M.I.

1748
Rev. F

MAINTENANCE INSTRUCTION

ENGINE COOLANT

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
Please refer to the EMD Safety Precautions section in the applicable Locomotive
Running Maintenance Manual or Locomotive Service Manual whenever routine service
or maintenance work is to be preformed.
_______________________________________________________________________

 Copyright 2005
Electro-Motive Diesel. All rights reserved. Neither this document, nor any part thereof, may be
reprinted without the expressed written consent of Electro-Motive Diesel. Contact EMD Service
Publications Office.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0

Purpose......................................................................................................4

2.0

Coolant Solutions......................................................................................4

3.0

Cooling Water Requirements ...................................................................5

4.0 Cooling Water Treatment..........................................................................5

4.1
Chromate Type Inhibitors ................................................................................... 6
4.2
Borate-Nitrite Type Inhibitors ............................................................................ 6
4.3
Soluble Oil (Emulsifiable Oils) Inhibitors.......................................................... 7
4.4
Organic Type Inhibitors...................................................................................... 7
4.5
Summary ............................................................................................................. 7
5.0 Antifreeze Coolant.....................................................................................8
5.1
Alcohol Type Antifreeze..................................................................................... 8
5.2
Ethylene-Glycol Type Antifreeze Coolant ......................................................... 8
5.3
Ethylene-Glycol Type Antifreeze Coolant Containing Deionized Water .......... 9
5.4
Propylene-Glycol Type Antifreeze Coolant ....................................................... 9
5.5
Freezing Point ..................................................................................................... 9
5.6
Addition of Supplemental Inhibitors or Mixing of Antifreeze Coolant Brands 10
5.7
Antifreeze Coolants with Antileak Additives ................................................... 10
5.8
Draining of Cooling Systems Containing Antifreeze Coolant ......................... 11
5.9
Silicate Dropout ................................................................................................ 11
5.10 Summary ........................................................................................................... 11
6.0 Qualification Tests for Coolant Corrosion Inhibitors and Antifreeze
Coolants...................................................................................................12
6.1
Laboratory Tests ............................................................................................... 12
6.1.1
Glassware Corrosion Test ......................................................................... 12
6.1.2
Elastomer Immersion Tests....................................................................... 15
6.2
Field Qualification Tests for Corrosion Inhibitors and Antifreeze................... 17
6.2.1
Coolant Sample......................................................................................... 18
6.2.2
Visual Inspection of Jumper Lines and Inlet Deflectors........................... 18
6.2.3
Visual Inspection of the Oil Cooler .......................................................... 18
6.2.4
Visual Inspection of the Water Pump ....................................................... 19
6.2.5
Interpretation of Field Qualification Test Results .................................... 19
7.0 Cleaning EMD Engine Cooling Systems ...............................................19
7.1
Excessive Coolant or Oil Temperatures ........................................................... 19
7.2
Excessive Rust or Sediment in the Coolant ...................................................... 20
7.3
Oil Contamination of the Coolant..................................................................... 20

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1.0 Purpose
Revision F of this Maintenance Instruction (MI) is issued to update guidelines for the
proper use and selection of coolant for EMD engines.
Coolant is circulated throughout the engine to provide the means for heat transfer from
the engine components. Water, corrosion inhibitor, and, in some applications, antifreeze
are used in coolant solutions.
Because the function of the coolant is necessary for the efficient operation of the engine,
it is important that the selection of a coolant solution be carefully considered.
Failure to meet any one of the following requirements will inevitably result in costly
system damage, downtime, and repair costs.

2.0 Coolant Solutions

A coolant suitable for use in EMD engine cooling systems must meet five basic
requirements:
1. It shall adequately transfer heat energy through the cooling system.
2. It shall not form scale or sludge deposits in the cooling system.
3. It shall not cause corrosion within the cooling system.
4. It shall not deteriorate any of the cooling system seal materials.
5. It should be environmentally acceptable.
These requirements are normally satisfied by combining a suitable water with a reliable
corrosion inhibitor. Certain operating conditions may dictate the use of antifreeze
coolant. In this case, the basic requirements can be satisfied with a combination of
suitable water and an ethylene glycol or propylene glycol type antifreeze. The antifreeze
shall contain adequate inhibitors to protect the cooling system from corrosion. However,
the use of antifreeze coolant involves special consideration regarding Items 1, 3 and 5
above. This will be discussed in detail in Section 5 "Antifreeze Coolant". Coolants that
perform satisfactorily in other applications may not be satisfactory for use in EMD
engine cooling systems. Differences in coolant volume-to-cooling system surface area
ratios, coolant velocities, temperatures, and the types of materials employed make such
comparisons invalid.
The formulation of home-made corrosion inhibitors and antifreeze coolants is not
recommended. These formulations may lack individual inhibitor chemicals that are
necessary to protect all the cooling system metals from corrosion. Improper blending
sequences of the individual inhibitor chemicals may result in excessive precipitation of

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the total inhibitor package. This condition may result in reducing the effectiveness of the
corrosion inhibitor. Further, the home-made corrosion inhibitor packages may be
difficult to monitor and control. The ready availability of suitable proprietary products
makes these practices uneconomical and impractical.
Water quality should be evaluated whenever a new water source is to be used, or when
changes in existing water sources occur. Likewise, the inhibitor concentration of the
coolant solution should be tested when a new engine is put into service, and at regular
intervals thereafter. The inhibitor concentration of coolant should always be known and
should be maintained as required.
Aids in determining the effectiveness of a corrosion inhibitor or antifreeze coolant are as
follows:
1. Glassware corrosion test and Elastomer Immersion test.
2. Visual inspection of the coolant relative to its clarity.
3. Regular inspection of engine components, such as the coolant jumper lines, coolant
inlet deflectors, oil cooler tubes, and water pump impeller and seals.
4. Maintaining the recommended inhibitor concentration by regularly scheduled tests.

3.0 Cooling Water Requirements

The water used in the cooling system of EMD engines should be of such quality that it
does not contain excessive solids, hardness salts, or corrosive elements, such as chlorides.
Water containing these constituents in undesirable amounts can either be softened or
deionized to make it suitable for use. Steam condensate is also suitable for use in the
cooling system.
With a quality corrosion inhibitor, water of the quality shown in Table 1 is considered
suitable for use in the cooling system.
Table 1. Water Quality

Measurement
Total Solids, Max.
Total Hardness (Salts, Max)
Chlorides, Max.
Sulfates, Max.

PPM (g/l)
340
170
40
100

Grains/Gallon
20
10
2.5
5.8

Water containing excessive amounts of the ingredients shown in Table 1 can cause scale
and sludge deposits, corrosion, or a combination of these.

4.0 Cooling Water Treatment

The water used in the engine cooling system shall be treated with a corrosion inhibitor.
The corrosion inhibitor is a blend of chemical compounds, which function by forming a
corrosion-inhibiting film on exposed metal surfaces. The borate nitrite/nitrate corrosion
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inhibitor is the most common type inhibitor used in EMD engine cooling systems.
Chromate based corrosion inhibitors are not commonly used. Two other types of
inhibitors, soluble oil and an organic product, have seen very limited use in EMD cooling
systems in field service.
This section describes various inhibitors that can be used to treat cooling water, as
follows:

Chromate Type Inhibitors

Borate-Nitrite Type Inhibitors

Soluble Oil (Emulsifiable Oils) Inhibitors

Organic Type Inhibitors

The section also contains a summary that comments on these inhibitors.

4.1

Chromate Type Inhibitors

Chromate is an effective corrosion inhibitor for engine cooling water; however, because
of federal, state, and local pollution restrictions in the discharge of chromates, their use is
not recommended or endorsed. The use of chromate with ethylene-glycol may, under
certain conditions, result in insoluble sludge forming in the cooling system.

4.2

Borate-Nitrite Type Inhibitors

Borate-Nitrite type inhibitors are furnished in the form of powder, pellets, and liquids.
The pH of these inhibitors, when mixed with water, ranges from 8.5 to 10.0. They also
contain a dye that is distinctive in color and stable at a temperature of 190 o F (88 o C).
It is recommended that a pellet or powder inhibitor first be dissolved in water and then
added to the cooling system. Thereafter, the inhibitor concentration shall be maintained
at the supplier recommended level. The concentration of inhibitor should provide a
minimum nitrite level (NO2) of 1000 ppm.
The level of silicate and yellow metal protectants shall also be present in sufficient
amounts to protect the cooling system from corrosion. Silicate shall not exceed the levels
specified by ASTM D4985. If aluminum has been introduced to the cooling system via a
retrofit component, silicate should be at least 200 ppm.
The pH of nitrite/ non-borate corrosion inhibitor products may be detrimental to
aluminum. The corrosion inhibitor supplier should be consulted before considering the
use of this type of formulation.
Some geographical areas have restrictions relative to the discharge of borates. In states
where surface water is used to irrigate citrus crops, stricter limitations may be
established. Federal, state, and local pollution restrictions should be investigated before
discharging borate-containing inhibitors.

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4.3

Soluble Oil (Emulsifiable Oils) Inhibitors

Soluble oils are not considered suitable for use in EMD engine cooling systems for the
following reasons:
1. It is difficult to run quick tests to determine the concentration.
2. The emulsifiers tend to break down, causing an oily film to float on the water.
3. In some instances, the oil layer may interfere with heat transfer or cause sludge
accumulation in the system.
4. They may be harmful to the elastomers in the cooling system thereby causing coolant
leaks.
5. They do not contain a tracer element, which can be used as a tracer to detect the
presence of coolant leaks into the lubricating oil.

4.4

Organic Type Inhibitors

Organic type inhibitors are generally in the form of liquids. The pH of this type inhibitor
when mixed with water is approximately 7.5. They also contain a distinctive color dye,
which is stable at a temperature of 190 o F (88 o C). The recommended inhibitor dosage,
for an initial fill, is 1.2 fluid ounces per gallon. Thereafter, the inhibitor concentration
should be maintained above 0.6 fluid ounces per gallon. When coolant is lost from the
system, the makeup coolant should contain inhibitor in the recommended dosage.
Organic type inhibitors do not contain an element that can be used as a tracer to detect the
presence of coolant leaks into the lubricating oil.
Most states restrict the discharge of this type of inhibitor, which is similar to petroleum
base materials.

4.5

Summary

1. Safety and hygienic precautions should always be exercised when handling corrosion
inhibitors to avoid possible irritation of eyes, nose, and skin. This is especially
important when handling chromate inhibitors.
2. The above inhibitor usage concentrations have been found suitable for most corrosion
inhibitors. However, customers should always contact the inhibitor supplier for
recommendations as to the proper concentration level for their application.
3. To be satisfactory for use in EMD cooling systems, inhibitors should contain a strong
tracer element. Most inhibitor suppliers have test kits to determine the concentration
of their respective inhibitors. It is important that the concentration of a specific
inhibitor be determined with the proper test kit as recommended by the supplier.
4. The chemicals in corrosion inhibitors are slowly depleted in service. The effective
life of an inhibitor depends on such factors as the cooling system condition, hours of
operation, coolant and metal temperatures, aeration, and rate of contamination of the
coolant. As a general rule, the coolant should be discarded at least annually and the
cooling system filled with new, inhibited coolant.

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5. Draining an inhibited coolant from one engine and reusing in another is a poor
practice, which can cause corrosion.
6. The reuse of inhibited coolant that has been drained from an engine is not
recommended. If a customer does reuse the coolant, particular attention should be
given to piping and holding tanks to ensure they are free of dirt and oil.
7. Most manufacturers advise against mixing of different brands of corrosion inhibitors.
This restriction recognizes the fact that some corrosion inhibitor brands may not be
compatible with other brands. This incompatibility may lead to foaming,
precipitations, or accelerated corrosion. EMD concurs with the manufacturer's advice
in this matter.

5.0 Antifreeze Coolant

This section describes the following antifreeze coolants and provides recommendations
for their use:

Alcohol Type Antifreeze

Ethylene-Glycol Type Antifreeze Coolant

Ethylene-Glycol Type Antifreeze Coolant Containing Deionized Water

Propylene-Glycol Type Antifreeze Coolant

5.1

Alcohol Type Antifreeze

Alcohol type antifreeze is not recommended for use in EMD engine cooling systems
because of the high coolant operating temperatures.

5.2

Ethylene-Glycol Type Antifreeze Coolant

Where EMD engine cooling systems must be protected from freezing, an antifreeze
coolant meeting ASTM D4985 specification is recommended. The antifreeze shall be
fully formulated, containing a balanced blend of corrosion inhibitors, anti-foam, and a
distinctive color dye. Further, the antifreeze shall not contain more than 0.10% of
sodium silicate.
NOTE: See comments under Silicate Dropout
Ethylene-glycol type antifreeze should be used at concentrations between 33% and 68%
by volume, as required to prevent freezing. Generally a 50/50 mix is recommended: this
provides freezing protection to -32o F (-36o C). Antifreeze concentrations below 33% do
not provide a sufficient amount of inhibitors to adequately protect the cooling system
from corrosion. Antifreeze concentrations above 68% may not provide adequate heat
transfer and will raise the freezing point. For example, the freezing point of 100%
ethylene glycol is -8o F (-22o C).

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5.3 Ethylene-Glycol Type Antifreeze Coolant Containing

Deionized Water
The hardness, total solids, and corrosivity of water varies throughout the United States. It
is recommended that antifreeze containing inhibitors and deionized water be used in areas
where the water does not meet the standards listed in Table 1. This type of antifreeze
contains the proper amount of ethylene glycol to protect the cooling system from freezing
to -40 o F (-40 o C).
These products are generally identified as full-fill antifreeze coolant. These products
shall not be diluted with water.

5.4

Propylene-Glycol Type Antifreeze Coolant

Propylene-glycol type antifreeze coolants are analogues to ethylene-glycol type

antifreeze. The corrosion inhibitor package added to ethylene-glycol is also soluble in a
propylene-glycol product. The reported advantage in using propylene-glycol is that it is
less toxic.
The specific heat and thermal conductivity of aqueous solutions of ethylene and
propylene glycols are similar. Lower freeze points may be obtained with propylene
glycol. The propylene-glycol products may be obtained as a concentrate or pre-diluted
with deionized water.
The freezing point of aqueous solutions may be determined by hydrometer or
refractometer field testers, which are specifically calibrated for propylene glycol.
Ethylene glycol field testers may be used; however, it will be necessary to obtain a
conversion table from the supplier to convert the reading to propylene glycol. Certain
models of refractometer field testers have both ethylene and propylene glycol freeze point
protection scales.

5.5

Freezing Point

When liquids are cooled, they eventually either crystallize like ice or become
increasingly viscous until they fail to flow and set up like glass. The first behavior is true
freezing; the second is called supercooling.
The glycols do not have sharp freezing points. Under normal conditions, ethylene glycol
and the other members of the ethylene series supercool rather than freeze; however,
freezing points can be obtained if seeding and agitation are properly employed.
Propylene glycol and its homologs likewise set to glass-like solids, rather than freezing.
The addition of water to a glycol yields a solution with a freezing point below that of
water. This has led to the extensive use of glycol-water solutions as cooling media at
temperatures appreciably below the freezing point of water. Instead of having sharp
freezing points, glycol-water solutions become slushy during freezing. As the
temperature is lowered, the slush becomes more and more viscous and finally fails to
flow.
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Freezing points of glycol-water solutions are shown in Figure 1. The freezing points are
the temperatures at which the first crystals form; below these temperatures, a slushy
solution exists, which will still flow.

Figure 1. Freezing Points of Aqueous Glycol Solutions

5.6 Addition of Supplemental Inhibitors or Mixing of

Antifreeze Coolant Brands
Most antifreeze coolant manufacturers advise against the addition of supplemental
inhibitors or additives to either fresh or used antifreeze solutions. They also advise
against mixing of different antifreeze coolant brands. These restrictions recognize the
fact that some supplemental inhibitors, additives, and antifreeze coolant brands contain
materials that may not be compatible with the corrosion
inhibitors initially
incorporated in the antifreeze coolant. The addition of these compounds could increase
corrosion in the cooling system. EMD concurs with the antifreeze coolant
manufacturer's advice.
Some antifreeze coolant manufacturers market a solution specifically designed for
reinhibiting their antifreeze product (SCA). These solutions are designed only for their
product and should be added only on their advice.

5.7

Antifreeze Coolants with Antileak Additives

Some brands of antifreeze coolant contain antileak compounds, which may cause
plugging and eventually reduce the heat transfer qualities of the cooling system. EMD
advises against the use of antifreeze coolant containing antileak compounds.

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5.8 Draining of Cooling Systems Containing Antifreeze

Coolant
If it is necessary to drain the cooling system, it is suggested that the antifreeze be placed
into a clean retention tank such as a rubber bag. Reusing antifreeze solution from one
engine in another engine is a poor practice that can cause corrosion. If it becomes
necessary to discard the antifreeze remember that the antifreeze or inhibitor ingredients
may be considered pollutants. Federal, state and local pollution restrictions should be
investigated before discarding the antifreeze solution.

5.9

Silicate Dropout

With the increased use of aluminum in automobile engines, many of the antifreeze
coolant manufacturers have introduced high silicate antifreeze formulations. The primary
purpose of the new formulations is to prevent corrosion of the aluminum heat rejection
surfaces and other aluminum parts.
The combination of a high silicate antifreeze, supplemental corrosion inhibitors, and hard
water results in silicate dropout (gelation). The resultant silica creates deposits, which
plugs radiators and heater cores.
To reduce silicate dropout in EMD engine cooling systems, the following is
recommended:
1. Use a low-silicate, (no more than 0.10%) sodium silicate antifreeze coolant meeting
ASTM D4985 standard. Generally, the recommended antifreeze concentration shall
never exceed 68% by volume.
2. Do not add supplemental inhibitors or additives to either fresh or used antifreeze.
Further, do not mix different brands of antifreeze coolant.

5.10 Summary
1. The thermal conductivity of an antifreeze solution is lower than that of an inhibited
water coolant. Thus, antifreeze should not be used without prior consultation with an
EMD Service Representative regarding the specific installation and possible engine
derating requirements.
2. The corrosion inhibitors incorporated in antifreeze coolants are slowly depleted in
service. How long these inhibitors will remain effective depends on such factors as
the cooling system condition, hours of operation, coolant and metal temperatures,
aeration, and rate of contamination of solution. Usually, the antifreeze coolant
manufacturers guarantee their products for only one year. In special applications
involving large capacity systems, such as EMD engines, the antifreeze solutions may
be guaranteed for a longer period of time. In these special applications, the customer
should contact the manufacturer for instructions, which may include periodic tests of
the antifreeze solution by the antifreeze manufacturer.
3. Chromate type inhibitors shall not be used in cooling systems containing ethylene or
propylene glycol type antifreeze. The use of chromate with ethylene or propylene

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glycol, under certain conditions, may result in insoluble sludge forming in the cooling
system.
4. The freezing point of antifreeze coolants may be determined by hydrometerthermometer field tester (ASTM method D 1124) or refractometer (ASTM method
D 3321).

6.0 Qualification Tests for Coolant Corrosion Inhibitors

and Antifreeze Coolants
Before a corrosion inhibitor or antifreeze coolant is placed into a cooling system and
subjected to field service, laboratory and field qualification tests shall be conducted on
the product.
A corrosion inhibitor or antifreeze coolant is not considered suitable for use in EMD
engine cooling systems until the product passes the qualification test. Placing an untested
product in general field service may result in widespread cooling system damage and
expensive repair. Unfortunately, damage to the cooling system may not appear early and
may take as long as a year before the damage is visible.
All corrosion inhibitors and antifreeze coolants contain a blend of chemical compounds
that prevents corrosion of the metals common to the cooling system. These compounds
also maintain a suitable pH range, alkalinity, and reduce foam and scale formation.
To ensure adequate protection, the chemical compounds must be present in the proper
proportions. Precipitation of these compounds in the corrosion inhibitor or antifreeze
coolant indicates improper blending sequence by the manufacturer. Improper blending
sequences or inadequate reaction time will result in excessive precipitation of the
chemical compounds. This condition will reduce the effectiveness of the corrosion
inhibitor. Precipitation of the corrosion inhibitor compounds is considered unacceptable
and the product is considered unsuitable for use in EMD engine cooling systems.

6.1

Laboratory Tests

The purpose of the laboratory tests is to ensure complete solubility of the corrosion
inhibitor in soft and hard water. Further, the pH of the corrosion inhibitor, at a
concentration of two times the recommended dosage, should range between 7.5 and 10.5.
A pH of 11 or above will result in erosion-corrosion of the non-ferrous metals in the
cooling system. Any engine coolant with a pH in excess of 10.5 is generally considered
unsuitable for use in EMD engine cooling systems.

6.1.1 Glassware Corrosion Test

The glassware corrosion test will generally differentiate between products having good
corrosion inhibiting properties and those that are detrimental to the metal test specimens.
This test must conform to the standards set forth in ASTM D1384 "Corrosion Test for
Engine Coolants in Glassware." The glassware corrosion test shall be modified to reflect
the metals in the EMD cooling system, and the operational characteristics in the field.
These modifications are as follows:
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Red brass (85% copper-15% zinc) shall be included in the coupon bundle since
this metal is used in the cooling system.

Some inhibitors react differently in soft and hard waters. It is suggested that the
glassware test be conducted in both waters. The glassware test, as specified in
D1384, is considered soft water since the corrosive sodium salts are added to
distilled water. The hardness of the hard water should range between 85 to 170
ppm. The corrosive salts, as specified in D1384, shall be added to the hard water.

NOTE: Before conducting glassware corrosion tests on unknown products, conduct tests
on known quality products. Conducting glassware test on a quality product will
familiarize laboratory personnel with the test procedure and the variations that may be
encountered.
6.1.1.1

Materials

The following materials are required:

Brass 85/15 - UNS C23000 - size 50.8 by 25.4 by 1.59 mm (2 by 1 by 1/16 inch)

Copper - UNS C11000 - size 50.8 by 25.4 by 1.59 mm (2 by 1 by 1/16 inch) cut
from cold rolled stock.

Solder - UNS L54915 - size 50.8 by 25.4 by 1.59 mm (2 by 1 by 1/16 inch)

Brass 70/30 - UNS C26000 - size 50.8 by 25.4 by 1.59 mm (2 by 1 by 1/16 inch)
cut from half-hard, sheet stock.

Steel - UNS G10200 - size 50.8 by 25.4 by 1.59 mm (2 by 1 by 1/16 inch) cut
from cold rolled stock.

Cast iron - UNS F12801 (F10007) - size 50.8 by 25.4 by 3.18 mm (2 by 1 by 1/8
inch)

Cast Aluminum - UNS A03190 - size 50.8 by 25.4 by 3.18 mm (2 by 1 by 1/8

inch)

Set up the material as shown in Figure 2.

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brass spacers

steel spacers

b
r
a
s
s

c
o
p
p
e
r

s
o
l
d
e
r

b
r
a
s
s

s
t
e
e
l

c
a
s
t

c
a
s
t

I
r
o
n

A
l

insulating spacers
Figure 2. Glassware Corrosion Test Setup

6.1.1.2

Weight Loss

Maximum weight loss allowances for both ASTM 1384 - D-3306 and EMD standards are
shown in Table 2. These allowances are defined in mg per coupon at 336 hours.
Table 2. Maximum Allowance (mg/Coupon at 336 Hours)

Material

ASTM 1384 - D-3306

Standard

EMD Standard

Cast Iron/Steel
Solder
Brass and Copper
Cast Aluminum

10
30
10
30

5
10
10
10

Brass leg dimensions, spacer composition and dimensions per ASTM D1384
specification. The conditions and duration of test are defined by ASTM D 1384
Glassware Corrosion Test.

6.1.1.3

Interpretation of Test Results

In general, an inhibitor or antifreeze coolant is considered unsuitable for use in EMD

engine cooling systems when the weight loss of the metal test coupons exceeds the
recommended limits shown in Table 3.

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Table 3. Weight Loss

Material

Weight Loss

Cast Iron and Steel

5 milligrams per coupon

Solder and Aluminum.

10 milligrams per coupon

Brass and Copper

10 milligrams per coupon

If the weight losses of the metal test coupons do not exceed the limits shown in Table 3
but the coupons show signs of pitting or crevice-type corrosion, the corrosion protection
properties of the coolant are considered inadequate. Further, an excessive amount of
precipitate is considered undesirable because it may cause fouling or erosion in the
engine cooling systems.

6.1.2 Elastomer Immersion Tests

The elastomer immersion tests determine whether exposure to a corrosion inhibitor or
antifreeze coolant solution will have adverse effects on the elastomeric seals used in the
EMD engine cooling system. This procedure is a standard compression set determination
utilizing excerpts from ASTM D1384, D395 (Method B), and D471.

6.1.2.1

Apparatus

The following apparatus is required:

Container - D1384

Condenser - D1384

Oil Bath - D1384

Aerator Tube - D1384

Air Supply - D1384

Three compression set fixtures each consisting of

Two 2 1/4-inch (57 mm) diameter steel discs with 3/8-inch (10 mm) diameter
holes drilled into the center of each disc. Drill three 1/4-inch (6 mm) equally
spaced holes, 3/4-inch (19 mm) from the bolt hole center.
A 5/16-inch (8 mm) threaded bolt for insertion through drilled discs.
A 5/16-inch (8 mm) nut to fit the bolt for compression discs together upon
tightening.
Several -inch (13 mm) square spacers of a thickness necessary to produce a
30% deflection of elastomers as specified in the following sections.

6.1.2.2

Test Specimens

Test specimens shall have been qualified to specification in air before testing in coolant.

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1. Silicone Rubber Seals (Part No.8305815)

2. Silicone Rubber Seals (Part No. 8384772)
3. Fluoroelastomer Seals (Part No. 9317972)

6.1.2.3

Test Solutions

The concentration of the engine coolant to be tested shall be as follows:

1. Corrosion Inhibitor - The corrosion inhibitor shall be mixed with the proper quantity
of distilled water to give the resulting solution twice the minimum concentration as
specified by the manufacturer.
2. Antifreeze Coolant - The antifreeze coolant shall be mixed with distilled water in the
ratio of 50% by volume (1-1).

6.1.2.4

Procedure

1. Cut a 1 -inch (32 mm) length from each of five 8305815 and 9317972 seals. Use
three of each seal type for the compression set test. The remaining seals shall be used
for volume and durometer hardness change determinations.
2. Three 8384772 seals shall be subjected to the compression set test. The seals shall be
tested in their entirety. Two seals shall be used for the volume and durometer
hardness change determinations.

6.1.2.5

Compression Set Determination

These determinations are according to ASTM D395, Method B, except as follows:

1. Measure initial thickness of each of the three 8305815 seals. Prepare two sets of
spacers of appropriate thickness to obtain a 30% deflection of the seals. Place the
spacers on the flat side of a steel disc at the outside edges, diametrically opposed.
2. Place the 8305815 seals on the disc allowing sufficient space between samples. Do
not cover the 1/4-inch (6 mm) holes with the seals. Place the second disc on top, and
insert bolt through the center holes from the bottom. Carefully tighten the nut with a
wrench, using care not to dislodge the spacers. Tighten until solid contact is made
between the spacers and steel disc.
3. Repeat procedure outlined above for the 9317972 seals using the second compression
set fixture.
4. Repeat procedure outlined above for the 8384772 seals except that each sample is
centered over each of the three 1/4-inch (6 mm) holes. Place three sets of spacers
between each seal.

6.1.2.6

Volume Change and Duro Hardness Change

1. Measure the initial durometer hardness and initial weight in air and water of the
silicone and fluoroelastomer seals per ASTM-D471.
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2. Fill the glassware container with 600 cc of the test solution. Place the three
compression set fixtures and all the measured volume and hardness change samples
into the test solution. Insert the rubber stopper, containing the aerating and condenser
tubes, into the container as outlined in D1384. Place the container into an oil bath
heated to 190 o F (88 o C). Adjust the air supply rate at 100 mm/min.
3. At the end of 70 hours, remove the container from the bath. Immediately remove the
compression fixtures and disassembly. Carefully remove the seals from the fixture.
Allow the seals to cool for 30 minutes on a thermally non-conductive surface, such as
wood. Determine the compression set per ASTM D395.
4. Allow the volume change samples to remain in the container (do not drain any
coolant). Place container in a water bath and cool to 77 F (25 C). After 30 to 60
minutes, remove the samples from the container, blot the surface, and quickly weigh
in air and then weigh in water. Measure durometer hardness. Determine volume
change and hardness change per ASTM D471.

6.1.2.7

Interpretation of Test Results

If the changes in the elastomeric properties after the immersion tests exceed the limits in
Table 4, the inhibitor or antifreeze coolant is considered unsuitable for use in EMD
cooling systems.
Table 4. Limits

Property
Volume change for
Fluoroelastomer
Silicone Rubber
Duro hardness change
for Fluoroelastomer
Silicone Rubber
Compression set for Fluoroelastomer
Silicone Rubber

Limit
-0 to +10%
10 Points
Max.
20% Max.

6.2 Field Qualification Tests for Corrosion Inhibitors and

Antifreeze
The glassware corrosion test should be recognized as a controlled laboratory test. It is
possible that a coolant that appears satisfactory in glassware corrosion tests may fail in
the field. The glassware corrosion test is conducted statically; the final evaluation of a
coolant shall be made in the field where the inhibitor or antifreeze will be subjected to the
cooling system turbulence, heat, and flow rates.
Whenever possible, the inhibitor or antifreeze coolant shall be tested in five new and five
old engine cooling systems. The engines used in the qualification tests shall be the
highest horsepower available and operated in heavy duty service. Install new water

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jumper lines and inlet deflectors on the right bank front and rear. The new parts will
establish a valid base line. The engines should be identified as test units. The first
inspection of the cooling system components should be made 3 months after the initiation
of the tests. This inspection should include the following:

Coolant Sample

Visual Inspection of Jumper Lines and Inlet Deflectors

Visual Inspection of the Oil Cooler

Visual Inspection of the Water Pump

6.2.1 Coolant Sample

Operate the engine for a minimum of 15 minutes before obtaining a representative
coolant sample. Purge the sight glass to remove any accumulated sediment by draining a
minimum of one quart of coolant. After the sediment is purged from the glass, collect
one quart in a clear, clean glass bottle. Allow the sample to settle for 24 hours; then
inspect the bottom for sediment.
If sediment completely covers the bottom of the glass bottle, it may indicate that
excessive corrosion or inhibitor depletion is occurring. Note the color of both the
sediment and the coolant. (The density of the color dye in the coolant should be strong
enough to indicate the presence of the inhibitor or antifreeze coolant) The inhibitor or
antifreeze coolant manufacturer should be contacted to analyze the coolant to determine
whether there has been excessive depletion of the inhibitor ingredients.

6.2.2 Visual Inspection of Jumper Lines and Inlet Deflectors

Remove two water jumper lines and inlet deflectors from the right bank front and rear of
engine. With a strong light, visually inspect the interior of the jumper lines for corrosion
as indicated by well defined irregular spots or corrosion products 1/32-inch (1 mm) or
more in thickness. The removal of the solid corrosion products by pickling or abrasion
may reveal pitting.
Inspect both sides of the deflectors for signs of pitting that may indicate corrosionerosion or impingement corrosion. Generally, the surface of the deflectors will have a
tarnish coating. If the surfaces are clean and bright, this condition may indicate metal
deterioration caused by inadequate inhibitor protection.

6.2.3 Visual Inspection of the Oil Cooler

Remove the most accessible oil cooler flexible coupling clamp plate from the oil ring and
the water inlet pipe. With a strong light and telescoping mirror, inspect the interior of the
oil cooler tubes. Clean bright metal or pitting are indications of corrosion. Also inspect
the top of the tubes for erosion (wearing away of the metal).

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6.2.4 Visual Inspection of the Water Pump

Remove and disassemble one of the water pumps. Inspect the carbon seal for excessive
wear, and check the water pump impeller for bright shiny surfaces which may indicate
corrosion.

6.2.5 Interpretation of Field Qualification Test Results

If there are no indications of corrosion problems after three months, the field test may be
continued. However, the cooling system should be inspected at three-month intervals in
the same manner as described for the three-month inspection.
After completion of the 12-month field tests, if the results are considered satisfactory by
EMD, the corrosion inhibitor or antifreeze coolant can be considered suitable for use in
EMD engine cooling systems.

7.0 Cleaning EMD Engine Cooling Systems

Cooling systems on new EMD engines are protected from corrosion during testing and
storage periods. Thus, it is unnecessary, and it is not recommended, that the cooling
system be cleaned prior to use. Cooling systems that have been maintained with a
quality inhibitor and water should not require cleaning. Field history has shown that
EMD cooling systems are rarely cleaned.
Before considering cleaning a cooling system, symptoms of the cooling system problem
should be identified, as follows:

Excessive Coolant or Oil Temperatures

Excessive Rust or Sediment in the Coolant

Oil Contamination of the Coolant

7.1

Excessive Coolant or Oil Temperatures

Excessive coolant and/or oil temperatures may be due to dirty radiator fins, fouled
radiator coolant screens or plugged radiator tubes. Radiator fins and coolant screens
should be cleaned as recommended in the EMD Maintenance Instructions. Plugged
radiator tubes are difficult to clean by chemical treatment: chemical solutions that are
capable of dissolving the debris may also, to some degree, attack the radiator metal. The
only practical method of cleaning the radiator is to rod out the tubes. The radiator should
be pressure-tested to insure that the rodding operation did not damage the tubes.
Excessive oil temperature may be due to the oil cooler having dirty fins or tubes coated
with water hardness salts. To remove carbonaceous deposits from the fin side, the cooler
may be cleaned in a vapor degreaser or a water soluble cleaner. Do not use a strong
alkaline cleaner to clean the aluminum fins. Strong alkaline cleaners will attack and/or
dissolve aluminum. The deposits in the tubes should be cleaned by mechanical rodding.

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Excessive temperatures may also be due to hard water salts. The hardness salts of
magnesium and calcium will coat the hot surfaces of the fire face side of the cylinder
head. To a lesser extent, the hardness salts will coat the oil cooler tubes.

7.2

Excessive Rust or Sediment in the Coolant

Generally, the only indication of excessive scale on the coolant side of the fire face is
failure (cracking) of the cylinder head. To determine the severity of the scale coating, the
failed cylinder head may be sectioned (cut) approximately one inch from the fire face
(valve) seat side. Scale thickness greater than 1/64 inch (0.0156 inch) is considered
detrimental to efficient heat transfer. If the other cylinder heads have been in the engine
for a similar period of time as the failed head, it can be assumed that the scale thickness is
also similar. The most efficient method, with the least damage to the engine, is to
remove the cylinder head for cleaning. Cleaners based on inhibited sulfuric acid are
recommended for removing water hardness scale. It is suggested that the acid be flushed
through the cylinder head. Flushing the head with acid will effect faster dissolution of
the hardness scale.
Rust is an obvious sign of active corrosion in the cooling system. Generally, the area
most susceptible to corrosive attack is the coolant jumper lines. The coolant jumper lines
should be inspected for pitting corrosion. Evidence of pitting corrosion indicates the
jumper line has been weakened to some degree. Rather than cleaning the jumper lines, it
is recommended that they be replaced. Rust may also plug the cylinder liner coolant
ports. Past experience has shown that acid cleaners are not effective in dissolving rust in
a blocked port. Further, the acid may damage the base metal. The only effective way of
opening a blocked port is rodding.

7.3

Oil Contamination of the Coolant

Oil contamination of the coolant will adversely affect the heat transfer. Oil may be
removed by flushing the cooling system with a mild automatic dishwashing detergent.
The cleaner concentrations must be decided on an individual basis. Generally, the
customer should contact the cleaner representative with information as to the type of
scale to be removed. Cleaner concentration, time, and temperature should be decided by
the representative.
NOTE: Cleaning solutions containing hydrochloric acid (muriatic acid) shall not be used
in EMD engine cooling systems.
Questions concerning cleaning engine cooling systems should be directed to the EMD
Service Department.
When using any corrosion inhibitor, verify the new material has not passed the shelf life
noted on the product specifications.

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(D-L)
Electro-Motive Diesel
La Grange, Illinois 60525 USA
Telephone: 708-387-6000
Website: www.emdiesels.com
2005
Electro-Motive Diesel. All rights reserved. Neither this document,
nor any part thereof, may be reprinted without the expressed
written consent of Electro-Motive Diesel. Contact EMD Customer
Publications Office.

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