Welcome To The Capstone Rehearsal Tutorial!
Welcome To The Capstone Rehearsal Tutorial!
Welcome To The Capstone Rehearsal Tutorial!
The Rehearsal will show you how use the software and reports to execute company tactics. The six basic
tactics are:
Tactic 1: How do we reposition a product?
Tactic 2: How do we market a product?
Tactic 3: How do we schedule production and manage inventory?
Tactic 4: How do we modify plant and equipment?
Tactic 5: How do we raise money and pay debt?
Tactic 6: How do we invent a new product?
Of course, there are other tactics, and an infinite number of combinations, but if you understand how to
perform these six basic tactics, you can develop and execute a strategy for your company.
We will also look at supporting activities like, “Where do we find the information needed to make a
decision?” and “How do we save our work?”
The Rehearsal is aimed at mechanical questions like “What,” “How” and “Where,” not the “Why” questions.
It will take roughly one hour to complete.
At the end of the Rehearsal you will take a quiz that asks you to match each basic tactic with a set of action
steps. You must get 100% on the quiz to complete the Rehearsal.
Your decisions matter. After you complete the quiz, the Rehearsal will put your decisions into competition
with two computer managed companies and advance the clock one year. You can then examine the results
to see how you fared against your competitors.
During the Rehearsal you have the “Andrews” company. (Do not worry if you have been assigned to a
different company in class. When the real simulation begins you will make decisions for your assigned
company.)
You can return to the Rehearsal to review the tactics, but you can only do the quiz or advance the clock
once.
You will find it easiest to do the rehearsal if you use these three documents:
This Rehearsal script
The Capstone Courier
The Industry Conditions report
Good luck!
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Tactic 1 Repositioning a Product
What is this tactic about?
Positioning a product means choosing product attributes that customers want. You have five customer
types or segments ‐ Traditional, Low End, High End, Performance, and Size. They are interested in four
product characteristics ‐ Size, Performance (which together are plotted on the Perceptual Map), Age and
Reliability. Each customer segment has different preferences. Your task is to give customers what they
want, and that requires repositioning because the customer expectations change over time.
For example, a year from now customers will expect different Size and Performance specifications, and your
product will be a year older. You need to plan a revision today that will give customers what they want a
year from now.
Where do we get the data to plan a revision?
We need two reports ‐ The Capstone Courier, and the Industry Conditions Report. The Courier was
published yesterday, December 31st. We are making decisions on January 1st for the upcoming year.
In the Courier we will find a Segment Analysis page associated with each segment. On the page we will find
a “Customer Buying Criteria” box. It tells us what customers wanted yesterday. In the Industry Conditions
Report, we will find how quickly those expectations are changing. For example, suppose the Courier says
that Traditional customers wanted a Performance of 5.0 yesterday. The Industry Conditions Report tells us
that Traditional customers expect Performance to improve by 0.7 each year. Therefore at the end of this
year, they will want a performance of 5.7.
We need to know four things. When our product comes out of R&D, what will customers want for
performance, size, age and reliability?
How do we make the decisions?
Open the R&D spreadsheet. Enter new Performance, Size, and MTBF specifications. Click “Recalculate.”
Observe the following:
On the Perceptual Map, our product appears twice. The black letters show where our product is today. We
will make and sell the product at those specifications until the product emerges from R&D. The magenta
letters show where our product will be when it emerges from R&D.
In the table we see a Revision Date and an Age at Revision. Whenever we move a product on the map, no
matter how far it moves, the day it emerges from R&D the customers perceive it as being “new and
improved,” and they cut its age in half. We can see this graphically in the Age Profile chart at the bottom of
the spreadsheet. If a product is revised in the middle of the year, its age profile will look like a sawtooth.
In the Material Cost chart we can see the old product's material cost versus the revised product. Two things
drive material cost ‐ the positioning on the map, and the MTBF specification.
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Are there tips to keep in mind?
Projects can only begin on January 1st. If an old project is still underway on January 1st, we cannot begin a
new one. Usually we should keep projects under twelve months. (Exceptions would be for very long moves,
like repositioning to a different segment.)
The more projects we add, the longer each project takes. This can cause earlier project completion dates to
slip. Always check the revision dates for all projects before saving decisions.
Long projects can move a product from one segment to another ‐ for example, from Performance to
Traditional. This can take two or even three years. Time the project to end in December. That way it will be
available for a follow‐up project immediately. Also consider moving the product in several steps instead of
one big jump to manage the perceived Age.
What do we need to do for the Rehearsal?
1. Using the Courier and Industry Conditions reports, find out what customers will want next year.
2. On the R&D spreadsheet, make decisions for Able, Acre, Adam, Aft and Agape.
3. Save your decisions. Click File and Update Official Decisions.
Tactic 2: Marketing a Product
What is this tactic about?
Marketers talk about “the 4 P's of marketing ‐ price, promotion, place and product.” In this tactic we
consider all four aspects of the marketing mix.
Price ‐ each segment has an expected price range. Price serves two functions. Between segments, price
distinguishes one segment from another ‐ for example, Low End customers expect lower prices than High
End customers. Within a segment, price drives a demand curve ‐ lower prices generate higher demand than
higher prices.
Promotion ‐ each product has a promotion budget that drives customer awareness. Think of promotion as
“what happens before the sale.” If a potential customer knows about your product before they begin
shopping, they are more likely to consider your product.
Place ‐ each product has a sales budget that drives customer accessibility. Think of place as “what happens
during and after the sale.” It customers find it easy to examine your product, talk to your employees, and
take delivery, they are more likely to choose your product.
Product ‐ in the context here, we are concerned with forecasting demand so that we can produce adequate
inventory. After all, no inventory, no sales. In a broader sense, product design ‐ the invention and
positioning of a product ‐ are also marketing concerns.
For each product, we will set a price, promotion budget, sales (or place) budget, and a demand forecast.
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Where do we get the data to market our product?
The Team Member Guide and the Capstone Courier. The Team Member Guide discusses all four elements in
section 4.2 Marketing.
The Courier presents market segment pages that tell us what customers want and contrast the competing
products. The market share page breaks down demand by product and segment. The Perceptual Map plots
all the product positions on a map.
How do we make the decisions?
Bring up the Marketing spreadsheet.
The marketing spreadsheet is designed to give you some benchmarking feedback about demand as you
change values for price, promo, and sales. However, because the computer has no information about your
competitor's decisions, the computer's prediction is only useful for testing elasticities.
For example, drop Able's price by $1 and click recalculate. The computer's forecast will predict an increase
in sales. However, you cannot trust that forecast. Why? The computer has no idea what your competitors
will do. They might drop price $2, or raise prices. The computer assumes your product will compete with
five mediocre products.
On the other hand, a benchmark can be useful. As you change prices and budgets, you can get some sense
for their impact upon demand and contribution margin.
Are there tips to keep in mind?
Put a pessimistic forecast into “Your Sales Forecast.” You would like to know what your cash position looks
like in your worst case scenario. In the worst case, sales are poor, but you built inventory for the best case.
As a consequence, all of your cash is tied up in the inventory sitting in the warehouse. You want to have at
least one dollar in Cash in your worst case scenario.
What do we need to do for the Rehearsal?
For each product, use the Courier's segment page to determine what customers expect for Price and to
compare your product with competing product's awareness and accessibility.
Decide upon a marketing mix for each product. For example, you might lower Able's price a dollar, and
increase its promotion and sales budgets by $100 thousand. For a demand forecast, enter last year's
demand.
Save the decisions. Under File, select Update Official Decisions.
Tactic 3: Scheduling Production
What is this tactic about?
At the simplest level, we must have inventory to sell, and in this tactic we tell our plant how many units to
produce. We will offer our production, plus any inventory left over from last year, for sale to our customers.
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In a perfect world we would produce exactly enough inventory to meet demand. Unfortunately, we cannot
be certain what your competitors will do. Therefore, we must manage two risks:
1. Stocking out. If we run out of inventory, we give our customers and our profits to competitors.
2. Carrying too much inventory. We pay for inventory out of cash. If too much ends up in the
warehouse, we could run out of cash and take an emergency loan.
Where do we get the data to plan a production schedule?
The Team Member Guide, the Capstone Courier, and our marketing forecast.
The Team Member Guide discusses production in section 4.3. The Courier offers starting inventory and
capacity constraints on the Production page.
In Tactic 3 Marketing, we entered a pessimistic sales forecast. We said something like, “In our worst case,
we believe we can sell 900 thousand units of Able.” But if 900 thousand units is our worst case, what is our
best case? We would like to have enough inventory to satisfy our best case. Otherwise we stock out.
Suppose we decide our best case is 1200 units of Able, and that we have 100 already sitting in the
warehouse left over from last year. We would produce 1100.
If our worst case comes true, we end the year with 300 thousand units of inventory. If our best case comes
true, we end the year with 0 inventory but every customer is served.
In the worst case, we would have to buy 300 thousand units of inventory. At $20 per unit, that would tie up
$6 million of our cash. We can see how much cash we would have left by bringing up the “Proforma Balance
Sheet.” So long as we have $1 left in cash in our worst case, we can say, “We planned for the worst, but we
hope for the best.”
How do we make the decisions?
Bring up the Production spreadsheet.
Your Unit Sales Forecast (ideally our worst case) was brought over from the Marketing worksheet, and our
Inventory on Hand (left over from last year) is shown below it. We have our best case forecast in hand.
Schedule enough production to meet our best case forecast.
Are there tips to keep in mind?
Consider the question, “How many months of inventory are we willing to carry?” For example, three
months of inventory means three months of sales sitting in the warehouse. That is a policy decision. If your
policy is 3 months, then your worst case sales are 9 months of sales, and your best case is 12/9ths or 4/3rds
of your worst case. To get our best case, we need only multiply our worst case by 4/3rds or 133%.
What do we need to do for the Rehearsal?
Schedule enough production to meet your best case demand for each product.
Save the decisions. Under File, select Update Official Decisions.
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Tactic 4: Modifying Plant and Equipment
What is this tactic about?
Plant produces our inventory. Capacity determines how many units we can produce in a year. Automation
determines the labor content in each unit.
Occasionally we need to buy or sell capacity. Investing in automation reduces our labor costs. If we expand
capacity or automation, we must also raise the money to pay for it.
Capacity is rated as, “The number of units that can be produced in a year on first shift.” A capacity of 800
means that we could produce up to 800 thousand units on first shift. We could produce another 800 on
second shift, but our labor costs would increase 50%.
Capacity and automation are ordered on January 1st and arrive on December 31st, effectively one year
later.
Suppose that we have capacity for 800. We expect demand to be 1200 next year. We could produce 800 on
first shift and 400 on second. Or we could increase capacity to 1200 and produce everything on first shift. Or
we could increase automation ‐ we would still produce 400 on a second shift, but at some point our labor
costs fall enough that we are indifferent.
How do we make the decisions?
Bring up the Production spreadsheet.
Under “Physical Plant” we see “Buy/Sell Capacity.” To buy an additional 100 thousand units of first shift
capacity, enter “100.” To sell 100 thousand units, enter “‐100.”
Automation is rated on a scale of 1 to 10. To increase automation enter a new value.
The cost of the investment appears as a positive number when buying equipment, and as a negative
number when selling.
Are there tips to keep in mind?
As a rule of thumb, always fully fund plant and equipment purchases. Sources of funding include stock
issues, bond issues, and depreciation. (Later in the tutorial we will discuss “why.”) For example, if we are
spending $20 million on new plant, we should be able to add together stock issues, bond issues and
depreciation equaling $20 million. Like any rule of thumb there are exceptions, but you should be able to
explain why the exception is appropriate before making the exception.
What do we need to do for the Rehearsal?
Technically, nothing. The rehearsal only lasts one round, and plant and equipment changes take a year.
We already purchased plant for a new product earlier in Tactic 2: Inventing a new product.
However, rather than waste the opportunity to experiment, we suggest the following.
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1. Sell 400 thousand units of capacity of Able.
2. Increase Acre's capacity by 200 thousand units.
3. Increase Aft's automation to 6.0.
4. Observe the net cost of these decisions
5. On the Finance worksheet, issue a bond to fund the plant improvements. (Alternatively, use a mix
of stock issue, bond issue, and depreciation).
Tactic 5: Raising Money and Paying Debt
What is this tactic about?
Ultimately this tactic is about funding our assets. Assets are paid for with debt and equity.
Consequences affect our performance ratios, our profitability, our growth, even our company's viability.
How do we make the decisions?
Bring up the Finance worksheet.
We can raise debt two ways ‐ with short term debt from our banker, and with long term debt from our
bondholders. Values are entered in thousands. For example, 4000 means $4 million dollars.
We can raise equity with stock issues, and by retaining the profits we make instead of paying a dividend.
Stock issues are entered in thousands.
We can reduce debt by paying down our current debt or by paying bonds early.
We can reduce equity by repurchasing stock or by paying a dividend. Dividends are entered in dollars per
share. For example, $1.49 means we will pay $1.49 to every share outstanding.
There are two credit policies which can also affect our balance sheet ‐ Accounts Receivable and Accounts
Payable credit policies. Both are expressed in days. For example, 30 days A/R policy means that we give
customers 30 days to pay our invoices.
Are there tips to keep in mind?
Keep the ratio of assets to equity (or leverage) between 33% and 66%. What does this mean? Any asset is
paid for with a mix of debt and equity. Let's use a personal asset for discussion purposes. When a person
buys a house, they make a down payment ‐ say 20%. The down payment is equity. That mix is 20% equity
and 80% debt, or a leverage of 5.0. (For every dollar of asset, $0.20 would be in equity, so assets/equity is
5.0.) In business a leverage is 5.0 is very risky. It would be very difficult to make a profit after interest
payments, and the risk of default is high. At 33% equity, our leverage is 3.0. Risk becomes more tolerable. At
50%, our leverage is 2.0 and comfort levels high. At 66% lenders are eager to lend us money at favorable
rates.
What do we need to do for the Rehearsal?
We have already issued stocks and bonds to cover plant purchases.
However, we have not considered current debt or a dividend.
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1. Examine your Proforma Balance sheet.
2. Add together Inventory and Accts Receivable. These are current assets, and they should be funded
by current liabilities. Current liabilities are the sum of Accts Payable and Current Borrowing.
3. Calculate Inventory + Accts Receivable ‐ Accts Payable.
4. Borrow the result on the Finance worksheet as new current debt in the “Borrow ($000)” cell.
5. On the Finance worksheet, examine the “Earnings Per Share” cell under common stock. Assuming it
is positive, how much of this do you wish to give to stockholders as a dividend? Suppose your
answer is half. Enter half the EPS in the Dividend Per Share cell.
Tactic 6: Inventing a New Product.
What is this tactic about?
Sometimes we want to invent new products. Perhaps we are replacing an old product, or perhaps we are
increasing our product breadth. We want to give customers what they want.
The process is almost the same as repositioning a product. However, we need to broaden our perspective to
include plant and equipment for our new product, and raising the money to buy the plant.
Inventing a product takes longer than repositioning ‐ typically between 1.4 and 3.0 years, although most
products are ready 1.6 to 2.0 years.
Where do we get the data to plan a new product?
We need two reports ‐ The Capstone Courier, and the Industry Conditions Report. The Courier was
published yesterday, December 31st. We are making decisions on January 1st. We need to think ahead two
to three years.
As with repositioning, we use the Segment Analysis page of the Courier find out what customers wanted
yesterday, then use the Industry Conditions report to project into the future. We need to know four things.
When our product comes out of R&D, what will customers want for performance, size, age and reliability?
We also need to get a sense for our capacity requirements. You will find the segment size and growth rate
for next year on the Segment Analysis page. However, capacity must be evaluated in the face of
competition. We can get a sense for competitors by looking at the Segment Analysis, the Perceptual Map,
and the Production Analysis page.
Our plan includes the product specifications, our plant and equipment requirements, and our funding
requirements.
How do we make the decisions?
Suppose we decide to create a new High End product called “Ace.” Looking two years into the future, we
will give Ace a Performance of 10.0, Size of 10.0, and MTBF of 25000. We hope to capture 1/6th of the
market, so we will plan for 400 units of capacity at an automation level of 4.0. This will require an
investment of $8.8 million. We will raise $4.4 million with stock and $4.4 million with bonds.
On the R&D spreadsheet, we enter the product specifications. Name ‐ Ace, Performance 10.0, Size 10.0,
MTBF 25000. Click Calculate.
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On the Production spreadsheet, we enter our capacity and automation requirements. Capacity 400.
Automation 4.0. We read the cost of the investment.
On the Finance spreadsheet, we raise the capital to fund our new plant. Issue Stock of $4 million (entered as
4000 because everything is in thousands). Issue Long Term Debt of $4.4 million (entered as 4400).
Under File, click Update Official Decisions.
Are there tips to keep in mind?
Do the repositioning decisions first. When you add the new product decisions, the revision dates will slip.
Adjust the repositioning projects so they end before January 1st if possible.
New products often emerge in mid‐year. But plant and equipment are purchased on January 1st and arrive
on December 31st. Therefore, our plant will sit idle for some period of time until the product emerges from
R&D. For example, suppose our product emerges in July of next year. The plant would sit idle for 7 months.
Sometimes it makes sense to either wait until next year to buy the plant, or modify our project to end late
in the year. For example, if we modified our design to end in December, we could postpone purchasing
plant until next year.
What do we need to do for the Rehearsal?
1. Pick a segment for our new product. (Example, the High End segment.)
2. Using the Courier and Industry Conditions Report, select specifications. (Example, Name “Ace,”
Performance 10.0, Size 10.0, MTBF 25,000.)
3. Decide how much plant and equipment to purchase for our new product. (Example, 400 thousand
units at an automation of 4.0 for an $8.8 million investment.)
4. Enter the product specifications on the R&D spreadsheet.
5. Enter the plant and equipment decisions on the Production spreadsheet.
6. Fund the plant and equipment using a roughly 50/50 mix of new stock and new bonds. (Example,
stock issue $4.4 million, bond issue $4.4 million.)
7. Save the decisions. Under File, select Update Official Decisions.
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The Rehearsal Quiz
In the right‐hand pane, click the Quiz link.
The quiz is straightforward. The six basic tactics are listed on the left. In the right column we list six groups
of action steps as groups A to F. Associate each tactic with a group of action steps.
You must get all answers correct to complete the quiz. If you get them all right on the first try, you earn a
score of 100. If you get them all right on the second try, you earn a 90. On the third try, 80, and so on.
Processing the Rehearsal
After you complete the quiz, a new menu item will appear ‐ Process.
Processing will finalize your decisions, advance the clock one year, and examine a new Capstone Courier.
Your instructor will be able to view the Sales and Profits which result from your decisions so your tactics for
the Rehearsal should maximize these for your company.
You can only process the rehearsal once, so be sure to have your tactics ready before processing.
Good luck!
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