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    Polarity and Geometry of Bonds: A) Lewis Diagrams

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    Kenate Sarmiento
    The document discusses the following topics in polarity and geometry of bonds: 1. How to draw Lewis dot structures by determining valence electrons and bonding electrons. Exceptions include free radicals and compounds with too few or many electrons. 2. Valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory which states that electron pairs and atoms arrange themselves to be as far apart as possible. This determines molecular geometry based on the number of groups around a central atom. 3. Polarity in molecules is caused by an asymmetrical distribution of electrons. Polar molecules have a dipole moment and align in electric fields, while nonpolar molecules have symmetrical electron distributions. Examples of polar and nonpolar molecules are given.

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    Polarity and Geometry of Bonds: A) Lewis Diagrams

    Uploaded by

    Kenate Sarmiento
    670 views6 pages
    The document discusses the following topics in polarity and geometry of bonds: 1. How to draw Lewis dot structures by determining valence electrons and bonding electrons. Exceptions include free radicals and compounds with too few or many electrons. 2. Valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory which states that electron pairs and atoms arrange themselves to be as far apart as possible. This determines molecular geometry based on the number of groups around a central atom. 3. Polarity in molecules is caused by an asymmetrical distribution of electrons. Polar molecules have a dipole moment and align in electric fields, while nonpolar molecules have symmetrical electron distributions. Examples of polar and nonpolar molecules are given.

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    Lewis Diagrams

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    The document discusses the following topics in polarity and geometry of bonds: 1. How to draw Lewis dot structures by determining valence electrons and bonding electrons. Exceptions include free radicals and compounds with too few or many electrons. 2. Valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory which states that electron pairs and atoms arrange themselves to be as far apart as possible. This determines molecular geometry based on the number of groups around a central atom. 3. Polarity in molecules is caused by an asymmetrical distribution of electrons. Polar molecules have a dipole moment and align in electric fields, while nonpolar molecules have symmetrical electron distributions. Examples of polar and nonpolar molecules are given.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    670 views6 pages

    Polarity and Geometry of Bonds: A) Lewis Diagrams

    Uploaded by

    Kenate Sarmiento
    The document discusses the following topics in polarity and geometry of bonds: 1. How to draw Lewis dot structures by determining valence electrons and bonding electrons. Exceptions include free radicals and compounds with too few or many electrons. 2. Valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory which states that electron pairs and atoms arrange themselves to be as far apart as possible. This determines molecular geometry based on the number of groups around a central atom. 3. Polarity in molecules is caused by an asymmetrical distribution of electrons. Polar molecules have a dipole moment and align in electric fields, while nonpolar molecules have symmetrical electron distributions. Examples of polar and nonpolar molecules are given.

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    of 6

    Polarity and Geometry of Bonds

    A) Lewis Diagrams

    Steps for writing electron-dot structures

    1. Determine the total valance e’.


    Each (-) negative charge add 1
    Each (+) positive charge subtract 1
    2. Determine the central atom (least electronegative). Place other atoms around it.
    3. Place a single bond (2 e’) between all atoms.
    4. Subtract the bonding e’ from total.
    5. Full fill octects of all atoms with remaining e’. Recount to make sure.
    6. Hints:
    a) H is always terminal.
    b) Assume the corresponding number of bonds for each group.
    c) C makes 4 bonds.
    d) Are exceptions:
    1. Free radicals. Ex NO, NO2, ClO2, unpaired e' ,Cl.

    2. Too few e'.


    a. Boron can have 6e'. BF3
    b. Be has 4e' Ex BeF2.
    c. Too many e', P= 10e', S = 12e', EX. PCl5, SF6
    O + H H O H
    H

    l
    C
    C + Cl
    l
    C C l
    C

    l
    C l
    C

    l
    C

    l
    C

    Can have multiple bonds

    Ex. 1

    SO3

    O
    1. S 3.
    O S O

    4. 24 - 6 = 18
    2. 4 x 6 = 24

    O
    5.
    O S O
    Ex. 2
    PBr3
    Br

    P1x5=5 P
    Br 3 x 7 = 21 Br Br
    26 e'

    Ex. 3 For Charged species add an e’ or take one away from total.
    NO2-

    O
    N 2-

    O
    1. N 3.
    N O

    4. 18 - 4 = 14
    2. 2 x 6 = 12
    1x5=5
    +1 -1
    18 e' O
    5.
    N O

    Ex. 4
    SO2
    18 valance e’

    O S O

    Ex. 5
    C2H4
    B) VSESPR- valence shell electron repulsion theory.
    Electron pairs repel each and try to achieve a geometry that makes lone pairs and
    atoms as far away from each other as possible.

    Group = lone pair of e’ or an atom.


    Need at least three atoms to define an angle. All two atom compounds or linear.

    1) 2 groups Example Electronic Molecular


    Geometry Geometry
    2 atoms linear linear
    O C O

    2) 3 groups
    3 atoms 1- trigonal Trigonal
    O
    C Planar Planar
    O O

    2 atoms 1- trigonal bent


    O
    1 lone pair N Planar
    O

    3) 4 groups
    4 atoms H tetrahedral tetrahedral
    H C H
    H

    3 atoms tetrahedral pyramidal


    N
    1 lone pair H H
    H

    2 atoms tetrahedral bent


    O
    2 lone pairs H H
    Examples:

    1)
    H O
    N C H
    H C O
    H H

    atomm N1 C2 C3 O4
    Electronic tetrahedral tetrahedral Trigonal planar tetrahedral
    Geometry
    Molecular pyramidal tetrahedral Bent
    Geometry

    C) Polarity of Molecules-
    Polar molecule has;
    a) An un-symmetrical of the electron cloud.
    b) A net diploe moment.
    c) Will align itself in the presence of an electrical field.

    To determine polarity must know geometry which is based on the Lewis Dot
    Structure.

    Examples Others, H2Be, NH3,


    1) HCl Polar
    H Cl

    δ+ δ-

    2) CO2 Not polar

    O C O

    3) H2O Polar

    δ-

    O
    H H
    δ+ δ+

    4) CBrH3 Polar

    Br
    H C H
    H

    5) BF3 Non-polar

    F
    B
    F F

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