿10,701,448 ฿46,060,758
Adjust
฿7,761,423 ฿5,403,501 ฿11,093,556 ฿10,393,644 ฿10,487,419 ฿45,139,543 ฿6,910,294.58
PB
2.89
Sale decrease 5 %
Sale decrease 5 % Investment cost 20,000,000
Sale decrease
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 NPV
฿27,192,908 ฿22,377,553 ฿32,826,183 ฿32,307,656 ฿28,872,631 ฿143,576,932
Adjust
฿25,833,263 ฿21,258,676 ฿31,184,874 ฿30,692,273 ฿27,429,000 ฿136,398,085
Sale revenune
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5
฿7,919,820 ฿5,513,776 ฿11,319,955 ฿10,605,759 ฿10,701,448 ฿46,060,758
Adjust
฿7,523,829 ฿5,238,088 ฿10,753,957 ฿10,075,471 ฿10,166,375 ฿43,757,720 ฿6,698,754.95
PB
2.99
202
Sale decrease 7.5 % Investment cost 20,000,000
Sale decrease
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 NPV
฿27,192,908 ฿22,377,553 ฿32,826,183 ฿32,307,656 ฿28,872,631 ฿143,576,932
Adjust
฿25,153,440 ฿20,699,237 ฿30,364,219 ฿29,884,582 ฿26,707,184 ฿132,808,662
Sale revenune
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5
฿7,919,820 ฿5,513,776 ฿11,319,955 ฿10,605,759 ฿10,701,448 ฿46,060,758
Adjust
฿7,325,833 ฿5,100,243 ฿10,470,958 ฿9,810,327 ฿9,898,839 ฿42,606,201 ฿6,522,472
PB
3.07
Expense increase 2 %
Adjust
฿4,528,205 ฿5,007,669 ฿11,401,309 ฿11,874,609 ฿10,816,767 ฿43,628,560
Sale revenuce (Adjustment)
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5
฿7,858,574.69 ฿5,448,971 ฿11,172,409 ฿10,452,088 ฿10,561,466 ฿45,493,509 ฿6,980,200.61
PB
2.87
Expense increase 5 %
Adjust
฿4,661,387 ฿5,154,953 ฿11,736,642 ฿12,223,863 ฿11,134,908 ฿43,628,560
Sale revenuce (Adjustment)
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5
฿7,766,707.32 ฿5,351,764 ฿10,951,089 ฿10,221,581 ฿10,351,494 ฿44,642,635 ฿6,873,520.02
PB
2.91
203
If expense increase 5 % would affect to payback period in 2 years 91 days
Adjust
฿4,772,373 ฿5,277,690 ฿12,016,086 ฿12,514,907 ฿11,400,025 ฿43,628,560
Sale revenuce (Adjustment)
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5
฿7,690,151.17 ฿5,270,757 ฿10,766,656 ฿10,029,492 ฿10,176,516 ฿43,933,573 ฿6,784,619.53
PB
2.95
Conclusion
Many businesses has problem about risk. So, orchid company stand on Ideal
dimension in exporting, because Japan market is hold market and prefer to many orchids for
using. Moreover, our company giving them by different of product and qualities then make
more stable in positioning. In additional, Domestic product include flask orchids stand on
risky dimension, because several of competition, and marketing in Thailand is not stable,
because difficultly to determine qualities of product. Then Thailand market also risky interim
of business risk.
204
CHAPTER 7
SUMMARY
205
Project Summary
Any countries around the world prefer orchid from Thailand is best beautiful in the
world. Orchids are popular flower that people always use to decoration in the celebration
events. Thailand has many seeds of orchids around the files, in generally orchids would like
to growth well as forest environment with humid stones. So, people in ancient would like to
brings orchids from the forest to their living stages for growing, the reasonable to growing is
not trade, however they would to use orchids for decoration their stages. People use the
concept of similar nature they bring orchid and growth it up in the trees, because they believe
to orchids will growth well when the live up the tress. Orchids are product export of
Thailand. Orchid garden company offers two types include Vanda and Cattleya. “We" is
more than just an online shop offering orchids beautiful and distinct variety of
orchid species to your own. "We” have articles and knowledge about orchids, including the
story much more interesting with the offer.
We prefer export products, both inside and outside the country for earning income
and distributions our marketing. The Customers can order the product several ways such as e-
book, web site, directly by call center, and e-mail. Orchid garden company would like to
provide fresh and colorful of orchids to respond of Japan market and we wills develop to
dominate for Japan marketing and spread to Euro and USA in further. In generally, Orchid
export companies are more competitor stand on domestic and international competition
(between countries), so the effect from many competitors will make company loss of
opportunities to growth. However company would like to use Different Strategies and
Corporative strategies to competitor and gain more profits.
In all of section in this report we offer the feasibility information to give decision
making for investor, we considerate to long-term profit and running business in much
competition n nowadays, In term of strategies we offer any important strategies such as
differentiation, low price leadership etc… to involving to new market. Moreover, In
marketing channel to advertising we offer several of channel such as new paper, face book,
radio, billboard etc… to promote product. In technology and any cost we offer location
nearly market situation in Chian-rai that make our product save time to transportation than
middle stage of Bangkok exporting. Moreover, for successful we estimate 10 percentages of
206
discount rate when cost increase 2,5,7.5 and sale estimate decrease 2,5,7.5 percentages to
offer management process of potential risk that maintain company financial and earning
pofit in future.
207
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212
APPENDIX
213
VDO reference
(Nok-ka-la, 2010)
Interview record
http://www.upload-thai.com/download.php?id=9cb1acfe8c336751f141abf61a5bba72
http://www.upload-thai.com/download.php?id=d5789c62e7cd29a6399e52cbe3cc4e0c
http://www.upload-thai.com/download.php?id=41e801d85726ed2c87911d124d819dc6
Electronic channel
Sale website:
http://www.tarad.com/theorchidgardencompany/
Face book:
http://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100002030316718
Fan page
http://www.facebook.com/pages/Orchid-Garden-Company/183578424996195
214
Document
215
ประเทศ สหภาพยุโรป สหรัฐอเมริกา ญี่ปนุ่
ประเทศทีจ่ ะอยู่ในบัญชีได้ตอ้ งเป็ น นาเข้าล่วงหน้ากับคณะกรรมการ (ผูร้ บั รองมาตรฐานเกษตรอินทรียใ์ น
ประเทศทีอ่ ยี ยู อมรับว่ามีระบบการผลิต อาหารและยาสหรัฐฯ (prior notice ต่างประเทศสามารถขึน้ ทะเบียนเป็ น
และการตรวจสอบเทียบเท่า of imported food shipments) RCOs ในญีป่ นุ่ ได้)
(equivalency) กับของอียู สินค้าที่ ตามข้อกาหนดของกฎหมายการ 3. ผูส้ ง่ ออกในต่างประเทศสามารถขอ
นาเข้าไม่ตอ้ งขออนุญาตจากหน่วยงาน ต่อต้านการก่อการร้ายทางชีวภาพ มาตรฐาน JAS ได้โดย
ควบคุมภายในประเทศผูน้ าเข้า โดย (Bioterrorism Act) 3.1 ขออนุมตั สิ ถานะของประเทศ
สินค้าจะต้องได้รบั การตรวจรับรองจาก 3. ใบรับรองปลอดเชือ้ โรคและ จาก MAFF โดยประเทศผูส้ ง่ ออกต้องมี
หน่วยตรวจรับรองทีไ่ ด้รบั การขึน้ แมลงศัตรูพชื ( Phytosanitary มาตรฐานเกษตรอินทรียท์ เ่ี ทียบเท่า
ทะเบียนรายชื่อไว้เท่านัน้ Certification) ซึง่ มีหน่วยงาน มาตรฐานเกษตรอินทรียข์ องญีปนุ่ เมื่อ
2. การนาเข้าสินค้าอินทรียจ์ ากประเทศ USDA Animal and Plant Health ได้รบั อนุญาตแล้ว หน่วยงานตรวจสอบ
ทีส่ ามทีไ่ ม่ได้อยู่ในบัญชี EU’s third Inspection Service (APHIS) แลออกใบรับรองเกษตรอินทรียใ์ น
countries list ผูน้ าเข้าของอียจู ะต้อง ควบคุม ประเทศผูส้ ง่ ออกจะต้องขออนุญาตจาก
ดาเนินการดังนี้ 2. ใบรับรองปลอดสารเคมี ยาฆ่า MAFF ด้วย
1.1 2.1 ขออนุญาตนาเข้าเป็ นรายกรณี แมลง หรือมีเจือปนในระดับทีไ่ ม่ 3.2 ประเทศผูส้ ง่ ออกขออนุมตั ิ
จากหน่วยงานควบคุมภายในประเทศผู้ เป็ นอันตรายต่อสุขภาพ มี มาตรฐานเกษตรอินทรียท์ เ่ี ทียบเท่า
นาเข้าก่อน (Prior approval) ทุกครัง้ หน่วยงาน Environment มาตรฐานเกษตรอินทรียข์ องญีป่ นุ่ แต่
โดยหน่วยงานในประเทศสมาชิกจะเป็ น Protection Agency (EPA) หน่วยงานตรวจสอบในต่างประเทศไม่
ผูร้ บั รองหน่วยตรวจสอบและสินค้าที่ ควบคุม จาเป็ นต้องขออนุญาตจาก MAFF ซึง่
อนุญาตให้นาเข้า ระยะเวลาอนุญาตไม่ 3. ใบรับรองมาตรฐานคุณภาพ สามารถรับรองมาตรฐานเกษตรอินทรีย์
เกิน 2 ปี ทัง้ นี้ สินค้าทีน่ าเข้ามาใน และเกรด มี USDA Agricultural ทีเ่ ทียบเท่ามาตรฐานแห่งชาติได้
ประเทศสมาชิกหนึ่งสามารถเคลื่อนย้าย Marketing (AMS) ควบคุมตรา (Organic conform to national organic
โดยเสรีไปยังประเทศสมาชิกอื่นได้ สินค้า “เกษตรอินทรีย”์ ซึง่ แบ่ง standards)
1.2 2.2 หน่วยรับรองสินค้าในประเทศผู้ ออกเป็ นเกษตรอินทรีย์ 100 % สินค้าเกษตรอินทรียท์ ส่ี ง่ ออกไป
ส่งออกต้องปฏิบตั ติ ามเกณฑ์ขอ้ กาหนด และเกษตรอินทรีย์ 95 % สัดส่วน ่
ญีป่ นุ สามารถติดฉลากเกษตรอินทรีย์
ด้านมาตรฐานการรับรองตาม EN ทีเ่ หลืออีก 5 % จะเป็ นอาหารทีไ่ ม่ ของประเทศผูส้ ง่ ออก โดยไม่ตอ้ งติด
45011 หรือ ISO Guide 65 ในกรณีของ เข้าข่ายเกษตรอินทรีย์ แต่ตอ้ ง ฉลาก JAS แต่ผนู้ าเข้าญีป่ นุ่ เป็ นผูต้ ดิ
ไทยมีหน่วยตรวจรับรองเพียงหน่วยงาน ได้รบั การรับรองจาก ฉลาก JAS ก่อนวางจาหน่าย
เดียวทีป่ ฏิบตั ติ ามเกณฑ์ขอ้ กาหนด ISO คณะกรรมการมาตรฐานเกษตร 4. ถ้าระบบการรับรองมาตรฐานเกษตร
Guide 65 คือสานักงานมาตรฐาน อินทรียแ์ ห่งชาติ อินทรียข์ องประเทศผูส้ ง่ ออกยังไม่ได้รบั
เกษตรอินทรีย์ (มกท.) ซึง่ หน่วยงานนี้ 4. มีตราสัญลักษณ์ USDA อนุญาตจาก MAFF หรือยังไม่มี
ได้รบั การตรวจรับรองมาตรฐานจาก Organic เพื่อรับรองว่าสินค้า มาตรฐานเทียบเท่า JAS ผูส้ ง่ ออก
IFOAM ด้วย ดังนัน้ ผูส้ ง่ ออกไทยที่ ดังกล่าวเป็ นสินค้าอินทรีย์ สามารถให้ RCOs ในญีป่ นุ่ เป็ นผูข้ อ
ต้องการส่งออกไปยุโรป จะต้องได้รบั ทัง้ นี้ กระทรวงเกษตรฯ อนุญาตจาก MAFF และตรวจสอบ
การรับรองจาก มกท. หรือหน่วย สหรัฐฯ จะประเมินระบบการ ระบบการผลิตในประเทศผูส้ ง่ ออกได้
ตรวจสอบรับรองของต่างประเทศทีม่ า ตรวจสอบรับรองระบบงานเกษตร 5. ต้องมีใบรับรองมาตรฐานสุขอนามัย
ดาเนินการในไทย เช่น บริษทั อินทรียข์ องประเทศคู่คา้ และทา ปลอดโรคพืชและแมลง ซึง่ ขอได้จากผู้
Bioagricert เป็ นต้น การขึน้ ทะเบียนประเทศทีม่ รี ะบบ นาเข้าหรือ Quarantine Division ของ
1.3 3. ให้มกี ารติดฉลากสินค้าอินทรีย์ ทีท่ ดั เทียมกับของ USDA ซึง่ MAFF
216
ประเทศ สหภาพยุโรป สหรัฐอเมริกา ญี่ปนุ่
(Community Logo) โดยสมัครใจ ปจั จุบนั (สิงหาคม 2549) มี
สาหรับสินค้าทีผ่ ลิตในอียู ส่วนสินค้าที่ ประเทศอินเดีย เท่านัน้ ทีไ่ ด้รบั การ
นาเข้าให้ตดิ ฉลากได้เฉพาะทีน่ าเข้าจาก ขึน้ ทะเบียนในระบบดังกล่าว ทัง้ นี้
ประเทศทีม่ รี ะบบการตรวจสอบเทียบ สินค้าต้องผ่านระยะปรับเปลีย่ น
เท่ากับระบบของอียู เรียบร้อยแล้ว
หมายเหตุ:
1. สหภาพยุโรปได้ผ่านร่างระเบียบ
เกษตรอินทรียฉ์ บับใหม่ท่ี 834/2007
จากคณะมนตรียุโรป เมื่อวันที่ 28
มิถุนายน 2550 เพื่อนามาใช้แทน
ระเบียบที่ 2092/91 โดยมีผลบังคับ
ตัง้ แต่วนั ที่ 1 มกราคม 2552 เป็ นต้นไป
2. ขณะนี้คณะกรรมาธิการยุโรปอยู่
ระหว่างจัดทาระเบียบปฏิบตั ิ สาระ
สาคัญเกีย่ วกับเงื่อนไขต่างๆ ของการ
ผลิตแบบอินทรียจ์ ะเป็ นเช่นในปจั จุบนั
ประมาณร้อยละ 90 คาดว่าจะแล้วเสร็จ
ภายในปลายปี 2551 และช่วงปี 2552
จะเป็ น Transition Period สาหรับการ
ปรับเปลีย่ นเข้าสูร่ ะเบียบใหม่
3. สาระสาคัญของระเบียบฉบับใหม่สรุป
ได้ดงั นี้
3.1 ห้ามใช้ GMO ในการผลิต
ให้ใช้ตรา EU organic Logo แบบ
บังคับบน packaging สาหรับ organic
pre-packaged food ทีผ่ ลิตในยุโรปซึง่
เดิมเป็ นแบบสมัครใจ นอกจากนี้
ประเทศสมาชิกสามารถใช้ national
และ private logo เพิม่ เติมได้
3.2 สาหรับสินค้านาเข้าทีผ่ ลิตจาก
นอกยุโรป การติดฉลากให้เป็ นไปตาม
ความสมัครใจ และสามารถทาได้โดยไม่
ต้องเสียค่าใช้จ่ายเพิม่ เติม
3.3 กาหนดรายละเอียดเกีย่ วกับ
ระบบควบคุม (Control system) ทีแ่ ต่ละ
217
ประเทศ สหภาพยุโรป สหรัฐอเมริกา ญี่ปนุ่
ประเทศสมาชิกจะต้องจัดตัง้ ขึน้ มา
เพื่อให้การดาเนินการตามกฎระเบียบ
EC No.834/2007 ซึง่ เป็ นกฎระเบียบ
กลางเป็ นไปอย่างสอดคล้อง โดยระบบ
ควบคุมต้องสามารถบ่งบอก traceability
ของสินค้าแต่ละตัวในทุกขัน้ ตอนการ
ผลิต การจัดจาหน่าย
3.4 ในส่วนการค้ากับประเทศทีอ่ ยู่
นอกสหภาพฯ จะมีการปรับปรุงบัญชี
รายชื่อประเทศทีเ่ ป็ น recognized third
countries’ ทีม่ กี ฎระเบียบด้านการผลิต
และระบบการตรวจสอบควบคุม
เทียบเท่ากับยุโรป โดยประเทศนอก
ยุโรปสามารถยื่น requests for
recognition ต่อคณะกรรมาธิการยุโรป
เพื่อให้พจิ ารณาเป็ นประเทศ เป็ น
recognized third countries’ได้
3.5 สาหรับประเทศทีไ่ ม่ใช่
recognized third countries’
คณะกรรมาธิการยุโรปจะจัดทาบัญชี
รายชื่อ control authorities ทีย่ ุโรป
ยอมรับว่าเป็ นหน่วยงานทีม่ ี
competency ในการควบคุมและออก
ใบรับรองในประเทศนัน้ ๆ โดย control
authority หรือ control body จะต้องยื่น
คาร้องต่อคณะกรรมาธิการยุโรป
กลุ่มมาตรการ TBT
สานักมาตรการทางการค้า
กุมภาพันธ์ 2551
F:\organic_organic_rule_ctry
218
219
กล้ วยไม้
ประเด็นเทคโนโลยีทคี่ วรถ่ ายทอด
1. การผลิตกล้วยไม้ที่ปลอดภัยจากสารพิษตกค้างและปลอดศัตรู พืช
2 .การผลิตกล้วยไม้ที่มีคุณภาพ มีจานวนดอกบานตามมาตรฐานและมีอายุการใช้งานนาน
เนือ้ หา
คาแนะนาการใช้ สารเคมีป้องกันกาจัดโรคของกล้วยไม้
220
(80% ดับบลิวพี)
โปรพิเนบ 40 กรัม 7
(70% ดับบลิวพี)
(40% ดับบลิวพี)
แคปแทน 40 กรัม 7
(50% ดับบลิวพี)
(75% ดับบลิวพี)
221
6.โรคเน่า สเตรปโตมัยซิน ออก 10 กรัม ห้ามใช้ในอัตราที่เข้มขนมากกว่า -
เคน ควรสลับด้วยสารในกลุ่มสัมผัส
คอปเปอร์ไฮดรอก 20 กรัม -
ไซด์(77% ดับบลิวพี)
1/
ในวงเล็บ คือ เปอร์ เซ็นต์สารออกฤทธิ์ และสู ตรของสารป้ องกันกาจัดศัตรู พืช
เพลี้ยไฟ อิมิดาคลอพริ ด (10% เอสดี) 10-20 มล.ล. พ่น 5-7 วัน ในฤดูร้อน 14
หรื อ
(28.75% อีซี)
อิมิดาคลอพริ ด 20 มล.ล. 14
222
(10% เอสแอล)
เซนทารี * 40 มล.ล. 1
* ชีวนิ ทรี ย
223
หอยทาก นิโคลซาไมด์ ควรพ่นตอนเย็นซึ่งเป็ น
(70%ดับบลิวพี) 40 กรัม เวลาที่หอยเริ่ มออกหากิน
โดยพ่นน้ าเปล่าก่อน
224
2.2. การให้ ปุ๋ยกล้ วยไม้ ให้ เหมาะสมกับชนิดและระยะการเจริ ญเติบโต
2.2.1. วิธีการให้ปุ๋ย
- ควรให้ปุ๋ยทัว่ ถึงทั้งต้น ราก และใบ ยกเว้นดอก
- ควรให้ปุ๋ยในวันที่มีแสงแดดจัด
- อนุบาล ปุ๋ ยสู ตร 21-21-21 สลับกับ 30-10-10 อัตรา 250-400 กรัมต่อ น้ า 200 ลิตรต่อไร่ ทุก 7 วัน
- ลงแปลง ปุ๋ ยสู ตร 21-21-21 สลับกับ 30-20-10 อัตรา 400-600 กรัมต่อ น้ า 200 ลิตร ต่อไร่ ทุก 7 วัน
- ออกดอก ปุ๋ ยสู ตร 21-21-21 สลับกับ 16-21-27 หรื อ 15-30-15 อัตรา 600-800 กรัมต่อน้ า 200 ลิตร
- ตัดดอก ปุ๋ ยสู ตร 15-30-15 สลับกับ 16-21-27 อัตรา 500-700 กรัมต่อน้ า 200 ลิตรต่อไร่ ทุก 7 วัน
2) สกุลออนซิเดียม
- อนุบาล ปุ๋ ยสู ตร 21-21-21 อัตรา 150-200 กรัมต่อน้ า 200 ลิตรต่อไร่ ทุก 7 วัน
- ลงแปลง ปุ๋ ยสู ตร 21-21-21 สลับกับ 16-21-27 หรื อ 7-24-34 อัตรา 250-400 กรัมต่อน้ า 200 ลิตร
- ออกดอก ปุ๋ ยสู ตร 21-21-21 สลับกับ 16-21-27 อัตรา 400-600 กรัมต่อน้ า 200 ลิตรต่อไร่ หรื อ
- ตัดดอก ปุ๋ ยสู ตร 16-21-27 สลับกับ 7-24-34 อัตรา 300-500 กรัมต่อน้ า 200 ลิตรต่อไร่ ในช่วงฤดู
ฝนทุก 7 วัน
225
3) สกุลม็อคคารา สกุลอะแรนดา และสกุลแวนดา (ใบร่ อง)
- ลงแปลง ปุ๋ ยสู ตรเดียวกับสกุลหวาย อัตรา300-500 กรัม ต่อน้ า 200 ลิตร ต่อไร่ ทุก 7 วัน
- ออกดอกปุ๋ ยสู ตรเดียวกับสกุลหวาย อัตรา500-700 กรัม ต่อน้ า 200 ลิตร ต่อไร่ ทุก7 วัน
- ตัดดอกปุ๋ ยสู ตรเดียวกับสกุลหวาย อัตรา400-600 กรัม ต่อน้ า200 ลิตร ต่อไร่ ทุก7 วัน
- ช่ วงเปลีย่ นฤดูกาล ควรให้ปุ๋ยสู ตร 16-21-27 อัตรา 800-1000 กรัมต่อน้ า 200 ลิตร ต่อไร่ 1-2 ครั้ง
(ซม.)
226
ความยาวช่อดอก(ซม.) ไม่นอ้ ยกว่า 70 ไม่นอ้ ยกว่า 50 ไม่นอ้ ยกว่า 40
2.4 วิธีการเก็บเกี่ยว
227
ตาราง 9.2 FLOWER
TABLE 9.2 ไม้ ดอกไม้AND
ประดัORNAMENTAL
บ : จานวนผู้ถอื ครองที
PLANT่ปลู: กNUMBER
เนือ้ ที่เพาะปลู กและเก็บเกีPLANTED
OF HOLDINGS, ่ ยว จาแนกตามพื ชที่ปลูก พ.ศ. AREA
AND HARVESTED 2546 BY NAME OF CROP CULTIVATED: 2003เนืArea
อ้ ที่ :: ไร่Rai
ข้อมูลพืน้ ฐานด้านการเกษตรของญี่ปนุ่
228
อย่างไรก็ตามญีป่ นุ่ ผลผลิตการเกษตรต่อพืน้ ทีข่ องสูงทีส่ ุดในโลก จึงยังคงพึง่ พาตนเองในด้านอาหาร ได้
อย่างไรก็ตามอัตราการพึง่ พาตนเองในด้านอาหาร (Self Sufficiency Ratio) ลดลงอย่างต่อเนื่อง ทาให้
ต้องมีการปฏิรปู การเกษตร ตัง้ แต่ ปี 2534 เป็นต้นมา
การเกษตรของญีป่ นุ่ มุง่ เน้นการผลิตข้าว นม เนื้อสัตว์ ผลไม้ และผัก ข้าวเป็นพืชทีส่ าคัญทีส่ ุด โดย 40
% ของพืน้ ทีก่ ารเกษตรใช้ในการปลูกข้าว ผลผลิตทางเกษตรของญีป่ นุ่ มีมลู ค่ารวม 8,786,300 ล้านเยน
เรียงลาดับตามมูลค่า ดังนี้
ข้าว 2.0 ล้านล้านเยน
นม 0.69 ล้านล้านเยน
พืชอาหารทีส่ าคัญของญีป่ นุ่ ได้แก่ ข้าว ข้าวสาลี ถัว่ บาเลย์ ผัก และผลไม้ เนื้อสัตว์ทส่ี าคัญ ได้แก่ นม
ไก่ ไข่ไก่ วัว หมู และสัตว์น้า ผลผลิตปี 2548 มีดงั นี้
- ญีป่ นุ่ ผลิตข้าวได้ประมาณ 8.7 ล้านตัน ซึง่ เพิม่ จากปี 2547 ร้อยละ12
- ผลผลิตข้าวสาลี และข้าวบาเลย์ มีปริมาณ 1,056,000 ตันต่อปี
- ผลผลิตถัวเหลื่ องมีประมาณ 165,400 ตัน ลดลง ร้อยละ 28.8
229
- ญีป่ นุ่ ผลิตผลไม้ได้ประมาณ 3,262,000 ตันต่อปี ลดลง ร้อยละ 6
- ผลผลิตผักของญีป่ นุ่ มีปริมาณ 14.5 ล้านตัน ลดลง ร้อยละ 4.1
- การผลิตเนื้อวัวในประเทศมีปริมาณ 355,000 ตันต่อปี ในขณะทีค่ วามต้องการบริโภคมี
ปริมาณ 900,000 ตันต่อปี
- การผลิตเนื้อหมูในประเทศสามารถผลิตได้เพียง 884,000 ตันต่อปี ลดลงร้อยละ 0.9 ในขณะ
ทีค่ วามต้องการบริโภคมีปริมาณ 1,660,000 ตันต่อปี
- การผลิตเนื้อไก่ในประเทศมีปริมาณเพิม่ ขึน้ เล็กน้อย แต่สามารถผลิตได้เพียง 1,242,000 ตัน
ในขณะทีค่ วามต้องการบริโภคมีปริมาณ 1,706,000 ตันต่อปี
- ผลผลิตการประมงของญีป่ นุ่ มีประมาณ 5.7 ล้านตัน ลดลงร้อยละ 5.8
นโยบายการเกษตร
ญีป่ นุ่ ใช้กฎหมาย Basic Law Food, Agriculture and Rural Areas 19992004- เป็นแนวทางพัฒนา
ทางการเกษตรของชาติ กฎหมายฉบับนี้เน้นทางด้านเพิม่ ประสิทธิภาพการผลิต และลดช่องว่างรายได้
ภาคเกษตรกับภาคอื่นๆ ดาเนินงานในด้านความมันคงในอุ ่ ปสงค์อาหาร (stable food supply) การ
พัฒนาเกษตรให้ยงยื ั ่ นโดยการพัฒนาระบบการจัดการและองค์กรด้านเกษตร เพื่อให้สารมารถแข่งขัน
ด้านต้นทุนการผลิต ในตลาดโลก เน้นถึงบทบาทอันหลากหลายของภาคเกษตร และการพัฒนาพืน้ ที่
230
ชนบท และสวัสดิการ ตลอดจนถึงสาธารณูปโภคต่างๆ นอกเหนือจากการมุง่ เน้นการผลิตให้ได้ผลผลิต
เพิม่ และได้ประสิทฺธภิ าพ และการชดเชยราคาในระบบการเกษตรดัง้ เดิม
ข้อมูลการค้ากับไทย
การนาเข้าสิ นค้าเกษตรของญี่ปนุ่
231
การนาเข้าสินค้าเกษตรและอาหารมีมลู ค่า 7,447 ล้านล้านเยน เป็นสัดส่วน 60 % และเป็นการนาเข้า
ประมาณร้อยละ 12 ของอาหารในตลาดโลก และเป็นประเทศทีน่ าเข้าสินค้าเกษตร และอาหารมากทีส่ ุด
ในบรรดาประเทศอุตสาหกรรม
ในปี 2548 ญีป่ นุ่ นาเข้าสินค้าเกษตร ปา่ ไม้ และประมงญีป่ นุ่ จากทัวโลกเป็
่ นมูลค่า 1.8 ล้านล้านบาท โดย
นาเข้าเพิม่ ขึน้ จากปี 2546 (5.3 %) และนาเข้าจากไทยมูลค่ารวม 92,326 ล้านบาท (ลดลงจากปี 2546
ประมาณ 5 % เนื่องจากการห้ามนาเข้าไก่สดแช่แข็งจากไทย)
สินค้าเกษตรและอาหารทีญ่ ป่ี นุ่ นาเข้าจากประเทศต่างๆทีส่ าคัญ ได้แก่ เนื้อหมู กุง้ เนื้อวัว ผลไม้สดและ
ผลไม้แห้ง ผักสดและแช่แข็ง ปลาโบนิโตและปลาทูน่า เครือ่ งดื่มผสมแอลกอฮอล์ ข้าวสาลี ปลาแซม
มอนและปลาเทราท์ เนื้อไก่ เป็นต้น
232
ล้านเยน (เพิม่ 24% ) กุง้ สดแช่แข็ง 4,886 ล้ายเยน (เพิม่ 14% ) ผักสดแช่เย็น 1,677 ล้านเยน (ลดลง
2 %) ปลาสดแช่เย็น 1,190 ล้านเยน (เพิม่ 43% ) ดอกไม้ 1,040 ล้านเยน (เพิม่ 7% ) และเนื้อหมูแปร
รูป 986 ล้านเยน (เพิม่ 223% )
สิ นค้าที่อยู่ในความสนใจ
1. อาหารแปรรูป โดยใช้อาหารทะเล ไก่ และหมู เป็นวัตถุดบิ
2. สินค้าเกษตรแปรรูปอย่างง่าย โดยใช้พชื และ ผลไม้ เป็นวัตถุดบิ
3. พืช สมุนไพร สาหรับอาหารสุขภาพ
4. พืชพลังงาน ได้แก่มนั สาปะหลัง
5. ผลไม้แปรรูปและน้าผลไม้
มาตรการอานวยความสะดวกทางการค้า
1. ระบบ Pre-certification System สาหรับสิ นค้าเกษตรแปรรูปและอาหาร
233
ปจั จุบนั กระทรวงสาธารณสุขฯ ญีป่ นุ่ มีการผ่อนปรนมาตรการสุขอนามัย สาหรับสินค้าทีไ่ ด้รบั การรับรอง
มาตรฐานผลิตภัณฑ์ และมาตรฐานการผลิตจากหน่วยงานของกระทรวงเกษตร ฯ สาหรับสินค้าเกษตร
สัตว์น้าและปศุสตั ว์แปรรูปทีจ่ ดทะเบียนภายใต้ ระบบ Precertification System ทาให้การนาเข้ารวดเร็ว
โดยไม่ตอ้ งมีการตรวจสอบมาตรฐานของสินค้า กระทรวงสาธารณสุขฯ ญีป่ นุ่ จะสุ่มตรวจเป็นครัง้ คราว
เท่านัน้ ซึง่ ลดเวลาและค่าใช้จา่ ยในการนาเข้าสินค้า (ประเทศไทยมีผผู้ ลิตขึน้ ทะเบียนในระบบนี้ ด้วย
แล้ว)
ปจั จุบนั นี้ ห้องปฏิบตั กิ ารในประเทศไทยทีข่ น้ึ ทะเบียนกับกระทรวงสาธารณสุขฯ ญีป่ นุ่ มีจานวน 13 แห่ง
โดยเป็นห้องปฏิบตั กิ ารของภาครัฐ (Official laboratories) จานวน 9 แห่งและห้องปฏิบตั กิ ารเอกชนที่
ได้รบั การรับรองโดย มกอช. (Registered laboratories) จานวน 4 แห่ง
ทัง้ นี้หอ้ งปฏิบตั กิ ารในประเทศต่างๆ ทีข่ น้ึ ทะเบียนกับกระทรวงสาธารณสุขฯ ญีป่ นุ่ ณ วันที่ 22
พฤษภาคม 2549 มีจานวนทัง้ สิน้ 3,450 แห่ง ใน 57 ประเทศ
234
อุปสรรคและปัญหาทางการค้า
มาตรการปกป้ องการเกษตรของญี่ปนุ่
I. มาตรการอุดหนุนภายใน
Commodities Policies
Agriculture and Livestock Industry Corporation (ALIC) องค์กรจัดตัง้ โดยรัฐ เป็นผูบ้ ริหารโควต้า
นมสดสาหรับการแปรรูปเป็นเนยและนมผง โดยการจ่ายตรง (direct payment) ต่อลิตรของนมที่
ผลิตภายใต้โควต้าทีก่ าหนด สาหรับนมทีจ่ ะนาไปผลิตเป็นเนยแข็งและครีมจะมีโควต้าแยกอีกส่วน
หนึ่ง
235
Income Stabilization Policy
Deficiency Payment
236
Government Set Price
ตัง้ แต่ปี 1987 ญีป่ นุ่ ได้ยกเลิก government set prices ของผลผลิตหลายชนิด ยกเว้น น้าตาล และ
สารความหวานต่างๆ โดยการกาหนด farm price สาหรับ sugarcane, sugarbeets, potatoes และ
sweet potatoes สาหรับการผลิต starch และยังคงกาหนด โควต้าสาหรับการผลิตสารความหวาน
จากข้าวโพดและแป้งข้าวสาลี
Stock holding
องค์กรของรัฐ ได้แก่ General Food Policy Bureau, MAFF และ องค์กรตลาดของรัฐ เช่น ALIC
เก็บสารอง ข้าว พืชอาหาร ได้แก่ผกั เนื้อวัว หมู เนย นมผงไขมันต่า ข้าวสาลี ถัว่ และข้าวโพด
สาหรับเป็นอาหารสัตว์ ผลผลิตสารองจะถูกนามาขายหรือใช้เพื่อความมันคงทางอาหาร
่ (food
security) และในบางครัง้ นาออกมาขายเพื่อพยุงราคา
II. มาตรการการค้า
ภาคเกษตรของญีป่ นุ่ ได้รบั การปกป้องอย่างสูงจากภาครัฐ OECD คานวณว่า 60% ของมูลค่าของ
ผลผลิตการเกษตรได้มาจากการอุดหนุ นภายในของรัฐและการปกป้องการค้า ระดับของการปกป้อง
จะแปรผันตามชนิดของผลผลิต โดยจะมีทงั ้ การอุดหนุ นและการปกป้อง(กีดกัน) ทัง้ นี้เพื่อให้
เกษตรกรและผลผลิตภายในประเทศสามารถแข่งขันได้กบั สินค้านาเข้า
ญีป่ นุ่ ใช้ระบบ Tariff rate quotas (TRQ) เพื่อปกป้องสินค้าอ่อนไหว (most sensitive commodities)
ได้แก่ ข้าว และผลิตภัณฑ์นม โควต้าเป็นการกาหนดปริมาณ (Fixed volume product) การนาเข้า
ในปริมาณทีก่ าหนด จะเสียภาษีในอัตราต่า หากนาเข้าในปริมาณนอกเหนือจากโควต้าจะต้องเสีย
ภาษีในอัตราสูงทีก่ าหนดขึน้ การเสียภาษีในอัตราสูงเป็นอุปสรรคในการนาเข้าสินค้าเกษตร
237
นอกจากนี้ภาครัฐมีการควบคุมโดยการให้สทิ ธิ ์การเป็ นผูซ้ อ้ื สินค้าในโควต้าแก่ หน่ วยงานหรือองค์กร
ตลาดของรัฐ เพียง 1 หรือ 2 ราย เท่านัน้ โดย General Food Policy Bureau ของกระทรวงเกษตร
ฯ เป็ นผูไ้ ด้สทิ ธิ ์ในการซือ้ TRQ ของข้าว ข้าวสาลี และข้าวบาลีย์ แต่เพียงผูเ้ ดียว ในขณะที่ ALIC
เป็ นผูไ้ ด้สทิ ธิ ์ในการซือ้ TRQ ของผลิตภัณฑ์นม 2 รายการสาคัญ โดยองค์กรทัง้ สองเป็นผูก้ าหนด
ปริมาณนาเข้า กาหนดการนาเข้า และราคาจาหน่าย (resell) สินค้านาเข้า แก่ตลาดในประเทศ
ตัง้ แต่ปี 1999 ญีป่ นุ่ ได้ปรับเปลีย่ นการนาเข้ามาใช้ระบบ Simultaneous Buy and Sell (SBS)
ระเบียบ ของ SBS กาหนดให้บริษทั ทีป่ ระสงค์จะขายแก่ผซู้ อ้ื ในญีป่ นุ่ และบริษทั ผูซ้ อ้ื เสนอราคา
สาหรับปริมาณกาหนด โดยผูส้ ่งออกจะเสนอราคาซือ้ (Purchase price) ในขณะทีผ่ ซู้ อ้ื จะเสนอราคา
ขาย (sale price) ในตลาดญีป่ นุ่ องค์กรทีไ่ ด้สทิ ธิ ์ของรัฐ จะพิจารณาการประมูลทีม่ ผี ลต่างของราคา
ซือ้ และขายสูงสุด รายได้ส่วนแตกต่างนี้เป็น mark up แม้ว่าการใช้ SBS จะไม่สามารถหลีกเลีย่ ง
mark up แต่กอ็ านวยให้มกี ารติดต่อการซือ้ โดยตรงระหว่างผูข้ ายและผูซ้ อ้ื ขณะนี้ได้ใช้ SBS
system กับ ข้าว อาหารสัตว์จากข้าวสาลี และอาหารสัตว์จากข้าวบาลีย์
Commodity Instrument Where the tariff goes Where the markup goes
238
Starch TRQ General revenues No markups
Notes: MAFF=Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries. ALIC=Agriculture and Livestock Industries Corporation, a quasi-governmental
organization that is overseen by MAFF.
1/ The gate price system for pork involves a minimum import price. If the value/kilogram (kg) of a shipment of pork is below the standard price
set in Japan's tariff schedule, an importer must pay the difference between the standard price and the value/kg of the shipment. A tariff of 4.3
percent is also applied.
2/ Sugar does not have a formal quota on imports. Instead, private importers are required to sell all raw sugar that they import to ALIC, and
then buy it back at a higher price. ALIC keeps the markup for use in compensating processors for the high price of buying domestic
sugarbeets and sugarcane.
III. มาตรการสุขอนามัย
มาตรฐานสุขอนามัยอาหาร
239
รับรองมาตรฐานสินค้า ซึง่ ทาให้เสียเวลาและเสียค่าใช้จา่ ยสูง และยังมีมาตรฐานอื่นๆ เช่น
Specifications of Composition, Limitation of Use, Labeling Standard อีกด้วย
มาตรฐานทางสุขอนามัยพืช
สินค้าทางด้านพืช ญีป่ นุ่ มีการควบคุมเข้มงวดด้าน SPS เพราะญีป่ นุ่ กลัวจะมีศตั รูพชื เข้าสู่ประเทศ การ
อนุญาตนาเข้าจะต้องมีการศึกษาการกาจัดศัตรูพชื ตามชนิดและสายพันธุ์ ทาให้เสียค่าใช้จา่ ย และเวลา
ในการศึกษาวืจยั มาก
240
ผลผลิตอื่นของไทยได้แก่ มะนาว แตง ลิน้ จี่ มะละกอ ส้มโอ พริก ผักบุง้ มันเทศ และแตงกวา ยังไม่รบั
อนุญาตนาเข้า เนื่องจากเป็น Host ของแมลงวันผลไม้( Bactrocera dorilis, Melon Fly, Sweet Potato
Weevil, Rice stem nematode) จะต้องมีการศึกษาทางวิทยาศาสตร์สนับสนุนการอนุญาตการนาเข้า
สุขอนามัยสัตว์
ญีป่ นุ่ มีกฎหมาย The Domestic Animal Infectious Disease Control Law ห้ามนาสัตว์เท้ากีบและ
ผลิตภัณฑ์ววั และหมูเข้าประเทศ หากประเทศนัน้ ๆ ยังไม่ปลอดโรค Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)
ยกเว้นผลิตภัณฑ์จะผ่านความร้อนตามมาตรฐานของ MAFF การนาเข้าสัตว์กบี และผลิตภัณฑ์ตอ้ งผ่าน
ความร้อนตามมาตรฐานของ MAFF ผูผ้ ลิตต้องได้รบั การตรวจโรงงานและสุขอนามัยการผลิตโดย
เจ้าหน้าที่ MAFF ปจั จุบนั ประเทศไทยได้รบั การรับรองแล้ว 24 โรงงาน
พืชอิ นทรีย์
241
ได้ ปจั จุบนั นี้ญป่ี นุ่ ยอมรับว่าระบบการตรวจรับรองเกษตรอินทรียข์ องประเทศออสเตรเลีย แคนาดา
สหรัฐอเมริกา และ EU 15 ประเทศ ว่ามีระดับมาตรฐานเท่าเทียมกับ (Equivalent) กับมาตรฐานของ
ญีป่ นุ่ ผลิตภัณฑ์ทไ่ี ด้รบั การรับรองมาตรฐานพืชอินทรียจ์ ากประเทศเหล่านัน้ สามารถติดฉลากพืช
อินทรียข์ องญีป่ นุ่ ได้
พืช GM
การติดฉลาก กาหนดตามกฎหมาย JAS Law (The Japanese Agricultural Standard Law) ให้ตดิ
ฉลากในผลิตภัณฑ์ 28 ชนิด จากพืช 3 ชนิด คือถัวเหลื
่ อง ข้าวโพด และมันเทศ และพืช 5 ชนิดคือ ถัว่
เหลือง( รวมทัง้ ถัวสดและถั
่ วงอก
่ )ข้าวโพด มันเทศ Rapeseed เมล็ดฝ้าย ตัง้ แต่เดือนเมษายน 2001
นอกจากนี้ยงั พบพืช GM มากกว่า 1% ในผลิตภัณฑ์จะต้องระบุในฉลาก
ข้อเสนอแนะในการแสวงโอกาสและขยายตลาด
1. ติดตาม และให้ขอ้ มูลด้านมาตรฐาน กฎระเบียบ แก่ผผู้ ลิต ผูส้ ่งออก และหน่วยงานไทย
อย่างต่อเนื่อง
2. ดาเนินการประสานกับหน่ วยงานรับผิดชอบของญีป่ นุ่ ในการแก้ปญั หาการนาเข้า การ
พัฒนาการผลิตให้เป็นไปตามมาตรฐาน และการพัฒนาเทคโนโลยีการผลิต ภาชนะบรรจุ
และการสืบย้อนกลับทีม่ า
3. จ้างศึกษาวิเคราะห์ดา้ นวิชาการในเชิงรุกติดตาม นโยบายกฎหมาย ระเบียบ เกีย่ วกับสินค้า
การเกษตร อาหาร การเกษตร และสุขนามัย ญีป่ นุ่
4. เชื่อมโยงความร่วมมือด้านการตรวจรับรอง การผลิต การค้าระหว่างผูป้ ระกอบการไทย
ญีป่ นุ่ องค์กร กลุ่ม และเกษตรกร
242
ผลผลิ ตย่อย (Output) กระบวนการหลัก (Process) ปัจจัยนาเข้า (Input) ตัวชี้วดั (KPI)
243
16/10/2008 15/10/2010 OR- ดอกกลวยไม
้ สด
้ OR-3-49-061บริษัท หลง ตา
๋ อินเตอรเนชั
์ ่นแนล จําก ัด เลขที่ 59/7
บางพลี
หมู ่ 7 สมุ
ถนนกิ
ทรปราการ
ง
่ แกว
้ ตําบลราชเทวะ
10540 10540 0-2183-8329
0-2183-8041 1
244
สรุปภาวะการค้ าระหว่ างประเทศไทย - ญี่ปุ่น
Budget balance (% of GDP) -2.6 -2.4 ประชากร : 127.8 ล้านคน (October 2006)
Current-account balance (% of GDP) 4.9 4.6 อัตราแลกเปลี่ยน : 100 เยน = 34.372 บาท (15//06/52)
245
สิ นค้าอื่นๆ 0 0 -100
ยานพาหนะฯ
1. มูลค่ าการค้ า
มูลค่ าการนาเข้ า ส่ งออก และดุลการค้ าของไทย – ญีป่ ุ่ น
2551 2552 /% 15,000.00
10,000.00
(ม.ค. – สค.) 5,000.00 การนาเข้ า
การส่งออก
0.00
ล้านเหรียญสหรัฐฯ -5,000.00
ดุลการค้ า
246
การนาเข้า 22,502.60 14,441.02 -35.83
2. การนาเข้ า
ญีป่ ุ่ นเป็ นตลาดนาเข้ าอันดับที่ 1 ของไทย มูลค่ า 14,441.02 ล้านเหรียญสหรั ฐ ลดลงร้ อยละ 35.83
-35.83 9.65
มูลค่าการนาเข้ า 9.94 10.84
เครื่องจักรกล เหล็ก เหล็กกล้ า
3. การส่ งออก
ญีป่ ุ่ นเป็ นตลาดส่ งออกอันดับที่ 2 ของไทย มูลค่ า 9,811.74 ล้านเหรียญสหรัฐ ลดลงร้ อยละ 28.42
247
มูลค่า: สัดส่ วน% % เพิม่ /ลด
ล้านเหรียญสหรัฐฯ
9,811.74 -28.42
มูลค่าการส่ งออก 5.88
5.41
รวม 100
37.61
4.45
3.57
3.11
1.เครื่องคอมพิวเตอร์ ฯ 576.95 5.88 -18.7
เครื่องคอมพิวเตอร์ฯ แผงวงจรไฟฟ้ า
2.แผงวงจรไฟฟ้ า 530.91 5.41 -28.6 ไก่แปรรูป อาหารทะเลกระปองฯ
รถยนต์ อืน่ ๆ
3.ไก่แปรรูป 437.08 4.45 15.92
4. ข้ อสั งเกต
4.1 สิ นค้ าส่ งออกสาคัญของไทยไปญีป่ ุ่ น ปี2552 (ม.ค. – สค.) ได้ แก่
248
มีอตั รา ขยายตัว เพิม่ ขึร้้ นอยละ 14.40 และ 14.34
ตามลาดับ
เมื่อเทียบกับช่วงเวลาเดียวกันของปี ก่อน
249
รถยนต์ อุปกรณ์ ฯ : ญี่ปุ่นเป็ นตลาดส่ งออกสาคัญอันดับที่ 6 ของไทย
และเมื่อพิจารณามูลค่าการส่ งออกปี
2549 – 2552
พบว่า ปี 2552 (มค.- สค.) มีอตั ราการขยายตัวลดลงร้อยละ
58.41 ในขณะที่ปี 2549 - 2551 มีอตั ราขยายตัวเพิ่มขึ้น
ร้อยละ 25.16 19.81 และ 19.28 ตามลาดับ
เมื่อเทียบกับช่วงเวลาเดียวกันของปี ก่อน
4.2 ในบรรดาสิ นค้ าส่ งออกจากไทยไปตลาดญีป่ ุ่ น ปี 2552 (ม.ค. – สค.) 25 รายการแรก สิ นค้ าทีม่ ีอตั รา
เพิม่ สู ง มีรวม 6 รายการ คือ
4.3 ในบรรดาสิ นค้ าส่ งออกจากไทยไปตลาดญีป่ ุ่ น ปี 2552 (ม.ค.- สค.) 25 รายการแรก สิ นค้ าทีม่ ีอตั รา
ลดลง รวม 19 รายการ คือ
250
อันดับที่ / รายการ มูลค่า อัตราการขยายตัว
ล้านเหรี ยญสหรัฐ %
251
4.4 ข้ อมูลเพิม่ เติม
จากความตกลงหุ น้ ส่ วนเศรษฐกิจไทย-ญี่ปุ่น (JTEPA) ที่มีผลบังคับใช้ต้ งั แต่วนั ที่ 1 พฤศจิกายน
2550 และความตกลงหุ น้ ส่ วนเศรษฐกิจอาเซี ยน-ญี่ปุ่น (AJCEP) ในส่ วนของประเทศไทยที่มีผล
บังคับใช้ต้ งั แต่ 1 มิถุนายน 2552 โดยทั้งสองกรอบความตกลงได้ลดภาษีนาเข้าสิ่ งทอและ
เครื่ องนุ่งห่มระหว่างกันลงเป็ น 0% แล้วในเวลานี้ ได้ส่งผลดีต่อการส่ งออกสิ่ งทอของไทยอย่างมาก
โดยในช่วง 8 เดือนแรกของปี นี้การส่ งออกสิ นค้าเครื่ องนุ่งห่มของไทยซึ่ งเป็ นปลายน้ าของ
อุตสาหกรรมสิ่ งทอไปยังญี่ปุ่นมีมูลค่า 157.49 ล้านดอลลาร์ สหรัฐฯขยายตัวเพิ่มขึ้นจากช่วงเดียวกัน
ของปี ที่แล้วที่มีการส่ งออก 147.11 ล้านดอลลาร์ สหรัฐฯ หรื อขยายตัวเพิ่มขึ้น 14.54% ถือเป็ นตลาด
ส่ งออกหลักเพียงตลาดเดียวของไทยที่ยงั ขยายตัวเป็ นบวก ขณะที่ตลาดหลักอื่นๆ คือ สหรัฐอเมริ กา
สหภาพยุโรป (อีย)ู และอาเซี ยนยังขยายตัวติดลบตามภาวะเศรษฐกิจโลก ปัจจัยสาคัญที่ทาให้การ
ส่ งออกเครื่ องนุ่งห่มของไทยไปญี่ปุ่นยังขยายตัวสวนกระแสตลาดอื่นๆ สื บเนื่องจากภาษีที่ลดลง
เป็ น 0% จูงใจให้คู่คา้ จากญี่ปุ่นได้เข้ามาพัฒนาสิ นค้าร่ วมกับผูผ้ ลิตของไทยเพื่อส่ งออกไปญี่ปุ่นมาก
ขึ้น ประกอบกับญี่ปุ่นต้องการที่จะลดการพึ่งพาการนาเข้าเครื่ องนุ่งห่มจากจีนเพื่อลดความเสี่ ยงเรื่ อง
คุณภาพและการส่ งมอบสิ นค้า โดยจากมูลค่าการนาเข้าสิ นค้าเครื่ องนุ่งห่มของญี่ปุ่นประมาณ
22,000 ล้านดอลลาร์ สหรัฐฯต่อปี ในอดีตต้องพึ่งพาการนาเข้าจากจีนสัดส่ วนกว่า 91% แต่ในปี นี้จะ
ลดสัดส่ วนลงเหลือ 83% ญี่ปุ่นได้เริ่ มย้ายฐานการผลิตและการสั่งซื้ อมาที่อาเซี ยน เช่น ไทย
เวียดนาม อินโดนีเซี ย พม่า และลาวมากขึ้น บางส่ วนไปบังกลาเทศโดยให้สิทธิ ภาษีนาเข้าอัตรา 0%
เช่นกัน อย่างไรก็ดีปัจจุบนั สัดส่ วนการส่ งออกเครื่ องนุ่งห่มของไทยไปญี่ปุ่นยังน้อย โดยช่วง 8
เดือนแรกของปี นี้ส่งออกไปสัดส่ วนประมาณ 8% ของการส่ งออกในภาพรวม ส่ วนตลาดที่ไทย
ส่ งออกมีสัดส่ วนมากที่สุดคือสหรัฐฯและอียู มีสัดส่ วน 40 และ 33% ตามลาดับ ขณะที่เดียวกัน
จากความตกลง JTEPA และ AJCEP ที่มีผลให้สินค้าผ้าผืนส่ งออกไปญี่ปุ่นลดภาษีจาก 11-13% ลง
เป็ น 0% แล้วในเวลานี้ มีผลให้ไทยส่ งออกผ้าผืนไปญี่ปุ่นได้เพิ่มขึ้นเช่นผ้าดิบเพื่อเอาไปฟอกย้อม
จากปกติญี่ปุ่นจะซื้ อจากจีนเป็ นหลัก นอกจากนี้เป็ นผลจากโครงการความร่ วมมือด้านสิ่ งทอ
ภายใต้ความตกลงทั้งสองกรอบ โดยญี่ปุ่นได้สนับสนุนเงินช่วยเหลือจานวน 11 ล้านเยน หรื อ
ประมาณ 3 ล้านบาทในการจ้างผูเ้ ชี่ยวชาญจากญี่ปุ่นมาช่วยพัฒนาด้านสิ่ งทอของไทย แยกเป็ น
โรงงานทอผ้า 6 โรง โรงฟอกย้อม 4 โรง และโรงงานเครื่ องนุ่งห่ม 4 โรง ซึ่งในอนาคตโรงงาน
เหล่านี้จะช่วยเพิ่มยอดส่ งออกของไทยไปญี่ปุ่นรวมถึงตลาดอื่นๆ ได้เพิ่มขึ้น
สาหรับความสามารถในการแข่งขันของสิ นค้าเกษตรของไทย เมื่อเปรี ยบเทียบกับประเทศ
252
สมาชิกอาเซี ยนอื่น และตลาดญี่ปุ่น สิ นค้าไทยที่เด่นกว่า ได้แก่ สตาร์ ชและอินูลิน น้ าตาลและ
กากน้ าตาล เครื่ องเทศ เนื้อสัตว์ปรุ งแต่ง ข้าว ปลา/ปูกระป๋ อง ไส้กรอก/ผลิตภัณฑ์ ปลา/
ผลิตภัณฑ์แปรรู ป เนื้อปลาฟิ เล่สดแช่แย็นแช่แข็ง ส่ วนสิ นค้าที่ไทยเป็ นรอง ได้แก่ พริ กไท กุง้ /ปู
สด
แช่เย็นแช่แข็ง อบเชย แป้ งและสาคู น้ ามันถัว่ เหลือง กล้วยสด ไขมัน/น้ ามันสัตว์ น้ าแร่ และ
ลดภาษีในกรอบไทย-ญี่ปุ่น และอาเซียน-ญี่ปุ่น
253
เพิ่มขึ้นจากนโยบายสนับสนุนของรัฐบาลญี่ปุ่นที่ผลักดันให้ผบู ้ ริ โภคหันมาสนใจเลือกซื้ อสิ นค้าที่
เป็ นมิตรต่อสิ่ งแวดล้อมมากขึ้น
กลุ่มงานวิเคราะห์สารสนเทศ
ศูนย์สารสนเทศการค้าระหว่างประเทศ
กรมส่งเสริ มการส่งออก
ตุลาคม 2552
255
256