6B - Cirgrav

Circular Motion
Angular displacement,
For
an object moving in a circle of radius, r through
and angle, , the angular displacement is given by:
S.I Unit: rad( radians)
*1 radian = 57.30
Where s = arc length
r = radius of circle
= angular displacement
Angular Velocity,
This
is the change in the angle per

second
S.I Units: rad/s or rad s-1
Where = angular speed

= angle swept through (in radians)
t = time taken to move through
angle,
Tip to note
To convert
radian per
2
To convert
radian per
2/60.
rev. per second (r.p.s) to

sec. (rads-1), multiply by
rev. per minute (r.p.m) to
sec. (rads-1), multiply by
Velocity, v
S.I
Unit: ms-1
=
But
Thus,
But
v=
Where r = radius; = angular

velocity
Period, T
The
time taken for one complete

revolution to occur is called the
period, T of the motion.
S.I Unit: second (s)
But = v /r
Thus
Frequency, f (Hz)
This
is the number of revolutions per

second.
It is related to the period (T) of the
motion in the following equation,
Where f = frequency (Hertz, Hz)
Centripetal force
Centripetal Force, Fc
In
order for an object to move at
constant speed in a circle, an outside
force must constantly turn the object
toward the centre of its circular path.
This force is called the centripetal
force.
S.I Unit: Newton (N).
Centripetal Acceleration, ac
The
acceleration of a particle moving

with constant speed v along a
circular path of radius, r and is
directed towards the centre of its
path.
or
S.I Units: ms-2
Vertical Circle
At the top of the circle:
Applying Newtons 2nd law F =
ma
W + T = ma;
Ttop = ma mg
At the bottom of the circle:
Applying Newtons 2nd law F =
ma
Tbottom mg = ma;
Tbottom = mg + ma
The tension is the greatest
(MAXIMUM) at the bottom of
the circle
The tension is (MINIMUM) at
Will the water fall out?
At the top of the path, the water will try and fall
vertically out of the bucket due to the force of gravity
but the centripetal force is also acting on it to keep the
water continue in a straight line. If the centripetal force
(which is provided by the tension in the string) is
greater than the effect of gravity, the water will stay
inside the bucket. If mg > mv2/r then.
Vertical Circle
For objects moving in a circular path,
the direction of motion of the body if
the centripetal force becomes zero
will be tangential to the path.
Conical Pendulum
For the figure shown,
Dividing (1) by (2), we get,
1. The centripetal force is provided

by the horizontal component of
the tension in the string
2. The vertical component of the
tension is equal to the weight of
the object in orbit.
Banked track
Example: Banking
(a) For a car travelling with speed v
around a curve of radius r, determine
a formula for the angle at which a
road should be banked so that no
friction is required.
(b) what is the angle for an
expressway off-ramp curve of radius
50m at a design speed of 50km/h?
ans: = 220
Example
A stone of mass 0.6kg, attached to a
string of length 0.5m, is whirled in a
horizontal circle at a constant speed.
If the maximum tension in the string
is 30N before it breaks, calculate:
a) the maximum speed of the stone
(5m/s)
b) the maximum number of
revolutions per second it can make
(1.6 rev/s)
Example: Horizontal circle

A model aeroplane X has a mass of 0.5kg and has
a control wire OX of length 10m attached to it
when it flies in a horizontal circle with its wings
horizontal as shown in the figure. The wire OX is
inclined at 600 to the horizontal and fixed to a
point O and X takes 2s to fly once round its
circular path. Calculate:
a) the tension in the control wire
b)The upward force on X due to air
Gravitation
Newtons law of Universal

gravitation
Newtons Law of Universal

Gravitation
Every
particle in the universe

attracts every other particle with a
force which is directly proportional to
the product of their masses and
inversely proportional to the square
of their distance apart.
F = gravitational force of attraction (N)

Where, G = Gravitational constant (6.7 x 1011Nm2kg-2 ).
m1and m2 are masses of the two objects in orbit
(in kg)
r = the distance between the masses (measured
from their centres in metres, m)
Gravitational Field Strength

(g)
The
field strength (g) at a point in a

gravitational field is defined as the
gravitational force (F) per unit mass
(m) experienced by a small test mass
placed at that point.
F = gravitational
force of
attraction(N)
g = gravitational
field strength
(N/kg)
m = mass of
Weightlessness
Weightlessness (Elevator
Example)
Case A
Case B
Case C
Explanation I
Case A: Elevator at rest (a = 0ms-2)
- With the elevator at rest, the bag has
a weight, mg, acting vertically
downward. At the same time due to
Newtons 3rd law, the scale exerts an
equal and opposite force, w , on the
bag. By Newtons 2nd law: F = ma,
thus,
- W mg = ma (but a = 0ms-2)
W = mg (true weight)
Explanation II
Case B: Acceleration up (positive, +)
- Now if the elevator accelerates upward
with an acceleration of say a = 1/2g,
the scale reading will now appear to be
greater than its true weight mg. This is
the apparent weight of the bag and is
given again by Newtons 2nd law.
W mg = ma
W = ma + mg = (1/2mg) + (mg) = 3/2mg
Explanation II cont
In addition, if the elevator was
accelerating downwards at a = -1/2g,
the apparent weight in this case
would be less.
W - mg = ma
W = ma + mg
W = (-1/2 mg) + mg
W = 1/2mg (half true weight)
Explanation III
Case C: Weightlessness occurs in free fall
- If the elevators cables are cut so that it
falls freely under gravity (a = -g), we find
that the scale gives a zero reading although
the bag is still present. This happens since
the elevator and its occupants are in free
fall. This concept is known as
weightlessness.
- W - mg = ma
- W = (-mg) + mg = 0 N
Tips to Note
When objects are in free-fall, we say that they
experience weightlessness.
When astronauts are floating freely in a space
shuttle it does not mean that they are free
from the Earths gravitational pull, Rather,
their space shuttle is in orbit about the Earth,
meaning that it is in a perpetual free fall due to
the universal law of gravitation. Because they
are in free fall, the astronauts, like you in your
falling elevator, experience weightlessness.
Satellite Orbits
Satellites follow a circular orbit due
to the attraction of the earths
gravitational pull. This force (that
due to gravity) is the centripetal
force necessary to keep the satellite
in its orbit.
Circular Orbits

From which we get,

g = GME / r2 ; g at a point earth
v = (GME/r)1/2 ; velocity of orbit
T2 = 42r3/GM (T2 is directly proportional to r3)
Where T = period(s), r = distance between
object and earth(m)
Geostationary Satellites
Used for TV and radio
transmission, for weather
forecasting and as
communication relays. These
satellites are deliberately
positioned above the equator (00
latitude) so that it can be easily
tracked. One disadvantage is
that due to its great distance
from the earth, the antenna has
Global Positioning System

(GPS)
The global positioning system was
developed by the U.S. military and
then opened to civilian use. It is used
today to track planes, ships, trains,
cars or literally anything that moves.
Anyone can buy a receiver and track
their exact location by using a GPS
receiver.
GPS vs Geostationary
Satellites
Global Positioning System
(GPS)
Has an orbital period

of 12hrs
Launched from
anywhere on earth at
about ~19000km
above the earths
surface.
Lifetime ~10yrs
Geostationary Orbits
Has an orbital period
equal to that of the
earth (24hrs)
Launched at ~35,500
km above the equator
(00) in order to remain
stationary as the earth
rotates
Lifetime ~ 10 15yrs

6B - Cirgrav

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Circular Motion

Where s = arc length

is the change in the angle per

Where = angular speed

rev. per second (r.p.s) to

Where r = radius; = angular

time taken for one complete

is the number of revolutions per

acceleration of a particle moving

Will the water fall out?

Dividing (1) by (2), we get,

1. The centripetal force is provided

Example: Horizontal circle

Newtons law of Universal

Newtons Law of Universal

particle in the universe

F = gravitational force of attraction (N)

Gravitational Field Strength

field strength (g) at a point in a

From which we get,

Global Positioning System

Has an orbital period

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