Produced by:

MSC Performance Group

Operations and Engineering Department
Vodafone Egypt

GSM System Survey

 Contents
 Chapter 1 : Introduction
 Chapter 2 : Basic GSM Network Structure
 Chapter 3 : Transmission System
 Chapter 4 : Radio Coverage
 Chapter 5 : Radio Problems and digital
information
 Chapter 6 : Air interface
 Chapter 7 : Traffic Cases
 Chapter 8 : GSM Services
Questions ?
Chapter 1 : Introduction

Banner Advertisement. America 1929

Introduction
GSM System Survey

Chapter Objectives

By the End of this Chapter you will:

Know the History of Telecommunications

Know the history of GSM evolution
Know about different GSM Phases
Introduction
GSM System Survey

History of Wireless Communication

Date Place Activity
1921 Chicago 2 MHz Vehicular Mobile Radio system for Police Applications
1930s US Invention of Amplitude Modulation. Half Duplex transmission
1935 US Invention of Frequency Modulation. Improved Audio Quality
1946 St. Louis FCC First Domestic Public Land Mobile service at 150 MHz
Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden form the first
1969 Europe
standardization group: Nordic Mobile Telephony (NMT)
NMT specifies standards to allow mobiles phones to be located
1973 Europe
within or across their networks. Basis for roaming idea
1979 Chicago Advanced Mobile Phone System. First Cellular Analog network
1991 Europe The First Digital Cellular Standard (GSM) is launched
Introduction
GSM System Survey

History of GSM
Date Activity
 Nordic Telecom and Netherlands PTT send a proposal to the Conférence
Européenne des Postes et Télécommunications (CEPT) to specify a common
1982 European mobile telecommunication service.
 The European Commission (EC) issues a directive, which requires member states to
reserve frequencies in the 900 MHz band for GSM.
 Field tests were held in Paris and a GSM permanent nucleus was created and
comparative tests of 8 prototypes were performed.
1986
 The choice was Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) or Frequency Division Multiple
Access (FDMA).
 A Combination of TDMA and FDMA selected as the transmission tech. for GSM.
 September – 13, operators and administrators from 12 areas in the CEPT GSM
advisory group sign the charter GSM (Groupe Spéciale Mobile) MoU "Club"
agreement, with a launch date of 1 July 1991.
1987
 The original French name was later changed to Global System for Mobile
Communications, but the original GSM acronym stuck.
 GSM spec drafted. (Digital Transmission, Time Multiplexing of order 8 and slow
Hopping)
 CEPT began producing GSM specifications for phased implementation.
1988
 Another five countries signed the MoU
Introduction
GSM System Survey

History of GSM
Date Activity
 The European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) defined GSM as the
1989 internationally accepted digital cellular telephony standard and took over responsibility
of GSM specifications.
 Phase 1 specifications were frozen to allow manufacturers to develop network
1990
requirements and the first GSM prototype was brought to service.
 The GSM 1800 standard was released.
1991
 An addendum was added to the MoU allowing countries outside CEPT to sign.
 Phase 1 specifications were completed.
 January - First commercial phase 1 GSM network operator is Oy Radiolinja Ab in
Finland
1992
 December 1992 - 13 networks on air in 7 areas
 First International roaming agreement was signed between Telecom Finland and
Vodafone in UK.
 Australia became the first non-European country to sign the MoU. The MoU now had
a total of 70 signatories.
 GSM demonstrated for the first time in Africa at Telkom '93 in Cape Town
1993  GSM networks were launched in Norway, Austria, Ireland, Hong Kong and Australia.
 The number of GSM subscribers reached one million.
 The first commercial DCS 1800 system was launched in the U.K.
 December 1993 - 32 networks on air in 18 areas
Introduction
GSM System Survey

History of GSM
Date Activity
 GSM MoU is formally registered as an Association registered in Switzerland
 December 1996 120 networks on air in 84 areas
 8K SIM launched
1996
 Pre-Paid GSM SIM Cards launched
 Option International launches world's first GSM/Fixed-line modem
 Nov 1996 - Sole Governmental operator in Egypt goes online.
1997  First dual-band GSM 900-1900 phone launched by Bosch
 At the beginning of 1998 the MoU has a total of 253 members in over 100 countries
and there are over 70 million GSM subscribers worldwide. GSM subscribers account
for 31% of the world’s mobile market
 Vodacom Introduces Free Voice Mail
1998  GSM SIM Cracked in USA
 21 May 1998. Egypt privatizes its GSM operator.
 Iridium Live 11/98
 125m GSM 900/1800/1900 users worldwide (12/98)
 1 Dec 1998. Click GSM commercial launch.
Introduction

GSM Coverage worldwide

Questions ?
 Chapter 2 : GSM Network Elements

We hear Music .. But we don’t see the musicians ..

Basic GSM Network Structure
GSM System Survey

Chapter Objectives

By the End of this Chapter you will:

Know the role of the Basic nodes that compose the

GSM network
Know how they are interconnected together
Know the different Identities used in GSM World
Basic GSM Network Structure
GSM System Survey

Basic GSM Nodes HLR

AUC

BTS BSC MSC/VLR

Other
Switching
Radio Interface
Nodes
PTT
GW Of another network
PABX
MS Another MSC
Basic GSM Network Structure
GSM System Survey

The Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC)

 Administers its Base Station Controller(s) BSC(s).

 Switches calls to/from mobile subscribers.

 Records charging and accounting details.

 Provides the gateway functionality to other networks.

Basic GSM Network Structure
GSM System Survey

The Home Location Register (HLR)

 Controls the routing of mobile terminated calls and SMS.

 Stores for each mobile subscriber:

Basic subscriber categories.

Supplementary services.
Current location(MSC address).
Allowed/barred services.
Authentication data.
Basic GSM Network Structure
GSM System Survey

Triplets Authentication Center

RAND SRES Kc

Triplet

Home Location Register

RAND SRES Kc

Triplet

Visitor Location Register

RAND SRES Kc
Basic GSM Network Structure
GSM System Survey

Producing Triplets

Authentication
Authentication
Algorithm SRES
Algorithm SRES
SRES
A3
A3

Ki
RAND

Random
Random
Number RAND
Number RAND
RAND
Generator
Generator

IMSI RAND
Ki Ki
Ciphering
Ciphering
Algorithm Kc
Algorithm Kc
Kc
A8
A8
Basic GSM Network Structure
GSM System Survey

The Authentication Procedure

Visitor Location Register
Rand SRES AUC Kc

SRES AUC = SRES MS Access

Barred

Base Station Subsystem

Rand SRES MS Kc

SIM Card
SRES MS

Rand A3 Ki

Rand A8 Kc
Basic GSM Network Structure
GSM System Survey

To the BSC The Ciphering Procedure From the BSC

DATA DATA
Base Transceiver Station
Decryption
Algorithm Kc

TDMA Encryption
Frame Number Algorithm
Encrypted

Encrypted
DATA

DATA
Air Interface

Mobile Station
Encryption
Algorithm Kc

TDMA Decryption
Frame Number Algorithm

DATA DATA
Basic GSM Network Structure
GSM System Survey

The Visitor Location Register (VLR)

 It stores a copy of the HLR Profile for all currently registered mobile
subscribers who are covered by cells belonging to the MSC coverage
area.
 The VLR is always integrated with the MSC.
 The VLR stores the Location area of the MS (which is not stored in the
HLR).
Basic GSM Network Structure
GSM System Survey

The Base Station Controller (BSC)

 Manages the Radio Communication with the mobile station over the
air interface.

 Controls the handover of calls in progress Between BTSs

Supervises the transmission network and the operation of each BTS

Basic GSM Network Structure
GSM System Survey

The Base Transceiver Station (BTS)

 Consists of the radio transmitters, receivers and the antenna system required
to provide the coverage area for one cell.

 Converts the GSM radio signals into a format that can be recognized by the
BSC.

 Records and passes to the BSC the Signal strength measurements.

 Performs the network end of the ciphering/encryption process.

Basic GSM Network Structure
GSM System Survey

The Mobile Station (MS)

+
The Mobile Equipment is said to be a Mobile Station if the Subscriber
Identity Module ( SIM Card ) is added to it

The SIM Card contains:

A processor and memory.

that stores:
- The international mobile subscriber Identity
IMSI
- The Authentication and ciphering keys.
Basic GSM Network Structure
GSM System Survey

GSM Identities

Mobile Station ISDN Number (MSISDN)

20 10 1100477 44 385 196099

CC NDC SN CC NDC SN

VodaFone Egypt MSISDN VodaFone UK MSISDN

CC : Country Code
NDC : Network Destination Code
SN : Subscriber Number
Basic GSM Network Structure
GSM System Survey

GSM Identities

International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)

234 15 1234567890 602 02 1234567890

MCC MNC MSIN MCC MNC MSIN

Vodafone UK IMSI Vodafone Egypt IMSI

MCC : Mobile Country Code

MNC : Mobile Network Code
MSIN : Mobile Station Identification Number
Basic GSM Network Structure
GSM System Survey

GSM Identities

International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI)

Final Assembly Codes (FAC)

6 Digits 2 Digits 6 Digits
01,02 AEG
07,40 Motorola
10,20 Nokia
TAC FAC SN
30 Ericsson
40,41,44 Siemens
47 Optional International
IMEI 50 Bosch
51 Sony
51 Siemens
TAC: Type Approval Code,
51 Ericsson
The first two digits are the 60 Alcatel
code for the country 70 Sagem
approval 75 Dancall
80 Philips
SN: Serial Number 85 Panasonic
Basic GSM Network Structure
GSM System Survey

GSM Identities

Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity Number (TMSI)

The TMSI can be allocated to the mobile subscriber in order to be used

instead of his IMSI during all radio communications. The purpose is to keep
subscriber information confidential on the air interface.
The TMSI is relevant on the local MSC/VLR level only and is changed at
certain events or time intervals. Each local operator can define its own TMSI
structure.
Basic GSM Network Structure
GSM System Survey

GSM Identities

Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN)

When a mobile terminating call is to be set-up, the HLR of the called subscriber
requests the MSC/VLR to allocate an MSRN to the called subscriber.
This MSRN is returned via the HLR to the GMSC.
The GMSC routes the call to the MSC/VLR exchange where the called
subscriber is currently registered.
The routing is done using the MSRN. When the routing is completed, the MSRN
is released.
The interrogation call routing function (request for MSRN) is part of the MAP.
All data exchanged between GMSC-HLR-MSC/VLR for the purpose of
interrogation is sent over S7 signaling.
The MSRN is built up like an MSISDN.
Basic GSM Network Structure
GSM System Survey

GSM Network Structure

SS
AUC

PLMN
SC
ISDN HLR
SMSC-GMSC
SMS-IWMSC
GWMSC
PSTN MIN

DTI EIR
MSC/VLR BGW

BSS
SGSN
BSC/TRC
GPRS Air I/f

OSS
MS BTS
Basic GSM Network Structure
GSM System Survey

Vodafone Egypt Network Structure

HORUS OSIRIS ISIS OPET SETH

HATHOR AMUN THOTH NEFTIS NUN

MINA BTAH ABIS SEKHMET NEITH

Questions ?
GSM System Survey
Chapter 3 : Transmission System

We mean by a transmission system, how the nodes are interconnected

Transmission System
GSM System Survey

Chapter Objectives

By the End of this Chapter you will:

Know How do we use TE infrastructure in connecting

our Nodes
Know the basic role of the DXX
Transmission System
GSM System Survey

Review the System

HLR

BTS BSC MSC/VLR

Another
Radio Interface Switching
Node
GW Of another network
PTT
Another MSC
MS PABX
Radio Coverage
GSM System Survey

Digital Versus Analog Transmission

Digital Communication offers better noise performance

Transmission System
Misrfone Switch TE Adjacent Switch
GSM System Survey

RBLT

BSC
STM
Synchronous
Transport Module TE Fiber
2 Mb/sec 155 Mb/sec
Backbone

o n.
F C
M B
DD AD B/
Digital Distribution
Frame Ramsis PTT
Aswan
PTT

TE Fiber SDH
Alex
PTT
Backbone 2 Mb/sec

Suez F M
PTT DD AD
Add / Drop
Multiplexer
Transmission System
GSM System Survey

Transmission system

Ramsis PTT
RBLT

BSC

SDH 2 Mb/sec

F F
DD Misrfone DD
Switch

TE Remote
PTT
0 1 2 .. .. .. 29 30 31
Transmission System
GSM System Survey

Insufficient use of resources

Ramsis PTT
RBLT

BSC

F F
DD Misrfone DD
Switch

0 1 2 .. .. .. 13 14 15

TE Remote
PTT
16
0 1 172 .... .. .. 13
28 14
29 15
31
Transmission System
GSM System Survey

Introducing DXX

Ramsis PTT
RBLT

BSC

DXX
L
F F
DD Misrfone DD
Switch
HUB

TE Remote
PTT
DXX
R
Questions ?
GSM System Survey
Break
Chapter 4 : Radio Coverage

A visible pattern of sound waves

Radio Coverage
GSM System Survey

Chapter Objectives

By the End of this Chapter you will:

Know The Geometrical Theoretical shape of the cells

Know the frequency band allocated for GSM
Know what is meant by frequency Reuse
Know when to use different cluster sizes
Radio Coverage
GSM System Survey

Cell Geometry

Dead Spots

Problem of omni directional antennas

Radio Coverage
GSM System Survey

Cell Geometrical Shape

To solve the dead spot problem

R R R

Tradeoffs
• The number of cells required to cover a given area.

• The cell transceiver power.

Radio Coverage
GSM System Survey

Transceiver Antenna

Sectorial Antenna Omni-Directional Antenna

Radio Coverage
GSM System Survey

Sectorial Antenna

Sectorial Antenna

The cells will take the form of overlapping circles.

Due to the obstacles in the coverage area the actual shape of the
cells would be Random.
Radio Coverage
GSM System Survey

Cell Classification
Macrocell
Umbrella Cell

Fast moving subscribers

Overlaid &
Normal Cell Underlaid Cells Normal Cell

Picocell

In building
coverage
Microcell

Slow moving subscribers

Radio Coverage
GSM System Survey

GSM Coverage Plan

To provide coverage for a large service area of a mobile network we have
two Options:

(A) Install one transceiver with high (B) Divide the service area into smaller
radio power at the center of the areas (cells)
service area

Drawbacks Advantages
• The mobile equipments used in this • Each cell as well as the mobile
network should have high output handsets will have relatively small power
power in order to be able to transmit transceivers.
signals across the coverage area.

• The usage of the radio resources • The frequency spectrum might be

would be limited. “reused” in two far separated cells.
This yields:
Unlimited capacity of the system.
Good interference characteristics
Radio Coverage
GSM System Survey

Spectrum Allocation (GSM 900)

Downlink 935 – 960 MHz

Uplink 890 – 915 MHz

KHz 200
890.2 890.6 Uplink
1 2 3 4 121
121 122 123 124

890 890.4 915 F (MHz)

935.2 935.6 Downlink

1 2 3 4 121
121 122 123 124

935 935.4 960 F (MHz)

GSM 900 Frequency Allocation

ARFCN Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number

Radio Coverage
GSM System Survey

Spectrum Allocation (GSM 1800)

Downlink 1805 – 1880 MHz

Uplink 1710 – 1785 MHz

KHz 200
1710.2 1710.6 Uplink
1 2 3 4 371 372 373 374

1710 1710.4 1785 F (MHz)

1805.2 1805.6 Downlink

1 2 3 4 371 372 373 374

1805 1805.4 1880 F (MHz)

GSM 1800 Frequency Allocation
Radio Coverage
GSM System Survey

Comparison 1710 Uplink 1785

890 Uplink 915

95 MHz
45 MHz
GSM 1800
GSM 900
With 374 ARFCN
With 124 ARFCN

935 Downlink 960

25 MHz 1805 Downlink 1880
75 MHz
Radio Coverage
GSM System Survey

Frequency Reuse
Why do we need frequency reuse?

Total no of channels (frequencies) = 124

Every channel can be shared between a maximum of 8 subscribers.
Maximum no of simultaneous calls = 8 X 124 = 992 !!

The frequency reuse is performed by dividing the whole available frequencies

between a group of neighboring cells which is called frequency reuse pattern or
a “Cluster”, and then repeat this cluster over the whole network on 2 conditions:

 The group of frequencies allocated to a given cell must not be used in the
adjacent cells.
 Enough distance between the cells where the same group of frequencies are
reused.
Radio Coverage
A3 B3 GSM System Survey

A2 B2
3/9 Cluster A1 B1
A3 B3 C3 A3 B3
A2 B2 C2 A2 B2
A1 B1 C1 A1 B1
A3 B3 C3 A3 B3 C3
A2 B2 C2 A2 B2 C2
A1 B1 C1 A1 B1 C1
C3 A3 B3 C3 A3 B3
C2 A2 B2 C2 A2 B2
C1 A1 B1 C1 A1 B1
A3 B3 C3 A3 B3 C3
A2 B2 C2 A2 B2 C2
A1 B1 C1 A1 B1 C1
C3 A3 B3 C3 A3 B3
C2 A2 B2 C2 A2 B2
3/9 cluster in which the
C1 A1 B1 A1
available frequencies C1 B1
C3
are divided into 9 C3

groups and distributed C2 C2

between 3 sites C1 C1
Radio Coverage
GSM System Survey
A3 B3 A3 B3 A3 B3 A3 B3
A2 B2 A2 B2 A2 B2 A2 B2
A1 B1 A1 B1 A1 B1 A1 B1
C3 D3 C3 D3 C3 D3 C3 D3
C2 D2 C2 D2 C2 D2 C2 D2
C1 D1 C1 D1 C1 D1 C1 D1
A3 B3 A3 B3 A3 B3 A3 B3
A2 B2 A2 B2 A2 B2 A2 B2
A1 B1 A1 B1 A1 B1 A1 B1
C3 D3 C3 C3
D3 D3 C3 D3
C2 D2 C2 D2 C2 D2 C2 D2
C1 D1 C1 C1
D1 D1 C1 D1
A3 B3 A3 B3 A3 B3 A3 B3
A2 B2 A2 B2 A2 B2 A2 B2
A1 B1 A1 B1 A1 B1 A1 B1
C3 D3 C3 D3 C3 D3 C3 D3
C2 D2 C2 D2 C2 D2 C2 D2
C1 D1 C1 D1 C1 D1 C1 D1

4/12 cluster in which the available frequencies are

divided into 12 groups and distributed between 4 sites 4 / 12 Cluster
Radio Coverage 7 / 21 cluster in which the available
A3 E3 frequencies are divided into 21 groupsGSM System Survey
A2 E2 and distributed between 7 sites
A1 E1
B3 D3 F3 A3 E3
B2 D2 F2 A2 E2
B1 D1 F1 A1 E1
C3 G3 B3 D3 F3 A3 E3
C2 G2 B2 D2 F2 A2 E2
C1 G1 B1 D1 F1 A1 E1
A3 E3 C3 G3 B3 D3 F3
A2 E2 C2 G2 B2 D2 F2
A1 E1 C1 G1 B1 D1 F1
B3 D3 F3 A3 E3 C3 G3
B2 D2 F2 A2 E2 C2 G2
B1 D1 F1 A1 E1 C1 G1
C3 G3 B3 D3 F3
C2 G2 B2 D2 F2
C1 G1 B1 D1 F1
C3 G3
C2 G2
C1 G1
7 / 21 Cluster
Radio Coverage
GSM System Survey

Which Cluster Size to use?

Carrier to interference ratio

It’s the difference in power level between the carrier in a given

cell and the same carrier received from the nearest cell that reuses
the same frequency.

Number of frequencies Traffic Channels

C/I Ratio
per site
3/9 High High Low
4/12 Medium Medium Medium
7/21 Low Low High
Questions ?
GSM System Survey
Chapter 5 : Radio problems & Digital Information
Chapter Objectives

By the End of this Chapter you will:

Know the Fading Problem and how it is Solved

Know the Time Dispersion Problem and how it is
Solved
Know the Time Delay Problem and how it is Solved
Know how the Digital information is coded
Radio Problems and digital information
GSM System Survey

Fading Problems

1. Shadowing (Normal fading):

The reason for shadowing is the presence of obstacles like large hills or
buildings in the path between the site and the mobile.
The signal strength received fluctuates around a mean value while
changing the mobile position resulting in undesirable beats in the speech
signal.
2. Rayleigh Fading (Multi-path Fading)
The received signal is coming from different paths due to a series of
reflection on many obstacles. The difference in paths leads to a
difference in paths of the received components.
Radio Problems and digital information
GSM System Survey

Fading Problems
Radio Problems and digital information
GSM System Survey

Fading Problems Solutions

1. Increase the fading Margin

db

Fading Margin
Receiver
Sensitivity

time
Radio Problems and digital information
GSM System Survey

Fading Problems Solutions

2. Antenna diversity (Space Diversity)

The cell transceiver will use two receiving antennas instead of one.
They will be separated by a distance of about 5 meters, and they will
receive radio signals independently, so they will be affected differently
by the fading dips and the better signal received will then be selected.

3. Frequency hopping (frequency Diversity)

F

f3

f2
f1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
t
Radio Problems and digital information
GSM System Survey

Time dispersion problem

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

270.8 Kb/s 270.8 Kb/s 270.8 Kb/s

Frame Rate = 270.8 Kb/s

One BIT Duration = 3.7  sec

Bit stream is moving with the velocity of light which equals 3 x 10 5

Km/sec
Then, when bit 2 is transmitted, bit one will cut a distance = 3.7 x 10 -6
x 3 x 10 5 = 1.1 km
Radio Problems and digital information
GSM System Survey

Time dispersion problem

K m
1.1

1.1Km
Dir
ec
1.1 t ray
Km

There would be an interference between the a bit in the reflected ray and 1 bit
later in the direct way .
Radio Problems and digital information
GSM System Survey

Time dispersion problem Solution

1. Increase the Carrier to reflection ratio

The C/R ratio is defined as the difference in signal strength between the
signal received from the RBS and the strongest reflected signal .

C/R  Relative position to the BTS

Result
Planner should choose the proper position of the site to make the C/R
maximum everywhere in the coverage area of the site.
Radio Problems and digital information
GSM System Survey

Time dispersion problem Solution

2. Use Viterbi Equalizer

Received
Bits Data T* Data

VITERBI
Choose xxx so that the
Correlator Compare difference between T
and T* is the minimum

Probable
received
bit
pattern Channel
xxx T xxx
Model
Radio Problems and digital information
GSM System Survey

Time Delay problem

If a mobile subscriber is located far from the site, then its transmitted
bursts will arrive at the cell transceiver with a significant delay that may
lead to overlapping with the bursts sent on the next time slot.

Solution to time delay problem

The site will send a “Timing Advance” value to the mobile station that is
moving away, telling it to send its bursts with a certain amount of time
ahead of the synchronization time.
The timing advance has values from 0 to 63 depending on how far the
mobiles located. The size of a cell is limited by this parameter to a
maximum radius of 35 Km.
Radio Problems and digital information
GSM System Survey

GSM Transmission Process

A/D Conversion Segmentation

Speech Coding

Channel Coding

Interleaving

Ciphering/Encryption

Burst Formatting

Modulation and
Transmission
Radio Problems and digital information
GSM System Survey

Analog to Digital Conversion A/D Conversion Segmentation

Speech Coding
Analog to digital conversion takes place in
3 steps: Channel Coding

1. Sampling Interleaving

2. Quantization Ciphering/Encryption
3. Coding
Burst Formatting

Modulation and
Transmission

1. Sampling

Telecommunication systems use Sampling rate = 8 Kbit/s

Radio Problems and digital information
GSM System Survey

Analog to Digital Conversion A/D Conversion Segmentation

Speech Coding

2. Quantization
Channel Coding

Interleaving

Ciphering/Encryption

Burst Formatting

Modulation and
Transmission

Within common telephony, 256 levels are

used while in GSM 8192 levels are used.
Radio Problems and digital information
GSM System Survey

Analog to Digital Conversion A/D Conversion Segmentation

Speech Coding

3. Coding
Channel Coding

Coding involves converting the quantized values into binary.

Interleaving
Every value is represented by a binary code of 13 bits (2 13 = 8192).
Ciphering/Encryption

Burst Formatting

Modulation and
Transmission

The output rate of the A/D Conversion process is:

8000 Samples/Sec x 13 bits/Sample = 104 Kb/s
If one frequency will be used for 8 calls, then the
bit rate will be 8 x 104 kb/s = 832 kb/s this will not
fit in the 200 KHz channel allocated for one
frequency. Coding should be used to reduce the
rate.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Radio Problems and digital information
GSM System Survey

Segmentation A/D Conversion Segmentation

Speech Coding

Channel Coding

Interleaving

Ciphering/Encryption

Burst Formatting

160 sample in 20 ms = 1 Segment Modulation and

Transmission

1 2 3 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Radio Problems and digital information
GSM System Survey

GSM Speech Coding A/D Conversion Segmentation

Speech Coding
Instead of using 13 bits per sample as in
A/D conversion, GSM speech coding uses Channel Coding

260 bits to encode one segment. Interleaving

This calculates as 260 bits / 20 ms = 13 kb/s. This provides a speech Ciphering/Encryption

quality which is acceptable for mobile telephony and comparable with

Burst Formatting
wire line PSTN phones.
Modulation and

Many types of speech coders Transmission

are available. Some offer better

speech quality, at the expense
of a higher bit rate (waveform
coders). Others use lower bit
rates, at the expense of lower
speech quality (vocoders).
The hybrid coder used by GSM
provides good speech quality
with a low bit rate, at the
expense of speech coder
complexity.
Radio Problems and digital information
GSM System Survey

Channel Coding A/D Conversion Segmentation

Speech Coding
speech coding does not consider the
problems which may be encountered on the radio transmission path. Channel Coding

The next stages in the transmission process, channel coding and Interleaving

interleaving, help to overcome these problems.

Ciphering/Encryption

Burst Formatting
Input is 260 bits representing 1 segment

Modulation and
Transmission
Radio Problems and digital information
GSM System Survey

Interleaving A/D Conversion Segmentation

Speech Coding

1. First Level Interleaving

Channel Coding

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Interleaving

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Ciphering/Encryption

17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Burst Formatting

25 26 27 28 .. .. .. .. Modulation and
Transmission
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

57 Bits
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
429 430 431 432
433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440
441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448
449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456

8 Groups
Radio Problems and digital information
GSM System Survey

Interleaving A/D Conversion Segmentation

Speech Coding

2. Second Level Interleaving

Channel Coding
20 ms Block A
1 Interleaving
2
3
1A T 5D
4
5
2A T 6D Ciphering/Encryption
6
7 3A T 7D
8 Burst Formatting
4A T 8D
20 ms Block B Modulation and
1
2
1B T 5A Transmission
3
4 2B T 6A
5
6 3B T 7A
7
8 4B T 8A
20 ms Block c
1 1C T 5B
2
3 2C T 6B
4
5
6
3C T 7B
7
8 4C T 8B

20 ms Block D 1D T 5C
1
2 2D T 6C
3
4
5
3D T 7C
6
7 4D T 8C
8
Radio Problems and digital information
GSM System Survey

Ciphering and Encryption A/D Conversion Segmentation

Speech Coding
The purpose of ciphering is to encode the
burst so that it cannot be interpreted by any other device than the Channel Coding

intended receiver. Interleaving

The ciphering algorithm in GSM is called the A5 algorithm.

Ciphering/Encryption
It does not add bits to the burst, meaning that the input and output
to the ciphering process is the same as the input: 456 bits per 20 ms. Burst Formatting

Modulation and
Transmission
Radio Problems and digital information
GSM System Survey

Burst Formatting A/D Conversion Segmentation

Speech Coding
Every transmission from an MS/BTS must
include some extra information such as the training sequence. Channel Coding

The process of burst formatting is to add these bits (along with some Interleaving

others such as tail bits) to the basic speech/data being sent.

Ciphering/Encryption

In GSM, the input to burst formatting is the 456 bits received from Burst Formatting

ciphering. Burst formatting adds a total of 136 bits per block of 20 ms, Modulation and

bringing the overall total to 592. Transmission

Now, the 592 bits will be sent on 4 bursts, each containing 2 x 57 bits
+ 136 / 4 = 148 bits.

However, each time slot on a TDMA frame is 0.577 ms long.

This provides enough time for 156.25 bits to be transmitted (each bit
takes 3.7 us),
The rest of the space, 8.25 bit times, is empty and is called the Guard
Period (GP). This time is used to enable the MS/BTS “ramp up” and
“ramp down”.
Radio Problems and digital information
GSM System Survey

Burst Formatting A/D Conversion Segmentation

Speech Coding
To ramp up means to get power from
the battery/power supply for transmission. Channel Coding

Ramping down is performed after each transmission to ensure Interleaving

that the MS is not transmitting during time slots allocated to other Ciphering/Encryption

MSs.
Burst Formatting
The output of burst formatting is a burst of 156.25 bits or 625 bits
Modulation and
per 20 ms. When it is considered that there are 8 subscriber per Transmission

TDMA frame, the overall bit rate for GSM can be calculated to be
270.9 kbits/s.
TDMA Frame
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Tail Training Tail Guard

Encrypted Bits Encrypted Bits
Bits Sequence Bits Period

3 57 1 26 1 57 3 8.25

156.25 bits in 577 u Sec

Radio Problems and digital information
GSM System Survey

Modulation and Transmission A/D Conversion Segmentation

Speech Coding

Channel Coding

Interleaving

Ciphering/Encryption

Burst Formatting

Modulation and
Transmission
Chapter 6 : Air Interface
Chapter Objectives

By the End of this Chapter you will:

Know How the Physical and Logical Channels are classified

Know the different types of Traffic Channels
Know the different types of Control Channels
Know the Structure of each Control Channel
Know how control and traffic data is Mapped in the air
interface
Know the terminology of different TDMA Frames
Air Interface
GSM System Survey

Physical Channels
GSM band is divided into 124 RF channels, and each channel is divided into 8
time slots using TDMA. These time slots are called “physical channels”.

CH 124 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5

CH 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

CH 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

CH 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Time
Air Interface
GSM System Survey

Logical Channels
A physical channel may be occupied by a traffic channel or a control channel,
both of them are classified as “logical channels”.
Logical Channels

Traffic Channels Control Channels

Half Rate Full Rate Common Broadcast Dedicated

RACH BCCH SDCCH
ACGCH SCH FACCH
PCH FCCH SACCH
CBCCH
Air Interface
GSM System Survey

Traffic Channels
Carries either encoded speech or user data up and down link between a single
mobile and a single BTS.

Enhanced Full Rate = 15.1 Kbit/S

Full Rate = 13 Kbit/S
Half Rate = 6.5 Kbit/S
Air Interface
GSM System Survey

Common Control Channels

To or from a certain BTS to a single mobile

Paging CHannel (PCH)

It’s used to page (search) for a specific mobile

Random Access CHannel (RACH)

Request allocation of SDCCH

Access Grant CHannel (AGCH)

Allocate SDCCH to the mobile station.

Air Interface
GSM System Survey

Broadcast Channels
From Single BTS to all the mobiles in the area

Frequency Correction Control CHannel (FCCH)

Carries information for frequency correction of the mobile

Synchronization CHannel (SCH)

Carries 2 important pieces of information

• TDMA frame number (max = 2715684 )
• Base station identity Code (BSIC)

Broadcast Control CHannel (BCCH)

Carries Cell specific data

Air Interface
GSM System Survey

Dedicated Control Channels

Standalone Dedicated Control CHannel (SDCCH)
Carries system signaling during:
A call setup before allocating a TCH.
Registration & Authentication.
Transmission of SMS in idle mode.
MS paging Response.

Cell Broadcast Control CHannel (CBCCH)

It displays general information.
It uses one of the SDCCH channels
MS must be setup to receive this channel.
Air Interface
GSM System Survey

Normal Burst Structure

TDMA Frame
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Tail
Tail Encrypted Training Encrypted Guard
Bit
Bits Bits Sequence Bits Period
s
3 57 1 26 1 57 3 8.25

156.25 bits in 577 u Sec

Theguard
The training sequence
period of 8.25isbits
inserted
length,inwhich
the middle of the burst
is equivalent to help
to about 30 the
s, is
Viterbi
left
Theattail
The
One the equalizer
endhelp
bits
subscriber
bit “stealing to create
of speech
each
the
flag” or the
burst,
equalizer
willdata
be channel
to added
prevent
to model
tooverlapping
isdetermine
eachthe
encrypted intostart
block between
57toand
bit consecutive
stop
blocks.
indicate points
Each of
whether
It carries
bursts
the information
andis tostolen
transmitted facilitate
bits. of all
burst
They logical channels
synchronization
are threesignaling
bits except
at two
the RACH, SCH and FCCH
burst
the will
burst contain two
for 57 bits
the blocks
FACCH from or beginning
different and at the
used as aspeech
normal end of
traffic
the burst and they are always zeros
segments.
channel
Air Interface
GSM System Survey

Frequency Correction Burst Structure

TDMA Frame
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Tail Tail Guard

Bits
Fixed Bits Bits Period
3 142 3 8.25

156.25 bits in 577 u Sec

This is the one used by the channel (FCH) for frequency correction of the
mobile. It consists of a long sequence of bits called the fixed bits which
are all equal to zeros, leading to a constant frequency output from the
GMSK modulator
Air Interface
GSM System Survey

Synchronization Burst Structure

TDMA Frame
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Tail Encrypted Synchronization Encrypted Tail Guard

Bits Bits Sequence Bits Bits Period
3 39 64 39 3 8.25

156.25 bits in 577 u Sec

The SCH burst consists of a long synchronization sequence along with the important
information being encrypted and divided into two blocks. The TDMA frame number is sent
on the SCH channel, which carries also the Base station Identity code (BSIC). The TDMA
frame number is used by the mobile to determine which control channels will be
transmitted on that frame. It is used also as one of the input parameters to the algorithm
that calculates the ciphering key Kc, which is in turn used for encryption of subscriber
information transmitted on the air interface
Air Interface
GSM System Survey

Access Burst Structure

TDMA Frame
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Tail Synchronization Encrypted Tail

Bits Sequence Bits
Guard Period
Bits
8 41 36 3 68.25

156.25 bits in 577 u Sec

The Access Burst is used by the RACH channel. The mobile sends this burst
when it does not know the distance to its serving BTS, which is the case
when the mobile is switched on or after it makes a handover to a new cell.
So this burst must be shorter in order to prevent it from overlapping with the
burst on the next time slot
Air Interface
GSM System Survey

Dummy Burst Structure

TDMA Frame
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Tail Training Tail Guard

Bits
Encrypted Bits Encrypted Bits Bits
Sequence Period
3 58 26 58 3 8.25

156.25 bits in 577 u Sec

The dummy burst is sent from the BTS when there is nothing else to be sent.
It carries no information and it has the same structure of a normal burst with
the encrypted bits replaced by a known bit pattern to the mobile
Air Interface
GSM System Survey

Mapping of Logical Channels onto timeslot 0 (Downlink)

Frame 1 Frame 2 Frame 3 Frame 4 Frame 5 Frame 6 Frame 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

F S B B B B C

F S B C F S C C F S C C F S C C F S C C I

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51

Mapping of the 51 burst consumes 51 TDMA frame

51 TDMA Frame = 1 Multi-frame
Air Interface
GSM System Survey

Mapping of Logical Channels onto timeslot 0 (Uplink)

Frame 1 Frame 2 Frame 3 Frame 4 Frame 5 Frame 6 Frame 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

R R R R R R R

RR R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R

Time slot 0 in the uplink direction is reserved for the RACH channel which
is used by the mobiles to make random access request to the system
Air Interface
GSM System Survey

Mapping of Logical Channels onto timeslot 1 (Downlink)

Frame 1 Frame 2 Frame 3 Frame 4 Frame 5 Frame 6 Frame 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

D0 D0 D0 D0 D1 D1 D1

D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 A0 A1 A2 A3 I I I

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51

D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 A4 A5 A6 A7 I I I

52 102
Air Interface
GSM System Survey

Mapping of Logical Channels onto timeslot 1 (Uplink)

Frame 1 Frame 2 Frame 3 Frame 4 Frame 5 Frame 6 Frame 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

A5 A5 A5 A5 A6 A6 A6

A5 A6 A7 I I I D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 A0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51

A1 A2 A3 I I I D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 A4

52 102
Air Interface
GSM System Survey

Mapping of Logical Channels onto timeslots 2 / 7

Frame 1 Frame 2 Frame 3 Frame 4 Frame 5 Frame 6 Frame 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

T T T T T T T

T T T T T T T T T T T T A T T T T T T T T T T T T I 26 TDMA Frames
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 =
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25
1 Traffic Multi-frame

 A (SACCH)
This contains the control signaling, an example of this is in order to change output power.
 Downlink Uplink
Air Interface
Frame F D T R A T
S D T R A T
B D T R A T GSM System Survey
B D T R A T
B D T R A T
B D T R A T
C D T R A T
C D T R A T
C D T R A T
C D T R A T

51 TDMA Frames = 1 BCCH Multi-frame

F D T R A T
S D T R A T
Frame C D A I A I A I R I A I A I A I
C D T R I T
C D T R I T
C D T R D T
C D T R D T
C D T R D T
C D T R D T
C D T R D T
F D T R D T
S D T R D T
C D T R D T
C D T R D T
C D T R D T
Frame C D I A I A I A R D I A I A I A
C D T R D T
C D T R D T
C D T R D T
C D T R D T
F D T R D T
S D T R D T
C A T R D T
C A T R D T
C A T R D T
C A T R D T
C A T R D T
C A T R D T
Frame C A A I A I A I R D A I A I A I
C A T R D T
F A T R D T
S A T R D T
C A T R D T
C A T R D T
C A T R D T
C A T R D T
C A T R D T
C A T R A T
C I T R A T
C I T R A T
Frame I I T R A T
Air Interface
GSM System Survey

The Sliding Multi-frame

F S B C F S C C F S C C F S C C F S C C I

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51

T T T T T T T T T T T T A T T T T T T T T T T T T I T T T T T T T T T T T T A T T T T T T T T T T T T

I T T T T T T T T T T T T A T T T T T T T T T T T T I T T T T T T T T T T T T A T T T T T T T T T T T

T I T T T T T T T T T T T T A T T T T T T T T T T T T I T T T T T T T T T T T T A T T T T T T T T T T

T T I T T T T T T T T T T T T A T T T T T T T T T T T T I T T T T T T T T T T T T A T T T T T T T T T

T T T I T T T T T T T T T T T T A T T T T T T T T T T T T I T T T T T T T T T T T T A T T T T T T T T

T T T T I T T T T T T T T T T T T A T T T T T T T T T T T T I T T T T T T T T T T T T A T T T T T T T

T T T T T I T T T T T T T T T T T T A T T T T T T T T T T T T I T T T T T T T T T T T T A T T T T T T

T T T T T T I T T T T T T T T T T T T A T T T T T T T T T T T T I T T T T T T T T T T T T A T T T T T
Air Interface
GSM System Survey

Traffic Channel Offset

Frame 1 Frame 2 Frame 3 Frame 4 Frame 5 Frame 6

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Offset

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Frame 1 Frame 2 Frame 3 Frame 4 Frame 5 Frame 6

Air Interface
1 Hyper frame = 2048 Super frames = 2,715,648 TDMA Frames = 3hrs 28 min and 53.76 s
GSM System Survey
Hyper Frame

1 2 e.g. BCCH 2048

1 2 e.g. TCH 51 1 Super frame = 51 TCH Multi frames

1 e.g. BCCH 26 1 Super frame = 26 BCCH Multi frames

1 TCH Multi frame = 26 TDMA Frames 1 BCCH Multi frame = 51 TDMA Frames
1 2 e.g. TCH 26 1 2 e.g. BCCH 51

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Structure
3 57 1 26 1 57 3 8.25 of TDMA
Normal burst Frames
156.25 bits in 577 m Sec
Air Interface Scan RF Channel and measure signal
Strength for 3 – 5 sec
GSM System Survey

Measurement Tune to the RF channel with the highest

received average signal strength

in idle mode Determine if it is a BCCH carrier by Tune to the RF Channel with the highest
searching for frequency correction bursts signal strength not already used

Is it No
a BCCH
carrier?
Yes

The MS shall attempt to synchronize to

this carrier and read BCCH info

Does the
No
carrier belong to the
wanted PLMN

Yes
Yes
Is the cell
Barred for
C1 ( Path Loss Criterion access ?
Parameter) is a parameter
No
used to make sure that the No
MS camps on the cell with the Is C1>=0?
highest probability of Yes
successful communication on
Camp on this cell
the uplink and downlink
Air Interface
GSM System Survey

Measurement in active mode

Frame 23 Frame 24 Frame 25 Frame 26 Frame 27 Frame 28
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Offset

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Frame 23 Frame 24 Frame 25 Frame 26 Frame 27 Frame 28

The mobile is informed on the SACCH channel which BCCH frequencies to be measured.
The mobile will try to measure the signal strength of these carriers one by one during the time
between transmission and reception of the allocated traffic channel: the mobile transmits,
measures and then receives, and so on.
To make sure that the measured carriers do not belong to co-channel cells, the mobile will have to
check the identity of the adjacent cells by reading the BSIC value sent on the SCH of each cell.
This will take place during the idle frame number 26.
The signal strength of the serving cell is measured during reception of the allocated traffic
channel. Then the mobile will make a list of the strongest six carriers and their BSIC values along
with the signal strength of its cell, and reports this list to the BSC via the uplink SACCH channel
which is repeated once every 26 frames.
Questions ?
Chapter 7 : Traffic Cases

Communicate Anywhere
Traffic Cases
GSM System Survey

Chapter Objectives
By the End of this Chapter you will:

Know How the Mobile Terminating call is done

Know how the PLMN Coverage area is divided ( MSC
Coverage Areas & Location Areas )
Know the different types of Location Updates
Know the different types of Handover Procedures
Know How the Mobile Originating call is done
Know the different Traffic Cases a Roamer can have
Traffic Cases
GSM System Survey

Location Update

Why do we need to update our location data ?

Actually, the location update process is invited in aim to exactly identify your
location within the network so that any incoming call goes directly to the called
subscriber.
To fulfill this aim, one can say that we may update the system with the cell ID
each time the subscriber changes his serving cell.
The MSC/VLR will now know the exact cell you are roaming in.
This will result in a huge amount of location update messages.

An extreme is never to make a location update and to be paged in all the

network. This will cause huge amount of paging messages.

Do you have a compromising solution ?

Traffic Cases
GSM System Survey

Location Area
Location area is a part of the MSC/VLR coverage area. Each group of adjacent cells is
assigned a universal unique location area identity.

The mobile subscriber is only required to update the network with its new location every time it
changes its Location Area.

Introducing the concept of Location area enables us to make an approximate estimation of

your location.
Traffic Cases
GSM System Survey

MSC Coverage Area

LA 1
LA 3
MSC
LA 2
LA4
Traffic Cases
GSM System Survey

Location Area Identity (LAI)

602 02 1607

MCC MNC LAC

Vodafone Egypt LAI

MCC : Mobile Country Code

MNC : Mobile Network Code
LAC : Location Area Code
Traffic Cases
GSM System Survey

Cell Global Identity (CGI)

602 02 1607 781

MCC MNC LAC CID

Vodafone Egypt CGI

MCC : Mobile Country Code

MNC : Mobile Network Code
LAC : Location Area Code
CID : Cell ID
Traffic Cases
GSM System Survey

Types of Location Update

1. Normal Location update within same MSC/VLR service area

2. Normal Location update between 2 different MSC/VLR service areas
3. IMSI attach/detach
4. Periodic Location Update
Traffic Cases
GSM System Survey

Normal Location within the same MSC/VLR Service area

Updates
4 LA Record 1. The Mobile sends an allocation request
message to the BTS
MSC/VLR
2. The BTS responds with the allocation
message

3. The mobile sends a location update

BSC request message with its IMSI to the
MSC/VLR
4. The MSC/VLR updates the location
information and sends a Location Update
confirmation message
Traffic Cases
GSM System Survey

Normal Location Update between 2

different MSC/VLR service areas VLR Address
= HLR
1. The mobile sends a location New
Old MSC
MSC IMSI to MGT
update request to the MSC. translation
2. The new MSC/VLR receives the IMSI
and conclude the MGT.
3. The MSC/VLR sends a subscriber
information request with the IMSI
Old MSC/VLR New MSC/VLR
to the proper HLR
4. The HLR stores the address of
the new MSC/VLR
5. The HLR sends the data to the
new MSC/VLR and it is kept there Old BSC NEW BSC

6. The HLR sends a location

cancellation message to the old
MSC/VLR to remove the data LA 2
LA 1
7. The new MSC/VLR sends a location
updating confirmation message to
the mobile
Traffic Cases
GSM System Survey

IMSI Detach
1. At power off, the MS asks for a signaling channel.
2. The MS uses this signaling channel to send the IMSI detach message to the
MSC/VLR.
3. In the VLR, an IMSI detach flag is set for the subscriber. This is used to
reject incoming calls to the MS.
Traffic Cases
GSM System Survey

IMSI Attach

IMSI attach is a complement to the IMSI detach procedure. It is used by

the mobile subscriber to inform the network that it has re-entered an
active state and is still in the same location area. If the MS changes
location area while being switched off, a normal location update takes
place.
1. The MS requests a signaling channel.
2. The MSC/VLR receives the IMSI attach message from the MS.
3. The MSC/VLR sets the IMSI attach in the VLR. The mobile is now
ready for normal call handling.
4. The VLR returns an acknowledgment to the MS.

BSC MSC/VLR
2 3
4
Traffic Cases
GSM System Survey

Periodic Location Update

Periodic location update is a routine task performed by the network if the MS

doesn’t make any location update ( any of the previous 4 types) during a
predefined period.
If the MS doesn’t respond to this periodic location update, it will be marked as
implicitly detached. ( Temporarily out of service )
Traffic Cases
GSM System Survey

Handover

 Handover is to keep continuity of the call when the subscriber is roaming

along the network moving from one cell to another and moving between
different nodes in the network.
 During call, the MS is continuously measuring transmission quality of
neighboring cells and reports this results to the BSC through the BTS.
 The BSC, being responsible on supervising the cells, is responsible of
handover initiation.
 Good neighbor relations between cells is an important factor in keeping the
network performance in the accepted level.
Traffic Cases
GSM System Survey

Types of Handover

1. Intra BSC Handover:

When the cell to which the call will be handed over belongs to the same
BSC of the serving cell.

2. Inter BSC / Intra MSC Handover:

When the cell to which the call will be handed over belongs to the different
BSCs but to the same serving MSC.

3. Inter MSC
When the cell to which the call will be handed over belongs to the different BSC
and different MSC.
Traffic Cases
GSM System Survey

Intra BSC Handover

1. The BSC decides from the power measurement reports
BSC that the call must be handed over to another cell

7 2. The BSC checks for an vacant TCH in the

8 new cell and orders this cell to activate the TCH
2 3. The BSC orders the serving cell to send
a message to the MS telling the information
of new TCH
Serving Cell 3 4 New Cell 4. The MS tunes to the new frequency and
Sends handover access burst
6 5. The new cell detects the handover burst
5 and sends information about the suitable
timing advance to the MS
6. The MS sends a HO complete message to the new cell
7. The new cell sends a message to the BSC that the handover is successful
8. The BSC orders the old Cell to release the TCH
Traffic Cases
GSM System Survey

Inter BSC /Intra MSC Handover

MSC/VLR

Old BSC New BSC

Traffic Cases
GSM System Survey

Inter MSC Handover

Old MSC New MSC

Old BSC New BSC

Traffic Cases
GSM System Survey

Inter MSC Handover

Old MSC New MSC

GMSC

Old BSC New BSC

PSTN
Traffic Cases
GSM System Survey

Mobile Originated Call

1.     The mobile sends a call request along with its
IMSI to its serving MSC/VLR which will mark the
mobile as busy.
2.     Authentication is performed by the MSC to verify
the mobile access to the network, and then
PSTN ciphering is initiated in order to protect the
mobile call on the radio path.
3.     The mobile sends a call setup message to the
MSC with information about the call type,
services required and the dialed number.
MSC 4.     MSC checks the categories of the mobile
subscriber to verify that he is authorized to use
the required services, and then a link is
established between the MSC and BSC.
5.     BSC checks the mobile serving BTS for an idle
BSC traffic channel and then orders that BTS to seize
this channel for a call.
6.     The BSC informs the MSC when the traffic
channel assignment is complete, and then the
MSC/VLR starts to analyze the dialed number
and sets up a connection to the called
subscriber.
Traffic Cases
GSM System Survey

Mobile Terminating call

1
HLR

PSTN
3
5

2
6 4

GMSC MSC BSC

7 8
9
Traffic Cases
GSM System Survey

Roaming: Location Update

IMSI Is a roaming agreement present ?
60202.. MSC/VLR Copy of the HLR Profile will
be stored in Stock. VLR

Is roaming and Int.

calls allowed ?
Attached
Detached
VLR ADD=
Stock.
Egypt Airport
Roaming & Int.
HLR Roaming & Int.
Allowed
Allowed
Traffic Cases
GSM System Survey

Roaming: Call to HPLMN

MSISDN

+2010…. MSC/VLR

Originating Leg

Terminating Leg
Attached
VLR ADD=
HLR xyz
GWMSC
Traffic Cases
GSM System Survey

Roaming: Call from HPLMN

MSC/VLR

Roaming Call
Forwarding Leg

Originating Leg Attached

VLR ADD=
MSISDN Stock. Airport

010… HLR Roaming & Int.

GWMSC Allowed
Traffic Cases
GSM System Survey

Roaming: Call from another Roamer

MSISDN
+2010…. MSC/VLR MSC/VLR
A B

Roaming Call
Forwarding Leg

Originating Leg Attached

VLR ADD=
Stock. B
HLR Roaming & Int.
Allowed
GWMSC
Traffic Cases
GSM System Survey

Roaming: Call to The visited PLMN

MSISDN
+46… MSC/VLR MSC/VLR
A B

Originating Leg .STCK Terminating Leg

HLR
STCK.
GWMSC

HLR
GWMSC
Questions ?
GSM System Survey
Chapter 8 : GSM Services

What else other than voice?

GSM Services
GSM System Survey

Chapter Objectives
By the End of this Chapter you will:

Know how do Fax and data calls take place

Know how does SMS is sent and received
Know how the call of a Prepaid subscriber takes place
GSM Services
GSM System Survey

Introduction

Examples of GSM non-Speech services

 Fax calls

 Data calls

 Short messages service (SMS)

Conclusion GSM is a telecommunication network rather than a telephony network.

GSM Services
GSM System Survey

Fax and data Calls

Supported by :

PSTN ISDN GSM

The receiving node must know:

What is the service requested ? e.g.. (speech, fax or data)

How will the service be performed ? E.g.. (bit rate)

GSM Services
GSM System Survey

Fax and data Calls

do we have additional MSISDN for the same

Why subscriber to be able to receive fax & data calls?

 Information sent at call setup from ISDN or GSM on “how” the service will
be performed, is called Bearer Capabilities (BC).

 ISDN and GSM have different transmission requirements and different

coding schemes, so they have different bearer capabilities referred to as
ISDN-BC and GSM-BC.

 PSTN can not provide this type of information during call setup, so it can
not distinguish between a telephony call and a fax or data call.

 An Additional MSISDN (AMSISDN) will be allocated to a mobile subscriber

who has the service of receiving fax or data calls.
GSM Services
GSM System Survey

Fax and data Calls

For an MSC to be able to handle fax or data calls, it should be provided with a
Data Transmission Interface (DTI) which is used for :
 rate adaptation.

 Protocol conversion.

 Providing modems.

such that Fax , Data calls are to be established to/from mobile subscribers.

Standard Bit Rate in GSM = 9.6 KB/S

This rate can be increased into 14.4 KB/S

The High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD) uses 4 time slots to
perform a data call thus increasing the rate into 57.6 KB/S
GSM Services
GSM System Survey

Fax and data Calls

Fax from PSTN

AMSISDN IMSI
HLR
AMSISDN BC
AMSISDN

AMSISDN
PSTN
GWMSC MSC/VLR

DTI
GSM Services
GSM System Survey

Fax and data Calls

GSM fax call

PSTN
MSC

DTI
GSM Services
GSM System Survey

Future Enhancements

GPRS General Packet Radio Services

( Up to 171 Kbit/sec)

EDGE Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution

( Up to 48 Kbit/sec per channel)

UMTS Universal Mobile telecommunication System

(Up to 2 MB)
GSM Services
GSM System Survey

GSM Evolution
UMTS
Functionality capable systems
& capabilities
WCDMA
2 Mbps
EDGE/IS-136
384 kbps
GPRS
115 kbps
Packet Switched
HSCSD
57.6 kbps
Circuit Switched
Circuit data
<9.6 kbps
Speech

Time
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Universal
Enhanced
General
Wideband
High Mobile
Data
Packet
Speed
Code Telecommunication
RateRadio
Circuitfor
Division GSM
Services
Evolution
Switching
Multiple System
Data
Access
GSM Services
GSM System Survey

Short Message Service

The Short Message Service (SMS) allows a mobile subscriber to send and
receive text messages composed of 160 characters at most.

The short messages sent or received are handled by the Short Message
Service Center ( SMSC ), which consists of three parts :

 Service Center (SC)

 SMS GMSC (SMS-GMSC)
 SMS inter-working MSC ( SMS-IWMSC)
GSM Services
GSM System Survey

Short Message Service

Service Center
 Handles the delivery of short messages to/from Short Message Entities
(SME), which can be any originator or receiver of short messages such as
mobile, fax, … etc.
 Stores the short messages.
 Create billing files.
 Monitors system events and alarms.
SMS-GMSC
 Interrogates the HLR to determine the location of a mobile subscriber.
 Forwards the short message to a mobile subscriber via its serving MSC.
SMS-IWMSC
 Receives the mobile originated short message from any MSC in the
network.
 Receives an alert message from the HLR to inform the SC that a mobile
subscriber who was absent during a previous short message delivery
attempt is reachable again.
GSM Services
GSM System Survey

Mobile Originated SMS

SC

SMS - IWMSC SMS - GMSC

MSC1 MSC2

HLR

MO MT
GSM Services
GSM System Survey

Unsuccessful Message Transfer

SC

SMS - IWMSC SMS - GMSC

Pending
Message
MSC1 MSC2 Flag

HLR

Waiting
Message
Data
MO MT
GSM Services
GSM System Survey

The Mobile is present once more

SC
Alert:
The MS is
present
SMS - IWMSC SMS - GMSC

Alert:
The MS is
present Alert:
The MS is
MSC1 MSC3 present

HLR
Attach
Alert :
The MS is
present
MO MT
GSM Services
GSM System Survey

Advanced GSM Services

WAP Wireless Applications Protocol

CAMEL Customized Application of Mobile Enhanced Logic

GSM Services
GSM System Survey
The Pre-payment system

A pre-paid
subscriber
858
MSC
MSC IVR
IVR
Charging 858 868

Balance inquiry 868

IVR :Interactive Voice Recognition SDP

SDP PPAS
PPAS
PPAS:Prepayment Administration system.
SDP :Service Data Point.
GSM Services
GSM System Survey
Pre-payment Originating call

A pre-paid
subscriber
Oick-3
MSC
MSC00 Oick-6
SDP1
SDP1 Oick-3
SCP2
SCP2 satellite
Oick nodes

HLR
SDP2
SDP2 Oick-2

SCP3
SCP3
Oick-5
MSC
MSC13
13 Oick-2 SDP1
SDP1
Oick-6
Oick-5
Questions ?
GSM System Survey
Thank You For your time