MUMBAI IN AN ESTUARY Anuradha Mathur / Dilip da Cunha00 INTRODUCTION 10 COASTLINE 20 ESTUARY 30 AQUEOUS TERRAINNOTE FROM THE DIRECTOR, NGMA As the Director of NGMA I am extremely proud to host the exhibition, Soak: Mumbai in an Estuary, conceived and produced by Anuradha Mathur and Dilip da Cunha. The exhibition extends the language of design, planning and architecture in conceptual, visual and graphic manner, treating the Mithi, a river of Mumbai, as a metaphor with a sense of totality. It addresses intangible pertinent questions relevant to society, geographical issues, and anthropological concerns of our times. ‘The interdependence of architecture, planning and urban design achieved through the language of landscape, which ‘combines the capacity of artistic visualisation and the potent energy of conceptualising terrain, isthe only perceptive way that can challenge the design concerns of our evergrowing cities. In this regard Soak transcends the representations of technology, ecology and many other facets of design that inform interventions in the city. ‘Soak addresses the question of legacy cultivated through the use of artistic elements like maps and solutions that are ‘temporarily sought in the wake of floods in an ad-hoc fashion. It juxtaposes maps of the coastline against a landscape that defies the map itself in a complex terrain which has been forgotten and buried deep under a metropolis that has grown, ‘over and obliterated the past and the real below. In this fashion Soak addresses a realtime issue that Mumbai faced in the year 2008 with floods that brought the entre city to chaos, The exhibition reinterprets and conceptualises this unseen landscape through a range of innovative drawings, photoworks, ‘maps, projects, etc. traises pertinent and relevant questions about visualsing landscape inthe context ofthe art of mapping. The interdisciplinary use of landscape panorama, the framework of map-making, montage, digital and sound media have been intelligently utilised with a sense of totality, binding all facets of design in a meaningful and experimental fashion, ‘Anuradha and Dilip have conceptualised and produced a number of exhibitions in the US and India, notably, Mississippi Floods: Designing 2 Shiting Landscape and Deccan Traverses: The Making of Bangalore's Terrain. As the Santa Fe Art Institute aptly put it, they are ‘interdisciplinary visionaries: wedding urban planning with social anthropology, architecture with environmental science, the architect's sense of structure with the historian’s sense of deconstruction; breaching disciplinary boundaries to discover truths that have relevance for understanding the past, engaging the present and Visioning the future.” Inthe words ofits creators ‘Soak is about making peace with the sea: about designing with the monsoon in an estuary’ | wish the exhibition a great success. RAJEEV LOCHAN, Director, National Gallary ot Modern At ser Jaipur House, New Delhi satwi FOREWORD Soak opens up new directions for the science of cities. In the study of urban places, as in the making of Mumbai, there has been a hard edge, dividing the sciences of measurement planning and control from those of interpretation, representation and poetics. The work of Anuradha Mathur and Dilip da Cunha inspires us to create a wetter, softer science of the city, which might allow number, measure and border to soak up the messages of the human sensorium, of memory and dreaming, which soften the lines between density and lived demography. The flow of water through the life of Mumbai is not just an ecological fact. It produces an ever shifting medium through which the ‘production of locality’ is enabled. To try to contain these flows, in an effort to create the terra firma of urban planning, is to lose many opportunities. Soak encourages us to explore some of these lost opportunities, these places of wet theory and urban generativity, which the monsoon both performs and reveals Wet Theory Thinking abou anything shar. But unthinking - undoing the way we have thought about anything — infinitely harder In the remarkable work of art and raft hat is thie exibition by Anuradha Mathur and Dilip da Cunha, we are gently but fercetuly drawn into an exercise in unthinking. this case, the unthinking is abou the place we now call Mumbo. The ntioking that this projet nites concerns the very idea of place ol ime and space of insides and outsides, an above al of what we mean when we contrast the catagories of and and sea ‘An estuary presents designers with challenge that begin withthe need for 2 new visualisation. The picture of Mumbai’ past ~ and future ~ which i drawn inthis remarkable project i an elaborate visual poem about what it means for one of the word's great cities tobe viewed as a space which isnot justin an estuary, but an estuary in the monsoon This second to last ine inthe text of the catalogue that follows isthe aphorism which we are helped to understand by the gradual journey through a new terrain of terms which Mathur and da Cunha recover and depoy in sucha manner as totquely, both terally and figuratively, the ground beneath our fest. These terms include such familiar ‘Words as section, horizon and plan, as well as beach, maldan, map, and coast. ‘Theirtext, and the remarkable visual creations thatthe exhibition puts. on display before our eves, force usto read the history of Mumbai in a new way and to recognize that what we today regard asthe hard edges between land and sea are produced bya remarkable double helix, of which one strand consists ol three centuries a elforts to create clear and permanent lines ina terran thats forever on the move, a land meets Sea, and as saline water meets fresh water inthe estuary which was hhammeredinto the shape we now call Mumbai The other strand sa parallel and necassary exercise in technical efforts to battle, contain, fa, and channel the flows of water inthe estuary by the building of bunds, walls, embankments and the ike, Inother words, Mumbai's apparent hard edges are the historical product ofa determined etfrttoimagine ines where none ‘exist and then to make them survive in the face of an aqueous terrain which constantly defeats their materiality.Design in an estuary, particularly an estuary the mansoon, soles the problem a ood nat by leod-contrel measures, but by ‘making a place that's absorbent and resivent. The great flood of 200, nthe story tld inthis catalogue and inthe exhibition is a story of a misnomer which gave bith toa catastrophe. A place designed to soak, through the practices of naming, mapping, engineering and planning over the course of more than three centuries, was turned into a place destined to flood. The Mithi River, the van in the conventional story ef the 2005 flood, emerges here as the symptom of the series of efforts to creat fy ina terain of change, to create hard edges in a world of flow, and to cordon of wet and dry spaces from what are infact wet and dry ‘moments in a temporal drama of ocean and estuary, coast and beach, rain and ie. The implications for planning and design ofthis radical revisioning of the basi terminological and conceptual habits ‘through which we have viewed Mumbai are specifi, numerous and unsettling In addition to opening new approaches to loading and drainage, water storage and distribution, work and transport production and exchange, the most unsettling ‘advice that this project has for planners and designers is: giv up the ilusion of permanence! Mumbai's aqueous terrain is constantly changing site of negotiations between land and sea, monsoon rains and shilting drainage gradients, design and planning, tke urban lite itself, must conform tothe logics of negotiation, uncertainty and fluidity, in all its senses. For the social sciences, more general, this revisoning of Mumbai's aqueous reality and its spongy porosity, and the argument thatthe search for Mumbai's hard edges is bath folish and dangerous, has a deeper allegorical force tis an Jnwitation to build more of what we call 'wet theory What do we mean by wot theory? Firsty, we mean 2 way of bulding explanations and models which accommodates flux, flow and other boundary-blurring phenomena at the coe af theory rather than at its reluctant Boundaries. It means thot the phenomena of motion, of migration, of disturbance and of change must be, where appropriate, the building blocks of bistorical and geographicat interpretations and not regarded a exceptional or outlier phenomena. Secondly, wet theory {is theory that i indefinitely open to absorbing or ‘soaking up’ new contextual information without bending the context or breaking under the stain of its own rigidity Wet theory is theory that bends belore it breaks, we take up the old Popperian ‘idea, stil not a bad approach to science of ‘conjecture and refutation’ as vital to the ite of explanations, we might say that wot theory allows conjectures to soak up refutations and thus morph steadily into new conjectures, rather than through the process of sudden, quantum leaps or breaks. Finally wet theory is theory that recognizes its awn uncertain footing, that is humble before the ruthiess tyranny of contest, and that is always ready to negotiate with the facts that sweep up against its shores or rain down onit from the heavens. Wet theory need nat rely on ahard edge to divide the plausible from the implausible but allows a steady soaking o filtering process, through which today's implausbilites ean sometimes become tomorrows banalities and vice versa ‘Those reflections on wet theory may seem far afield from the vid and unsettling story that Anuradha Mathur and Dilip da Cunha have to ell about Mumbai's aqueous uncertainties. The power of Soaks that it opens up the softening of many hard ‘edges, staring with those which have dominated our ideas of terra firma in Mumbai ARJUN APPADURAL CAROL A. BRECKENRIDGE sonz00PREFACE ‘Aner ne vastness and extended horizons of he Lower Misstep whieh we explored» decade ago, the Mihi River in Mumba, as frend put it ‘come downs barely extends ten kilometres and its existence largely unknown evento people in Murai’ However we did not nace the diference when we rst amet the Mihi a ear alle a heavy tmansoon downpour caused death and destruction in North Mumbai in uly 20S. We wer ravn stad bythe smarty inthe ers worn by administrators and he pul: the lens of ae. Tis es cali ttentiono water crossing a boundary, a truant defying ts place. tis lens tat comes wth a bulls solution, renee beundaies between land and water Assuch t particulary tractive ‘eperts foc whom tis a7 saykaepwaterinite path, improve drarage and where rnecesary, Keep thea out. We nated the popularity ofthis lens nthe Lower Missin wher land has become the unquestioned languogeo very and wer an enemy in aight fran. ts aight that has Seen many bates ever thee centuries, most recent in New Orleans wher, fur years on, land sil recovering rom the eating it receved from waters tired by Hurcan Katrin. The response of officials and experts tothe events in Mumbal that occurred @ month before Katrina, therefore, did net really surprige us: Mumbal had a drainage problem and required drain improvement. The Mithi was singlod out as a primary culprit and a ‘masterplan is underway to ‘train’ it asa drain that performs to demand, Floods simplistic. But flood in amonsoon landscape and estuary particulary and dsastrously- simplistic. We resolved ‘otto merely come up with an alternative tothe masterplan underway but to also investigate where professionals andthe public who clamour for beter drains lost their appreciation and accommodation ofthe material and temporal complexities lof monsoon landscape; how Mumbai acquired the lens and not just evento lod. nother words, we resolved to resis the ‘what-are-your-recommendations' culture that allows experts to difer, even innovate, in providing solutions or defining problems, but not question the lens of fled. Such questioning does not come across as practical inthe aftermath of isaster when governments called upon to ‘deliver’ before the next monsoon and not argue visualisation. Asin our previous work, we follow a parallel course tothe problem-solving and largely reactionary made of governance that traps places following a disaster? We offer recommendations through a new visualising of Mumbai ~ Mumbai-in- ‘an-estuary - where the lens is resilience rather than flood It took us oer two years to develop this Lens, fa too Long for @ {government preparing to take on the next monsoon. Buta lens as deeply embedded in the ordinary and everytay as flood involves questioning 50 many things that are taken for granted in an unfolding tragedy that is far more extensive than the events of July 2005, Wie have chosen to communicate the eitique of flood and the possibilities ofits alternative not through a report to ‘government, but rather an exhibition for the pubic. It was a method favoured, perhaps iiited, by Sir Patrick Geddes, 28 resident of Mumbat inthe late 1910s and early 1920s and fora time professor of Seciology and Civics atthe Universitysome ‘of Bombay. He was instrumental in making master planning of cites in India land elsewherel a critical task of local ‘governance, particulary its aspect of ‘otk planning’ in conjunction with ‘place planning’ and ‘work planning’ and its ‘demands for what he called ‘diagnostic survey’ and conservative surgery. But he also believed in isting inthe public ‘anexpectation and way of seeing their place asa prelude to planned solutions implemented by government. To this end he travelled through a numberof settlements across India with a pubic exhibition of maps, plans and other vsualisatons that ‘exposed the problems and potentials ofthese places by stuating them ina history ofthe city that began with Athens and ‘pasced through London. The master plan, which he advocated, has stirred much debate over the twentiath century; But litle is aid about his exibition, which is firmly embedded through education and administration in the professional and public imagination and remains a powerful agent of public involvement. Today this exibition, which reinforces the lens of flood and the coloniat enterprise ofthe map that encourages the visualisation of lood withthe articulation of boundaries. ‘between land and water, requires urgent review. Soak initiates this review It provides a contet of saving Mumbai nt as a «tym history but a place in an estuary. To this end, this book serves as a catalogue of an artistic endeavour that challenges. conventional vsualisations of Mumbai as well as an extended arm of an activist agenda that encourages the expectation ‘of new possibilities for “another* Mumbai In the earty stages of our investigations, when we were still absorbing the physical impact of the flood of 2005, we {ed a design studio on the Mithi River with students from the Landscape Architecture Department atthe University of Penneyivania, We encouraged them to challenge the master plan reading of the Mithi as a controllable entity and to ‘come up with solutions that went further than channeling a river and landscaping a riverfront. Their work, the subject ofa studio publication Mini River: Re-ariclating Mumbai’ Landscapel, opened new horizons for us as well as cur ‘sponsors, the Indian Merchant's Chamber Foundation, Mumbai. During our field visit to Mumbai we benefited much from the assistance of Pallavi Lathar whose interest in the Mihi overlapped with ours. Sanjay Ubale, then Secretary, Specia Projects, Government of Maharashtra listened to our concerns and was quick to grasp that landscape architects could be ‘mare than embellishers ofan engineers plan. He was open to accommadating our suggestions within the masterplan of the Mit, However, we were already beyond the master plan ofa rive, leaking atthe making ofthe Lens of flood in Mumbai and ‘documenting an estuary It involved spendin time in Mumbai carrying out our own investigations - walking, drawing and photographing what maps cannot depict, books cannot explain, and Slumdg Millionaire can only speed through. Here we ‘ome a huge debt to Kavita Khanna tis sito say that without her this project would not have been possible and where it sis due to her ski, example, patience and alection. She - wth her husband Vinod Khanna IMP] and children Sakshi and‘Shradidha- not only put us up and cared for us with a generosity s0 rare, she also cared forthe projec, always encouraging 1s to go further while making that further always possible for us, Today, Kavita, we can say, ie mare than a friend; she is ‘8 partner in Soak ‘The shit to seeing Mumbai in an estuary also involved traveling to that centre ofthe British Empire that cemented the lens of flood nthe Indian subcontinent so well and completely, London. Here we thank Maria and Winston Coutinho for hosting us during the enlightening days that we spent inthe British Library andthe Maritime Museum. There were other proxy centres that we turned to inthe search for historic information, not east, the Library of Congress and the Rare Book Coltection at the University of Pennsyvania where as always we benefitted much from the assistance of John Pllack. Our raduate students, Robert Johnson, Megan Born, Masatumi Oka, Emily Vogler, Rebecca Fuch, and Noah Levy appreciated the urgency ofthe work and made time for our sporadic demands on their ime. ‘We consider ourselves fortunate to work with Ram Sinam, our book and exhibition designer Alter two exhibitions on our ‘wn we realise how much he brings that we missed, Only he can accommodate the uncertainties of the shifting Landscape in which we operate, Ram, his partner Sarita Sundar and ther office, in particular Aparna Ranjan, have been more than designers to us; they have pushed us with ideas, solutions, and demands that have only worked, as we see it o improve the project of Soak We see our work as art before science; art that questions the ‘things’ and thei visualisation that ‘experts’. euch a6 engineers, ecalogists, and planners, often take for granted Hence to exhibit Soak atthe National Gallery of Modern Art i= a true privilege. Here we are the beneficiaries ofthe vision and enterprise of Rajeev Lochan, its director and a teacher at heart, whose bold initiative has extended the mandate ofthe NGMA to include design issues of cies. We are also grateful ta RK. Mehra wha despite the rough economic times has Seen an intrinsic value in our endeavour and has extended himso ané Rupa & Co. to co-publih this book. In New York, Carol Breckenridge and Arjun Appadurai have been an inspiration nat merely in bridging education and ‘activi but also reaching beyond the boundaries of disciplines ina time that badly needs i. They have always shown @ keen interest in Soak and we are honoured that they have taken the time to write a foreword to this work. To an extent, ‘thee imitation to participate inthe 3* Annual PUKAR Lecture in Mumbal in August 2004 sowed the seed ofthis project ‘when atthe end of our presentation we were asked bya member of the audience if we could bring the insights that we had achat tine TERRACE: ing of manna matrs espe wen he lp eames ‘haere eth eget oe Faldo ale ns ean La ands hse uns as TERRA rod rth etic ‘ERROR am oan araotte "eimbs ar ruch or howe atid ae Ceieelisbia eect eaparit ante auaad map th eal at rachis aout sates seus nd er ways eating ep. thechyanatbe ters tay ‘rena perpen wine sore Colne rc roa at was hee WELL accent rah nteraters ronson Srace ane ses 34a)! hrnesongthe presnre toute t2 opin treatGAK MUMBAI IN AN ESTUARY ‘Soaks new visualization of Mumba's terain It presents Mural in an estuary a fluid threshold between land ‘and eea. It encourages design interventions that held monsoon waters rater than channel them out to sea: that ‘work withthe gradient ofan estuary: that accommodate uncertainty through resilience, nat overcame it wth prediction, it maves Mumbai out ofthe language of flood and the widely accepted trajectory of war with the sea ‘and monsoon that this language perpetuates It recovers the world of soak. by Anuradha Mathur and Dilip da Cunha [Anuradha Mathur and Dilip da Cunha have focused their artiste and design expertise forthe past decade on cultural and ecological issues of contentious landscapes. Their investigations have taken them to dverseterains ‘eluding the Lower Mississipi, New York, undarbans, Rio Grande, and Bangalore. They believe thatlandscapes are shifting tiving, material phenomena that demané an atitudeof negotiation rather than control. Their mission 's to create through innovative modes of vsual representation the ground for this atitude indesign. [Anuradha ie an architet and landscape architect. She is Associate Professor, Schaol of Design, University of Penneyvania, Dilip isan architect and planner He i visting faculty at Parsons School of Design, New York, and University of Pennsjvania, Philadelphia, Wile Mathur and ds Cunha's drawings and projetshave been partota numberof exhibitions inthe US and india, they have used the format of public exhibitions ae a means of itiating and encouraging discourse on design and planning in contentious landscapes. They are authors of Mississipi Floods: Designing a Shing Landscape (Ye University Press, 2001] and Deccan Traverses:The Making of Bangalore's Terrain (Rupa & Co, 200).