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    The Marine Habitat: Essentials of Oceanography 7 Edition

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    Jubert Joshua Chicano
    This chapter discusses the marine habitat and classification of marine organisms. It describes how the ocean contains a diverse array of life, from microscopic bacteria to the largest animal, the blue whale. Organisms are classified into domains, kingdoms, and increasingly specific taxonomic groups. Marine organisms can also be classified based on their habitat and mobility into plankton, nekton, and benthos. The chapter outlines various environmental conditions in the ocean like temperature, pressure, and dissolved gases and how marine life has adapted to these conditions through traits such as buoyancy, camouflage, and osmoregulation.

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    The Marine Habitat: Essentials of Oceanography 7 Edition

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    Jubert Joshua Chicano
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    This chapter discusses the marine habitat and classification of marine organisms. It describes how the ocean contains a diverse array of life, from microscopic bacteria to the largest animal, the blue whale. Organisms are classified into domains, kingdoms, and increasingly specific taxonomic groups. Marine organisms can also be classified based on their habitat and mobility into plankton, nekton, and benthos. The chapter outlines various environmental conditions in the ocean like temperature, pressure, and dissolved gases and how marine life has adapted to these conditions through traits such as buoyancy, camouflage, and osmoregulation.

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    Chapter12

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    This chapter discusses the marine habitat and classification of marine organisms. It describes how the ocean contains a diverse array of life, from microscopic bacteria to the largest animal, the blue whale. Organisms are classified into domains, kingdoms, and increasingly specific taxonomic groups. Marine organisms can also be classified based on their habitat and mobility into plankton, nekton, and benthos. The chapter outlines various environmental conditions in the ocean like temperature, pressure, and dissolved gases and how marine life has adapted to these conditions through traits such as buoyancy, camouflage, and osmoregulation.

    Copyright:

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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    129 views28 pages

    The Marine Habitat: Essentials of Oceanography 7 Edition

    Uploaded by

    Jubert Joshua Chicano
    This chapter discusses the marine habitat and classification of marine organisms. It describes how the ocean contains a diverse array of life, from microscopic bacteria to the largest animal, the blue whale. Organisms are classified into domains, kingdoms, and increasingly specific taxonomic groups. Marine organisms can also be classified based on their habitat and mobility into plankton, nekton, and benthos. The chapter outlines various environmental conditions in the ocean like temperature, pressure, and dissolved gases and how marine life has adapted to these conditions through traits such as buoyancy, camouflage, and osmoregulation.

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    of 28

    Chapter 12

    The Marine Habitat

    Essentials of Oceanography
    7th Edition
    The diversity of marine life
    The ocean is home to a wide variety of
    organisms
    Marine organisms range from microscopic
    bacteria and algae to the largest animal in
    the world (blue whale)
    Number of known marine species: 250,000
    Classification of living things
    Organisms can
    be classified into
    one of three
    domains of life:
    Archaea
    Bacteria
    Eukarya Figure 12-1
    Classification of living things
    Organisms can
    also be classified
    into one of five
    kingdoms:
    Monera
    Protoctista
    Fungi
    Figure 12-1
    Plantae
    Animalia
    Classification of living things
    Taxonomic classification includes the
    following increasingly specific groupings:
    Kingdom
    Phylum (Division for plants)
    Class
    Order
    Family
    Genus
    Species
    Taxonomic classification of
    selected organisms
    Category Human Killer whale Giant kelp
    Kingdom Animalia Animalia Protoctista
    Phylum Chordata Chordata Phaeophyta
    Subphylum Vertebrata Vertebrata
    Class Mammalia Mammalia Phaeophycae
    Order Primates Cetacea Laminariales
    Family Hominidae Delphinidae Lessoniaceae
    Genus Homo Orcinus Macrocystis
    Species sapiens orca pyrifera
    Classification of marine
    organisms
    Marine organisms can be classified into
    one of three groups based on habitat and
    mobility:
    1. Plankton (floaters)
    Phytoplankton (drifting plants and algae)
    Zooplankton (drifting animals)
    2. Nekton (swimmers)
    3. Benthos (bottom dwellers)
    Plankton: Examples

    Phytoplankton Zooplankton
    Figure 12-2
    Nekton: Examples

    Figure 12-4
    Benthos: Examples

    Figure 12-5
    Life cycle of a squid
    Squid experience
    benthic, planktonic,
    and nektonic stages
    Squid are
    considered
    meroplankton
    (opposite =
    holoplankton)
    Figure 12-3
    Distribution of species on Earth
    The land has more
    species because it has
    greater environmental
    variability than the ocean
    Most ocean species are
    benthic because of greater
    environmental variability
    compared to pelagic
    environments Figure 12-6
    Adaptations of organisms to the
    marine environment
    The marine environment presents many challenges
    to organisms because seawater:
    Is dense enough to support organisms
    Has high viscosity
    Experiences variations in temperature and salinity
    Contains variable amounts of dissolved gases
    Has high transparency
    Has a dramatic change of pressure with depth
    Marine organisms have various adaptations for the
    conditions of the marine environment
    Need for physical support
    Condition:
    Seawater is dense enough to support marine
    organisms
    Adaptations:
    Many marine organisms lack rigid skeletons,
    appendages, or vast root systems
    Instead, they rely on buoyancy and friction to
    maintain their position within the water column
    Seawater’s viscosity controlled
    by temperature
    Condition:
    Seawater’s viscosity (resistance to flow) is
    strongly affected by temperature
    Cold water has higher viscosity than warm
    water, so is more difficult to swim through
    Warm water has lower viscosity, so organisms
    tend to sink within the water column
    Seawater’s viscosity controlled
    by temperature
    Adaptations:
    Many warm-
    water organisms
    have ornate
    appendages to
    say afloat
    Many cold-water
    organisms are Warm-water Cold-water
    copepod copepod
    streamlined to
    swim more easily Figure 12-7
    Seawater’s viscosity and
    adaptations of phytoplankton
    Condition:
    Phytoplankton must remain in
    sunlit surface waters
    Adaptations:
    Small size increases surface
    area to volume ratio
    Appendages increase
    frictional resistance
    Figure 12-8
    Tiny droplet of low density
    oil increases buoyancy
    Variations in temperature
    Condition:
    Coastal water temperatures vary more than the
    open ocean or at depth
    Adaptations:
    Many coastal organisms can withstand a wide
    temperature range (are eurythermal)
    Most open ocean and deep-water organisms can
    withstand only a small temperature range (are
    stenothermal)
    Variations in salinity
    Condition:
    Coastal environments experience greater salinity
    variation than the open ocean or at depth
    Adaptations:
    Many shallow-water coastal organisms can
    withstand a wide salinity range (are euryhaline)
    Most open ocean and deep-water organisms can
    withstand only a small change in salinity (are
    stenohaline)
    Osmosis
    Condition:
    Osmosis is the movement
    of water molecules
    through a semipermeable
    membrane from higher to
    lower concentrations
    Osmosis removes water
    from hypotonic organisms
    Osmosis adds water to
    hypertonic organisms Figure 12-13
    Osmosis
    Adaptations:

    Figure 12-14
    Dissolved gases: Oxygen
    Condition:
    Marine animals need
    oxygen to survive
    Adaptations:
    Many marine animals
    use gills to extract
    dissolved oxygen from
    seawater Figure 12-15
    Marine mammals must
    breathe air
    Abundance of dissolved oxygen
    and nutrients with depth

    Figure 12-20
    Seawater’s high transparency
    Condition:
    Camouflage
    Seawater has high
    transparency
    Adaptations:
    Transparency
    Camouflage Countershading

    Countershading
    Migration (DSL)
    Figure 12-17
    The deep scattering layer (DSL)
    Organisms
    within the deep
    scattering layer
    undertake a
    daily migration
    to hide in deep,
    darker waters
    during daytime Figure 12B
    Increase of pressure with depth
    Condition:
    Pressure increases rapidly with depth
    Adaptations:
    Most marine organisms lack large compressible
    air pockets inside their bodies
    Water-filled bodies exert the same amount of
    pressure as is pushing inward, so marine
    organisms do not feel the high pressure at depth
    Divisions of the marine environment
    Main
    divisions:
    Pelagic
    (open sea)
    Benthic
    (sea
    bottom)

    Figure 12-19
    End of Chapter 12

    Essentials of Oceanography
    7th Edition

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