International Organization for Standardization

ISO redirects here. For other uses, see ISO (disam- (IOS in English, OIN in French, etc.), the organizabiguation).
tion adopted ISO as its abbreviated name in reference
to the Greek word isos (, meaning equal).[6] HowThe International Organization for Standardization ever, during the founding meetings of the new organization, this Greek word was not evoked, so this explanation
(ISO) is an international standard-setting body composed
[7]
of representatives from various national standards orga- may have been imagined later.
nizations.

Both the name ISO and the logo are registered trade[8]
Founded on 23 February 1947, the organization pro- marks, and their use is restricted.
motes worldwide proprietary, industrial and commercial
standards. It is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland,[4]
3 History
and as of 2015 works in 196 countries.[5]
It was one of the rst organizations granted general consultative status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council.

Overview

ISO, the International Organization for Standardization,

is an independent, non-governmental organization, the
members of which are the standards organization of the
164 member countries. It is the worlds largest developer
of voluntary international standards and facilitates world
trade by providing common standards between nations.
Nearly twenty thousand standards have been set covering
everything from manufactured products and technology
to food safety, agriculture and healthcare.[4]

Plaque marking the building in Prague where the ISOs predecessor, the ISA, was founded.
(Click to enlarge / read.)

The organization today known as ISO began in 1926 as

the International Federation of the National Standardizing Associations (ISA). It was suspended in 1942[9] during World War II, but after the war ISA was approached
by the recently formed United Nations Standards Coordinating Committee (UNSCC) with a proposal to form
a new global standards body. In October 1946, ISA and
UNSCC delegates from 25 countries met in London and
agreed to join forces to create the new International Organization for Standardization; the new organization ofcially began operations in February 1947.[10]

Use of the standards aids in the creation of products

and services that are safe, reliable and of good quality.
The standards help businesses increase productivity while
minimizing errors and waste. By enabling products from
dierent markets to be directly compared, they facilitate companies in entering new markets and assist in the
development of global trade on a fair basis. The standards also serve to safeguard consumers and the end-users
of products and services, ensuring that certied products
conform to the minimum standards set internationally.[4]

4 Structure

ISO is a voluntary organization whose members are recognized authorities on standards, each one representing
one country. Members meet annually at a General AsThe three ocial languages of the ISO are English, sembly to discuss ISOs strategic objectives. The orgais coordinated by a Central Secretariat based in
French, and Russian.[3] The name of the organization nization [11]
Geneva.
in French is Organisation internationale de normalisation, and in Russian, A Council with a rotating membership of 20 member
. According to the ISO, as its name bodies provides guidance and governance, including setin dierent languages would have dierent abbreviations ting the Central Secretariats annual budget.[11][12]

Name and abbreviations

7 INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS AND OTHER PUBLICATIONS

The Technical Management Board is responsible for

over 250 technical committees, who develop the ISO
standards.[11][13][14][15]

Member bodies are national bodies considered the

most representative standards body in each country.
These are the only members of ISO that have voting
rights.

4.1

Correspondent members are countries that do not

have their own standards organization. These members are informed about ISOs work, but do not participate in standards promulgation.

IEC joint committees

ISO has formed joint committees with the International

Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) to develop standards
and terminology in the areas of electrical, electronic and
related technologies.
4.1.1

Subscriber members are countries with small

economies. They pay reduced membership fees,
but can follow the development of standards.

ISO/IEC JTC 1

Information technology

Participating members are called P members, as opposed to observing members, who are called O members.

Main article: ISO/IEC JTC 1

ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 1 (JTC 1) was cre- 6 Financing
ated in 1987 to "[d]evelop, maintain, promote and faciliISO is funded by a combination of:[18]
tate IT standards.[16]
4.1.2

ISO/IEC JTC 2

Organizations that manage the specic projects or

loan experts to participate in the technical work.

Joint Project Committee Energy eciency and renewable energy sources Common terminology

Subscriptions from member bodies. These subscriptions are in proportion to each countrys gross national product and trade gures.

ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 2 (JTC 2) was

created in 2009 for the purpose of "[s]tandardization
in the eld of energy eciency and renewable energy
sources.[17]

Sale of standards.

7 International Standards
other publications

and

Membership
See also: List of International Organization for Standardization standards
ISOs main products are international standards. ISO also
publishes technical reports, technical specications, publicly available specications, technical corrigenda, and
guides.[19][20]

International standards These are designated using

the format ISO[/IEC] [/ASTM] [IS] nnnnn[p]:[yyyy] Title, where nnnnn is the number of the
standard, p is an optional part number, yyyy is the
ISO member countries with a national standards body and ISO
year published, and Title describes the subject.
voting rights.
IEC for International Electrotechnical Commission
Correspondent members (countries without a national standards
is included if the standard results from the work
body).
of ISO/IEC JTC1 (the ISO/IEC Joint Technical
Subscriber members (countries with small economies).
Non-member countries with ISO 3166-1 codes.
Committee). ASTM (American Society for Testing
and Materials) is used for standards developed in
cooperation with ASTM International. yyyy and
ISO has 162 national members,[2] out of the 206 total
IS are not used for an incomplete or unpublished
countries in the world.
standard and may under some circumstances be left
ISO has three membership categories:[2]
o the title of a published work.

3
Technical reports These are issued when a technical
committee or subcommittee has collected data of a
dierent kind from that normally published as an International Standard,[19] such as references and explanations. The naming conventions for these are
the same as for standards, except TR prepended instead of IS in the reports name.
For example:
ISO/IEC TR 17799:2000 Code of Practice for Information Security Management
ISO/TR 19033:2000 Technical product documentation Metadata for construction documentation
Technical and publicly available specications
Technical specications may be produced when
the subject in question is still under development
or where for any other reason there is the future
but not immediate possibility of an agreement to
publish an International Standard. A publicly
available specication is usually an intermediate
specication, published prior to the development
of a full International Standard, or, in IEC may be
a 'dual logo' publication published in collaboration
with an external organization.[19] By convention,
both types of specication are named in a manner
similar to the organizations technical reports.
For example:

A standard published by ISO/IEC is the last stage

of a long process that commonly starts with the proposal of new work within a committee. Here are
some abbreviations used for marking a standard with its
status:[21][22][23][24][25][26][27]
PWI Preliminary Work Item
NP or NWIP New Proposal / New Work Item Proposal (e.g., ISO/IEC NP 23007)
AWI Approved new Work Item (e.g., ISO/IEC
AWI 15444-14)
WD Working Draft (e.g., ISO/IEC WD 27032)
CD Committee Draft (e.g., ISO/IEC CD 230005)
FCD Final Committee Draft (e.g., ISO/IEC FCD
23000-12)
DIS Draft International Standard (e.g., ISO/IEC
DIS 14297)
FDIS Final Draft International Standard (e.g.,
ISO/IEC FDIS 27003)
PRF Proof of a new International Standard (e.g.,
ISO/IEC PRF 18018)
IS International Standard (e.g., ISO/IEC 138181:2007)

ISO/TS 16952-1:2006 Technical product documentation Reference designation system Part 1: Abbreviations
used
General application rules
amendments:[21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28]
ISO/PAS 11154:2006 Road vehicles Roof load
carriers

for

NP Amd New Proposal Amendment (e.g.,

ISO/IEC 15444-2:2004/NP Amd 3)

Technical corrigenda ISO also sometimes issues technical corrigenda (where corrigenda is the plural of corrigendum). These are amendments made
to existing standards due to minor technical aws,
usability improvements, or limited-applicability extensions. They are generally issued with the expectation that the aected standard will be updated or
withdrawn at its next scheduled review.[19]

AWI Amd Approved new Work Item Amendment

(e.g., ISO/IEC 14492:2001/AWI Amd 4)

ISO guides

FPDAmd / DAM (DAmd) Final Proposed Draft

Amendment / Draft Amendment (e.g., ISO/IEC
14496-14:2003/FPDAmd 1)

These are meta-standards covering matters related to international standardization.[19] They are named using the
format ISO[/IEC] Guide N:yyyy: Title.
For example:

WD Amd Working Draft Amendment (e.g., ISO

11092:1993/WD Amd 1)
CD Amd / PDAmd Committee Draft Amendment / Proposed Draft Amendment (e.g., ISO/IEC
13818-1:2007/CD Amd 6)

FDAM (FDAmd) Final Draft Amendment (e.g.,

ISO/IEC 13818-1:2007/FDAmd 4)
PRF Amd (e.g., ISO 12639:2004/PRF Amd 1)

ISO/IEC Guide 2:2004 Standardization and related

activities General vocabulary

Amd Amendment (e.g.,

1:2007/Amd 1:2007)

ISO/IEC Guide 65:1996 General requirements for

bodies operating product certication
Other abbreviations:[25][26][28][29]

ISO/IEC 13818-

8
TR Technical Report (e.g., ISO/IEC TR
19791:2006)
DTR Draft Technical Report (e.g., ISO/IEC DTR
19791)
TS Technical Specication (e.g.,
16949:2009)

ISO/TS

DTS Draft Technical Specication (e.g., ISO/DTS

11602-1)
PAS Publicly Available Specication
TTA Technology Trends Assessment (e.g.,
ISO/TTA 1:1994)
IWA International Workshop Agreement (e.g.,
IWA 1:2005)

PRODUCTS NAMED AFTER ISO

is set up by the TC/SC for the preparation of a working

draft. When the scope of a new work is suciently claried, some of the working groups (e.g., MPEG) usually
make open request for proposalsknown as a call for
proposals. The rst document that is produced for example for audio and video coding standards is called a verication model (VM) (previously also called a simulation and test model). When a sucient condence in the
stability of the standard under development is reached, a
working draft (WD) is produced. This is in the form of
a standard but is kept internal to working group for revision. When a working draft is suciently solid and the
working group is satised that it has developed the best
technical solution to the problem being addressed, it becomes committee draft (CD). If it is required, it is then
sent to the P-members of the TC/SC (national bodies) for
ballot.

The CD becomes nal committee draft (FCD) if the

number of positive votes is above the quorum. Successive committee drafts may be considered until consensus
Guide a guidance to technical committees for the is reached on the technical content. When it is reached,
the text is nalized for submission as a draft International
preparation of standards
Standard (DIS). The text is then submitted to national
International Standards are developed by ISO technical bodies for voting and comment within a period of ve
committees (TC) and subcommittees (SC) by a process months. It is approved for submission as a nal draft International Standard (FDIS) if a two-thirds majority of
with six steps:[23][30]
the P-members of the TC/SC are in favour and not more
than one-quarter of the total number of votes cast are neg Stage 1: Proposal stage
ative. ISO will then hold a ballot with National Bodies
where no technical changes are allowed (yes/no ballot),
Stage 2: Preparatory stage
within a period of two months. It is approved as an In Stage 3: Committee stage
ternational Standard (IS) if a two-thirds majority of the
P-members of the TC/SC is in favour and not more than
Stage 4: Enquiry stage
one-quarter of the total number of votes cast are negative. After approval, only minor editorial changes are in Stage 5: Approval stage
troduced into the nal text. The nal text is sent to the
ISO Central Secretariat, which publishes it as the Inter Stage 6: Publication stage
national Standard.[21][23]
Cor Technical Corrigendum (e.g., ISO/IEC
13818-1:2007/Cor 1:2008)

The TC/SC may set up working groups (WG) of experts

for the preparation of a working drafts. Subcommittees
may have several working groups, which can have several
Sub Groups (SG).[31]
It is possible to omit certain stages, if there is a document with a certain degree of maturity at the start of a
standardization project, for example a standard developed
by another organization. ISO/IEC directives allow also
the so-called Fast-track procedure. In this procedure a
document is submitted directly for approval as a draft International Standard (DIS) to the ISO member bodies or
as a nal draft International Standard (FDIS) if the document was developed by an international standardizing
body recognized by the ISO Council.[23]
The rst stepa proposal of work (New Proposal)
is approved at the relevant subcommittee or technical committee (e.g., SC29 and JTC1 respectively in
the case of Moving Picture Experts Group - ISO/IEC
JTC1/SC29/WG11). A working group (WG) of experts

8 Products named after ISO

The fact that many of the ISO-created standards are ubiquitous has led, on occasion, to common use of ISO to
describe the actual product that conforms to a standard.
Some examples of this are:
Many CD images end in the le extension "ISO" to
signify that they are using the ISO 9660 standard
le system as opposed to another le systemhence
CD images are commonly referred to as ISOs.
Virtually all computers with CD-ROM drives that
can read CDs use this standard. Some DVD-ROMs
also use ISO 9660 le systems.
Photographic lms sensitivity to light (its "lm
speed") is described by ISO 6, ISO 2240 and ISO

5
5800. Hence, the lms speed is often referred to as
by its ISO number.
As it was originally dened in ISO 518, the ash
hot shoe found on cameras is often called the ISO
shoe.

Criticism

With the exception of a small number of isolated

standards,[32] ISO standards are normally not available
free of charge, but for a purchase fee,[33] which has been
seen by some as too expensive for small open source
projects.[34]
The ISO/IEC JTC1 fast-track procedures (Fast-track as
used by OOXML and PAS as used by OpenDocument)
have garnered criticism in relation to the standardization
of Oce Open XML (ISO/IEC 29500). Martin Bryan,
outgoing Convenor of ISO/IEC JTC1/SC34 WG1, is
quoted as saying:
I would recommend my successor that it is
perhaps time to pass WG1s outstanding standards over to OASIS, where they can get approval in less than a year and then do a PAS
submission to ISO, which will get a lot more attention and be approved much faster than standards currently can be within WG1.
The disparity of rules for PAS, Fast-Track
and ISO committee generated standards is fast
making ISO a laughing stock in IT circles. The
days of open standards development are fast
disappearing. Instead we are getting 'standardization by corporation'.[35]

10 See also
11 Notes and references
[1] The three ocial full names of the ISO can be found at the
beginning of the foreword sections of the PDF document:
ISO/IEC Guide 2:2004 Standardization and related activities General vocabulary (PDF). Archived (PDF)
from the original on 21 July 2011.
[2] ISO members. International Organization for Standardization. Archived from the original on 9 February 2015.
[3] How to use the ISO Catalogue. ISO.org. Archived from
the original on 4 October 2007.
[4] About ISO. ISO. Archived from the original on 4 October 2007.
[5] The number of membre working countries an be found on
the rst page of the report. Annual Report 2013 (PDF).
ISO. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
[6] About ISO - Our name. ISO. Archived from the original
on 19 September 2012.
[7] Friendship among equals (PDF). ISO. (page 20)
[8] ISO name and logo. ISO. Archived from the original on
19 September 2012.
[9] A Brief History of ISO. University of Pittsburgh.
[10] Friendship among equals - Recollections from ISOs rst
fty years (PDF), International Organization for Standardization, 1997, pp. 1518, ISBN 92-67-10260-5,
archived (PDF) from the original on 26 October 2012
[11] Structure and governance. International Organization
for Standardization. Archived from the original on 19
September 2012.
[12] Council. International Organization for Standardiza-

tion. Archived from the original on 3 November 2012.

Computer security entrepreneur and Ubuntu investor,
Mark Shuttleworth, commented on the Standardization [13] Technical committees. International Organization for
of Oce Open XML process by saying I think it deStandardization. Archived from the original on 19
values the condence people have in the standards setSeptember 2012.
ting process, and Shuttleworth alleged that ISO did not
carry out its responsibility. He also noted that Microsoft [14] Who develops ISO standards?". International Organization for Standardization. Archived from the original on 19
had intensely lobbied many countries that traditionally
September 2012.
had not participated in ISO and stacked technical committees with Microsoft employees, solution providers and [15] Governance of technical work. International Organization for Standardization. Archived from the original on 19
resellers sympathetic to Oce Open XML.
September 2012.

When you have a process built on trust and

when that trust is abused, ISO should halt the
process... ISO is an engineering old boys club
and these things are boring so you have to have
a lot of passion then suddenly you have an
investment of a lot of money and lobbying and
you get articial results. The process is not
set up to deal with intensive corporate lobbying
and so you end up with something being a standard that is not clear.[36]

[16] ISO/IEC JTC 1. International Organization for Standardization. Archived from the original on 15 December
2011.
[17] ISO/IEC JPC 2 Joint Project Committee - Energy eciency and renewable energy sources - Common terminology. International Organization for Standardization.
Archived from the original on 6 October 2012.
[18] General information on ISO. ISO. Archived from the
original on 5 October 2007.

13

[19] The ISO directives are published in two distinct parts:

ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1: Procedures for the
technical work (PDF). ISO/IEC. 2012. Archived
(PDF) from the original on 13 June 2012.
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2: Rules for the structure
and drafting of International Standards (PDF).
ISO/IEC. 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original
on 16 October 2011.
[20] ISO. ISO/IEC Directives and ISO supplement.
Archived from the original on 23 April 2005.
[21] About MPEG. chiariglione.org. Archived from the
original on 21 February 2010.
[22] ISO. International harmonized stage codes. Archived
from the original on 12 August 2007.
[23] ISO. Stages of the development of International Standards. Archived from the original on 12 August 2007.
[24] The ISO27k FAQ - ISO/IEC acronyms and committees.
IsecT Ltd. Archived from the original on 24 November
2005.
[25] ISO (2007). ISO/IEC Directives Supplement Procedures specic to ISO (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the
original on 12 January 2012.
[26] ISO (2007). List of abbreviations used throughout ISO
Online. Archived from the original on 12 August 2007.

EXTERNAL LINKS

12 Further reading
JoAnne Yates and Craig N. Murphy, Coordinating
International Standards: The Formation of the
ISO (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on
22 September 2010. MIT Innovations and Entrepreneurship Seminar Series, Fall 2006.
Kuert, Willy (1997). Friendship Among Equals
- Recollections from ISOs rst fty years (PDF).
ISO. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 October 2012.

13 External links
Ocial website
Publicly Available Standards, with free access
to a small subset of the standards.
Advanced search for standards and/or projects
Concept Database, a terminological database
of ISO standards.
ISO/IEC JTC1
Certication Bodies TRA Certication

[27] US Tag Committee Handbook (DOC). March 2008.

Personnel Certication

[28] ISO/IEC JTC1 (2 November 2009), Letter Ballot on the

JTC 1 Standing Document on Technical Specications and
Technical Reports (PDF)

ISO 9001 consulting services in California

[29] ISO. ISO deliverables. Archived from the original on

12 August 2007.
[30] ISO (2008), ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1 - Procedures for the
technical work, Sixth edition, 2008 (PDF), archived (PDF)
from the original on 14 July 2010
[31] ISO, IEC (5 November 2009). ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29,
SC 29/WG 11 Structure (ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29/WG 11 Coding of Moving Pictures and Audio)". Archived from
the original on 28 January 2001.
[32] Freely Available Standards. ISO. 1 February 2011.
[33] Shopping FAQs. ISO. Archived from the original on 5
October 2007.
[34] Jellie, Rick (1 August 2007). Where to get ISO Standards on the Internet free. oreillynet.com. Archived
from the original on 24 November 2007. The lack of free
online availability has eectively made ISO standard irrelevant to the (home/hacker section of the) Open Source
community
[35] Report on WG1 activity for December 2007 Meeting
of ISO/IEC JTC1/SC34/WG1 in Kyoto. iso/jtc1 sc34.
Archived from the original on 12 August 2007.
[36] Ubuntus Shuttleworth blames ISO for OOXMLs win.
ZDNet.com. 1 April 2008. Archived from the original on
4 April 2008.

14
14.1

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

International Organization for Standardization Source:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_
Standardization?oldid=722764128 Contributors: Brion VIBBER, Zundark, The Anome, VincentV, Jagged, Eclecticology, Ghakko,
Mjb, Heron, Olivier, Frecklefoot, Patrick, Olrick, Cprompt, Nixdorf, Liftarn, SGBailey, Lquilter, Delirium, Plasticlax, R4f~enwiki,
Keichwa, Egil, Looxix~enwiki, Ahoerstemeier, Mac, Jpatokal, Notheruser, Yaronf, DropDeadGorgias, Glenn, Whkoh, Mkoval, LouI,
Kwekubo, Tobias Conradi, Hashar, Gingekerr, Slathering, Billdakelski, Jusjih, JorgeGG, Denelson83, PuzzletChung, MK~enwiki,
Robbot, Modulatum, Verbose~enwiki, Puckly, DHN, Wereon, Guy Peters, David Gerard, Ancheta Wis, Binarygal, Chinasaur, Bovlb,
Andycjp, Joeblakesley, CaribDigita, Maximaximax, Icairns, Jbinder, Maikel, Abdull, Bcordes, CALR, A-giau, Discospinster, John
FitzGerald, Luxdormiens, Bender235, Mr. Billion, IndianCow, MBisanz, Kwamikagami, Spearhead, Sietse Snel, Mqduck, Coolcaesar,
Cwass, Shoujun, Bobo192, Smalljim, Minghong, Mdd, Ranveig, Jumbuck, Gary, PaulHanson, Stovetopcookies, Hohum, Mbimmler,
Irdepesca572, Stephan Leeds, Suruena, Kusma, KTC, IRbaboon, Jacobolus, Sid1138, Pol098, Before My Ken, Ruud Koot, Knuckles,
MiG, Frungi, Sega381,
, Graham87, Wbeek, Mulligatawny, Rjwilmsi, Seidenstud, Koavf, Strait, MZMcBride, Yamamoto
Ichiro, Vuong Ngan Ha, Guthardt, FlaBot, Ewlyahoocom, Japointe, Subversive, Lmatt, Crazeman, Thecurran, Ahunt, Chobot,
Adoniscik, YurikBot, Whoisjohngalt, RobotE, Jimp, RussBot, Bhny, Akamad, Manop, Gaius Cornelius, Rsrikanth05, Aeusoes1, Dugosz,
Rashev~enwiki, Denihilonihil, EEMIV, Lockesdonkey, DeadEyeArrow, Bota47, TimK MSI, Haemo, Lt-wiki-bot, Hayden120, WirelessMike, Katieh5584, Nick knowles, Finell, Sardanaphalus, SmackBot, Alex1011, Eskimbot, Edgar181, IstvanWolf, Anastasios~enwiki,
Chris the speller, Octahedron80, DHN-bot~enwiki, A. B., Hgrosser, Writtenright, Stepho-wrs, Addshore, SundarBot, Cybercobra,
Mleinart, Jon Awbrey, RayGates, Aaker, Evlekis, Charivari, Ohconfucius, Dspakman, SashatoBot, Derek farn, Autoterm, JackLumber,
MilborneOne, MonstaPro, 16@r, Peter Horn, MTSbot~enwiki, Dl2000, Mackan, DouglasCalvert, Joseph Solis in Australia, Namiba,
Vargklo, Zarex, JohnCD, Thylacoleo, Lazulilasher, Culverden, Mato, DumbBOT, Kozuch, Thijs!bot, Dasani, Hervegirod, Anjadrame,
SomeHuman, Escarbot, Lmaltier, Scepia, Olexandr Kravchuk, JAnDbot, HAl, Zorro CX, Magioladitis, SHCarter, Mclay1, TARBOT,
Tedickey, Ashishbhatnagar72, Rukaribe, Rettetast, R'n'B, Erkan Yilmaz, J.delanoy, Mindgames11, Qwanqwa, Rlsheehan, Jesant13, Jerry,
LordAnubisBOT, Plasticup, Furrybarry, Cobi, Ljgua124, Ansiansiansi, Blah0401, DASonnenfeld, VolkovBot, TreasuryTag, TXiKiBoT,
K-car, ISAN-IA, Rick Jellie, Rbenech, Melsaran, UnitedStatesian, Yk Yk Yk, Altermike, Truthanado, Logan, C0N6R355, John
Larmouth, Bierstube Katzen Keller, EmxBot, SieBot, Jrats, Gerakibot, Caltas, Timothy Cooper, SuzanneIAM, LeadSongDog, Flyer22
Reborn, Alexbrn, RW Marloe, BenoniBot~enwiki, OKBot, Svick, Anchor Link Bot, Danio, Bibliophylax, Jza84, Lindum, Denisarona,
Revelian, Emk, Martarius, ClueBot, Binksternet, WurmWoode, Mattgirling, Mild Bill Hiccup, Piledhigheranddeeper, Sv1xv, Azalia1225,
L.tak, BOTarate, Unmerklich, Kslall8765, Justwatchme, Silica-gel, XLinkBot, Snoopy99~enwiki, Delicious carbuncle, Environ1561,
Levic69, Dthomsen8, Mitch Ames, The Aviv, Alexius08, ZooFari, Addbot, AkhtaBot, Harish431, Kit.macallister, RP9, Exor674, Tide
rolls, OlEnglish, MuZemike, BasicBaer, Legobot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Fraggle81, TaBOT-zerem, AnomieBOT, Ichwan Palongengi,
Rubinbot, 1exec1, Gtz, Jeni, International Electrotechnical Commission, Qdinar, Law, Justme89, Bluerasberry, Winklerteen, G7046072,
Xqbot, JimVC3, Capricorn42, AnonyPussycat, DSisyphBot, Gumruch, Nasa-verve, Omnipaedista, RibotBOT, Apathy monk, Theifynia,
FrescoBot, LucienBOT, Haeinous, Outback the koala, DivineAlpha, BlaF, Bazzer palm, Editor Lara, Tinton5, Skyerise, RedBot,
MastiBot, Adamlaskey, FoxBot, Seahorseruler, Chrisbud14, Rollins83, EmausBot, Kpuersh, Danieldavidturner76, Ntizoglou, TuHanBot, Wikipelli, P. S. F. Freitas, HiW-Bot, ZroBot, John Cline, Newbiepedian, Dondervogel 2, H3llBot, Shmilyshy, Andattaca2010,
Donner60, Matsievsky, Chewings72, ChuispastonBot, Uziel302, TYelliot, ClueBot NG, Cwmhiraeth, Matthiaspaul, LuisMMCortez,
Widr, Anupmehra, , Gob Lofa, Sterling.M.Archer, George Ponderevo, Doseduk, Davidiad, Marcocapelle, Whym, BattyBot,
AllenZh, Samuelled, Mutoso, Isoindia, Dexbot, Rezonansowy, BroadcastDonkey, Rp8083, Enoshd, Ekips39, Kemmabrant, Ujjwal210,
Camyoung54, BreakfastJr, EstonianMan, Michipedian, Tentinator, ArmbrustBot, Werddemer, Chris Mchale, Kickn, No longer a
penguin, Meowcatzmeow, Kristanashly, Trackteur, Rajesh kumar005, TheAmazingBear, Malarvihzi, Carbonheliumnitrogen, Wong
Angel, Stefantangen, Pixelized frog, Winterysteppe, Yashsaini24, Garmonjones, Grammmarrr and Anonymous: 359

14.2

Images

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