Unit-3 External Memory: Magnetic Surface Recording

Unit-3
External Memory
Magnetic Surface Recording:
A magnetic field is created in the gap in a magnetic head by passing current through coil worn
on the head. The field may be created in one of two directions. A plastic surface coating with
the ferro magnetic is paste below the head. The surface is magnetic in either of two direction
depending on the magnetic field across the recording head.
If a position of surface magnetic in the left to right direction is assumed to represent the 1 and
the right to left direction assumed to be 0. In order to read the bits stored on a magnetic
surface. The surface is moved at a high speed below the magnetic head.
<Diagram>
fig:Magnetic Tape
fig:Recording on Magnetic Surface
fig:A Magnetic Disk
RAID: (Redendent Array of Independent Disk)

Industry has agreed on a standardized scheme for multiple disk database design known as
RAID. The RAID scheme consists of seven levels(0 to 6). These levels do not imply heirarchical
relationship but designate different design architecture that share 3 common characteristics.
1. RAID is a set of physical disc drives viewed by the operating system as a single logical
drive.
2. Data is distributed accross the physical drives of an array.
3. Redundant disk capacity is used to store parity information which gurantees data
recoverability in case of disk faliure.
The detail of the second and third characteristic differ for the different RAID levels. RAID 0
doesn’t support the third characteristics.
<Diagram>
RAID 0
RAID 1
RAID 2
RAID Level 0:
RAID level 0 is not a true member of the RAID family because it doesn’t include redundancy to
improve performance. The disk is divided into strips. These strips may be physical blocks sectors
or some other units.
RAID Level 1:
RAID 1 differs from RAID level 2 to 6 in the way in which redundancy is achieved. Data striping
is used as an RAID 0. But in this case each logical strip is mapped into two separate physical disk
so that every disk in the array has a mirror disk that contain the same data.
The principle advantage of RAID 1 is the cost. It requires twice of the disk space of the logical
disk that it supports.
RAID Level 2:
RAID level 2 and 3 make use of a parallel access technique. In a parallel access array all member
disk participate in the execution of every input/output request.
As in the other RAID scheme data striping is used in the case of RAID 2 and 3. The strips are very
small often as small as single byte or word with RAID 2. On error correcting code is calculated
accross corresponding bit on each data disk and the bits of the code are stored in the
corresponding bit position on multiple parity disk. Typically a Hamming Code is used.
RAID Level 3:
RAID level 3 is organized in a similar to RAID 2 the different is that RAID 3 requires only a single
redundant disk no matter how large the disk array is.
RAID Level 4:
As in the other RAID scheme data striping is used in the case of RAID 4 through 4 and 6, the
strips are relatively large with RAID 4. A bit by bit parity strip is calculated accross
corresponding strips. Each disk and the parity bits are stored in the corresponding strip on the
parity disk.
RAID Level 5:
RAID 5 is organized in a similar to RAID 4. The difference is that RAID 5 distributes the parity
strip accross all disk.
RAID Level 6:
In the RAID 6 scheme to difference parity calculation are carried out and in the seperate blocks
on different disk.
Optical Memory:
In 1983 one of the most successful consumer product of all time was introuced the compact
disk digital audio system. The CD is a non-erasable disk that can store more than 60 minutes of
audio information on 1 disc. The huge commercial success is, the CD enabled the development
of low cost optical disc storage technology.
Information is retrived from a CD or DVD by a low power laser housed in an optical disc layer or
drive unit. The laser sign through the clear polycarbonate while a motor spins the disc. The
intensity of reflected light of the laser chains as it encountered a pit. Specifically if the laser
beam falls on a pit which has somewhat a rough surface, the laser scatter and a low intensity is
reflected back to the source. The area between pits are called lands. A land is a smooth surface
which reflects back at higher intensity. The change between pits and lands is detected by a
photo censor and converted into a digital signal. The censor tests the surface at regular
intervals. The beginning or end of a pit represents a 1, when no change in elevation occurs
between intervals, a zero is recorded.
Table:- CD ROM and DVD ROM Comparision
CD ROM DVD ROM

 Pit Length(micron) 0.834 0.4
 Laser Beam Wavelength(nanometer) 635 780
 Capicity: 1 Layer/1 side 700 MB 4.7 GB
 2 Layer/1 side No 8.5 GB
 1 Layer/2 side No 9.4 GB
 2 Layer/2 Side No 17 GB
 Speed 150 kb/s 1.38 mb/s
Label
Protective Layer(acrylic)
Reflective Layer(aluminium)
Laser focus on polycarbonate pits in front of reflective layer.

Polycarbonate Substrate(plastic)
CD - ROM
Polycarbonate Layer, side 1

Fully reflective Layer(side ½)
Laser focus on pits in one layer on one side at a time disk must be flip

b.) DVD - ROM

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Unit-3

fig:Recording on Magnetic Surface

fig:A Magnetic Disk

RAID: (Redendent Array of Independent Disk)

Table:- CD ROM and DVD ROM Comparision

CD ROM DVD ROM

Laser focus on polycarbonate pits in front of reflective layer.

Polycarbonate Layer, side 1

Polycarbonate Layer, side 1

Fully reflective Layer(side ½)

Polycarbonate Layer, side 1

b.) DVD - ROM

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