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    Types of Anaemia

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    Suhaila Naema
    This document summarizes and compares different types of anemia: 1. Iron deficiency anemia is caused by iron loss or malabsorption and is characterized by low iron stores, transferrin saturation, and hemoglobin levels. Symptoms include fatigue. It is treated with oral or intravenous iron supplements. 2. Megaloblastic anemias include vitamin B12 and folate deficiency anemia, caused by problems with DNA synthesis leading to large, immature red blood cells. Symptoms include neurological issues. Treatment involves oral/injectable B12 or folate replacement. 3. Hemolytic anemias result from premature red blood cell destruction, seen in inherited disorders or infections. Patients present with

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    Types of Anaemia

    Uploaded by

    Suhaila Naema
    116 views2 pages
    This document summarizes and compares different types of anemia: 1. Iron deficiency anemia is caused by iron loss or malabsorption and is characterized by low iron stores, transferrin saturation, and hemoglobin levels. Symptoms include fatigue. It is treated with oral or intravenous iron supplements. 2. Megaloblastic anemias include vitamin B12 and folate deficiency anemia, caused by problems with DNA synthesis leading to large, immature red blood cells. Symptoms include neurological issues. Treatment involves oral/injectable B12 or folate replacement. 3. Hemolytic anemias result from premature red blood cell destruction, seen in inherited disorders or infections. Patients present with

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    [1] Types of Anaemia

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    This document summarizes and compares different types of anemia: 1. Iron deficiency anemia is caused by iron loss or malabsorption and is characterized by low iron stores, transferrin saturation, and hemoglobin levels. Symptoms include fatigue. It is treated with oral or intravenous iron supplements. 2. Megaloblastic anemias include vitamin B12 and folate deficiency anemia, caused by problems with DNA synthesis leading to large, immature red blood cells. Symptoms include neurological issues. Treatment involves oral/injectable B12 or folate replacement. 3. Hemolytic anemias result from premature red blood cell destruction, seen in inherited disorders or infections. Patients present with

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    116 views2 pages

    Types of Anaemia

    Uploaded by

    Suhaila Naema
    This document summarizes and compares different types of anemia: 1. Iron deficiency anemia is caused by iron loss or malabsorption and is characterized by low iron stores, transferrin saturation, and hemoglobin levels. Symptoms include fatigue. It is treated with oral or intravenous iron supplements. 2. Megaloblastic anemias include vitamin B12 and folate deficiency anemia, caused by problems with DNA synthesis leading to large, immature red blood cells. Symptoms include neurological issues. Treatment involves oral/injectable B12 or folate replacement. 3. Hemolytic anemias result from premature red blood cell destruction, seen in inherited disorders or infections. Patients present with

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      Iron Defeciency  Anemia  (Hypoproliferative)  Megabolastic Anemia (Hypoproliferative)  Haemolytic Anaemia  Aplastic Anaemia 

    A form characterized by:  Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) deficiency, Folate  Any of a group of acute or chronic anaemia,  A diverse group of anaemia characterized by 


    ‐  Iron Stored  Deficiency  inherited or acquired, characterized by  bone marrow suppression with replacement of 
    ‐   Transferrin saturation    shortened survival of mature erythrocytes  the hemapoeitic cells by fat, which causes 
    ‐   Transferrin  Causes:  and Inability of bone marrow to compensate  pancytopenia, often accompanied by 
    ‐   Hemoglobin concentration or hematocrit   a) Defect in DNA synthesis  for the decreased life span  granulocytopenia and thrombocytopenia 
      b) Primary biochemical abnormalities       
    Fe Deficiency by  abnormalities in RBC growth and  Intrinsic  Causes: 
      maturation   cells arrested in S‐phase of  1. Hereditary  a. Direct Stem cell Injury (apoptosis 
    Causes:  cell cycle (unable to complete cell division  a. Disorder of RC membrane  b. Stem cell suppression by auto‐antibody IgG 
    a) Blood Loss – GI bleeding, renal failure   cell SUPER big.  cytoskeleton: spherocytosis,  c. Auto‐immune suppression of hemopoeisis 
    b) Malabsorption – Gastrecnomy,    eliptocytosis  by T‐cell 
    pancreatic insufficiency, sprue & Crohn’s  Causes of folate deficiency  b. RC enzyme deficiencies: 
    disease  ‐ Alcoholics  i. Glycolytic enzyme: pyruvate kinase 
    c) Increased demand – Pregnancy, puberty,  ‐ Coeliac diseases  and hexokinase 
    & lactation  ‐ Tropical Sprue  ii. G6PD, glutathione synthetase 
    d) Poor Dietary Intake  ‐ Demand  c. Disorder of Hb Synthesis 
    Causes of Vit B12 deficiency  i. Deficiency globin synthesis – 
    ‐ Aclorhydria  Thalassemia 
    ‐  pepsin secretion  ii. Abnormal globin synthesis 
    ‐ Pernicious Anaemia  (hemoglobinopathies) – sickle cell 
    o Absence of Intrinsic factor &  anaemiaa 
    HCl  2. Acquired – membrane defect due to 
    o Anti‐parietal IgG class antibody  Paraoxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria 
    o Anti IF ab  Extrinsic 
    ‐ Gastrectomy  1. Antibody mediated – autoantibody, iso‐
    ‐ Impaired B12 absorption  hemagglutinins 
    ‐ Inadequate Diet  2. Mechanical Trauma – microangiopathic 
    ‐  demand – pregnancy, lactation  HA, DIC 
      3. Infections 
      Definition 

    4. Hypersplenism 
    5. Burns 

      ‐ Pancytopenia  ‐ Splenomegaly   
    ‐ GI signs and symptoms  ‐ Jaundice 
    Signs & Symptom 

    ‐ Neuropathy (Vit B12 deficiency) due   
    to defect in myelin sheath synthesis 
     
     
     
    Hypochromic microcytic Anaemia  Macrocytic Megabolastic Anaemia (have more  1.  Serum haptoglobin  a. Bone Marrow: Hypoplastic, Pancytopenia 
    a. Peripheral Blood Film  DNA – immature)  2.  Erythropoietin  Proliferation  b. Normochromic, normocytic/ macrocytic 
    ‐ Target Cells   •  Peripheral Blood Film  3.  Normoblast in marrow  anaemia. 
    ‐ Pencil cells  o  Large cell – Immature looking nuclei    c.  Reticulocyte 
    ‐ Thrombocytosis  o Surrounded by mature cytoplasm   General Features  d.  Erythropoietin 
    b. Iron stores  •  Schilling Test( B12 deficiency)  a.  RBC destruction 
    ‐ Serum ferritin (< 12ng/ml)    b. Iron Retention 
    c. Iron binding Capacity  Vitamin B12  c. Erythroid hyperplasia in bone marrow 
    ‐  transferrin saturation  •  Patchy demyelination in grey matter of  d. Reticulocytosis in peripheral blood smear 
    ‐  plasma transferring levels  cerebrum, spinal cord and peripheral nerves  e.  erythropoiesis 
    ‐ Iron/total Iron Binding Capacity (<20%)  • Defects in myelin synthesis  f. Promotes cholelithiasis (bilirubin) 
    Presence of Fe in Marrow rule out iron‐ • Hypersegmented neutrophils (>5)  [formation of gall stones] 
    deficiency anaemia  • Howell‐Jolly Bodies in Pernicious Aneamia 
    Laboratory Tests  

    a. Oral Iron supplement [Ferrous  Oral/Parenteral Vitamin B 12 replacement     
    sulphate]  Therapy 
    b. Parenteral Iron supplement (Ferric  Folate. 
    Treatment 

    form) 
    c. Blood Transfusion 
    d. Dextroxamine 
     
    • Ferrous is absorbed in duodenum and  • Cells are arrested in S‐phase of cell cycle =>  • Intravascular  • Secondary causes : Drugs (Chlormphenicol, 
    proximal jejunum.  affect all dividing cell.  a. Hemoglobinuria  streptomycin, chlorprozamine), radiation, 
    • Ferrous is transported across intestinal  • Affect rapidly dividing cells  b. Hemoglobinemia  viral, infection, pregnancy, 
    mucosa in Fe2+ by active transport.  • Open chromatic appearances  c. Jaundice (unconjugated bilirubinemia)  lymphoproliferative disorder, MDS & MPD, 
    • Ferrous is converted to Ferric and    d. Hemosiderinuria  PNH and genetics 
    transported in plasma bound to  • Extravascular  • Anemia 
    transferring.  a. In liver and spleen (splenomegaly)  • Oppurtinistic infections 
    General features 

    • Fe is stored in 2 forms in BM, macrophages,  b. No hemoglobinemia  • Bleeding Disorder 


    liver and spleen:  c. No hemoglobinuria   
    a. Ferritin  d. Jaundice 
    b. Hemosiderin  e. Iron retention => systemic 
    hemosiderosis 
     
     

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