Picaxe Micro Controller Interfacing Circuits

www.picaxe.co.
uk MICROCONTROLLER INTERFACING CIRCUITS

1 Section 3
Contents
About this manual .......................................................................................... 2
Microcontroller Interfacing Circuits ................................................................... 3
What is a PIC Microcontroller? .......................................................................... 3
Interfacing to the PIC Microcontroller ............................................................... 3
Note on the BASIC Code Samples ...................................................................... 4

Note on Component Selection .......................................................................... 4
Standard Interfacing Circuits ............................................................................ 5

Standard Circuits 1 - The Transistor Interfacing Circuit ........................................ 5
Standard Circuits 2 - Using a Darlington Driver IC ............................................... 6
Standard Circuits 3 - The Relay Interfacing Circuit .............................................. 7
Standard Circuits 4 - The Power MOSFET Interfacing Circuit ................................. 7
Output Device Interfacing ................................................................................ 8

Output Device 1 - Light Emitting Diode (LED) .................................................... 8
Output Device 2 - Signal Lamp ......................................................................... 9
Output Device 3 - Buzzer .................................................................................. 9
Output Devices 4 - Piezo Sounder & Speaker .................................................... 1 0
Output Devices 5 - Solar & DC “Toy” Motors ...................................................... 1 1
Output Device 6 - Unipolar stepper motor ....................................................... 1 4
Output Device 7 - Bipolar Stepper motor ......................................................... 1 6
Output Device 8 - Radio Control Servo ............................................................ 1 8
Output Device 9 - Counter module .................................................................. 1 9
Output Device 10 - Seven Segment Display ...................................................... 2 0
Output Device 11 - Solenoid & Solenoid Valves ............................................... 2 3
Output Device 12 - Smart Wire & Smart Springs ................................................ 2 4
Input Device Interfacing ................................................................................ 2 5

Input Device 1 - Switches .............................................................................. 2 5
Switch Bounce .............................................................................................. 2 6
Input Device 2 - Potentiometer ...................................................................... 2 7
Input Device 3 - Light Dependant Resistor (LDR) ............................................. 2 8
Input Device 4 - Thermistor ........................................................................... 2 9
Advanced Component Interfacing ................................................................... 3 0
Advanced Interfacing 1 - LCD Display .............................................................. 3 0

LCD Characters ............................................................................................... 3 0
A Simple LCD Program .................................................................................... 3 6
More Advanced LCD Program ........................................................................... 3 6
Standard LCD Sub-Procedures (Direct Connection) ............................................ 3 8
Advanced Interfacing 2 - Serial Interfacing to a Computer. ............................... 4 2

Computer Communication Software ................................................................. 4 2
revolution Revolution Education Ltd.

Version 4.3 09/2008
Email: [email protected] Web: www.rev-ed.co.uk 1
www.picaxe.co.uk MICROCONTROLLER INTERFACING CIRCUITS
2 Section 3
About this manual
Please note an update version of this manual is under preparation. See

www.picaxe.co.uk for latest version
The PICAXE manual is divided into three separate sections:
Section 1 - Getting Started (picaxe_manual1.pdf)

Section 2 - BASIC Commands (picaxe_manual2.pdf)
Section 3 - Microcontroller interfacing circuits (picaxe_manual3.pdf)
This third section provides general microcontroller interfacing circuits, and

example programs, for most common input/output transducers used within
microcontroller circuits.
For general information on getting started with the PICAXE system please see
section 1 of the manual. No prior understanding of microcontrollers is
required. A series of tutorials introduces the main features of the system.
For more specific information, syntax and examples of each BASIC Command
please see section 2 ‘BASIC Commands’.
The software used for programming the PICAXE is called the ‘Programming
Editor’. This software is free to download from www.picaxe.co.uk. This manual
was prepared using Version 5.2.0 of the Programming Editor software. Please
ensure you are using this version (or later) of the software, as earlier versions
may not support all the commands and features described.
The latest version of this document is available on the PICAXE website at

www.picaxe.co.uk
If you have a question about any command please post a question on the very
active support forum at this website.

Version 4.3 09/2008
3 Section 3
Microcontroller Interfacing Circuits
What is a PIC Microcontroller?

A PIC microcontroller is a single integrated circuit small enough to fit in the palm of a
hand. ‘Traditional’ microprocessor circuits contain four or five separate integrated
circuits - the microprocessor (CPU) itself, an EPROM program memory chip, some
RAM memory and an input/output interface. With PIC microcontrollers all these
functions are included within one single package, making them cost effective and easy
to use.
PIC microcontrollers can be used as the ‘brain’ to control a large variety of products. In
order to control devices, it is necessary to interface (or ‘connect’) them to the PIC
microcontroller. This section will help to enable those with limited electronics
experience to successfully complete these interfacing tasks.
Interfacing to the PIC Microcontroller

This section explains how to interface many different input and output devices to the
PIC microcontroller. BASIC code examples are provided for users of the Basic Stamp or
PICAXE systems. Explanations of BASIC commands are provided in the Commands
section (available separately). The interfacing circuits can also be used with any PIC
microcontrollers such as the PIC16F84A, although these microcontrollers may require
programming in assembler code.
This section is split into four subsections:
• Introduction to ‘standard’ interfacing circuits
• Output Device Interfacing
• Input Device Interfacing
• Advanced Component Interfacing

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4 Section 3
Note on the BASIC Code Samples

Simple BASIC code examples are provided within each subsection. The samples are
not ‘complete’ programs but sections of code that can be included within a main
program when using that particular component. When using these code samples it
must be remembered that:
1. Each pin should be set up as an input or output before using the code (stamp
users only).
2. If the hardware pins are changed from those given in the circuit diagrams it will
be necessary to modify the pin numbers in the code.
3. Any ‘let dirs =’ or ‘let pins =’ commands will adjust all 8 pins, in the port.
4. Try to keep variables independant of each other. If a sub-procedure uses a
variable, do not use the same variable anywhere else in the code. If the same
variable must be used again, make sure there is no way it can clash with any
other part of the code. This is the most common way of adding ‘hard-to-find’
bugs into software code.
Note on Component Selection

For convenience and ease of understanding, a single device has been adopted when
using standard interfacing components such as transistors and MOSFETS. For instance,
the ‘standard’ transistor selected is the darlington device BCX38B. This does not mean
that this device is the only transistor that can be used in all the transistor circuits, as it
is not, but it is chosen because it is suitable for the majority of project work
applications. All components listed are common devices that can be purchased from
almost all electronics distributors.

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5 Section 3
Standard Interfacing Circuits
Standard Circuits 1 - The Transistor Interfacing Circuit

Many output devices will require a transistor switching circuit. In most cases a
darlington pair formed from two transistors is ideal.
V+
Back EMF Output

suppression device
diode
10k
Pin BC548B
BC639
0V
However this circuit requires that two separate transistors are used. It is possible to
buy a device that contains the two transistors in a single package. This transistor is
called the BCX38B, and can switch currents up to 800mA. This is the transistor used in
all the circuits through this book.
V+
Output
device
10k
Pin BCX38B
0V
Note that it is usual to connect a back emf suppression diode across the output device.
This is essential with devices such as relays, solenoids and motors which create a back
emf when power is switched off. The diode type 1N4001 is the device recommended.

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6 Section 3
Standard Circuits 2 - Using a Darlington Driver IC

If a number of output devices are being controlled it may be necessary to use a
number of output transistors. In this case it will often be more convenient to use a
ULN2003 Darlington driver IC. This is simply a 16 pin ‘chip’ that contains 7
darlington transistors similar in value to the BCX38B. The ‘chip’ also contains internal
back emf suppression diodes and so no external 1N4001 diodes are required.
V+
1 16
Pin 1 In 1 Out 1
M
In 2 Out 2
Pin 2 In 3 Out 3
M
ULN2003
In 4 Out 4
In 5 Out 5
In 6 Out 6
In 7 Out 7
8 9
Gnd V+
0V 0V
A device called the ULN2803 Darlington Driver IC is also available. This is identical to
the ULN2003 except that it is an 18 pin device and contains 8 darlington pairs instead
of 7. If it is necessary to pass relatively high currents through a device it can be useful
to ‘pair up’ drivers as shown with this circuit.
V+
1 18
Pin 1 In 1 Out 1
M
In 2 Out 2
Pin 2 In 3 Out 3
M
ULN2803
In 4 Out 4
In 5 Out 5
In 6 Out 6
In 7 Out 7
In 8 Out 8
9 10
Gnd V+
0V 0V
A ULN2803 darlington driver is supplied prefitted to the PICAXE project boards.

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7 Section 3
Standard Circuits 3 - The Relay Interfacing Circuit

A relay can be used to switch higher power devices such as motors and solenoids. If
desired, the relay can be powered by a separate power supply, so, for instance, 12V
solenoids can be controlled by the microcontroller. Note the use of a back emf
suppression diode across the relay contacts. This is to prevent damage to the transistor
when the relay switches off. Diode type 1N4001 is suitable for this diode.
5V
1N4001 RL1
10k
Pin BCX38B
0V
Standard Circuits 4 - The Power MOSFET Interfacing Circuit

Power MOSFETs can be used instead of darlington transistor pairs to switch medium
power devices. The standard MOSFET circuit is shown below. The device IRF530 is a
suitable power MOSFET to use in this circuit.
Note that it is usual to connect a back emf suppression diode across the output device.
This is essential with devices such as relays, solenoids and motors which create a back
emf when power is switched off. The diode type 1N4001 is the device recommended.
When a PICAXE chip resets the output pin is momentarily not directly driven.
Therefore on sensitive circuits it may be necessary to include a 100k pulldown resistor
on the MOSFET gate. This holds the gate off until the PICAXE actively drives the
output.
+6V
1N4001 M
Pin IRF530
0V

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8 Section 3
Output Device Interfacing
Output Device 1 - Light Emitting Diode (LED)

The PIC Microcontroller can sink (“absorb”) or source (“give
out”) a small amount of current, which means that an LED can be
connected directly to the output pin. A series resistor
(value 330R) is also required to limit the current.
LED connected to Ground Rail.

Pin 1
To switch on LED - high 1
To switch off LED - low 1
330R
0V
LED connected to Power Rail.

5V
To switch on LED - low 1
To switch off LED - high 1
330R
Pin 1
Bi-colour LEDs often contain both green and red LEDs connected in ‘inverse parallel’.
This means if current flows one way through the device the LED lights green, and if
current flows the other way the LED lights red. Therefore by using the sink/source
capabilities of the PIC Microcontroller it is possible to light the LED in both colours.
To switch on LED in red - high 0

low 1 Pin 0
Red Green
To switch on LED in green - low 0
high 1
Bi-colour LED
To switch off LED - low 0
330R
low 1
or, high 0
Pin 1
high 1

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9 Section 3
Output Device 2 - Signal Lamp

To interface a signal lamp the standard transistor interfacing circuit is used. Note that if
a different power supply is used for the signal lamp, the 0V rails of each power supply
must be connected to provide a common reference.
If a battery is used as the power supply, it is worth remembering that LEDs draw much
less current than lamps. Therefore, if a simple ‘indicator’ is required, a LED will be a
better solution than a lamp as the batteries will last far longer.
To switch on Lamp - high 1

To switch off Lamp - low 1
6V
Signal
lamp
10k
Pin 1 BCX38B
signal lamp 0V
Output Device 3 - Buzzer

To interface a buzzer the standard transistor interfacing circuit is used. Note that if a
different power supply is used for the buzzer, the 0V rails of each power supply must
be connected to provide a common reference.
If a battery is used as the power supply, it is worth remembering that piezo sounders
draw much less current than buzzers. Buzzers also just have one ‘tone’, whereas a
piezo sounder is able to create sounds of many different tones.
To switch on buzzer - high 1

To switch off buzzer - low 1
6V
Buzzer
10k
Pin BCX38B
buzzer
0V

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10 Section 3
Output Devices 4 - Piezo Sounder & Speaker

A piezo sounder or speaker can be used to produce many different sounds, whereas a
buzzer can only produce a single tone. Buzzers produce a noise when power is
applied, but a piezo or speaker requires a pulsed signal to generate the noise.
Fortunately this is very easy to generate from the microcontroller by using the BASIC
‘sound’ command.
Pin 1 Pin 1
+
10uF
40R
0V 0V
To produce a note of pitch 100, length 50 on pin 1 -
sound 1, (100,50)
To produce a varying noise using variable b1 -
for b1 = 1 to 100
sound 1, (b1,25)
next b1

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11 Section 3
Output Devices 5 - Solar & DC “Toy” Motors

Many projects require the use of a cheap dc motor to create rotational movement.
There are a number of ways motors can be interfaced to the microcontroller.
6V
1N4001 M Solar
motor
10k
Pin 1 BCX38B
solar motor 0V 0V
This circuit uses a darlington transistor to switch the motor on and off. This circuit will
work with ‘solar’ motors, but may not function correctly with cheap dc ‘toy’ motors.
This is because this type of motor introduces a lot of electrical ‘noise’ on to the power
rails. This noise can affect the microcontroller, and in some cases can completely stop
the control program functioning.
Electrical noise can be reduced by

soldering suppression capacitors
across the motor contacts, as
shown. Use a 220nF polyester
(non polarised) capacitor.
In order to switch medium power motors, a power MOSFET is used instead of a

darlington transistor. The MOSFET circuit is shown below. The device IRF530 is a
suitable power MOSFET to use in this circuit.
+6V
1N4001 M
Pin IRF530
0V

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12 Section 3
On many occasions it may be necessary to control two motors. A convenient and

cheap approach would be to use a motor driver IC such as the L293D. This IC will
allow control of two dc motors, using four data lines from the microcontroller.
Naturally, if only one motor is to be controlled then only two output lines are used.
V2+
1 5V 5V
16
Pin 4 In 1 In 3
Pin 6
Out 1 Out 3
L293D
0V 0V
Motor A M 0V 0V
M Motor B
Out 2 Out 4
Pin 5 In 2 In 4 Pin 7
8 9
To V2+ V+ 5V
0V 0V
Both inputs low - motor halt

First output high, second output low - motor forward
First output low, second output high - motor reverse
Both inputs high - motor halt
Changing the states of the input pins has the effect of altering the direction of current
flow through the motor, as shown below.
Current flow
Note that the L293D will become warm with continuous use. A heatsink bonded onto
the top of the chip will help keep it cool.

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13 Section 3
One way to prevent electrical noise affecting the microcontroller is to use separate
power supplies for the ‘control’ electronics and the motor. For example, a PP3 battery
may be chosen to power the microcontroller and 4xAA cells to power the motors.
Naturally it will be necessary to ‘link’ the two circuits so that the motor can be
controlled. A relay is an ideal component to do this.
6V
1N4001 RL1
6V
10k battery
Pin 1 M
BCX38B
0V
relay
The above circuit will only switch the motor on and off. If the motor is required to run
in both directions (forwards and reverse), two relays can be used as shown.
V+
5V
2/1
1/1
1N4001 RL1
M
10k
Pin 0
1/2
BCX38B
0V GND
Contacts 2/2 not used
RL2
10k
Pin 1

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14 Section 3
Output Device 6 - Unipolar stepper motor

Stepper motors are very accurate motors that are commonly used in computer disk
drives, printers and clocks. Unlike dc motors, which spin round freely when power is
applied, stepper motors require that their power supply be continuously pulsed in
specific patterns. For each pulse, the stepper motor moves around one ‘step’, often 7.5
degrees (giving 48 steps in a full revolution).
There are two main types of stepper motors - Unipolar and Bipolar. Unipolar motors
usually have four coils which are switched on and off in a particular sequence. Bipolar
motors have two coils in which the current flow is reversed in a similar sequence. Use
of bipolar motors is covered in the next section.
Each of the four coils in a unipolar stepper motor must be switched on and off in a
certain order to make the motor turn. Many microprocessor systems use four output
lines to control the stepper motor, each output line controlling the power to one of the
coils.
+12V
stepper motor
As the stepper motor operates at 12V, the standard transistor circuit is required to
switch each coil. As the coils create a back emf when switched off, a suppression diode
on each coil is also required. The table below show the four different steps required to
make the motor turn.
Step Coil 1 Coil 2 Coil 3 Coil 4
1 1 0 1 0
2 1 0 0 1
3 0 1 0 1
4 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 1 0
Look carefully at the table, and notice that a pattern is visible. Coil 2 is always the
opposite (or logical NOT) of coil 1. The same applies for coils 3 and 4. It is therefore
possible to cut down the number of microcontroller pins required to just two by the
use of two additional NOT gates.

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15 Section 3
Fortunately the darlington driver IC ULN2003 can be used to provide both the NOT
and darlington driver circuits. It also contains the back emf suppression diodes so no
external diodes are required. The complete circuit is shown below.
1 16 BRN Stepper motor

To 11 In 1 Out 1
BLK
Pin 1 In 2 Out 2
RED
ORG +12V
Pin 2 In 3 Out 3
(power supply)
YEL
ULN2003
To 10 In 4 Out 4
1k
NC In 5 Out 5 NC 1k
1k In 6 Out 6
In 7 Out 7
To 1
8 9 +5V
0V Gnd Diode +12V 1k
To 4
N.B. colours of stepper
motor leads may vary
Before programming, there is another pattern to notice in the stepping sequence. Look
at this table, which just shows coil 1 and coil 3.
Step Coil 1 Coil 3 Change
1 1 1
coil 3
2 1 0
coil 1
3 0 0
coil 3
4 0 1
coil 1
1 1 1
Notice the change from step 1 to step 2, just coil 3 changes. Then look at the next
change - just coil 1 changes. In fact the two coils take it ‘in turns’ to change from high
to low and back again. This high-low-high changing can be described as ‘toggling’
state. This makes the programming very simple by using the BASIC toggle
command.
steps: toggle 1 ‘ Toggle pin 1

pause 200 ‘ Wait 200 ms
toggle 2 ‘ Toggle pin 2
pause 200 ‘ Wait 200ms
goto steps ‘ Loop
Note: If stepper motor ‘wobbles’, try adjusting wire polarity.

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16 Section 3
Output Device 7 - Bipolar Stepper motor

Stepper motors are very accurate motors that are commonly used in computer disk
drives, printers and clocks. Unlike dc motors, which spin round freely when power is
applied, stepper motors require that their power supply be continuously pulsed in
specific patterns. For each pulse, the stepper motor moves around one ‘step’, often 7.5
degrees (giving 48 steps in a full revolution).
There are two main types of stepper motors - Unipolar and Bipolar. Unipolar motors
usually have four coils which are switched on and off in a particular sequence. Bipolar
motors have two coils in which the current flow is reversed in a similar sequence. Use
of unipolar motors is covered in the previous pages.
The bipolar stepper motor has two coils that must be controlled so that the current
flows in different directions through the coils in a certain order. The changing magnetic
fields that these coils create cause the rotor of the motor to move around in steps.
The circuit that is normally used to control one of the coils is shown below. Notice
how there are four ‘control’ transistors, that are switched on in ‘pairs’. Therefore with
two coils there are four control transistor pairs (Q1-Q4) which must be switched on
and off in a certain sequence.
12V
Q1 Q2
motor coil
Q2 Q1
0V
Current flow

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17 Section 3
Notice that as the coils create a back emf when switched off 8 suppression diodes (4
on each coil) are also required.
The table below show the four different steps required to make the motor turn
Step Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
1 1 0 1 0
2 1 0 0 1
3 0 1 0 1
4 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 1 0
Fortunately the motor driver L293D has been specifically designed to provide this
transistor switching circuit. The L293D contains all 8 transistors and diodes within one
16 pin package.
V2+
1 5V 5V
16
Pin 4 In 1 In 3
Pin 6
Out 1 Out 3
L293D
0V 0V
Motor A M 0V 0V
M Motor B
Out 2 Out 4
Pin 5 In 2 In 4 Pin 7
8 9
To V2+ V+ 5V
0V 0V
Four pins from the microcontroller are connected to the four transistor ‘pairs’ via IC
pins 2, 7, 10 and 15.
This sample procedure makes the motor spin 100 steps to the left and then 100 steps
to the right by using two sub-procedures. lstep causes the motor to move one step to
the left, rstep causes the motor to move one step to the right. Variable b1 is used to
store the step position and so should not be used elsewhere in the program.
main: for b3 = 0 to 99 ‘ start a for...next loop

gosub lstep ‘ call left step sub-procedure
next b3 ‘ next loop
for b3 = 0 to 99 ‘ start a for...next loop
gosub rstep ‘ call left step sub-procedure
lstep: let b1 = b1 + 1 ‘ add 1 to variable b1

goto step2 ‘ goto the lookup table
rstep: let b1 = b1 - 1 ‘ subtract 1 from variable b1
step2: let b1 = b1 & %00000011 ‘ mask lower two bits of b1
lookup b1,(%1010,%1001,%0101,%0110),b2 ‘ lookup code into b2
let pins = b2 ‘ output b2 onto control lines
return

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18 Section 3
Output Device 8 - Radio Control Servo
Servos are used in most radio controlled

cars and planes to control the steering
mechanism. They are accurate devices that
always rotate the same amount for a given
signal, and so are ideal for use in many
automated machines.
Servos can be driven directly via the ‘servo’
command, or via pulsout commands.
A typical servo has just three connection wires, normally red, black and white (or
yellow). The red wire is the 5V supply, the black wire is the 0V supply, and the white
(or yellow) wire is for the positioning signal.
The positioning signal is a pulse between 0.75 and 2.25 milliseconds (ms) long,
repeated about every 18ms (so there are roughly 50 pulses per second). With a 0.75ms
pulse the servo moves to one end of its range, and with a 2.25ms pulse the servo
moves to the other. Therefore, with a 1.5ms pulse, the servo will move to the central
position. If the pulses are stopped the servo will move freely to any position.
Unfortunately servos require a large current (up to 1A) and also introduce a large
amount of noise on to the power rail. Therefore in most cases the servo should be
powered from a separate power supply, as shown below. Remember that when using
two power supplies the two 0V rails must be joined to provide a common reference
point.
init: servo 4,75 ‘ start servo on 4

main: servopos 4,75 ‘ move servo to one end
pause 2000 ‘ wait 2 seconds
servopos 4,150 ‘ move servo to centre
servopos 4,225 ‘ move servo to other end
goto main ‘ loop back to start
6V SUPPLY
V2+
6V 0V
330R
Pin W
R SERVO
B

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19 Section 3
Output Device 9 - Counter module
The Counter Module is a numeric LCD display module that can be used to show a
‘counter’ value. To increment the counter a pulse (between 1 and 1.5V) must be
applied to the counter pad 3. As the PIC microcontroller operates at 5V a potential
divider formed from resistors must be used to reduce the PIC microcontroller output
signal to 1.5V. As the counter uses it’s own, internal, 1.5V battery, the two 0V rails must
also be connected.
Pin 1
3k3
1k
reset
0V
0V count
1 2 3
Counter
To increment counter: pulsout 1,100
To reset the counter, a second potential divider is added and connected to pin 2.

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20 Section 3
Output Device 10 - Seven Segment Display
A seven segment display contains seven LED

‘bars’ that can be lit up in different
combinations to show the ten digits 0 to 9. In
theory each ‘bar’ could be connected to one
microcontroller output pin, but this would
use up 7 of the 8 available pins!
A better solution is to use a dedicated integrated circuit, such as the CMOS 4511B to
control the seven segment display. This IC controls the seven segment display
according to the binary ‘code’ on the four data lines. This system uses four pins rather
than 7.
IMPORTANT NOTE - Seven segment displays are available in two types, called ‘common
cathode’ and ‘common anode’. The following circuits will only work with a ‘common
cathode’ type display. Use the manufacturer’s datasheet to determine the pinout
arrangement of the LED bars.
+5V
1 16
Pin 1 B +5V
2 15
Pin 2 C f f a
3 14
LT g g
4 13 f b
4511B
BK a a g
5 12
ST b b
6 11
Pin 3 D c c e c
7 10 d
Pin 0 A d d
8 9
Gnd e e
0V
This code example counts through the digits 0 to 9
main: for b1 = 0 to 9 ‘ Set up a for...next loop using variable b1

let pins=b1 ‘ Output b1 onto the four data lines
pause 1000 ‘ Pause 1 second
next b1 ‘ Next
goto main ‘ Loop back to start

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21 Section 3
Another possible solution is to use the CMOS 4026B to control the seven segment
display. This system uses just two pins to control the display. The reset pin is used to
reset the display to 0, the clock pin is then used to increment the digit up from 0. This
means to display the digit ‘4’ it is necessary to reset and then pulse the clock line 4
times. In reality this means that the display shows the digits 0-1-2-3-4, but, as they are
clocked extremely rapidly, the human eye cannot see the changes, and so the number
‘4’ seems to appear immediately!
+5V
1 16
Pin 0 Clock +5V
2 15 Pin 1
Reset a
3 14
4 13 f b
c
4026
c
5 12 g
Out b b To
6 11 7 segment
f f e e display
e c
7 10 d
g g a a
8 9
Gnd d d
0V
This code example uses sub-procedure ‘clock’ to display the digit ‘4’, which is stored in
the variable b1.
‘This is the sub-procedure
clock: pulsout 1,10 ‘ reset display to 0

if b1 = 0 then endclk ‘ if b1 = 0 then return
for b3 = 1 to b1 ‘ start a for...next loop
pulsout 0,10 ‘ pulse clock line
endclk: return ‘ return from sub-procedure
This is the main code
main: let b1 = 4 ‘ give variable b1 the value 4

gosub clock ‘ call sub-procedure
pause 1000 ‘ wait 1 second
goto main ‘ loop

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22 Section 3
This system can be expanded to two digits by adding a second 4026B IC and a second
seven segment display, as shown in the diagram below. No changes to the code are
required, just give the variable b1 a value between 0 and 99 and the number will be
displayed on the two displays when sub-procedure ‘clock’ is called.
+5V
Pin 1
1 16 1 16
Pin 0 Clock +5V Clock +5V
2 15 2 15
Reset Reset
3 14 3 14
4 13 4 13
4026B
4026B
c c
5 12 5 12
Out b Out b
6 11 6 11
f e f e
7 10 7 10
g a g a
8 9 8 9
Gnd d Gnd d
0V

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23 Section 3
Output Device 11 - Solenoid & Solenoid Valves
solenoid
A solenoid consists of a steel plunger inside an electric coil which is wrapped around a
tube. When the coil is energised a magnetic field is created, and this draws the plunger
into the tube. When the coil is de-energised a spring pushes the plunger back out of
the tube.
To control a solenoid the standard MOSFET circuit is used.
+6V
1N4001
Pin 1 IRF530
0V
The isonic solenoid valve can be used to control air flow through a pneumatic system.
Isonic valves are ideal for battery operated products as operate at a low voltage and
draw much less current than traditional solenoid valves. The standard transistor
switching circuit can be used to drive the isonic valve.
5V
1N4001 Solenoid
valve
10k
Pin 1
0V
To switch the solenoid on - high 1

To switch the solenoid off - low 1

Version 4.3 09/2008
24 Section 3
Output Device 12 - Smart Wire & Smart Springs
smart
wire
Shape Memory Alloy wire or springs are ‘smart’ materials that can be used to create
mechanical actuation (movement). When an electric current is passed through the wire
it heats up and so contracts with a large pulling force. When the current is removed the
wire cools and so expands again (a ‘traditional’ steel spring is sometimes used to pull
the smart wire/spring taut as it cools).
Smart wire or springs draw a relatively large current, and so the standard FET
interfacing circuit should be used to interface to the microcontroller.
+6V
1N4001 smart
wire
Pin 1 IRF530
0V
To make the wire / spring contract - high 1

To allow the wire / spring to expand again - low 1

Version 4.3 09/2008
25 Section 3
Input Device Interfacing
Input Device 1 - Switches

There are a large variety of switches available, but the majority all have two ‘contacts’
which are either ‘open’ (off) or ‘closed’ (on). The two circuits shown below can be used
with almost all switches.
With this circuit the input pin is low when the switch is open and high when the
switch is closed.
Goto ‘jump’ when switch is open: if pin0 = 0 then jump

Goto ‘jump’ when switch is closed: if pin0 = 1 then jump
5V
1k
Pin 0
10k
0V
With this circuit the input pin is high when the switch is open and low when the
switch is closed.
Goto ‘jump’ when switch is open: if pin0 = 1 then jump

Goto ‘jump’ when switch is closed: if pin0 = 0 then jump
5V
10k
1k
Pin 0
0V

Version 4.3 09/2008
26 Section 3
Switch Bounce
All mechanical switches ‘bounce’ when the switch opens or closes. This means that the
switch contacts ‘bounce’ against each other before settling. As the PIC microcontroller
operates so quickly it is possible that in some programs the microcontroller may
register 2 or 3 of these ‘bounces’ instead of just registering one ‘push’.
5V
The simplest way to debounce a circuit

is to simply add a time delay (pause
100) after the if... command. If the
section of code after the push is quite Pin 0
long this time delay will occur
naturally (as the other code Pin 1
commands are carried out) and so is
unnecessary. However if the code does
330R
not have a long delay, as in the
10k
following example, a pause command
can be used instead.
0V
The following two programs show the effect of switch bouncing. The program should
light the LED on pin1 when the switch connected to pin0 has been pressed more than
5 times. However, the first listing may not work correctly, because the microcontroller
may count ‘bounces’ rather than actual pushes, and so the LED may light prematurely.
init: let b0 = 0 init: let b0 = 0
main: if pin 1 = 1 then add main: if pin 1 = 1 then add

goto main goto main
add: let b0 = b0 + 1 add: pause 100 ‘short delay

if b0 < 5 then main let b0 = b0 + 1
high 1 if b0 < 5 then main
goto main high 1
goto main

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27 Section 3
Input Device 2 - Potentiometer

A potentiometer (or ‘variable resistor’)
has a spindle that can be moved to change
the resistance value of the potentiometer.
This can be used to measure rotational or
linear movement.
The readADC command is used to measure the value of the resistance by carrying out
an Analogue to Digital Conversion. The value of the resistance is given a ‘value’
between 0 and 255 which is then stored in a variable. After storing the reading in the
variable, the if...then command can be used to perform different functions.
3 x 330R
Pin 3
Pin 2
Pin 1
+5V
Analogue pin 0
0V
The program below lights three different LEDs (connected to pins 1, 2 and 3),
depending on the analogue sensor reading.
main: readadc 0,b1 ‘ read value on pin0 into variable b1

if b1<75 then light1 ‘ if b1 is less than 75 then light 1
if b1<175 then light2 ‘ if b1 is less than 175 then light 2
goto light3 ‘ if b1 is greater than 175 then light 3
light1: high 1 ‘ switch on LED 1

low 2 ‘ switch off LED 2
goto main ‘ loop
light2: low 1 ‘ switch off LED 1

high 2 ‘ switch on LED 2
goto main ‘ loop
light3: low 1 ‘ switch off LED 1

high 3 ‘ switch on LED 3
goto main ‘ loop

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28 Section 3
Input Device 3 - Light Dependant Resistor (LDR)

A Light Dependant Resistor (LDR) is a resistor that changes in value according to the
light falling on it. A commonly used device, the ORP-12, has a high resistance in the
dark, and a low resistance in the light. Connecting the LDR to the microcontroller is
very straight forward, but some software ‘calibrating’ is required.
5V
LDR
analogue pin 0
100k
0V
It should be remembered that the LDR response is not linear, and so the readings will
not change in exactly the same way as with a potentiometer. In general there is a larger
resistance change at brighter light levels. This can be compensated for in the software
by using a smaller range at darker light levels. Experiment to find the most
appropriate settings for the circuit.
main: readadc 0,b1 ‘ read the value

if b1<50 then light1 ‘ range 0-50 = 50
goto main

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29 Section 3
Input Device 4 - Thermistor

A thermistor is a resistor that changes in value according to it’s heat. In actual fact all
resistors change in value as they heat up or cool down, but thermistors are
manufactured to show a large resistance change. Connecting the thermistor to the
microcontroller is very straight forward, but some software ‘calibrating’ is required.
5V
-t°
thermistor
analogue pin 0
100k
0V
It should be remembered that the thermistor response is not linear, and so the
readings will not change in exactly the same way as with a potentiometer. In general
there is a larger resistance change at lower temperatures. This can be compensated for
in the software by using a smaller range at higher temperatures. Experiment to find the
most appropriate settings for the circuit.
main: readadc 0,b1 ‘ read the value

goto main

Version 4.3 09/2008
30 Section 3
Advanced Component Interfacing
Advanced Interfacing 1 - LCD Display

A Liquid Crystal Display is an electronic device that can be
used to show numbers or text. There are two main types
of LCD display, numeric displays (used in watches,
calculators etc) and alphanumeric text displays
(often used in devices such as photocopiers
and mobile telephones).
The display is made up of a number of shaped ‘crystals’. In numeric displays these

crystals are shaped into ‘bars’, and in alphanumeric displays the crystals are simply
arranged into patterns of ‘dots’. Each crystal has an individual electrical connection so
that each crystal can be controlled independently. When the crystal is ‘off’ (i.e. when
no current is passed through the crystal) the crystal reflect the same amount of light as
the background material, and so the crystals cannot be seen. However when the crystal
has an electric current passed through it, it changes shape and so absorbs more light.
This makes the crystal appear darker to the human eye - and so the shape of the dot or
bar can be seen against the background.
It is important to realise the difference between a LCD display and an LED display. An
LED display (often used in clock radios) is made up of a number of LEDs which
actually give off light (and so can be seen in the dark). An LCD display only reflects
light, and so cannot be seen in the dark.
LCD Characters
The table on the next page shows the characters available from a typical LCD display.
The character ‘code’ is obtained by adding the number at the top of the column with
the number at the side of the row.
Note that characters 32 to 127 are always the same for all LCDs, but characters 16 to 31
& 128 to 255 can vary with different LCD manufacturers. Therefore some LCDs will
display different characters from those shown in the table.
Characters 0 to 15 are described as ‘user-defined’ characters and so must be defined

before use, or they will contain ‘randomly shaped’ characters. For details on how to
use these characters see the LCD manufacturers data sheets.

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31 Section 3
Column Value
0 16 32 48 64 80 96 112 128 144 160 176 192 208 224 240
CG
0 RAM
(1)
CG
1 RAM
(2)
CG
2 RAM
(3)
CG
3 RAM
(4)
CG
4 RAM
(5)
CG
5 RAM
(6)
CG
6 RAM
(7)
CG
7 RAM
(8)
CG
8 RAM
(1)
CG
9 RAM
(2)
CG
10 RAM
(3)
CG
Row Value
11 RAM
(4)
CG
12 RAM
(5)
CG
13 RAM
(6)
CG
14 RAM
(7)
CG
15 RAM
(8)

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32 Section 3
The operation of the display is quite complex as the display can actually store more
characters than can be displayed at once. A simple model makes this easier to
understand. Imagine a piece of paper with a row of letters written across it. If a piece of
card is taken, which has a ‘window’ cut in it, and the card is placed over the paper, only
some of the letters will be visible. The other letters are still there, it’s just that they
cannot be seen. This is how a LCD display works - it stores a lot of characters, but only
shows a few, through the ‘display window’, at once
20 letters stored in display memory
abcdefghijklmnopqrst
Only 16 letters can be seen at one time
abcdefghijklmnop
bcdefghijklmnopq
Start with a piece of paper, on which one letter is written. Place the card over the paper,
and the letter will be visible because it shows through the ‘display window’. Remove
the card, write another letter, replace the card and they will both be visible. In fact all
of the first sixteen letters will be visible, but the seventeenth will not, as the ‘display
window’ is only wide enough for 16 letters.
Blank ‘paper’
First letter can be seen
Next letter can be seen
ab
17th letter cannot be seen as it is ‘outside’ the display window

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33 Section 3
To be able to see the seventeenth letter it is necessary to move (or ‘scroll’) the display
window one place to the right, but this will also mean that the first letter can no
longer be seen. Advantage can be taken of this ‘moving’ window method to make long
messages appear to scroll across the LCD screen. To do this a long message is written
into the LCD memory, and then the display window is repeatedly scrolled across the
message. This is equivalent to ‘pulling’ the paper under the window to show the long
message. The LCD window does not ‘physically’ move - so to anyone watching the
LCD the letters ‘appear’ to be moving to the right.
On most LCD displays there is memory for 40 characters on each line. Each space in
the RAM memory can be thought of as a ‘box’ which is ready to hold a single
character. Each RAM ‘box’ has a numbered address to describe it. The first line RAM
‘boxes’ are at addresses 128 to 191, the second line RAM ‘boxes’ are from 192 to 255.
16x2 displays have a window that is two lines deep. That means that 16 letters can be
seen on each line. If a character is to be printed on the second line, it is necessary to
move the cursor to the start of line 2. Moving the cursor is very simple; simply send
the RAM address (of the ‘box’ to be moved) as an instruction. Therefore to move the
cursor to the start of the second line, simply send the instruction ‘192’ to the LCD
module. To move the cursor to the fifth position on the second line send the
instruction ‘197’ (=192+5).

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34 Section 3
Note about 16x1 displays...

Most 16x1 LCDs are in actual fact 8x2 LCDs, but with the ‘second’ line positioned
directly after the first (instead of underneath it). This makes 16x1 displays confusing
to use, as, after 8 characters have been printed, the cursor seems to disappear in the
middle of the display! If this type of display is needed, remember that the ‘ninth’
character is actually the first character of the second line.
There are three main ways of interfacing LCDs to microcontrollers.

1) Serial LCD firmware chip
2) Serial LCD Module with onboard firmware chip
3) Direct Connection
Connecting The LCD using a serial firmware chip(OPTION 1)

The serial LCD firmware is used to allow serial control of an alphanumeric LCD. This
allows microcontrollers (and microcontroller based systems such as the PICAXE or
Basic Stamp) to visually output user instructions or readings onto a text screen without
the need for a host computer. This is especially useful when working, for example,
with analogue sensors, as the analogue reading can easily be displayed on the LCD
module. All LCD commands are transmitted serially via a single microcontroller pin.
A sample instruction, using the serout command is as follows:
to print the text ‘Hello’ the instruction is simply
serout 7,T2400,(“Hello”)
5V 5V
serial
single
PIC LCD LCD
pin
firmware
0V 0V
+5V 14
Pin 9 D7
13
Pin 8 D6
4k7
connections to LCD firmware
4 MHz 12
1 18 Pin 7 D5
2 17 11
serial
Pin 6 D4
input 3 16 4
LCD FIRMWARE
Pin 1 RS
4 15
6
5 14 Pin 2 E Vdd V0 Vss R/W D0 D1 D2 D3
6 13 2 3 1 5 7 8 9 10
7 12
Pin 18
8 11
reset 10k
9 10 0V
Pin 5
0V
Pin 17
680R
0V
For more information, see the Serial LCD Firmware datasheet at www.rev-ed.co.uk

Version 4.3 09/2008
35 Section 3
Using a Serial LCD Module (OPTION 2)
The serial LCD module, part AXE033, contains a LCD module fitted to a custom printed
circuit board fitted with a LCD firmware chip. This enables the user to rapidly build an LCD
circuit that uses the single wire connection as with option 1. See the AXE033 Serial LCD/
Clock Module datasheet for more details.
Connnecting The LCD (OPTION 3)
14
Pin 7 DB4
13
Pin 6 DB5
12
Pin 5 DB6
11
Pin 4 DB7
6
Pin 3 SE
4
Pin 2 RS Vdd V0 Vss R/W DB0 DB1 DB2 DB3
6 x 330R 2 3 1 5 7 8 9 10
+5V
10k
0V
The LCD has 6 lines that can be connected directly to the PIC microcontroller pins.
However it is a good design practice to add a low value resistor (e.g. 330R) on the
lines to protect against static discharges. The 10k potentiometer connected to pin 3 is
used to adjust the contrast of the display. All unused lines should be tied to ground as
shown.

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36 Section 3
A Simple LCD Program

The following program will print out the phrase ‘Hello there!’ on two lines of the LCD
display. It uses three sub-procedures called init, wrins and wrchr. These three sub-
procedures carry out all the ‘difficult’ software tasks, and are ‘standard’ sub-procedures
that will not have to be changed. In fact they can be used without understanding how
they work, but it is necessary to know what they do:
init ‘initialises’ the LCD so that it is ready to accept instructions

wrins sends an instruction stored in variable b1 to the LCD module
wrchr sends a character stored in variable b1 to be ‘printed’ on the LCD screen
The three sub-procedures are explained further in the following sections.
EEPROM 0,(“Hellothere!”) ‘ store the text in the EEPROM memory
gosub init ‘ initialise LCD
main: let b1 = 1 ‘ set b1 to ‘clear display’ instruction

gosub wrins ‘ send instruction to LCD
for b3 = 0 to 4 ‘ setup for...next loop (“Hello” - positions 0 to 4)

read b3, b1 ‘ read letter from EEPROM into variable b1
gosub wrchr ‘ send character to LCD
let b1 = 192 ‘ set b1 to ‘start of second line’ position

for b3 = 5 to 11 ‘ setup for...next loop (“there!”-positions 5 to 11)

read b3, b1 ‘ read letter from EEPROM memory into variable b1
More Advanced LCD Program

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37 Section 3
The following program scrolls the message ‘Hello there everybody!’ across the screen.
As the text is longer than 16 letters, the message is first stored in the LCD memory, and
then the display window is repeatedly scrolled to show all the message.
EEPROM 0,(“Hello there everybody!”) ‘ store the text in the EEPROM memory
gosub init ‘ initialise LCD
start: let b1 = 1 ‘ set b1 to ‘clear display’ instruction

for b3 = 0 to 22 ‘ setup a for...next loop

read b3, b1 ‘ read letter from EEPROM into variable b1
let b1 = 12 ‘ set b1 to ‘hide cursor’ instruction

main: let b1 = 24 ‘ set b1 to ‘scroll display left’ instruction

pause 250 ‘ pause for 0.25s
goto main ‘ loop

Version 4.3 09/2008
38 Section 3
Standard LCD Sub-Procedures (Direct Connection)
14
Pin 7 DB4
13
Pin 6 DB5
12
Pin 5 DB6
11
Pin 4 DB7
6
Pin 3 SE
4
Pin 2 RS Vdd V0 Vss R/W DB0 DB1 DB2 DB3
6 x 330R 2 3 1 5 7 8 9 10
+5V
10k
0V
Before the sub-procedures are studied, it is important to understand how the LCD
module operates. It has two modes of operation, which are called ‘character’ mode and
‘instruction’ mode. The RS pin (pin 2) controls the mode - when high the LCD is in
character mode, when low the LCD is in instruction mode.
The character or instruction is sent as a 4 bit binary number down the data lines (pins
7-4). Every time the Enable pin (pin 3) is ‘pulsed’ the LCD reads the data lines and
prints the character (or carries out the instruction) which is given by the number on
the data lines.
This is not quite the whole story, as each character or instruction is actually made up of
an 8 bit number, which contains a table of all the character and instruction codes. As
there are only four data lines, this 8 bit number is split into two ‘halves’ which are sent
one after the other. The two halves are called the ‘high nibble’ and the ‘low nibble’.
This means that two nibbles are transmitted down the data lines for each character.
1011 0101 = 10110101

high nibble + low nibble = byte
The three ‘standard’ sub-procedures described below perform all of the ‘complicated’
software tasks when using the LCD display. Each sub-procedure is called from the
main program to perform a certain task. These tasks are:
init initialise the display and sets the module to two line operation
wrchr ‘prints’ one ‘character’ onto the LCD screen
wrins writes one ‘command’ to the LCD module.
(This is actually just the wrchr sub-procedure with the addition of one line
that sets the RS line into ‘instruction’ mode at the start of the sub-
procedure).

Version 4.3 09/2008
39 Section 3
init: let pins = 0 ‘ Clear all output lines

let b4 = 0 ‘ Reset variable b3
let dirs = 252 ‘ Set pins 2-7 as output lines (Stamp only).
pause 200 ‘ Wait 200 ms for LCD to reset.
let pins = 48 ‘ Set to 8-bit operation.
pulsout 3,1 ‘ Send data by pulsing ‘enable’
pause 10 ‘ Wait 10 ms
pulsout 3,1 ‘ Send data again
pulsout 3,1 ‘ Send data again
let pins = 32 ‘ Set to 4-bit operation.
pulsout 3,1 ‘ Send data.
pulsout 3,1 ‘ Send data again.
let pins = 128 ‘ Set to two line operation
pulsout 3,1 ‘ Send data.
let b1 = 14 ‘ Screen on, cursor on instruction
gosub wrins ‘ Write instruction to LCD
return
wrchr: let pins = b1 & 240 ‘ Mask the high nibble of b1 into b2.
high 2 ‘ Make sure RS is high
pulsout 3,1 ‘ Pulse the enable pin to send data.
let b2 = b1 * 16 ‘ Put low nibble of b1 into b2.
let pins = b2 & 240 ‘ Mask the high nibble of b2
high 2 ‘ Make sure RS is high
pulsout 3,1 ‘ Pulse enable pin to send data.
return
wrins: let pins = b1 & 240 ‘ Mask the high nibble of b1 into b2.
pulsout 3,1 ‘ Pulse the enable pin to send data.
let b2 = b1 * 16 ‘ Put low nibble of b1 into b2.
let pins = b2 & 240 ‘ Mask the high nibble of b2
pulsout 3,1 ‘ Pulse enable pin to send data.
high 2 ‘ Back to character mode
return
Note that init uses a let dirs = commands that will affect all 8 pins, not just the 6 used by the
LCD display. The let pins = commands used by wrins/wrchr will not alter the state of unused pins
0 and 1. Do not use variable b1 or b2 (or w0 or w1 ) for any other function within a program.
NB. The | character is ‘SHIFT + \’ (next to Z) on a UK keyboard.

Version 4.3 09/2008
40 Section 3
Using the LCD Instruction set

The codes for the LCD instructions are given below. Each code can be sent to the LCD
module by using the wrins sub-procedure. These instructions can be used to make the
LCD messages more interesting - for instance by flashing the screen or creating
‘moving’ messages which scroll across the screen.
Code Instruction
1 Clear display and move to the start of the first line

2 Move the cursor and display ‘window’ to the start of the first line
4 Set ‘right to left printing’ mode
5 Set ‘scroll printing to the left’ mode
6 Set ‘left to right printing’ mode
7 Set ‘scroll printing to the right’ mode
10 Turn visual LCD screen off
12 Hide cursor
13 Make cursor flash
14 Turn visual LCD screen (and cursor) on
16 Move cursor left one position
20 Move cursor right one position
24 Scroll display ‘window’ left one position
28 Scroll display ‘window’ right one position
128 Move cursor to the start of the first line
192 Move cursor to the start of the second line

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41 Section 3
Examples:
Clear the display
clear: let b1 = 1 ‘ Set b1 to clear instruction

call wrins ‘ Send it to LCD
Move cursor to the second line
clear: let b1 = 192 ‘ Set b1 to start of second line

call wrins ‘ Send it to LCD
Flash a message 10 times
flash: for b3 = 1 to 10 ‘ Start a for...next loop using

‘ variable b3 Don’t use b1!!
let b1 = 10 ‘ Set b1 to ‘turn visual display
‘ off’ instruction
gosub wrins ‘ Send instruction to LCD
pause 200 ‘ Pause for 0.2 second
let b1 = 14 ‘ Set b1 to ‘turn visual display
‘ back on’ instruction
next b3 ‘ End of for...next loop
Scroll a long message (30 characters long)
scroll: for b3 = 1 to 30 ‘ Start a for...next loop using

‘ variable b3 Don’t use b1!!
let b1 = 28 ‘ Set b1 to ‘scroll display
‘ window right’ instruction
next b3 ‘ End of for...next loop
let b1 = 1 ‘ Set b1 to ‘move scroll window
‘ back to start’ instruction
goto scroll ‘ Loop

Version 4.3 09/2008
42 Section 3
Advanced Interfacing 2 - Serial Interfacing to a Computer.

Most computers can ‘talk’ to other devices by serial communication. Serial
communication uses a common ‘protocol’ (or code) where characters are converted
into numbers and then transmitted via cables. A computer mouse normally
‘communicates’ serially with a computer, and computer modems work by turning
these numbers into sounds to travel down telephone lines.
As all computers use the same ASCII code for transmitting and receiving characters it is
relatively easy to program the PIC microcontroller to ‘talk’ to any type of computer. All
that is needed is a suitable cable and some very simple electronic circuits.
Connecting to the Computer

The system we will use requires just three wires between the computer and the
microcontroller. The ground wire provides a common reference, the RX wire sends
signals from the computer to the PIC microcontroller, and the TX wire sends signals
from the PIC microcontroller to the computer.
The best way to make a serial cable is to buy a serial ‘extension’ cable and cut it in
half. This will give two cables with a suitable connector at each end. The diagrams
below show the various wiring connections required.
RX = 3 RX = 3 RX = 3
TX = 2 TX = 2 TX = 5
GND = 5 GND = 7 GND = 4
5 3 2 7 3 2 5 4 3
PC/RISC PC PC (25 way) Mac

Computer Communication Software
To use this system a communication software package is required for the PC. The
examples below use the Terminal option within the Programming Editor software, but
any communications package can be used.
There are various different protocols that can be used for serial communication, and it
is important that both the computer and the microcontroller use the same setting. The
2400,N,8,1 protocol is used here, which means baud speed 2400, no parity, 8 data bits
and one stop bit. This baud speed is quite slow by modern standards, but is quite
sufficient for the majority of project work tasks. All ‘handshaking’ (hardware or
software) must also be disabled.

Version 4.3 09/2008
43 Section 3
PIC Microcontroller Interfacing Circuit

The system described here requires just three wires between the computer and the PIC
Microcontroller. Strictly speaking RS232 serial voltages should be at ±15V, but the
standard 5V from the on-board 5V regulator will be used here. This is not the industry
standard, but works perfectly OK with the majority of computers. This is the circuit
that will be used use for serial communication.
To provide true RS232 voltages another integrated circuit is required. The most
common IC used is the MAX232, which has on-board voltage boosters to create the
required voltage swing. If this setting is used it is necessary to change the N2400
(negative) in all the serial software commands to T2400 (true positive).
ONLY USE ONE OF THESE TWO CIRCUIT OPTIONS!
22k
RX Pin 0
TX Pin 1
To 180R
computer To PIC
10k
0V 0V
5V
10uF
+
1 16
+
10uF 2 15 0V
3 14 TX
Computer
MAX 232
+
4 13 RX
10uF
5 12 Pin 0
PIC
6 11 Pin 1
NC 7 10 NC
+
10uF
NC 8 9 NC
0V
NB. Note polarity - capacitors connected to
pins 2 and 6 are connected upside down.

Version 4.3 09/2008
44 Section 3
Transmitting Characters to the Computer Screen

The following program will transmit the word ‘Hello’ to the computer screen over and
over again. If the cable is connected and the communication software is operating
correctly, the word will appear every second.
main: serout 1,N2400,(“Hello”) ‘ Send the word ‘Hello’

serout 1,N2400,(10,13) ‘ Send the ‘new line’ instructions.
pause 1000 ‘ Wait one second
goto main ‘ Loop back to the start
Notice that “text” must be enclosed within speech marks. This tells the microcontroller
to convert the text into a string of ASCII codes. Individual ASCII codes can be
transmitted by just giving their numbers. Therefore the two commands below achieve
the same task:
serout 1,N2400,(“Hello”)
serout 1,N2400,(72,101,108,108,111)
Receiving Keyboard Input from the Computer

It can be useful to be able to use a keyboard for people to ‘answer’ questions. This is
achieved by using the serin command as shown below.
main: serout 1,N2400,(10,13) ‘ Start a new line

serout 1,N2400,(“Press a key- “) ‘ Send a message
serin 0,N2400,b1 ‘ Receive a character into variable b1
serout 1,N2400,(b1) ‘ Transmit character back to the screen
if b1=”a” then hot ‘ Is character ‘a’? If yes goto hot
goto main ‘ No, so loop back to start
hot: serout 1,N2400, (10,13,”A is the Hot Key!”)

‘ Send message
goto main ‘ Loop back to start
If this program is run and then a key is pressed on the keyboard, the character will appear on the screen. This
is the microcontroller (not the computer) working. The keyboard press has been
received from the keyboard and then transmitted back to the screen!

Version 4.3 09/2008
45 Section 3
Characters or numbers?
Consider this command: serout 1,N2400,(65)
This will send the ASCII character ‘A’ to the screen.
Now consider this command: serout 1,N2400,(b1)

This will send the character stored in variable b1 to the screen, and so if b1=65, the
character ‘A’ will be sent to the screen.
However, variables are often used to store the answers to mathematical sums, and so it
may be necessary to send the number ‘65’ to the screen rather than the letter ‘A’. To do
this, the microcontroller must be told that a number is to be sent rather than a
character. This is achieved by adding a hash (#): serout 1,N2400,(#b1)
This will send the number ‘65’ (actually the two characters ‘6’ and ‘5’) to the screen
rather than the character ‘A’.
This is a summary of the serial commands used. Remember that the pin number may
have to be changed, and also to the N2400 section to P2400 if the MAX232 interfacing
circuit is used.
serout 1,N2400,(“Hello”)- Sends a message to the screen.

serout 1,N2400,(10) - Sends a direct ASCII instruction to the screen.
serout 1,N2400,(b1) - Sends an ASCII character stored in variable to the screen.
serout 1,N2400,(#b1) - Sends a number stored in a variable to the screen.
serin 0,N2400,b1 - Receives an ASCII character from a keypress on the
keyboard and stores it as the ASCII value in a variable (b1)
serin 0,N2400,#b1 - Receives a real number from the number keys on the
keyboard and stores it in a variable (b1)

Version 4.3 09/2008

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uk MICROCONTROLLER INTERFACING CIRCUITS

Note on the BASIC Code Samples ...................................................................... 4

Standard Interfacing Circuits ............................................................................ 5

Output Device Interfacing ................................................................................ 8

Input Device Interfacing ................................................................................ 2 5

Advanced Component Interfacing ................................................................... 3 0

Advanced Interfacing 1 - LCD Display .............................................................. 3 0

Advanced Interfacing 2 - Serial Interfacing to a Computer. ............................... 4 2

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About this manual

Please note an update version of this manual is under preparation. See

The PICAXE manual is divided into three separate sections:

Section 1 - Getting Started (picaxe_manual1.pdf)

This third section provides general microcontroller interfacing circuits, and

The latest version of this document is available on the PICAXE website at

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Microcontroller Interfacing Circuits

What is a PIC Microcontroller?

Interfacing to the PIC Microcontroller

This section is split into four subsections:

• Introduction to ‘standard’ interfacing circuits

• Output Device Interfacing

• Input Device Interfacing

• Advanced Component Interfacing

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Note on the BASIC Code Samples

Note on Component Selection

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Standard Interfacing Circuits

Standard Circuits 1 - The Transistor Interfacing Circuit

Back EMF Output

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Standard Circuits 2 - Using a Darlington Driver IC

A ULN2803 darlington driver is supplied prefitted to the PICAXE project boards.

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Standard Circuits 3 - The Relay Interfacing Circuit

Standard Circuits 4 - The Power MOSFET Interfacing Circuit

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Output Device Interfacing

Output Device 1 - Light Emitting Diode (LED)

LED connected to Ground Rail.

LED connected to Power Rail.

To switch on LED in red - high 0

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Output Device 2 - Signal Lamp

To switch on Lamp - high 1

Output Device 3 - Buzzer

To switch on buzzer - high 1

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Output Devices 4 - Piezo Sounder & Speaker

To produce a note of pitch 100, length 50 on pin 1 -

To produce a varying noise using variable b1 -

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Output Devices 5 - Solar & DC “Toy” Motors

Electrical noise can be reduced by

In order to switch medium power motors, a power MOSFET is used instead of a

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On many occasions it may be necessary to control two motors. A convenient and

Both inputs low - motor halt