Dictionary of English

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A DICTIONARY OF
ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION
WITH AMERICAN VARIANTS
LONDON AGENTS:
SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON,
KENT AND CO., LTD.
A DICTIONARY OF
PRONUNCIATION
WITH AMERICAN VARIANTS
ENGLISH
(
In Phonetic
Trans cription )
BY
H. E.
Linguistic
Adviser
J.
to
PALMER
the Japanese Ministry of Education
VICTOR MARTIN
Aoyama Gakmn
AND
F.
G.
BLANDFORD,
M.A.
Corpus Chrutt CoUcge^Cambridge
CAMBRIDGE
W.
HEFFER & SONS LTD.

1926
PRINTED
IN
ENGLAND
PREFACE
I lived in Europe I took it for granted that there was
such a thing as American pronunciation; I took it equally
for granted that educated Americans used and respected
American pronunciation just in the same way as educated
English people use and respect English pronunciation or that
educated Scots use and respect Scottish pronunciation.
WHILE
On
this matter, no question arose in my mind; it seemed in

the natural order of things that it should be so. My English
Some
friends (phoneticians and others) held the same view.
of my phonetician friends even expressed the view that to
advocate the adoption of British pronunciation in the United

States would be in point of impertinence about equal to
advocating the adoption of the British flag in the United
Spates.
% Doming
to Japan four years ago, and thereby coming into

Very close contact with the not inconsiderable American
population here, I discovered certain discdncerting facts
concerning this matter of pronunciation. I would be engaged
in
conversation with an English-speaking person, and
eventually enquire from what part of England he hailed.
The Stranger: Oh, I'm American.

Myself: Really?
Naturalized?
The Stranger: Oh no, native born.
hundred per cent
American.
Myself
well
[too
astonished to be tactful]: But, but, you

just as if you were English!
.
you pronounce English
The Stranger [too annoyed to be gentle} Well, hang it all,

man, I hope you don't suppose that all Americans are backwoodsmen or raw country hayseeds comparable to the yokels
:
of Sussex or Yorkshire!
That sort of conversation, repeated in modified fornTwith

other Americans, made me realize that the people who grow
red and angry at the mention or the assumption of American
PREFACE
vi
pronunciation are the Americans themselves.

course, but still, a good many.
Not
all,
of
and pamphlets from America, ay, and

me that there is no such thing as
Standard American Pronunciation, or, worse, that what many
call "American Pronunciation" is synonymous with "Amurrican Pronunciation/' in other terms, the "Uneducated
Pronunciation of America" or "Cockney American." I am
I receive publications
letters too, all assuring
assured that there is only one pronunciation that is ever

worth mentioning or thinking about, and that is neither
British nor American nor Scottish nor Slocum-in-the-Hole
pronunciation, but simply "Good Pronunciation," the same
for America as for the British Isles and Empire.
Then comes Professor Wyld, who states (backing up his
statements with incontrovertible evidence) that what
many
have termed "Southern English" or "British English" has

"
a name but no local habitation, and the name is Received
Standard," the same for England (South or North) as for
America (East, Canada, West or Southern States).
Nevertheless, I have taken the initiative in proposing that
column in this dictionary entitled "American Variants," that
is to say:
Pronunciations found in America which differ
from the pronunciation of those American and British friends
of mine who use the Received Pronunciation.
My above-mentiohed American friends and correspondents
are protesting against this column, which they consider to
be a pillory rather than a pedestal.
But let us look at the other side. For every one of my
American friends, acquaintances or correspondents who uses
the Received Pronunciation, I know about ten who do not.
Some of them even allude to the Received Pronunciation as
a local dialect confined to London and its environs. Then
I have before me the works of Professor Krapp and the book
On
of Professor Kenyon, evidences of scholarly research.
both sides a place is claimed for the pronunciation which is
that of the vast majority of educated Americans. Then we
have the evidence afforded by Hempl's dictionary, and a
host of other witnesses testifying not only to the existence of
PREFACE
vii
American pronunciation, but to its eligibility to be considered

as American Standard Pronunciation.
Not to mention the evidence of Professor Mencken who,
going beyond the bounds of American Pronunciation, claims
the rights of the American Language.
And so with the help of one of my American colleagues,
who with me has verified most of the statements made by
American phoneticians, I have ventured to make one of the
chief features of this dictionary the column entitled "American
Variants."
HAROLD
TOKYO,
May,
1926.
E.
PALMER.
CONTENTS
PREFACE
INTRODUCTORY
--__....
.......
PHONETIC SYMBOLS
NTE
FURTHER NOTE
OF
v
i
xxix
BY THE AMERICAN COLLABORATOR
DICTIONARY
PAGE
xlviii
xlix
ENGLISH
AMERICAN VARIANTS
.....
PRONUNCIATION
WITH
1-436
INTRODUCTORY
The Object
THE
of this Dictionary
object of this dictionary
is
threefold:
To provide
phoneticians, students of phonetics, and

students of English with a dictionary using the
"narrower" system of English phonetic notation.
"
By "narrower system of English phonetic notation
is meant any system that makes use of the symbols [i],
[ ]>
M> [ U L M- For some years past the tendency to
use the narrower system has been increasing. The
Mattre Phonetique, the organ of the International
Phonetic Association, makes an exclusive use of it, as
does also the supplement Textes pour nos eleves. School
textbooks using this notation have made their appearance,
and their number is growing. What has been lacking,
however, is a dictionary to serve as a key to the narrower
notation and to the way of using it. The first object
of the present dictionary is to provide such a key.
(1)
foreign
(2)
To provide an English pronouncing dictionary

not only the more important variants in
will include
that
that
"
sort of English pronunciation which may be called Received,"
but also the more important variants used by educated
Americans whose standard of pronunciation is other than
Received.
Whether such a thing exists as Standard American

Pronunciation we are prepared neither to affirm nor to
deny. It may, however, be affirmed that the vast
majority of Americans and Canadians use a pronunciation which varies considerably from that pronunciation
called by Jones in the latest edition of his dictionary
"Received Pronunciation" (identical with the P.S.P.
of earlier editions)
and by Wyld "Received Standard
Pronunciation." In this dictionary we have attempted

to record that variety of American pronunciation that
seems most characteristic of educated speakers.
INTRODUCTORY
To provide
(3)
foreign
those
teachers
students
who
of
English
are
and
their
in
engaged
composing
(including
textbooks for them) with a vocabulary selected in such a way
as to include essential and to exclude non-essential words.
On
principle of "All beginnings are difficult/'

few thousand English words are more difficult
for the foreign student than the many thousands that
he may learn subsequently. The foreign student,
bewildered at the extent and variety of our English
vocabulary, rarely knows which words are of importance
and which are without importance for his purpose. Our
selection may be considered as a collection of "Words
worth Learning"; it constitutes a vocabulary of "Plain
English/' excluding alike the trivial on one hand, and the
decorative on the other. The vocabulary therefore has
been deliberately restricted, so that many comparatively
(See pp. xxifrequent words will not be found in it.
xxviii, "Choice of Words.")
the
the
first
Utility of this
This book
may
Book
prove of general utility to those who wish
most usual pronunciations in England and

some 9000 of the most useful English words and
to ascertain the
America
of
their inflected forms.

It
help an English or American student better to

what sounds he uses when he speaks. This knowledge
be particularly useful to him when he is learning the
may
realize
will
pronunciation of foreign languages, or if he should be called

upon to teach his own pronunciation of English.
By comparing the forms given in the two columns, the
British student of pronunciation will better be enabled to
familiarize himself with the forms characteristic of the speech
of (probably) the majority of educated Americans; the user
of Received Pronunciation (be he British or American) will
better be enabled to realize the differences between his
dialect and a dialect which is not his; and the American
student whose pronunciation is not Received will be better
enabled to realize what Received Pronunciation is, and to
INTRODUCTORY
xi
what extent Received Pronunciation
is a class dialect rather

than a Regional Pronunciation of speakers living in London
and the South of England.
The foreign student of English will realize the important
fact, fundamental to all linguistic study, that great variations
of pronunciation exist and are likely to be expected.
Foreign students whose circumstances are likely to bring
them into contact with America rather than with England
will find it to their advantage to realize the nature of what
has probably been represented to them as American pronunciation, and to familiarize themselves with it.
Lastly, the facts recorded in this dictionary will furnish
evidence to those who wish to see realised certain reforms
of existing pronunciations on either side of the Atlantic.
Pronunciation
In the present dictionary two distinct types of pronunciation are given, each in its respective column.
The one is headed Received Pronunciation (which term we
may abbreviate to R.P.), and the other American Variants
(which term we may abbreviate to A.V.).
A
to
casual observer, glancing at these two columns, is likely

first stands for that local pronunciation
assume that the
characteristic of the southern counties of England, and that

the second is that local pronunciation characteristic of certain
parts of the United States. Or his assumption may take a

more concise and more generalized form; the first is British
and the second is American. Or, moved by linguistic prejudice, the casual observer may (according to the direction
of his bias) stigmatize the first as "cockney" or the second
as "Amuirican."
But
his assumptions are ill-founded.

In the South of England, as in the North, as in Scotland,
Ireland or America, there are regional pronunciations, but
these Southern English Regional pronunciations (including
cockney) have no closer connection with R.P. than have
certain regional pronunciations of the United States or
Canada.
INTRODUCTORY
xii
1
required a Jones to describe and set forth the nature
what he called Received Pronunciation, it required a
Wyld2 to show us conclusively, what ought to have been selfevident, that this pronunciation (called by him Received
If it
of
Standard Pronunciation) is not one of the regional pronunall, but a special sort of class dialect that is in-
ciations at
dependent of
The
locality.
casual observer
may
be excused
if
he shares the illusion
so widely prevalent, viz. that all educated people pronounce

If it were true that all educated people pronounced
alike.
there would certainly be no need for a dictionary

showing variant pronunciations, American or other.
Whether the existence of a Standard American pronunciation is a myth or not is a matter which hardly concerns
those who have collaborated in writing the A.V. column.
We note, however, that when we do hear protests against the
alike,
types of pronunciation figuring in this column, the protests

almost invariably come from American users of R.P.
Although the comparison of these two columns may inthrow some light on certain divergencies between
and American usages, the two columns are not intended to set forth and to contrast British and American
c
directly
British
pronunciations.
user of R.P. is by no means necessarily an inhabitant of
the British Isles, nor of England in particular, still less
perhaps of London, a city in which probably the majority

of natives consider R.P. only slightly less humorous than the
rawest of American dialectal pronunciations.
The column headed Received Pronunciation is intended to
show one way (or more than one way) in which words are
pronounced by those speakers who are the least influenced by

Regional Dialects (such as Cockney, Devonshire, Yorkshire,
Edinburgh, Belfast, New England, New York, Toronto,
Middle West, Southern States, or other). In this column is
1
An English Pronouncing Dictionary (Dent), Professor D. Jones,
*
University College, London.
History of
Modern
H. C. Wyld, Merton
Colloquial English (Fisher Unwin), Professor

College, Oxford.
INTRODUCTORY
xiii
number of those variants which are commonly

heard among the same class of speakers
The column headed American Variants (as the heading
implies) is not intended to represent any given standard of
pronunciation. Its object is to provide a place for noting
variants which are rarely heard beyond the limits of the
United States and Canada.
A given native hundred-per-cent American or Canadian
may or may not use R.P. Similarly, a given native hundredper-cent Englishman or Scot may or may not use R.P.
But rare are the cases, if any, of an Englishman or Scot
using habitually the pronunciations shown in the A.V. column.
included a
We
trust some day to see a similar dictionary (or a new

edition of this one) providing a third column for Scottish
Variants, and then probably some of us will be astonished to
find how much more these will occasionally differ from R.P.
than do the American Variants.
we might
Among
other examples
see:
Those who have had
little
occasion to reflect upon the
problems involved in composing a pronouncing dictionary

may imagine the work to be one of elementary simplicity.
"It is quite a simple matter: you write down in the most
appropriate system of notation the pronunciation that seems
to be in the greatest conformity with correct usage."
Even
the far more difficult and delicate duty of distinguishing
between variants which are American and variants which
are not may give the impression of being one involving no
considerations beyond that of accurate observation.
"Take a typical American, hear him pronounce each word,

and whenever his pronunciation differs from the typical
pronunciation of the user of Received Pronunciation, write
his pronunciation in the column reserved for American
Variants/'
down
xiv
INTRODUCTORY
Such empirical methods as these, however, will not suffice.

Moreover, there are in the above two pieces of well-meant
advice three or four examples of question-begging. We have
to ask ourselves, "What is the most appropriate system of
notation" (especially for a pronouncing dictionary that
includes more than one dialect)?
And we have to determine in some way or other the meaning
of the term "good usage," avoiding on the one hand the
trivial and slovenly, and" on the other the pedantic and
affected.
Then again what
is a "typical American"?
It is only a
than finding a "typical Briton."
From the point of view of certain Americans, the procedure
might be reversed, as "Take a typical Briton; hear him
pronounce each word, and whenever his pronunciation makes
little less difficult
you laugh, write down his pronunciation in the column

reserved for Briticisms."
But the finest example of question-begging is represented
by the term "user of Received Pronunciation," for until we
have defined the term Received Pronunciation (and, not
content with defining it, come to realize what it stands for),
we shall be no nearer the solution of our problems.
Empiricism, an excellent thing in
its
way,
is
insufficient
for the solving of the two main problems involved in the

composing of a dictionary such as this.
The first problem is "What is Received Pronunciation"?

The second problem is: "In our phonetic notations, are we
to use one symbol for every sound or one symbol for every
phone"? The second problem we shall consider in its right
The first problem cannot well be discussed without
place.
reference to Wyld, who is the originator of the term Received
Standard Dialect, and apparently the discoverer of the
abstraction for which the term stands.
"Dialect"
In popular usage, the term "dialect" is generally taken to
of a language other than the standard type,
such as local patois. In this sense, the term "dialect" is
mean: variety
INTRODUCTORY
xv
1
used as the antithesis of "standard" or "classical/ and

implies a certain amount of reproach or disdain. Among
philologists, however, the term "dialect" is used in the sense
of: any variety of a given language, including its most
standard or classical variety. Thus Wyld speaks of Regional
Dialects, of the Received Standard Dialects and of Modified
Standard Dialects. In the same sense, we may use such
terms as the "American Dialect" of English, or the "Court
Dialect of fourteenth century English," or the
Dialect" of French,
"Academic
etc., etc.
"Dialect" and "Pronunciation"

marked off from any other dialect by three
Pronunciation, Grammar and Vocabulary/ So far
as English is concerned, the factor of pronunciation is the
most important. Wyld says, in this connection:
Any
dialect is
criteria:
"A great
and
it is
deal has been said about different types of dialect,

well to be quite clear as to the nature of the dis-
It will be convenient to
tinctions which separate these.
deal with these under the three main heads of Pronunciation,
Accidence, or Grammatical forms, and Vocabulary."
"Perhaps the most important characteristic of dialect
At the present time, it is certainly
is its pronunciation.
this feature
from the
which
different
chiefly distinguishes Received Standard

kinds of Modified Standard, especially
when the latter, as so often happens, is spoken by persons who

Such people will hardly
are more or less highly educated.
differ in their grammar from Received Standard, and as
regards Vocabulary, except in a limited number of familiar
colloquialisms and slang which certainly do vary from class
to class, it may be said that, on the whole, persons of the
same kind or degree of instruction possess approximately the

same range of words."
When, therefore, we speak of the Received Standard
or of the Regional Dialects, or of the Modified
Standard Dialects, the compilers of this pronouncing dictionary are concerned solely with the pronunciation aspect
of these dialects. What Jones calls Received Pronunciation
Dialect,
INTRODUCTORY
xvi
hardly anything other than the pronunciation aspect of

Wyld's "Received Standard Dialect."
is
The Wyld Theory
of Dialect
Henry Cecil Wyld, Merton Professor of English Language

and Literature at Oxford, in his various books and articles, 1
has set forth the only theory of English dialect which (in its
broad lines at any rate) affords a simple and reasonable
explanation of linguistic facts as we find them. From one
point of view, however, Wyld errs on the side of overconscientiousness in his scholarly research. Although his
theory fits the linguistic facts of English in England and
America, he makes no statement that he cannot prove, and

therefore find in his works no reference to the place of
Received Standard in America, nor indeed any reference
whatever to America (either the United States or Canada).
The theory explains the facts of dialects other than those
It seems of equal application notably to
qf English.
languages so widely differing as French and Japanese.
we
The limited space afforded by the introductory pages of

a dictionary such as this renders it impossible to set forth the
theory in the actual words of Professor Wyld, but the following
partly abridged, partly interpreted freely)
give a sufficiently clear idea of the theory in question.
remarks added between parentheses are our own, and
not represent Wyld's opinion.
(partly quoted,
may
The
may
REGIONAL DIALECTS.
Written English is fixed and uniform. On the other hand,
we find almost endless variety in the spoken language. It
is apparent that two or three different types of spoken English
differ very much from each other in almost every respect.
Their sounds are different, so too, in many respects are the
grammatical forms, and there are differences in the names of

quite
common
objects.
The Historical Study of the Mother Tongue (Murray);

The Place of the Mother Tongue in National Education (Murray);
The Growth of English (Murray) A History of Modern Colloquial English
(Fisher Unwin).
1
Notably:
INTRODUCTORY
As a
varieties
rule,
when we speak
of English
of English
xvii
dialects
we mean
which are associated with particular
areas or countriesr Many of these types are

according to the popular view, chiefly by
a
more
or less strange pronunciation and certain
possessing
elements in their vocabulary which are not current in every
part of the country, and especially not among the more
educated portion of the community. Speech varieties of
this kind confined to particular areas, we may call Regional
geographical
distinguished,
Dialects.
RECEIVED STANDARD.
By the side of these, there are numerous other types of

English which are not characteristic of any special geographical area, but rather of social divisions or sections of the
population, in other terms they are types of English which
are tinged neither with the Northern nor Midland, nor Southern
(Wyld might have added: nor Eastern, Middle- West, or
Southern States) peculiarities of speech, which give no inthe

dication, in fact, of where the speaker comes from
form of English which is generally known simply as Good
English,
Well-bred English,
Upper-class English,
and
it
is
sometimes, too vaguely, referred to as Standard English.

Received Standard is spoken, within certain social boundaries,
with an extraordinary degree" of uniformity all over the
country (we might add: ancT the English-speaking world).
It is not any more the English of London, as it is sometimes
mistakenly maintained, than it is of York (we might ajid:
New York), or Exeter, or Cirencester or Oxford, or Chester,
or Leicester (we might add: Harvard, or Chicago, or New
In each and all of these places,
Orleans, or San Francisco).
and in many others throughout the length and breadth of
"
"
by "the EnglishEngland (we might replace
England
speaking world"), Received Standard is spoken among the

same kind of people, and it is spoken everywhere, allowing
for individual idiosyncrasies, to all intents
and purposes,
in
precisely the same way.

It
has been suggested that perhaps the main factor in this

of uniformity is the custom of sending
singular degree
INTRODUCTORY
xviii
youths from certain social strata to the great public schools.

(But this does not account for the uniformity of Received
Standard pronunciation among those Americans who use it.)
If we were to say that Received English at the present day
is Public School English, we should not be far wrong.
Since this form of English is not now confined to any one
prdvince, but is spoken by people of corresponding education
and cultivation all over the country, we say that it is no
longer Regional Dialect, but the dialect of a class, using the
word in a very wide sense. (Or, to be precise, in Great
Britain by the majority of people of corresponding education
and cultivation, and, considering a wider geographical field,
and
by a certain number of people of corresponding education
"
cultivation, in the United States and Canada.)
MODIFIED STANDARD..
By
the side of Received Standard there exist innumerable

more or less resembling Received Standard, but
varieties, all
These varieties
differing from it in all sorts of subtle ways.
are certainly not Regional Dialects, and, just as certainly,
they are not Received Standard. Until recently it has
been usual to regard them as being practically identical
with Received Standard, .and to group them together with it
under the general title of Standard English or Educated
English. This old classification was very inadequate, since
it ignored the existence of more than one Class Dialect, and
included under a single title many varieties which differ as
much from what we now call Received Standard as this does
from the Regional
Dialects.
now proposed
to call these variants Modified Standard.

This additional term is a great gain to clear thinking.- These
forms of Modified Standard may, in some cases, differ but
slightly from Received Standard, so that they are felt merely
It
is
by speakers of the latter; in others they

very considerably, and in several ways, from this type,
and are regarded as vulgarisms. It is a grave error to assume
that what are known as "educated" persons, meaning thereby
as eccentricities
differ
highly trained, instructed and learned persons, invariably
INTRODUCTORY
xix
speak Received Standard. Naturally, such speakers do not

make "mistakes" in grammar, they may have a high and
keen perception of the right uses of words, but with all this
they may, and often do, use a type of pronunciation which is
quite alien to Received Standard, either in isolated words or
in whole groups/ These deviations from the habits of
Received Standard may be shown just as readily in overcareful pronunciation (as when t is pronounced in often) as
in too careless a pronunciation (as when buttered toast is
pronounced butter toce). Again the deviation from Received
Standard may be in another direction. There may be

simply a difference of sound, as when clerk is made to rhyme
with shirk.
Different social grades have different standards of what
is becoming in speech, as they have in dress or manners.
Thus, for example, where some habitually use 'em, ain't,
broke (past participle), shillin, others would regard such
usage with disapproval.
Wyld then goes on to show that one type of London speecK
of the fourteenth century is the ancestor not only of Literary
English, but also of our present-day Received Standard.
In concluding these observations and quotations having
and pronunciation types, we may say in
the spirit that inspired the Jones dictionary: to those who
believe that a universal standard of English pronunciation is
necessary must be left the task of deciding what is to be
approved and what is to be condemned. This book will
provide them with certain materials which will serve as data
reference to dialects
for their invidious task.
How
the facts were ascertained
to the painstaking work accomplished over ten

by
Jones during the preparation of his dictionary,
years ago
Thanks
the bulk of the materials used in the present dictionary were

already to hand when the compilers started their work.
With very few exceptions, we have accepted the facts as stated
by Jones, and divergencies from his treatment are rare. But,
for more than one reason, the facts afforded by the Jones
xx
INTRODUCTORY
dictionary were too voluminous and too detailed to be incorporated in their entirety into the present work.
In the first place, the greater the choice of variant pronunciations, the greater the embarras du choix on the part
of those for whom this dictionary is primarily designed.
We have to reduce to the minimum the number of variant
pronunciations both on the side of the R.P. and of the A.V.
columns. Moreover, our attempt to show the characteristic
divergencies between R.P. usage and the usage of Americans
who do not use R.P. has necessitated certain adjustments
in both columns.
Without such adjustments the divergencies would seem to be either greater or less than is really
the case.
The evidence afforded by the phonetic transcription in
CasselTs French-English and English-French Dictionary
has been of value in many cases in which the choice between
one or more variants presented difficulty. In certain cases
the pronunciation of the English compilers, and the evidence
offered by their own observations, have been used to determine
doubtful points.
The tendency has been to level under one form variants of
little
importance or significance.
To ascertain the facts concerning the American variants,

we have consulted the works of three American phoneticians:
3
1
2
Hempl, Krapp, and Kenyon, and brought them to concordance through the first-hand and second-hand evidence
provided by Mr. J. V. Martin, whose pronunciation is characteristic of the educated American whose standard is other
than the more or less special pronunciations of the Southern
States and the Atlantic seaboard.
1
International
and English- French Dictionary,
French-English
Editorial critic of English Pronunciations- George Hempl, Professor
of English Philology and General Linguistics in the University of
Michigan, President of the American Dialect Society, and recently
President of the American Philological Association, and President of
the Modern Language Association of America.
2
Pronunciation of Standard English in America, George Philip
Krapp, Professor of English in Columbia University. First Lessons
in Speech Improvement, Birmingham and Krapp.
8
American Pronunciation, John Samuel Kenyon, Ph D., Professor
of the English Language in Hiram College.
INTRODUCTORY
xxi
Apparent Inconsistencies
With regard
better
than
dictionary
to
quote
apparent inconsistencies, we cannot do

from the introduction to the Jones
"A word may
be said here on the 'inconsistency fallacy*

of books on phonetics (particularly
foreign critics) are always on the look-out for what they are
pleased to call inconsistencies. Such critics have not fully
realized the important fact that in linguistic matters con-
because some
critics
sistency (so-called) means inaccuracy/*

"In the best type of book on phonetics, viz. that which
aims at recording accurately, there may be errors of observaThe

tion, but there can be no such thing as inconsistency.
word 'inconsistency' presupposes the existence of rules or

The accurate record is not concerned with rules;
it furnishes materials from which rules may be deduced, and
if the material is complete or nearly so, the principles deduced
principles.
therefrom will probably be correct."
Choice of Words
The object of the compilers has not been to present a
exhaustive vocabulary, but, on the contrary, to furnish
that sort of vocabulary which is likely to be of the greatest
utility to those for whose use it is primarily designed.
"The Object of this Dictionary.")
(See
The selecting of the words was no simple task; to decide

whether a given word should be included or excluded entailed
the deep consideration of such questions as those of frequency,
It was necessary
utility, proportion, style, and grammar.
to choose the words systematically, and in accordance with
a more or less definite plan.
For reasons into which we cannot enter here, the principle
of relative frequency of occurrence would not have proved
adequate, otherwise we might have been content to use the
various word-lists so
painstakingly compiled,
notably by
American educationists.
The choice was determined largely by considerations
forth in the following pages.
set
INTRODUCTORY
xxii
Words may,
be
of course, be classified in various ways.
They
grammatically, each category being a given

part of speech. Again, nouns may be grouped under such
headings as singular, plural, uncountable, common, proper,
etc., and verbs may be classified under such headings as
may
classified
infinitive,
present- tense, preterite, participles, transitive,
Words may be classified
intransitive, regular, irregular, etc.
on a basis of etymology as when in English we distinguish
words of Germanic, Latin, French, Greek, etc., origin.
But, in addition to such bases of classification, there is one

which is concerned neither with grammar nor with etymology,
but with what we may call (for want of a better term) style,
or tone colour.
The words precious and valuable are synonymous (so far as any two words may be synonymous), they are
both adjectives, but they are distinguished by a something
While awaiting the
to which it is not easy to give a name.
1
of
we must content
of
the
science
Semantics
development
"
"
"
ourselves with calling it a difference of style or a difference
of tone colour."
The word precious has an emotional content not suggested

by the dry and matter-of-fact word valuable. Similarly, to
plunder
is
different)
of a different style-category (or has a tone colour

to rob, and plight from that of pre-
from that of
dicament.
Some words, then, convey not only a concept, but also the
emotion felt by the user of such words. We may call them
words with emotional colour, or dramatic words. Under the
letter P we may note the following examples:
paltry
perish
pamper
pestilential
pander
piteous
pang
plague
plead
plenteous
peal
perfidy
perilous
plunder
poesy
precious
preposterous
prowess
puny
Such words as these are used only when the speaker or

1
Consult such works as La Stmantique (Bral) Signifies and Language
(Welby), The Meaning of Meaning (Ogden and Richards), Word Magic
(Ogden), etc., etc.
,
INTRODUCTORY
xxiii
is actually moved with some sort of emotion (e.g.

admiration, detestation, scorn, tenderness, protest, fear, etc.).
Closely allied to these are words which, without implying
definite emotion on the part of the user, convey or suggest
writer
ideas in which there is some special "tone colour/' words

which are descriptive, even vividly so, evoking picturesque
or striking images, of movements, of behaviour, or of appearance. Such words (which we may term words of descriptive
colour] are part of the
letter P,
Under the
peep
peer
peevish
pelt
vocabulary of the "painter in words.'*

the following examples:
we may note
prank
pettish
portly
prattle
pounce
prowl
prance
puffy
pert
These
"words
of descriptive colour" lead almost inthe group of onomatopoeic words, in fact,

onomatopoeic words might be included as a subdivision of
the group. The chief examples under P are:
sensibly into
'
patter
pmg
pish
pit-a-pat
pop
plash
plop ,
prickle
pom
purr
To these might be added such doubtful "words"

pshaw and phew.
as pooh,
These "words of descriptive colour" lead in their turn

towards or into a style-category that might be called trivial
words. They are "coloured" with the tints of jocularity or
familiarity suggestive of the colloquial style as used among
intimate friends.
Under
P,
we
find the following examples:
pal
phiz
poser (problem)
pants (noun)
pram
pasty
peckish
phossy
piccanniny
pickaback
piffle
pelf
piggy
pub
pup
papa
preachify
prig
puss
piggish
pep
podgy
pussy
peppery
pesky
It will be seen that some of these are frankly slang words,
others vulgar, others childish, etc.
INTRODUCTORY
xxiv
Returning to the words of emotional colour, we note that

these are words that are most frequently met with in the
elevated styles of oratory and poetry. But there is another
class of words which, for a different reason, produce the same
or a very similar emotional effect. These are the archaic,
obsolete and obsolescent words. Just as a ruin or an ancient
have a greater appeal to the artist than a

do most of our dead and dying words
convey an impression of charm, of glamour and picturesqueness.
Let us call these: words of antique colour. Out of a
list of some forty words occurring under the letter P, we may
note the following most typical examples:
building
modern
may
structure, so
panoply
philtre
pottage
paynim
pipkin
pottle
peradventure
perchance
plaguy
prepense
plaudit
prithee
perforce
pother
Many words of this class are obsolete or obsolescent, for

the simple reason that the objects, customs, etc., for which
they stand are no longer extant. Drawbridge is a dying word,
not by reason of anything inherent in the word itself, but to
the fact that drawbridges themselves have become obsolete.
In a different category from any of these are words which
are suggestive of dignity of diction; pompous words, sententious words; words which, when used too freely or in an
inappropriate context, betray the pedant or the prig. Dignity
in such cases lapses into pretentiousness, and the dignified
into the stilted.
So well is this recognized, unconscious
though such recognition may be, that a certain type of humour
consists in the facetious use of these words,
which we
may
words of dignified colour.

Among these, choosing once again our examples from words
call
under P, we find
pabulum
palpability
peregrinate
pertain
potation
prandial
prefatonal
pluvial
prestidigitation
predilection
procrastinate
ponderosity
profundity
peruse
progeny
prognosticate
propinquity
protuberance
proximity
pusillanimity
INTRODUCTORY
xxv
may be divided into sub-categories,

words offoreign classical and exotic colour. Among
those of French origin, w_e_nnd
Another category, which
we may
call
panache
personnel
persiflage
prestige
among
penchant
piquancy
those of Latin origin:
pomatum
peccavi
penates
paterfamilias
proviso
those originating in America

American and American-Indian)
among
(including
Spanish-
palaver
parakeet
papoose
palmetto
powwow
pampas
pueblo
with which we
may
include
paleface and pathfinder
among
those from the East:

pundit
pariah
punkah
pasha
Returning to the vocabulary of pomposity, the words of

dignified colour, we
categories of words
these,
may here remark that there are two

which are often unjustly confused with
viz.
Technical words (including the terminology of science and

(Or, continuing to use
special subjects), and precise words.
the term "colour" in designating the various categories, we

speak of these respectively as words of technical colour
and words tinted with the colour of precision.)
Among the 120 or so technical words figuring under the
may
P in an ordinary dictionary, we find such typical

examples as:
letter
phanerogam
pisciculture
pragmatism
"
pleonastic
plesiosaurus
parthenogenesis
"
rjolonaise
pawl
piscina
phosphite
jaatentfte
polyandrous
parabola
These technical words are, after all, nothing other than

words of extreme precision as used by technicians whose
INTRODUCTORY
xxvi
to call by their names things which are relatively

to the majority of users of languages.
Under the letter P, we find about the same number of words
which cannot be assigned to any particular branch of science
business
it is
unknown
or to any particular technical subject, but which are none the

words of precision, words which express certain ideas more
less
and more aptly than their more popular synonyms

(when such exist). Among these are:
concisely
palliative
phase
penetration
postulate
provisional
permeate
prejudicial
perspicacity
procedure
provocative
pugnacity
proficiency
Then comes a category coloured by the

words which are obvious inventions.
tint of artificiality,
Among
these:
pantechnicon
palmistry
pianola
phonography
pantograph
philately
plasticine
Now
words in all the categories that we have been

this much in common: that, in addition to
have
considering
all "the
expressing some concept, they suggest in various ways the

mood, attitude, point of view, and even the character of the
For
user, or the conditions in which the word is used.
diverse reasons each of these words may be said to be a word
with some sort of "tone colour."..
^
All the other words that make up the sum of the English
vocabulary may, in contrast, be called colourless words. If
we call a cat a cat we are using a word without colour, the
word cat suggests a cat and nothing more. If we call a cat
a PUSS, a pussy or a pussy-cat, we are using words that suggest
the child's attitude towards the cat if we call a cat a domestic
feline quadruped we are using terms that suggest the point
of view of the scientist, the humourist or the pedant.
In the ordinary dictionary, wherein all words are duly
set forth in alphabetical order, the "colourless" words seem
to be in a poor minority.
On the other hand, on any printed
of
or
in the speech of an orator or of a
connected
text,"
page
conversationalist, we shall probably find that it is made up
of from 90 per cent, to 100 per cent, of "colourless" words.
;
INTRODUCTORY
xxvii
One of the purposes of the present dictionary is to present

a selection of words which shows the truer proportion.
Having in mind the needs of foreign students of English we
have given the benefit to "colourless" words, and have
included all those which, in our judgment, stand for those
concepts which in ordinary circumstances are the most
JH
necessary for readers and for speakers.
Among these "colourless" words we find notably "formwords," such as prepositions, connectives) personal pronouns
and determinatives) and such "full-words" as the names of
common objects, together with the commonest abstract
nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs.' Common "colourless"
words had the first right of admission in our select and
restricted vocabulary.
Among
the words with "colour," the
first
place
was given
to words tinted with the colour of precision, the words that

figure with such profusion in such works as encyclopaedias,
articles in reviews, leading and special articles in newspapers,
in other terms: in the language of those who furnish infor-
mation with the minimum of emotion.

Other words of "colour" received less attention, and of
these relatively smaller proportions were chosen.
A bushel basket can contain nothing more than a bushel
of whatever we choose to put in it, and a dictionary intentionally limited to some 9,000 words cannot contain more
than 9,000 of the words we consider necessary to insert in it 1
In accordance with the claims of proportion, we have admitted a certain percentage of words of every category.
The categories which have the fewest representatives are those
of the onomatopoeic words, words of antique colouring, words
with foreign, exotic and artificial colourings, words with
pompous colourings, words with technical colourings, and
words associated with the tone-colour of the emotional and
.
subjective.
certain
A
number of proper nouns have been included.
These are for the most part the commonest Christian names
1
Actually this dictionary contains 9,645 words in heavy type.
xxviii
INTRODUCTORY
and the best-known or the oldest-known geographical names.

In the cas_of these and of other words, the compilers will
welcome expressions of opinion concerning the desirability
of including in a future edition those which, intentionally or
unintentionally, have been omitted in the present edition.
"
Plain English" is an attractive term and an inspiring
but a term which, from its very nature, must be and

remain indefinite and provokingly vague. But those who
have selected the present vocabulary have endeavoured to
bring together a representative collection of words which may
be considered as a vocabulary of Plain English, the sort of
English which constitutes from 95 per cent, to 100 per cent,
of the great majority of English as used in connected speech
ideal,
or texts.
PHONETIC SYMBOLS
Phones
In the system of notation and transcription used in this
dictionary, English (R.P. or A.V.) has been considered as
consisting of so many independent integral units of pronunciation called "phones/' A sound, as such, may constitute a phone, but more often a phone consists of a group of
interchangeable sounds.
Thus ffj is both a sound and an English phone [ k ] represents
an English phone, which is in reality a group of sounds varying
between the initial sound of key and the initial sound of cool,
and [i is a phone varying between the / of leap and the / 6f fool.
an], [01], and other units are successions of
[ei], [on
[~ai],
sounds, but each of these successions constitutes for practical
purposes one integral, unit of English pronunciation, and
each is therefore considered as an independent phone. The
theory of the phone may or may not be considered as difficult
or abstract, but the effect of the theory is towards a simplification of the problems of phonetic transcription.
;
|,
The Notation
The notation used is that of the International Phonetic
The more precise form of notation has been
Association.
adopted, a form which is in its essence identical with that
used in the MaUre Phonctique, the organ of the Association.
In the interest of a greater latitude and facility, the symbol
has been added. The device of "bigraphs" (i.e. the fusion
[i]
of two adjacent letter-shapes in one symbol), e.g. [ei], [ai],
f
L [tjfj nas been adopted as tending to a better grasping
[
of the nature of English phones (i.e. phonetic units).
Received Pronunciation
The
Column
sym|jols (with their values) used in the column headed

"Received Pronunciation" are those figuring in the following
list.
PHONETIC SYMBOLS
xxx
VOWELS.
i.e. more or
Five "free" vowels,
(a)
less static
vowels
any position; initially, medially or finally, and in

any sort of syllable, stressed or unstressed. In stressable
syllables they take the length-mark [].
occurring in
[i]
see
2
3
[a]
France
[a]
chalk
4.
[u]
too
[3]
me [mi'], [mi].
[frcrns], are [a-], [a], artistic [a'tistik].
[si-],
blackboard ['blaekbad], although [ol'ou].

value ['vaelju].
[jir],
[ju],
bird [b3-d], her [hs*], [hs], suburb ['sAbsb].
[tfo-k],
[tu
you
],
"checked" vowels, i.e. static vowels occurring,

stressed syllables, only before a consonant that checks
their duration. They generally do occur in stressed positions,
Six
(b)
in
but not always,
[ae]
alone
may be lengthened and
that only
in certain words.
6.
[i]
7.
[e]
8.
[ae]
9.
[A]
10.
[D]
11.
(c)
[u]
live [hv],
Five kinetic free vowels, or diphthongs, occurring
any position and
in
mislay [ims'lev].
desk [desk], parallel ['paeralsl].

map [maep], bad [baed], enthusiasm [m'Ojirziaezm].
front [frAnt], product ['prodAkt].
box [bnks], voluminous [vt/1/irminds].
book [buk], painful ['petnful].
in stressed or unstressed syllables.
12.
[ei]
name
13
[ou]
no [nou], omit [ou'mit].
[neim], estimate (verb) ['ssttmeit].
In unstressed syllables the two above phones tend towards

The tendency seems more marked in typical
[e] and [o].
American than in R.P.
my [mai], idea [ai'dia].

[au] house [hai/s], outside [aut'said].
14.
[ai]
15.
The
first
cardinal
[a]
element of the above two phones varies between

[a] both in R.P. and typical American
and cardinal
usage.
16.
(d)
[01]
boy
[boi], royal [raid].
Two "obscure"
vowels, occurring only in unstressed
weakened to a point
at which one can hardly be distinguished from the other, or
(in slow and careful speech) strengthened to points at which
they are almost indistinguishable respectively from [A] or [i]
positions, often (in rapid fluent speech)
(or
from other vowels).
PHONETIC SYMBOLS
17
[a]
xxxi
America
[a'menka], better ['beta], understand [Andamagazine [maega'zrn]

careful speech, [a] tends towards [A], [o], [ou],
'staend],
In slow and
or [ea]. See R.P. Variants.
[u],
18.
[i]
city
eleven
['siti],
[i/levn],
goodness
['hauziz],
majesty
['gudnis],
['maedjisti],
useless
['ju-slis],
houses
obvious
['obvtos], magistrate ['msedjistrit]], adequate ['aedikwit].
In slow and careful speech,

[i],
or
(e)
in the
[i]
tends towards
[i],
[e],
[ei],
[a].
Four "murmur diphthongs,"

murmur-glide of [a].
19
20.
21.
22
Some
so-called
as
they end
here [hid], pier [pia]

chair [tfea], prayer [ptfa]
[oa] door [doa], war [woa]
[ua] poor [pua], cure [kjua]
[13]
[ea]
speakers invariably replace
23.
24.
[p]
25.
[t]
26.
[d]
[b]
[oa]
by
[o].
CONSONANTS.
map [maep]
piece [prs],
box [boks], rub [rAb]
too [tir], not [not]
desk [dssk], send [send]
27.
[k]
28.
[g]
come [kAm], book [buk]

go [gou], dog [dog].
29.
[m]
my
30
[n]
31.
[n]
no [nou], man [msen].

wing [win]
32
[1]
look [luk], small [smo-1]
[mat],
gum
[gAin].
When
not followed by a vowel [1] is usually pronounced

as "dark-//' for which the phonetic symbol is [1].
33.
[f]
four
34.
[v]
35.
[6]
36
[8]
very [veri], five [faiv]

thing [Gin], earth [39].
that [daet], te/^^ [wi5]
37.
[s]
38.
[z]
39.
5^
[foa],
[si ],
if [if]
piece [pi's]
[J]
ôw^ [zoun], nose [nouz].

shoe [fir], fcywsA [brA/]
40.
[3]
measure ['mega].
41.
[r]
red [red].
42.
[h]
Ao^
43.
[tf]
chalk
[tfo'k],
which
44.
[<Jj]
/ww^
[cfcirn],
/a^
45.
[j]
^55
46.
[w]
a;asA [WD/].
[hot].
[jss].
[Awitf],
[la'dj].
PHONETIC SYMBOLS
xxxii
In the pronunciation of many speakers [hw] counts as an

independent phone, as an integral unit of the English phonetic
system. In the R.P. column this is shown throughout as
[Aw].
MISCELLANEOUS SIGNS.
The stress mark. This shows that the stress may fall
[']
on -the syllable that it precedes. The use of two stress marks
in one word shows that the stress may fall on one syllable
or the other, in accordance with the rules governing sentenceThus, the entry ['fif'trn] indicates that the word may
be stressed as [fif'ti-n] as in [ai so- fifti-n], or as ['fiftin], as
stress.
in
[ai
so-
'f iftin
'pi'p} Bed],
The length mark. This shows that the vowel to which

attached is long. The length mark is used only in syllables
[]
it is
that are susceptible of being stressed.
A phonetic symbol printed in italics indicates

Italics.
that the sound for which it stands is often omitted, especially
in fluent speech.
(See
Categories 1 to 5.)
"Received Pronunciation Variants,"
This indicates that when the word is followed without

[(r]
a break or pause by a word beginning with a vowel, the
Thus the entry ['beto(r] means, for
sound [r] is added.
example, that This one is better is pronounced [6 is WAII z
This is a better example is pronounced [dis
'beta], but that
iz d
bstsr ig'za'mp}].
[,]
[m], it
The syllabic mark. Placed under [1], [n] or (rarely)

indicates that the consonant has the value of a syllable,
suggestive of a preceding
[>]
or
[i].
American Variants Column

The symbols (with their values) used in the column headed
"
"American Variants are essentially the same as those figuring
in the preceding
list.
In transcribing certain American variants six additional
symbols are required:

This symbol designates any sound between the two
[a]
Thus the entry [pa-s] means that
extremes of [a] and [].
PHONETIC SYMBOLS
the word is pronounced variously as [pa's], [pa's], or
manner intermediate between these two extremes.
This symbol
[o]
vowel of soar [so].
is
xxxiii
in
some
used notably before [] to represent the

this with [sous], which repre-
Compare
It is also
sents the pronunciation of sower (one who sows).
used in those cases in which the [], by reason of a following
vowel, becomes [r], thus soaring, story, pouring, etc., are
transcribed
['so-rig],
['stoTi],
['po-rig],
etc.
Similarly
[e] stands for the "retroflex" variety of [9].
[e] and fo] are used for the "retroflex" varieties of [ea]
and [oa].
For further
details
on these and other points, see the
general explanation of "American Variants."
Received Pronunciation Variants
To
record
all
the possible variant pronunciations of the

is a task lying outside
Received Standard dialect of English
the scope of the present dictionary. Those who wish for"

more detailed information on the subject would
do well to consult Jones' An English Pronouncing Dictionary.
further or
For more than one reason, however, we have thought it

to provide in many cases one or more variant
desirable
pronunciations.
more
In the
first place,
the recording of variants
broader interpretation of pronunIn the second place, it often happens that

ciation values.
two variant pronunciations seem to be equally common, and
the invidious task of selecting the one and rejecting the other
is one that we do not feel justified in undertaking.
Another important reason for providing Received Pronunciation variants is the presence of the column headed
American Variants. It frequently happens that a pronunciation typical of American speech is at the same time
not unknown as a Received Pronunciation variant; to omit
the Received variant in such cases would convey an exaggerated or erroneous impression concerning the kind or
degree of divergencies between Received and typical American
usage. Thus the first vowel of the word either is generally
affords a
liberal or
PHONETIC SYMBOLS
xxxiv
according to typical American usage; to give in the R.P.

[nai5a(r] and [nrds] in the A.V. column would imply
that the word neither pronounced with [r] is an Americanism,
[i']
column
whereas
this pronunciation is
common both
typical American, although rarer
in
to R.P.
and
to
R.P.
number
of variant entries are in the nature of

Possibly nephew is the only word in which
[v] and [f] are variants.
Possibly primer is the only word in
which fi] and [at] are interchangeable. But the great majority
of the variants recorded fall into categories, most of which
certain
isolated cases.
are easily recognized.
Variant pronunciations are shown:

(a)
By italicizing a symbol with the convention that the
sound for which the symbol stands may be or need not be
Thus the entry
pronounced.
['kAmfotab}]
means
['kAmfotab}]
or ['kAmfteb}].
By
(b)
re-spelling the word.
forms indicates that

prevalent.
it
is
The
first
of
two or more
the one which seems the most
Thus
neither
'nai3a
'ni-da
word has two pronunciation- values, and

seems more prevalent than [ni8a].
In one case we have used the device of placing a
indicates that the
that
['nai5a]
(c)
dagger
(f)
before certain words.
This dagger serves as a
reference to note 30, p. xxxv. concerning a certain category

of variation.
The
1.
2.
is
following
Omission of
Omission of
list
of the
more important
[3]
[i]
6.
Omission of [j]
h wot
Omission of [h]
Omission of various consonants 'laemfbd,
6.
[ja]
for
3.
4.
[la]
7.
[j]
for
[i]
8.
[la]
for
[i-a]
9.
[i]
for
[t]
[a]
for
[e]
12.
categories:
and
and
and
and
and
vice versa
lerj&6,
prompt
prrvjas, pri-vias
vice versa
pi'aenou, 'pjaenou
vice versa
ri-al,
vice versa
ri'pleis, ri'pleis
vice versa
'paeralel, 'paeralal
rial
PHONETIC SYMBOLS
XXXV
ri'mDnstrett, 'rsmsnstreit
41.
Strong and
"
Weak Forms of the
Weakenable Words
"
indi-
cated in the text by the

s.f. (= strong form) and
w.f.
weak
form).
aet 5/., 9t
w f.
PHONETIC SYMBOLS
xxxvi
R.P. Variants not noted in the Dictionary

of these are also common to A.V.)
these are the following:
[i] tends towards, and is often replaced by, a diphthong
(Many
Among
1.
consisting of
2.
[19]
one
7.
by
[i].
one
is
often replaced* by,
followed
by
is
often replaced by, [u] followed
by
[i]
syllable.
[ua] tends towards,

[9] in
followed
tends towards, and
[9] in
[i]
tends towards, and is often replaced by, a diphthong

consisting of [u] followed by [u]
[u]
and
syllable.
[a] vanes between cardinal [a] and a point about half-way

between cardinal [a] and cardinal [a].
[o] is
subject to slight variations, more especially in the matter

amount of lip-rounding.
of the
8.
9.
10.
same sort of variations in the matter of

of lip-rounding.
[u] is subject to the
the
amount
[3] varies
to
some
extent.
varies noticeably according to its position in the word

and in the sentence. In final position, it is often replaced by
Three different values may be heard in the words
[A]
in the latter word, the second [a] has a
China, cathedral
[a]
11.
lower and more retracted position than the first [a],

[ei] tends towards, and is often replaced by, [si] or [ee], and
sometimes by a sound practically indistinguishable from

12.
[e].
[ou] varies considerably, generally in the direction of being

advanced towards the mixed position, also to some extent
with some the

partial unrounding of the first element
diphthong
[ou], especially when followed by a
approaches
"
dark " [1]. Others again tend to make it [o], especially in
by
unstressed syllables.
13.
[ai] varies slightly both in the direction of

direction of [ai].
14.
[au] varies between [au] (with cardinal

with cardinal [a]).
15.
16.
17.
18.
[is]
when
final
tends towards and
is
[a]
[aei]
and
in the
and [au] (almost
often replaced
by
[IA].
When
[ea] tends towards, and is often replaced by [aea.
final, it tends towards and is often replaced by [EA] or [A].
[oa] when final tends to have a rather open variety of [a].
[ua]
when
final
tends to have a rather open variety of
[a].
PHONETIC SYMBOLS
more
For
variants
information
detailed
An
see
concerning
Pronouncing
Jones'
English
pages xxii-xxiii, on which the foregoing
is
xxxvii
summary
above
the
Dictionary,
of variants
based.
American Variants
In the column headed "American Variants" figure variant
pronunciations other than those given in the "Received
'
Pronunciation" column. We have called these "American

because these particular variants are never (or
only exceptionally) heard except from Americans and
Canadians. The inclusion of any of these variants does not
by any means imply that all speakers in America use the form
indicated] it implies merely that a large number of educated
Americans (including Canadians) use or tend to use instead
of the Received Pronunciation, the pronunciation indicated,
or one closely approximating to it.
The variants indicated in this column may be classified
under the following 12 headings:
Variants'
VARIANT
1.
[a]
for [D].
A large number of speakers replace or tend to replace the

R P. [D] by a vowel more or less approximating to [a]. Thus
hot, box, stop, etc.,
etc.,
in
[stap],
which are pronounced
[boks],
[hot],
R.P., appear in the A.V. column as [hat],
[stop],
[baks],
etc.
This, however, does not apply to all words with R.P.
remain [log],
certain speakers, tend rather towards
Long, wrong, dog,
etc.,
[n>g],
[a]
or
[D].
or,
with
[log],
[n>g],
[dog],
?
[o ],
[dag].
VARIANT
2.
[a-]
for
[a*].
In certain important categories of words most American

speakers replace the R.P. [cr] by more advanced varieties of
Such
the phone, these ranging between [<r] and [].
varieties are indicated by the symbol [a],
PHONETIC SYMBOLS
xxxviii
Thus half, brass, ask, nasty, etc., are transcribed with the
symbol [a], indicating that the vowel varies between [a-]
and [ae].
R.P.
half
hcrf
brers
crsk
ncrsti
brass
ask
nasty
ha'f
bra's
a-sk
na-sti
The most general value given to

probably that of "cardinal" [a].
VARIANT
3.
V.
= hcrf, ha'f, hae-f, etc

= bra's, bras, brae*s, etc.
= a sk, a-sk, ae-sk, etc.
= ncrsti, na'sti, nae sti, etc.
jVj
this
for
phone
in
America
is
[a],
In "most parts of New England, New York City and

vicinity, the South-East and large parts of the South of the
United States" (Kenyon), speakers conform to the Received
usage of the [9], thus better, actor, etc., are pronounced ['beta],
['aekts], etc.
In the other regions, most American speakers replace or

t6nd to replace [a] by [o] in all cases where the letter r figures
in the traditional spelling. 1 This [s] is a "retroflex" [o],
i.e. a variety of [9] which is produced while the tip of the
tongue
is
raised
and
slightly
curled back.
Krapp
repre-
and describes it as "a voiced sound,

but the friction accompanying the vocal element is so slight
that one might hesitate to group it with the fricatives, or
sents
it
by
the symbol
[j],
all. ... In pronouncing this sound,

the point of the tongue is not tilted as high as in [r], but if
it were permitted to touch the roof of the mouth, which it
with the consonants at
does not do,

teeth
and
it
would
back of the upper

where the concavity of the
strike the region just
in front of the place
roof begins."
It should be mentioned here that the form of the symbol
[] was designed by Krapp to represent the sound of the first
element of the ir of bird (which he represents as [baid]).
Considering, however, that the ir of bird may be more
aptly represented by [so], and that the symbol [jt] is specified
by the International Phonetic Association to be the "narrow"
1
And
at least in one case (colonel) where r does not figure.
PHONETIC SYMBOLS
xxxix
representation of the true "fricative" r (as in red, rich, try,

we have taken the liberty of using Krapp's symbol []
to represent the "retroflex" variety of [a], for which Krapp
etc.),
uses the symbol
Examples
[j].
A.v.
R.P.
better
'beta
'beta
actor
'aekta
'aekts
collar
'kola
honour
'Dna
Notes concerning
When, however, R.P.
[9]
[ar].
followed
is
immediately by [r]
remains
[9]
same or in the next word), the

and does not become []. Thus:
(either in
the
A.V.
ri'msmbs
R.P.
remember
ri'memba
remembering
ri'msmbarir)
(same as R.P.)
after
'a'fta
'a-fts
after all
a-ftar
VARIANT
4.
a-ftgr
'o-l
[as]
for
'o'l
[a*].
In a certain important category of words spelt with ar

(occasionally, however, ear, uar, and, in one case, er), most
American speakers give to this letter r the value of [a] (see
Variant 3). This does not apply, however, to the majority
of speakers in "most parts of New England, New York City
and vicinity, the South-East and a large part of the South of
the United States" (Kenyon), in which regions either [<r]
remains
or
[a-]
Examples
is
replaced
by
[09] (see
"Variants Omitted").
R P.
A.V.
far
fa-
fas
farm
fa-rn
fasm
heart
ha't
hast
guard
ga'd
gasd
artist
a'tist
aatist
artistic
a'tisttk
as'tzstik
sergeant
'sa'djant
sasdjant
PHONETIC SYMBOLS
xl
Note concerning
[QT].
When, however, [a-] is followed immediately by [r], either

in the same word or in the next word, [<r] generally remains
Thus:
[<r], and does not become [a].
A V.
R.P
fa
fa
far
far away
bar
fcrr s'wei
(same as R.P.)
bcr
baa
barring
'ba-rir)
(same as R.P.)
VARIANT
With
5.
[a] for [&}.
the exception of speakers in
"most parts
of
New
England, New York City, and vicinity, the South-East, and

a large part of the South of the United States" (Kenyon),
most speakers in America replace or tend to replace Received
Standard [3] by a variant which we represent by the symbol
MAccording to Kenyon, in such words as her, stir, fur, hers,

the r-sound is not made before or after the vowel,
but is the vowel itself, and he represents it by the symbol [9-].
Krapp, however, implies that there is a vocalic element
(which he represents by []) followed by an r-element (which
he represents by [j]).
stirred, etc.,
Examples
R.P.
A.V.
basd
bs'd
bird
hurt
hs-t
hsst
girl
93 '1
convert
kan'vs't
939!
kon'vsat
Note concerning
[ST].
When, however, [aa] is followed immediately by [r], either

in the same word or in the next word, the [3] is lengthened
and the [] is omitted. Thus:
R.P.
stir
st3'
f
stirring
stir
away
fur
furry
A.V.
sts
st9r a'wei
(same as R.P.)
(same as RP.)
f9
fss
'f3-ri
(same as R.P.)
stsrirj
PHONETIC SYMBOLS
VARIANT
6.
[e] for
xli
[ea],
With the exception of speakers in "most parts of New

New York City and vicinity, the South-East, and a
England,
large part of the South of the United States" (Kenyon), the

majority of speakers in America replace or tend to replace
[ea]
by a variant which we represent
by the symbol [E].

The variation consists in replacing the vowel
See Variant
retroflex variety [].
Examples
A.v.
kes
dcs
R.P.
ka
dare
dea
fair
tea
fea
wear
wea
wes
Note concerning
When, however,
is
by the
care
variant
[a]
3.
generally
[ea]
is
followed
[ear].
immediately by
[r],
the
Thus:
[e-r].
A.V.
R.P.
fair
fea
fairy
'feari
'fe-ri
wear
wea
we
wearing
'weanrj
'weTii)
fes
See Variant 12.
VARIANT
[o] for [o]
7.
and
In a certain important category of the
R.P. the vowel
[oe].
words containing
in
R.P. variant [oa], the majority

[o-],
of speakers in America replace or tend to replace this phone
by a variant which we represent by the symbol [oa]. This
"
most
variant, however, is not commonly used by speakers in
or
its
parts of New England, New York City and vicinity, the

South-East, and a large part of the South of the United
States" (Kenyon).
The variation consists in adding the retroflex vowel []
or in using
it
See Variant
in place of
3.
[a].
PHONETIC SYMBOLS
xlii
Examples
A.V.
kosn
R.P.
ko'n
corn
fork
fo'k
fosk
war
wo',wo9
'no wei
\vos
Norway
'noswei
concerning [OT]
of
and
[oar].
When, however, [o-j is followed immediately by

Thus:
[oar] we generally hear [OT].
R.P
nor
nor
HOT
instead
A.V.
nos
no1
[r],
(same as
ai
RP
fos
fo
for
/or it
adore
9'cba
s'dos
adoring
a'cbarir)
a'do-ni)
IDT
(same as R.P.)
it
See Variant 12.
VARIANT
[o] for
8.
[oa],
[o-].
In an important category of the words containing in

Received Standard the vowel [oa] (in most cases with [o*] as
a variant), the majority of speakers in America replace or
tend to replace this [09] by a variant which we represent by
the symbol [o].
In the pronunciation of speakers in "most
parts of New England, New York City and vicinity, the
South-East and a large part of the South of the United
States" (Kenyon) this particular variant is commonly replaced
by
[oa].
See "Variants Omitted."
The main
variation consists in replacing

consists in replacing [d]
variation
secondary
variety [a].
Examples
force
by [o]. The
by the retroflex
[o]
R
foas,
P.
fo-s
v.
foas
mourn
moan, mo-n
mosn
store
sto3, sto
stoa
four
foa,
fo
fo9
PHONETIC SYMBOLS
Note concerning
[oar].
followed immediately
When, however,
we generally hear
[oa] is
xliii
of [or],
[r],
instead
A.V.
R.P.
stoa
stoa
store
by
Thus:
[OT],
story
'stoTi
'stoTi
pour
poa
pos
pouring
'poarii)
'po-rirj
See Variant 12.
VARIANT
9.
[ar]
for [AF].
In most cases in which R.P. has

speakers in America use [sr].
Examples
[AF],
number
a large
of
A V.
R.P.
hurry
hurried
'hAFi
'hsn
'hAnd
'hsrid
worry
'WAR
'wsn
thorough
'GArs
'Gara
(But borough apparently remains
VARIANT
The ending -ary or

The majority
[an].
['bArou].)
[en] for
10.
is
generally
-ery
of speakers in
[art].
pronounced in R.P. a s
America pronounce it
as [en].
Examples
P.
v.
customary
dictionary
'dik/angn
'dikjsneri
ordinary
'o'dmari
'o'dmeri
stationary
'steijanan
'steijonen
VARIANT
The ending
The majority
Examples
11.
[on] for [an].
generally pronounced in R.P. as [an].

-ory
of speakers in America pronounce it as [on].
is
category
R.P.
A.V.
'kaetigsn
'kaetigon
oratory
'oratan
'araton
preparatory
pn'paerstan
territory
'tsntari
pn'paeraton
'teuton
PHONETIC SYMBOLS
xliv
VARIANT
Omission of
12.
Under the heading "Variant 3"

[a] may have as an A.V. [], or that
[9].
we have noted
it
that R.P.
may undergo no
change.
In the following cases, however, R.P. [a] is represented
neither by [] nor by [9] but by an omission of the vowel
(with or without lengthening of the preceding vowel):
R.P.
[iar],
[uar],
See notes to Variants
Examples
and
during
Europe
[aiar],
and
[auar].
8.
R.P.
A.V
'fianr)
'fiTirj
'fiar it
'frr
'tuarir)
'tu-rtr)
and
'tuar
it
'tirr
and
'djuarii)
'dju-nrj
'
'
uarap
u Tap
caring
'keanrj
'ke-nr)
n
n
Mary
'mean
'me
fairy
'feari
'fe
R P.
A.V.
wearing
wear it
'weanr)
'wear it
'we-nr)
warring
'woanr)
'woar av
'WDT av
'sorir)
'so-nrj
war
of
soaring
In
3, 6, 7,
[oar],
and
fearing
fear it
touring
tour
[ear],
story
'stDTi
pour out
poT
all
it
'wcvru)
'sto'n
'ai/t
po-r
the above cases the preceding vowel
is
lengthened
[a].
R.P.
firing
'WET
'aut
as a compensation for the omission of
A.V.
'faiaruj
faiar a'wei
'fairirj
environment
m'vaiaranmant
in'vairanmant
overpowering
ouva'pauanrj
ouvs'paunr)
fire
away
fair
a'wei
Miscellaneous Variants
In addition to the 12 groups of variants noted above, there
be found a number of smaller groups, and of individual
will
PHONETIC SYMBOLS
words
in
which variations from R.P.
may
xlv
be noted.
Among
these are, for instance, the well-known variants:
R P.
clerk
klct'k
A V.
klssk
mayor
mea
meis
schedule
'Jsdjul
lef'tenant
'skedjul
lu'tenant
lieutenant
American Variants not noted
in the Dictionary
In addition to the American Variants indicated in this

dictionary, American pronunciation is or may be marked by
other and minor variants. Most of these may be covered
by conventions,
the chief of which are indicated below.
and [ra] for [u].

Some speakers articulate
little
with
and
[u]
[u']
lip-rounding, and the tongue in an
advanced position so that they approximate to the sound
(1)
[uj-j
for
[u-]
represented in phonetic notation
by
[ra].
speakers replace the kinetic

(or diphthongal) vowel [ei] by vowels tending towards the
This is especially the case in unstressed syllables.
static [e].
But in very few cases is the [e] so markedly static as the [e]
(2)
or
[e-]
[e]
for
[ei].
Many
of certain Scottish pronunciations.

as [te'k], and allocate as ['aetoket].
[o] or
(3)
fo]
for [ou].
diphthongal) vowel
Thus
take
may
be heard
speakers replace the kinetic

vowels
by
tending towards the
Many
[ou]
(or
static [o].
This is especially the case in unstressed syllables.
But in very few cases is the [o] so markedly static as the [o]
of certain Scottish pronunciations.

and obey as [o'bei].
Thus home may be heard
as [hcrm],
In general, the vowel represented by [e] tends to be

(4)
articulated in a more open position than in R.P.
(5)
[eej.
Some speakers tend to replace [E] by

[e] for [es].
care may be heard as [kea], and, as a consequence,
Thus
the distinction between fairy and ferry

['fe-n]
(6)
and
['feri].
[j]
for [].
Some
may
be heard as
speakers use in place of the re-
vowel [a] sounds more closely approximating to a

consonant r, thus better may be heard as ['betar].
troflex
PHONETIC SYMBOLS
xlvi
(7)
of
for
[9]
words
[o]
The tendency to use in

is more marked among
[i].
for
[i]
pronunciation than
among
certain categories
users of the A.V.
Thus:
users of R.P.
['ksenz] (carries) tends to ['kaerez]

(carried) tends to ['kasrad]
['jtrslis] (useless) tends to ['jirsbs]
['kserid]
['gudms] (goodness) tends to ['gudnas]
say to what extent this is the result of

speakers (possibly aiming at a "careful" pronunciation)
tending to make their pronunciation conform to the convenIt is difficult to
tional spelling.
These seven categories of non -recorded variants seem fairly

and are not considered by Americans to represent any
As much cannot be
particular local or undesirable dialect.
said for the seven following categories.
Most educated
Americans would probably consider them as undesirable
pronunciations and would never deliberately set out to teach
usual,
them
to foreign students of English.

Some speakers tend to replace in certain
[o] for [D].
(8)
words [D] by [o]. Thus on, long, etc., may be pronounced
by such speakers as [on], [log], etc.
Certain speakers in the States adjoining

[aeu] for [air].
(9)
the Atlantic seaboard tend to replace [a] by [se] as the first
element of the diphthong.
Thus [haus] (house) may be
heard as
(10)
[haus].
for
fu-]
substitution in
The tendency is not unknown in England.

Some speakers habitually make this
a very large number of words.
Thus [njtr]
[ju'J.
new may be heard

(11)
[oey]
for
as [nu].
[a].
The vowel
Dutch m
acoustic effect with the
from the
[01]
[oey]
seems identical in
in huts,
and
of the admittedly vulgar variety of
is
distinct
New York
dialect.
[oey] is used by a large number of educated speakers in the
Southern States, and [basd] (bird) is heard as [boeyd].
(12)
Flapped t. Many speakers replace plosive
a "flapped" variety, giving the effect of an r. Thus
forty,
(13)
may
[t]
by
thirty,
give the impression of thirry, forry.

n.
When n is followed by t, many speakers
Flapped
PHONETIC SYMBOLS
tend to combine the n and the
Mn
a sound
xlvii
known
as
Thus, twenty, wanted, give the impression of
"flapped-^."
twenny, wannid.
Nasal Vowels.
(14)
especially in
the vowels.
New
In certain of the Eastern
England,
many
States,
speakers tend to nasalize
We
may take the opportunity to note here an interesting

fact concerning certain phenomena of "weakening."
It is
assumed by users of R.P. that in typical American pronunciation, weakening
is
they will point to such

[kam] come, or too
[to],
more prevalent than in R.P., and

occasional weak forms as [ga] go,
as in
[ga
'houm] go home,
[kam
'hia]
come here, [ta 'bae'd] too bad. Similarly users of typical American assume the same thing of R.P. pointing to such occasional
weak forms as [noubadi] nobody or [i?i6ig] anything.
As a
matter of fact, honours seem to be about evenly divided in
this respect.
"Mr. Martin of Birmingham" will be pronounced in R.P. as fmista 'ma-tin sv 'bs-mtrpm], with the
*
of Martin pronounced very distinctly and the ham of
Birmingham reduced to [am]. The user of the pronunciation
represented in the A.V. column, on the contrary, will pronounce [mists 'maatiji sv 'bs'rmrjhaem], with the i of Martin
omitted, but with the ham of Birmingham given its full value.
NOTE BY THE AMERICAN COLLABORATOR

TPIE foregoing introduction has dealt with the main purpose
or purposes of this book.
It remains only for a brief word to
be added concerning the matter of variants.
The scope and
minimum
All
care.
available
consulted.
book admit of only a

These have been selected with great
1
have been
trustworthy authorities
size of the present
of variants.
Unfortunately
(or
is
it
fortunately?)
there
is
no commonly accepted Received Standard American English

pronunciation and therefore no final authority on the subject
can be cited. Scholars who have attempted to deal with
the subject often do not agree, and in consequence the compiler of such a book as this is compelled to sum up the pros
and cons and record his findings. If a tie occurs, his personal
opinion must then be exercised and added to one side or the
other.
Happily in the present work this has not been
Indeed, only a few such instances have
frequently the case.
the undersigned holds
himself
Nevertheless,
responsible for the variants recorded, and while realizing
the impossibility of avoiding some mistakes, and while
occurred.
further realizing the utter hopelessness of meeting the approval

all his fellow American teachers and American phoneticians,
he hopes that his errors may be few and that his critics will
of
be charitable.
course be understood by users of this book that
omissions in the third column merely indicate that
Received Pronunciation is most commonly used for those
It will of
the
words
As
in
America as well as
in
England.
work it may serve

some abler person to do a more perfect
and completer work, or as a warning of what is good not to do.
this part of the dictionary is pioneer
either as a guide to
JAMES VICTOR MARTIN.

AOYAMA GAKUJN, TOKYO,
July
1
i,
1926.
Particular mention
may
be made of Krapp, Kenyon and Hempl.

xlvin
FURTHER NOTE
THIS third preface
is
The apology
at once
an apology and a minority
errors and misprints

been overlooked in preparing the MS. for the
For such errors my
press and in marking the proofs.
no
in
to
blame.
are
way
colleagues
report.
that
is
for
any textual
may have
For the plan and general conception of the book I can

no credit and in certain details of treatment,
notably, the selection of words and the inclusion or reI have
jection of variant pronunciations,
very rarely
modified the original draft even when I may have felt some
claim
modification to be desirable.
I
am
in
entire
agreement with
my
colleagues on
important question of the value of differentiating
[i]
the
and
[i].
In the present work we have rigidly observed the rule of

keeping [*] in stressed syllables only but I think it safe to
say that when much work of observation and reclassification
has been done, which lack of time prevents for the purpose
of this dictionary, a further very important distinction will
be established, namely, certain categories of unstressed
syllables in which [i] alone can occur and cannot be
replaced by any "obscure" vowel.
;
hope to be able before long to offer the

who may be interested.
results of such
observation to those
F. G.
CAMBRIDGE,
Sept. 1926.
xlix
BLANDFORD.
Traditional Spelling
American Variants
American Variant*
American Variants
American Variants
American Variants
American Variants
American Variants
American Variants
10
American Variants
11
American Variants
12
American Variants
13
American Variants
See Note 30, p. xxxv. in Introduction.

14
American Variants
American Variants
16
American Variants
17
American Variants
18
19
American Variants
20
American Variants
21
22
American Variants
23
American Variants
24
American Variants
American Variants
27
American Variants
28
American Variants
29
30
American Variants
31
American Variants
32
American Variants
American Variants
36
American Variants
36
American Variants
37
American Variants
38
American Variants
89
American Variants
American Variants
41
American Variants
American Variants
43
American Variants
American Variants
See Note 30, p xxxv. in Introduction.
American Variants
46
American Variants
47
American Variants
48
American Variants
49
50
American Variants
51
American Variants
52
63
American Variants
65
American Variants
56
American Variants
57
American Variants
58
American Variants
59
60
American Variants
61
American Variants
62
American Variants
63
American Variants
64
American Variants
65
American Variants
American Variants
67
American Variants
American Variants
American Variants
70
American Variants
71
American Variants
72
American Variants
73
American Variants
74.
American Variants
75
American Variants
76
American Variants
77
American Variants
American Variants
79
American Variants
80
American Variants
81
American Variants
American Variants
83
American Variants
84
American Variants
85
American Variants
86
American Variants
87
American Variants
88
American Variants
89
American Variants
90
American Variants
91
American Variants
92
American Variants
93
American Variants
94
American Variants
95
American Variants
96
American Variants
97
American Variants
98
American Variants
American Variants
100
American Variants
101
American Variant*
103
American Variants
104
American Variants
105
American Variants
106
107
American Variants
American Variants
109
American Variant*
110
111
112
113
American Variants
115
American Variants
116
117
American Variants
118
American Variants
American Variants
120
American Variants
121
American Variants
123
American Variants
The phonetic value
When
of the
American Variants
symbol
[i].
stands for the e of traditional spelling, its

In slow and careful
phonetic value is variable and very unstable.
speech, it approximates to [e], in rapid speech either to the i of
In the case of slow and careful speech,
inspect or to the a of ago.
this
symbol
in rapid
usage in England and America is practically identical
speech the vowel tends rather towards the i of inspect in England,
and towards the a of ago in America.
Such entries as fi'fekt] are therefore tp be interpreted in the
;
following sense
124
This is the more normal pronunciation of users of

[i'fekt.]
Received Pronunciation, either in England or in America.
[a'fekt] or a form intermediate between [o'fekt] and [e'fekt]
These forms are characteristic of American speakers, and are also
heard in the speech of users of Received Pronunciation
This form is frequently heard in the case of slow and
[e'fekt].
careful speech, both in England and in America, but especially in
America.
125
American Variants
126
American Variants
127
American Variants
American Variants
129
American Variants
American Variants
131
American Variants
132
American Variants
133
American Variants
134
American Variants
'~
135
American Variants
136
American Variants
137
American Variants
138
American Variants
139
American Variants
140
American Variants
HI
American Variants
142
143
American Variants
144
American Variants
eyeglass
aiglasiz
eyeglasses
American Variants
'aiglas
'aiglas
'aiglasiz
ef
F's
efs
fable
'feibj
fables
face
faces
'feib}z
feis
'feisiz
faced
feist
facing
facilitate
fa'siliteit
'feisir)
facilitates
fa'siliteits
facilitated
fo'siliteitid
facilitating
facility
facilities
fact
facts
factor
factors
fo'sihtevtu)
fo'sihti
fa'sihtiz
fsekt
faekts
'fekta
'faekta(r
'faektaz
'faektsz
factory
factories
fade
'faekt^nz
feid
fades
feidz
faded
'feidid
fading
'feidir)
Fahrenheit
'faeronhait, 'fa-ranhait
fail
feil
fails
failed
failing
failings
failure
failures
faint
feilz
feild
'feihrj
'feihnz
'feilJ3(r
'feiljsz
'feiljaz
feint
faints
feints
fainted
'feintid
fainting
'feint ir)
faintly
'femth
faintness
'femtnis
fair
feo(r
fairer
'fa ronhait
fea
'feara(r
145
146
American Variants
147
American Variants
148
American Variants
149
American Variants
150
American Variants
151
American Variants
152
American Variants
153
American Variants
154
American Variants
155
American Variants
156
American Variants
157
American Variants
American Variants
G
G's
gaiety
gaily
'geiati, 'geuti
gain
gem
gams
gained
gaining
gaiter
gaiters
gale
gales
'geih
gemz
gemd
'gemirj
'geita
'geitaz
'geitaz
geil
geilz
159
160
American Variants
161
American Variants
162
163
American Variants
American Variants
165
American Variants
166
167
American Variants
168
American Variants
169
American Variants
170
American Variants
171
American Variants
172
American Variants
173
American Variants
174
American Variants
175
American Variants
176
American Variants
177
American Variants
178
American Variants
179
American Variants
180
American Variants
1S1
American Variant*
182
American Variants
183
American Variants
184
American Variants
185
187
American Variants

188
American Variants
189
American Variants
See Note 30,
p.
xxxv. in Introduction
191
American Variants
192
194
196
196
American Variants
Received Pronunciation^*"
198
American Variants
199
American Variants
200
American Variants
See Note
"30, p.
xxxv. in Introduction.
201
American Variants
See Note 30, p
203
American Variants
204
American Variants
206
American Variants
207
American Variants
208
American Variants
209
American Variants
American Variants
211
American Variants
djeiz
jacket
jackets
Jacob
jail
jails
cêilz
am, noun
jams
am, verb
jams
jammed
jamming
James
djaem
d$aemz
câemd
'(âemir)
cêimz
212
American Variants
213
American Variants
joking
jokingly
'djoukirjh
jolly
'dpli
jollier
oiliest
j
jolt
'gainst
'djolust
djoult
jolts
djoults
jolted
'd$oultid
jolting
American Variants
'djoukirj
'djjoultirj
Joseph
'd$ouzif
jot
C^Dt
jots
C^DtS
jotted
jotting
'(^Dtld
journal
journals
'djs-njz
journalism
journalist
'cjssnslist
journalists
journalistic
c^sns'listik
c^ssna'hstik
journey
journeys
jovial
jovially
joviality
joy
joys
joyful
joyfully
'c^ssmz
'
'côuvjal,
'
'djouvjah,
côi
O^DIZ
judge
judges
judged
judging
judg(e)ment
judg(e)ments
judicial
judicious
judiciously
Jug
jugs
juggle
juggles
juggled
juggling
juggler
jugglers
juice
214
American Variants
216
American Variants
217
American Variants
el
L's
slz
label
'letbj
labels
'leibjz
labelled
'leibjd
labelling
'leibltrj
laboratory
laboratories
laborious
laboriously
labor (Amev
'laeb^rstoriz
la'bDTiosh
)
labour
'leibs
labors (Amer.)
labours
'leibaz
'leibaz
labored (Amer.)
laboured
'leibad
'leibad
laboring (Amer.)
labouring
'leib^rirj
See Note 30, p. xxxv.
Introduction.
218
219
American Variants
220
American Variants
221
American Variants
222
American Variants
223
American Variants
224
225
American Variants
226
American Variants
227
American Variants
228
American Variants
229
American Variants
230
American Variants
lurched
Is-tft
lurching
'19'tfUJ
Isotft
luxuriant
lAk'sjuariant
lAg'zjuariant
luxurious
lAk'sjuanos
luxuriously
lAg guanos
lAk'sjuoriosh
luxury
'1
American Variants
AkJ un, 'lAkfm
'lAksjuri, lAksja
r
luxuries
'lAkJuriz,
'lAksjuriz,
LYING from
'!
lie
em
M's
Mabel
machine
smz
'meib}
machines
mad
madder
maddest
mae'd
'mae'da(r, 'n
'mae'dist, 'maedist
madam
'maedom
madden
'maedn
'masdnz
'maednd
maddens
maddened
maddening
MADE /row make

madly
madness
Madras
magazine
magazines
'maednirj
meid
'mae'dli, 'maedli
'mae'dms, 'maednis
ms'draes, mo'drcrs
'maegs'zi'n
'maega'zi-nz
magic
magical
magically
'maecîkj
magician
magicians
magistrate
mo'cî/^nz
'maedjtstrit
'maecîstreit
'maecjistret
231
'mse'da, 'maeds
232
American Variants
233
American Variants
mandate
American Variants
'maendeit, 'maendit
'maendeits
'maendits
mandates
mandoline
f'maendslm
tmaenda'lrn
mandolines
t'maendglinz
fmaendo'lrnz
maneuver
(Amer.)
manoeuvre)
maneuvers
(See
mo'nju'V9(r
mo'nu'vsz
ma'mrvaz
m9'nju'V9z
maneuvered
mo'nu'vod
ma'nju-vsd
maneuvering
mangle
maerjgl
mangles
mangled
mangling
manhood
mania
manias
manifest
manifests
manifested
manifesting
manifestation
manifestations
maeggjz
masrjgld
'maenglir)
'maenhud
'meini.9,
'memJ9
'memi9z, 'memjgz
'maenifest
'maemfests
'maemfsstid
'maenifestii)
maenifes'teij^n
maemfgs'teij'pn
maemfes'teij^nz
Manila
ma'nilo
mankind
manly
manner
maen'kaind
'maenh
manners
'maenoz
'maens
'maensz
manoeuvre (Enghsh)
mg'nju'v
ma'nu'vsz
(See maneuver)
manoeuvres
ma'nju'vez
manoeuvred
ma'nju'vad
manoeuvring
man-of-war
'maen9v'woa{r
men-of-war
t
maenav wo
'menav'wos
234
235
American Variants
236
American Variants
American Variants
238
American Variants
239
American Variants
240
American Variants
241
American Variants
242
American Variants
243
American Variants
245
American Variants
American Variants
248
American Variants
See Note 30,
p.
xxxv
in Introduction.
249
250
American Variants
261
American Variants
'na-sti
'na*sti
'na'stust
'na'Stili
'na'stmis
262
American Variants
nationally
nationalism
nationality
nationalities
native
natives
natural
naturally
naturalist
naeja'naelvti
nseja'naehtiz
'neitiv
'neitivz
'naetj>r9h
'naetfurghst
'naet|>r9list
naturalists
'naetfurghsts
naturalization
n<Ttfuralai'zeiJ>n
'naetj^rghsts
naturalize
'naptfuralaiz
'naetfzrolaiz
naturalizes
'naetfuralaiziz
naturalized
'naetfurslaizd
'nae^rglaizd
naturalizing
nature
natures
naught
naughts
naughty
naughtier
naughtiest
naughtily
naughtiness
'neitfa
'neitf9z
'neitfaz
no-t
no'ts
'no-ti
'no 'tis
'no'tust
'no-till
'no'tmis
nautical
naval
navigable
navigate
navigates
navigated
navigating
navigation
navigator
navigators
navy
navies
near
nearer
nearest
nears
'naevigeit
'naevigeits
'naevigeitvd
'naevigeitirj
naevi'geij^n
'naevigeit9(r
'neivigeit9z
'netvi
'naevigeits
'naevigeitsz
'neiviz
mo
nio(r
'niarist
'ni'rist
nwz
253
254
American Variants
255
American Variants
267
American Variants
259
American Variants
260
American Variants
261
American Variants
American Variants
263
American Variants
264
American Variants
265
American Variants
266
American Variants
267
American Variants
268
American Variants
American Variants
270
American Variants
271
American Variants
272
American Variants
273
American Variants
274
American Variants
275
American Variants
J British usage tends towards
towards
['peitent],
['paetont].
276
American Variants
and American usage
277
American Variant*
278
American Variants
279
American Variants
280
American Variants
See Note 30,
p.
281
American Variants
282
American Variants
283
American Variants
284
American Variants
285
American Variants
286
American Variants
287
American Variants
288
American Variants
289
American Variants
290
American Variants
201
American Variants
See Note 30,
p.
292
See Note 30,
p.
293
American Variants
294
American Variants
295
American Variants
296
American Variants
297
American Variants
299
American Variants
300
See Note 30,
p.
301
American Variants
302
American Variants
See Note 30,
p.
303
American Variants
304
American Variants
305
American Variants
306
American Variants
307
American Variants
308
309
American Variants
R
R
cr(r
R's
rabbit
crz
'raebit
rabbits
race
'raebits
reis
races
'reisiz
raced
reist
racing
racial
'rei/j^l, 'reij>l
rack
rack
'reisig
racks
rasks
radiance
radiant
radiantly
'reidiant,
radiate
'reidieit, 'reidjeit
'reidians, 'reidjans
'reidpnt
'reidionth, 'reidjanth
radiates
radiated
'reidieits, 'reidjeits
'reidieitid
radiating
'reidieitirj
'reidjeitid
'reidjeitirj
radiation
radiator
radiators
reidieita(r
'revdieitQz
'reidieits
'reidieitoz
radical
radicals
radically
radium
radius
radii
raft
rafts
rag
rags
'reidj9m
'reidias, 'revdjas
'reidiai
ra-ft
ra-ft
ra-fts
ra'fts
raeg
raegz
rage
rages
raged
raging
ragged
'reidjug
'raegid
310
311
American Variants
312
American Variants
313
American Variants
314
American Variants
315
American Variants
316
American Variants
317
American Variants
318
American Variants
319
American Variants
320
American Variants
321
American Variants
322
American Variants
323
American Variants
324
American Variants
326
American Variants
327
American Variants
328
American Variants
329
American Variants
330
American Variants
331
American Variants
332
American Variants
333
American Variants
334
American Variants
335
American Variants
2A
336
American Variants
337
American Variants
338
American Variants
339
American Variants
340
American Variants
See Note 30, p. xxxv.
Introduction.
341
American Variants
342
American Variants
343
American Variants
344
American Variants
345
American Variants
346
American Variants
347
American Variants
348
American Variants
349
American Variants
American Variants
351
American Variants
2B
352
American Variants
353
American Variants
364
American Variants
355
American Variants
356
American Variants
357
American Variants
359
American Variants
TraditionallSpelling
See Note 30,
p.
American Variants
360

361
American Variants

362
American- Variants
363
American Variants
364
American Variants
366
American Variants
366
American Variants
367
American Variants
2c
368
American Variants
369
American Variants
370
American Variants
371
American Variants
372
American Variants
373
374
American Variants
376
American Variants
376
American Variants
377
American Variants
378
American Variants
379
American Variants
380
American Variants
381
American Variants
382
American Variants
383
American Variants
384
American Variants
385
386
American Variants
387
American Variants
See Note 30, p.
xxxv
in Introduction.
390
American Variants
thanking
thankful
thankfully
thankfulness
thankless
thanksgiving
thanksgiving
that, demonstr.
American Variants
'0a?rjkirj
'Gaerjkful
'Gaenkfuh, 'Gaerjkfah
'0aerjkfulnis
'0aerjkhs
'Oaerjks'givirj
'Gaerjks'givirjz
5aet
pronoun
fat
that, relative pronoun

that, conj.
5aets/., d9tz<y/.
the
theatre
'0i9t9(r, 0i'et9(r
theatres
theatrical
theft
thefts
fti'6./., 5i,
69
w fs.
'0i9t9z, 0i'st3Z
0i'aetrik^l
0sft
eefts
theirs
Qa(r, normal form

63 (r. occas weak form
deaz
them
dsm s.f. 6^m w.f.
themselves
then
6en
their
5eoz
theological
theology
theorize
theorizes
theorized
'0iaraiziz
theorizing
'0i9raizirj
'0iaraizd
theory
theories
there
thereabouts
thereby
6e9(r,
normal form
69 (r, w.f.
'6eor9'bauts
ae^
ds
'6eT9'bauts
therefore
thereupon
thermometer
thermometers
THESE, plu. of this
thesis
theses
they
Gg'mDmitg^
09'mDmit9z
drz
'01 'SIS, '0SSIS
'0i'SlZ, '06S1Z
6ei,
6s,
thick
thicker
normal form
weak form
6ik
'0ik9(r
391
03'mamitsz
392
American Variants
393
American Variants
394
American Variants
395
American Variants
396
American Variants
397
American Variants
398
American Variants
J This variant
with this prefix.
[traens
tra-ns] applies to all
399
American Variants
words beginning
2B
401
American Variants
402
American Variants
403
American Variants
404
American Variant*
405
American Variants
406
American Variants
American Variants
408
American Variant*
Pronunciation
409
American Variants
410
411
412
American Variants
American Variants
See Note 30, p.
xxxv
in Introduction.
414
American Variants
See Note 30, p. xxxv in Introduction.
415
2F
'An'Girjkirjh
untidily
'An'taidih
untidy
'An'taidi
untidier
untidiest
untie
unties
American Variants
unthankful
unthinkable
unthinking
unthinkingly
'An'Gserjkful
Aii'Girjkab}
'An'taidia
'An'taidia(r
'An'taidust
An'tai
An'taiz
An'taid
untied
untying
until
An'taiir)
on'til, An'til
untouched
untrained
untried
untrodden
untrue
untrustworthiness
untrustworthy
untruth
untruths
untruthful
untruthfully
unused,
'An'tremd
'An'traid
'An'tradn
'An'tru'
'An'tr Astws 6inis
'An'trAStwsQi
'An'tru '6
'An'tru '8z
'An'tru '6s
'An'tru-Gful
'An'tru 'Gfuli
not made use
unused, not accustomed

unusual
unusually
unwanted
unwarranted
unwelcome
unwholesome
unwilling
unwillingly
unwillingness
unwise
unwisely
'An'wDntid
An'worantid
'An'welkam
'An'houlsam
'An'wihrjh
'An'wihrjnis
'An'waiz
'An'waizh
unworkable
unworthily
unworthy
unwrap
unwraps
An'raep
'An'raeps
416
'
An'tr Ast ws 6mis
417
American Variants
American Variants
419
American Variants
420
American Variants
421
American Variants
422
American Variants
Most persons
word.
in reading substitute
It should never be read as [viz].
423
namely ['neimh] for this
W
W's
wade
wades
waded
wading
wag
wags
wagged
wagging
wage
'dAb}ju
'dAbjjuz
weid
weidz
'weidid
'weiduj
waeg
waegz
waegd
'waegirj
weio^
wages
'weidjiz
waged
waging
weid$d
wager
wagers
waggon
waggons
wagon
wagons
waist
waists
waistcoat
waistcoats
wait
waits
waited
waiting
waiter
waiters
waitress
waitresses
wake
'waeg an
'wseganz
'waegan
weist
weists
f
'weskat, weis/kout
'weskats
'weis/kouts
weit
weits
'weitid
'wettirj
'weits
'weita(r
'weitaz
'weitris
'weitrisiz
weik
wakes
waked
weiks
weikt
woke
wouk
424
426
American Variants
426
427
American Variants
428
American Variants
429
American Variants
430
American Variants
431
432
American Variants
433
American Variants
434
American Variants
American Variants
eks
X's
'eksiz
Y
Y's
yacht
yachts
yachting
'jotirj
yard
jcrd
jcrdz
yards
yarn
jcm
yawn
P'n
yawns
yawned
yawning
year
years
jat
jats
jot
jots
jasd
jasdz
jaon
jD-nz
jo-nd
'jo-nuj
j3'(r,jia(r
'J3'li, 'jiali
yell
jsl
yells
jslz
yelled
yelling
jsld
yellow
yellowish
yellowness
yes
yesterday
yet
yield
J13Z
js'z, jiaz
yearly
'jeluj
'jslou
'jelouij
'jelounis
jes
'
'jsstadi, 'jestadei
'jsstsdi,
jet
jrld
yields
jrldz
yielded
yielding
'JL-ldid
'ji'ldirj
you
ja (occasional
weak
form)
young
younger
youngest
your
'JAngist
p-(r,jua(r
juss./.
J9W.J.
435
z
Z
American Variants
zed
(Amer.)
zedz
Z's
Z's
(Amer
zeal
zi'l
zero
'ziarou
zeros
zest
zinc
zest
zone
zoun
zounz
zones
'zi-rou
'ziarouz
'zi'rouz
zirjk
zoological
zoology
zou'ulacî
436
zou'alocî
PRINTED BY
& SONS LTD.,
CAMBRIDGE. ENGLAND.
W.
HEFFB.R

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THE BOOK WAS

the Japanese Ministry of Education

Corpus Chrutt CoUcge^Cambridge

HEFFER & SONS LTD.

this matter, no question arose in my mind; it seemed in

advocate the adoption of British pronunciation in the United

to Japan four years ago, and thereby coming into

The Stranger: Oh, I'm American.

The Stranger: Oh no, native born.

hundred per cent

astonished to be tactful]: But, but, you

you pronounce English

The Stranger [too annoyed to be gentle} Well, hang it all,

That sort of conversation, repeated in modified fornTwith

pronunciation are the Americans themselves.

and pamphlets from America, ay, and

letters too, all assuring

assured that there is only one pronunciation that is ever

statements with incontrovertible evidence) that what

have termed "Southern English" or "British English" has

American pronunciation, but to its eligibility to be considered

BY THE AMERICAN COLLABORATOR

object of this dictionary

phoneticians, students of phonetics, and

To provide an English pronouncing dictionary

Whether such a thing exists as Standard American

and by Wyld "Received Standard

Pronunciation." In this dictionary we have attempted

principle of "All beginnings are difficult/'

prove of general utility to those who wish

most usual pronunciations in England and

their inflected forms.

help an English or American student better to

pronunciation of foreign languages, or if he should be called

what extent Received Pronunciation

is a class dialect rather

casual observer, glancing at these two columns, is likely

assume that the

characteristic of the southern counties of England, and that

parts of the United States. Or his assumption may take a

his assumptions are ill-founded.

he shares the illusion

so widely prevalent, viz. that all educated people pronounce

there would certainly be no need for a dictionary

types of pronunciation figuring in this column, the protests

perhaps of London, a city in which probably the majority

pronounced by those speakers who are the least influenced by

Colloquial English (Fisher Unwin), Professor

number of those variants which are commonly

trust some day to see a similar dictionary (or a new

than do the American Variants.

Those who have had

occasion to reflect upon the

problems involved in composing a pronouncing dictionary

"Take a typical American, hear him pronounce each word,

Such empirical methods as these, however, will not suffice.

Then again what

little less difficult